学习《中华人民共和国刑法》心得体会

第一篇：学习《中华人民共和国刑法》心得体会

学习《中华人民共和国刑法》心得体会

9月份，在河南省医学会增强法制建设读书学习活动中，我积极、主动的对《中华人民共和国刑法》进行了系统学习，通过学习，是我对刑法的内容有了一定的认识，同时也是我觉得要不断加强对法律知识的学习，提高法律意识，提升法律修养，不仅要做一名懂法的公民，而且要做一名知法、懂法、遵法的员工，作为医疗事故鉴定及法医临床司法鉴定工作中的一员，更应该学法、用法。通过学习使我产生了很多想法，下面我将小谈一下对本次学习的一些心得体会。

一、关于《中华人民共和国刑法》的一些基本内容。中华人民共和国刑法是规定犯罪和刑罚及其罪刑关系的法律。刑法作为一个独立的部门法律，具有以下特征：公法、刑事法、强行法的特征。除此之外，刑罚还是同一切犯罪行为作斗争，以保卫国家安全，保卫人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度，保护国有财产和劳动群众集体所有的财产，保护公民私人所有的财产，保护公民的人生权利、民主权利和其他权利，维护社会秩序、经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业的顺利进行法。具体说，有四个方面，即：保卫国家安全，保卫人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度法；保卫社会主义的经济基础法；保护公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利法；维护社会秩序法。

所以，我们对刑法要有一定的认识，只有这样，才能在这个法制的社会中立于不败之地，维护自身权利，同时也保护他人权利。

二、我应该如何

1.学会自律、自护。学法律，就要首先做到知其文、晓其意。依照《中华人民共和国刑法》的规定构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；尚不构成刑事处罚的，由公安机关依据治安管理处罚条例给予处罚。学习法律还要懂得知其不能而约己，换句话说就是要知法守法。

学了法，还要学会用法，学会用法律条文的规定来保护自己，当自己的合法权益遭受侵害时，应当拿起法律这把武器，来维护自身的合法权益免遭侵害，给予相应的惩罚。

2.做好法律的宣传者。作为一名跟法律密切相关的医疗工作者，在做好自己本职工作的同时，更应该学好法律知识。不单单如此，还要做一个宣传法律普法的一分子，在工作的同时，带动身边更多的人去学习国家法律，让身边更多的人知法懂法，做有法律素养的良好公民，增强法制观念，提高明辨是非的能力，依法自我保护的能力和抵御社会不良影响、预防违法犯罪的能力。那我们将生活在一个安全、和谐的环境中，使我们的身心更加健康。

第二篇：中华人民共和国刑法

中华人民共和国刑法 挪用公款公犯罪量刑标准

《中华人民共和国刑法》第三百八十四条规定：国家工作人员利用职务上的便利，挪用公款归个人使用，进行非法活动的，或者挪用公款数额较大、进行营利活动的，或者挪用公款数额较大、超过三个月未还的，是挪用公款罪，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑。挪用公款数额巨大不退还的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑。

另外根据《最高人民法院关于审理挪用公款案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》的具体规定，第一条

刑法第三百八十四条规定的“挪用公款归个人使用”，包括挪用者本人使用或者给他人使用。

挪用公款给私有公司、私有企业使用的，属于挪用公款归个人使用。

第二条

对挪用公款罪，应区分三种不同情况予以认定：

(一)挪用公款归个人使用，数额较大、超过三个月未还的，构成挪用公款罪。

挪用正在生息或者需要支付利息的公款归个人使用，数额较大，超过三个月但在案发前全部归还本金的，可以从轻处罚或者免除处罚。给国家、集体造成的利息损失应予追缴。挪用公款数额巨大，超过三个月，案发前全部归还的，可以酌情从轻处罚。

(二)挪用公款数额较大，归个人进行营利活动的，构成挪用公款罪，不受挪用时间和是否归还的限制。在案发前部分或者全部归还本息的，可以从轻处罚；情节轻微的，可以免除处罚。

挪用公款存入银行、用于集资、购买股票、国债等，属于挪用公款进行营利活动。所获取的利息、收益等违法所得，应当追缴，但不计入挪用公款的数额。

另外根据该司法解释第三条之规定：挪用公款归个人使用，“数额较大、进行营利活动的”，或者“数额较大、超过三个月未还的”，以挪用公款一万元至三万元为“数额较大”的起点，以挪用公款十五万元至二十万元为“数额巨大”的起点。挪用公款“情节严重”，是指挪用公款数额巨大，或者数额虽未达到巨大，但挪用公款手段恶劣；多次挪用公款；因挪用公款严重影响生产、经营，造成严重损失等情形。

“挪用公款归个人使用，进行非法活动的”，以挪用公款五千元至一万元为追究刑事责任的数额起点。挪用公款五万元至十万元以上的，属于挪用公款归个人使用，进行非法活动“情节严重”的情形之一。挪用公款归个人使用，进行非法活动，情节严重的其他情形，按照本条第一款的规定执行。

各高级人民法院可以根据本地实际情况，按照本解释规定的数额幅度，确定本地区执行的具体数额标准，并报最高人民法院备案。

参考资料：《中华人民共和国刑法》，《最高人民法院关于审理挪用公款案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》

中华人民共和国刑法 贪污罪量刑标准

（1979年7月1日通过 1997年3月14日修订 自1997年10月1日起施行）

第三百八十二条 国家工作人员利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、骗取或者以其他手段非法占有公共财物的，是贪污罪。受国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体委托管理、经营国有财产的人员，利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、骗取或者以其他手段非法占有国有财物的，以贪污论。所列人员勾结，伙同贪污的，以共犯论处。

第三百八十三条 对犯贪污罪的，根据情节轻重，分别依照下列规定处罚：(一)个人贪污数额在十万元以上的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，可以并处没收财产；情节特别严重的，处死刑，并处没收财产。

(二)个人贪污数额在五万元以上不满十万元的，处五年以上有期徒刑，可以并处没收财产；情节特别严重的，处无期徒刑，并处没收 财产。

(三)个人贪污数额在五千元以上不满五万元的，处一年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处七年以上十年以下有期徒刑。个人贪污数额在五千元以上不满一万元，犯罪后有悔改表现、积极退赃的，可以减轻处罚或者免予刑事处罚，由其所在单位或者上级主管机关给予行政处分。

(四)个人贪污数额不满五千元，情节较重的，处二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节较轻的，由其所在单位或者上级主管机关酌情给予行政处分。

对多次贪污未经处理的，按照累计贪污数额处罚。

第三百八十二条第一款是关于贪污罪概念的规定。根据这一规定，构成贪污罪，必须具备以下条件：

1、贪污罪的主体是国家工作人员，即本法第九十三条规定的“国家机关中从事公务的人员”，“国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体中从事公务的人员和国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位委派到非国有公司、企业、事业单位、社会团体从事公务的人员，以及其他依照法律从事公务的人员，以国家工作人员论。”2000年4月29日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议通过的《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于〈中华人民共和国刑法〉第九十三条第二款的解释》中，规定了村民委员会等村基层组织人员协助人民政府从事下列行政管理工作，属于刑法第九十三条第二款规定的“其他依照法律从事公务的人员”：(一)救灾、抢救、防汛、优抚、扶贫、移民、救济款物的管理；(二)社会捐助公益事业款物的管理；(三)国有土地的经营和管理；(四)土 地征用补偿费用的管理；(五)代征、代缴税款；(六)有关计划生育、户籍、征兵工作；(七)协助人民政府从事的其他行政管理工作。并同时规定：“村民委员会等村基层组织人员从事前款规定的公务，利用职务上的便利，非法占有公共财物、挪用公款、索取他人财物或者非法收受他人财物，构成犯罪的，适用刑法第三百八十二条和第三百八十三条贪污罪、第三百八十四条挪用公款罪、第三百八十五条和第三百八十六条受贿罪的规定。”即村委会等村基层组织人员从事协助人民政府进行有关管理工作，属于刑法第九十三条第二款规定的“其他依照法律从事公务的人员，可以成为贪污罪和受贿罪的犯罪主体。

2、贪污罪侵犯的对象是公共财物。刑法第九十一条对公共财产的范围作了规定。主要包括：“(一)国有财产；(二)劳动群众集体所有的财产；(三)用于扶贫和其他公益事业的社会捐助或者专项基金的财产。”“在国家机关、国有公司、企业集体企业和人民团体管理、使用或者运输中的私人财产，以公共财产论。”

3、贪污罪在行为上主要表现为利用职务上的便利，侵吞、窃取、骗取或者以其他手段非法占有公共财物的行为。这里所说的“利用职务上的便利”，是指利用自己职务范围内的权力和地位所形成的主管、管理、经手公共财物的便利条件。“侵吞”，是指利用职务上的便利，将自己主管、管理、经手的公共财物非法占为己有的行为。“窃取”，是指利用职务上的便利，用秘密获取的方法，将自己主管、管理、经手的公共财物占为己有的行为，即通常所说的“监守自盗”。“骗取”，是指行为人利用职务上的便利，使用欺骗的方法，非法占有公共财物的行为，如会计、出纳员伪造、涂改单据，虚报冒领等等。所谓“其他手段”是指侵吞、窃取、骗取以外的利用职务上的便利非法占有公共财物的手段。

无故拖欠工资

无故拖欠工资，是指用人单位在没有任何合法甚至合理的原因下的拖欠员工的工资的行为，超过《**省工资支付规定》的期限，延期支付或者未足额支付劳动者工资的行为。

无故拖欠工资，是无故拖欠工指用人单位在没有任何合法甚至合理的原因下的拖欠员工的工资的行为，超过《**省工资支付规定》的期限，延期支付或者未足额支付劳动者工资的行为。拖欠工资是不合法的，被拖欠方可以把另一方告上法庭，但需要注意的是，一定要采取合法的方法保护自己的合法权益。不能采取绑架或者威胁之类的手段。

劳动部《对〈工资支付暂行规定〉有关问题的补充规定》中对于“无故”作了排除性规定：“‘无故拖欠’劳动者工资指用人单位无正当理由超过规定付薪时间未支付劳动者工资。不包括：用人单位遇到非人力所能抗拒的自然灾害、战争等原因，无法按时支付工资；用人单位确因生产经营困难、资金周转受到影响，在征得本单位工会同意后，可暂时过期支付劳动者工资，延期时间的最长限制可由各省、自治区、直辖市劳动保障行政部门根据各地情况确定。其他情况下拖欠工资均为无故拖欠。”

《劳动法》第九十一条：“用人单位有下列侵害劳动者合法权益情形之一的，由劳动行政部门责令其支付劳动者的工资报酬、经济补偿，并可以责令其支付赔偿金：（1）克扣或者无故拖欠劳动者工资的；（2）拒不支付劳动者延长工作时间工资报酬的；（3）低于当地最低工资标准支付劳动者工资的；（4）解除劳动合同后，未依照本法规定给予劳动者经济补偿的。” 可以看出，无故拖欠职工工资，资方要支付拖欠工资、补偿金（25%拖欠工资额），必要时还要支付赔偿金。

第三篇：中华人民共和国刑法

《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百三十四条规定了故意伤害罪，其中第一款相对于第二款被称作“轻伤害”。审判实践中，对轻伤害案件有公诉与自诉之争，各基层法院在具体操作上也不统一。笔者认为，不能简单地、笼统地讨论轻伤害案件应适用公诉程序还是自诉程序，关键在于把握有关立法和司法解释的精神。

一、关于轻伤害案件适用程序的前提条件

《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第十八条第三款规定：自诉案件，由人民法院直接受理。所谓自诉案件，是指被害人或其法定代理人、近亲属为追究被告人的刑事责任，直接向人民法院提起诉讼，由人民法院受理的刑事案件。那么法律具体规定哪些案件属于自诉案件呢？《刑事诉讼法》第一百七十条规定了三类自诉案件。《最高人民法院关于执行<中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法>若干问题的解释》第一条进而对这三类案件的范围进行了明确的界定。应该说，有关法律规定是详尽而明确的，操作性也是非常强的。

那么为什么还会出现轻伤害案件公诉与自诉之争呢？其根本原因在于对有关立法和司法解释的理解不同。的确，《解释》第一条第二项第一目规定了刑法第二百三十四条第一款规定的故意伤害案。但须注意的是，此处的规定是有前提的，即本项中规定的自诉案件应当是“人民检察院没有提起公诉，被害人有证据证明的轻微刑事案件”。对这个前提必须要把握住，这是区分轻伤害案件适用公诉程序还是自诉程序的分水岭。本文开头提到的争点，就是忽视了这个重要的前提，对轻伤害案件不加区分地笼统地讨论公诉还是自诉的问题，自然得不出正确的结论。

二、公诉案件与自诉案件可以互相转化

之所以有轻伤害案件公诉与自诉之争，很大程度上在于没有弄清公诉案件与自诉案件可以互相转化的道理。二者可以互相转化已并非单纯是学术上的观点，《刑事诉讼法》及其最高法院对此作出的司法解释对此都有明确规定。《解释》第一条第二项第二段规定“对于其中证据不足、可由公安机关受理的，或者认为对被告人可能判处三年有期徒刑以上刑罚的，应当移送公安机关立案侦查。”“公安机关立案侦查”，说明追诉权此时已由被害人转移给了国家司法机关—公安机关。根据《刑事诉讼法》第一百二十九条和第一百三十条的规定，公安机关对立案侦查的案件有两种处理结果：一是“写出起诉意见书，连同案卷材料、证据一并移送同级人民检察院审查决定。”二是“发现不应对犯罪嫌疑人追究刑事责任的，应当撤销案件；”这样就很明确了，即经公安机关立案侦查的案件或是“移送同级人民检察院审查决定”是否提起公诉，或是“撤销案件”，这里的“案件”自然包括人民法院移送的案件。此时原来的自诉案件就转化为公诉案件了。而对经人民法院移送的案件在公安机关侦查终结再“由法院继续审理”或“自诉人可再行起诉”的观点则与法无据。

关于公诉案件转化为自诉案件，《解释》第一条规定，人民法院直接受理的自诉案件包括被害人有证据证明对被告人侵犯自己人身、财产权利的行为应当依法追究刑事责任，而公安机关或者人民检察院已经作出不予追究的书面决定的案件。这说明，原本应按公诉程序办理的案件，在特定条件下，可以转化为自诉案件。

实践中有一种偏激的观点认为，轻伤害案件发生后，凡是经过向当地公安派出所报案并经调查、调解的，一律适用公诉程序办理，理由是公安机关已经立案，法院再接受被害人的自诉，岂不是两家机关对同一事实重复立案吗？这是一个需要澄清的问题。公诉与自诉的划分不是以公安机关是否介入作为分水岭。公安派出所只对治安案件有管辖权，对治安案件查处之前在程序上分为受理与立案两个阶段，也就是说，受理并不等于立案。公安派出所受理治安案件后，并不妨碍被害人向法院提起自诉；而一旦立治安案件，则要求必须结案。至于公安机关依据《刑事诉讼法》所立的刑事案件，则根本不存在被害人另行向法院自诉的问题。因此，不存在什么重复立案的问题。

第四篇：学习刑法心得体会

篇一：学习刑法心得体会

通过读书活动的学习，让我懂得了一些法律的基本知识，为以后的工作打下了基础。我们可以利用我们所学的法律知识来维护我们自己和他人的权利。

我们国家很早就开始了关于法律的宣传，比如中央电视台的“法治在线”、“今日说法”等栏目，让我们更能接近并且了解怎样运用法律武器保护自己。可是仅仅这样是远远不够的。我们的法制观念和法律素质的程度，将直接关系到在新的历史时期，我们中华民族依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家的进程。因此，学习法律，提高法律素质，是社会主义法治国家的必然要求，也是社会发展的必然产物。

同时，因为社会主义市场经济本事就是法制经济。使自己充分运用法律这一武器来规范、引导、制约和保障市场主体的活动、市场秩序的维系、国家对市场的宏观调控、市场对资源配置基础性作用的发挥等。

在学习中，我感觉到自己有了很大的变化。开始比以前更自觉地贯彻党的基本路线、方针、政策，也更坚定的确立了正确的政治方向。这对我自己以后的发展是有很大帮助的。也让我更加明白了入党的积极意义。由于法律是社会主义法治国家保障这些得以正常运行的基本准则。读完这本书，我更加了解了自己的合法权益，和维护这些权益的程序和方式。也具备了依法自我保护的意识，并有了一定的寻求法律救济的能力。争取在一定程度上提高思想道德修养水平。

近年来，由于我国的经济体制、社会结构、价值观念都发现了重大变化，我们的思想观念也随之发生了巨大变化。我们更应该掌握法学的基本理论，了解并明确各主要法律部门的基本精神和规定，并在一定法律知识的基础上形成有关法与法律现象的知识、思想、心理、观点和评价。并学会运用法律知识和法律规范分析问题、解决问题。了解马克思主义法学的基本观点，掌握我国宪法和有关法律的基本精神和内容，增强法律意识，提高了法律素质。并坚持做到遵纪守法，维护社会稳定与和谐，正确理解和坚持实行依法治国方略，决心为建设社会主义法治国家奋斗。

篇二：学习刑法心得体会

通过法律课程的学习，让我懂得了一些法律的基本知识，为以后的生活和工作打下了基础。我们可以利用我们所学的法律知识来维护我们自己和他人的权利。

法学是一门科学学科，所谓科学是关于客观世界的知识，这些知识是系统的知识，研究人类生活中的规律及现象的科学，如政治学、经济学、法学等。法律具有社会性、规范性、概念性、目的性、正义性、实用性：

一、社会性

法律首先是一种社会规则，如刑法学是研究犯罪学等，民法学是研究人与人之间、财产与人之间的关系。法学作为社会科学，具有社会性，它与自然科学是不同的，表现在：

1、不可计量、不可检验、不可实验，而自然科学则是可以计量、可以检验、可以实验的。虽然我们说实践是检验真理的唯一标准，但实践不等于实验，实践是整个人类社会的实践而不是做实验，如马寅初的新人口论，到现在我们才认识到新人口论是一种真理，又如单一公有制计划经济，经过一百多年时间最后证明了单一公有制经济行不通。

2、研究者与研究对象不可分，研究者的教育水平、生活背景等与研究对象密不可分。而自然科学，如化学、物理、生物等，其研究对象较少受到研究者的主观影响，而法律的研究结果则较多的受到研究者的主观因素的影响。如许多的观点，不同的学科认识都有道理，不同的学者对同一问题有不同的观点。

我认为应独立思考，独立判断。即不受他人影响，要自己思考，自己作出自己的判断。在讲到独立判断时有一个很重要的一点，就是关于判断标准。如公平、诚信等皆为生活经验，就是说当法学上的不同意见都有道理时该怎么办呢？除用基本原理外，更重要是要用社会生活经验作为判断标准。所以对于法律理论现象中的是与非、对与错，可以用社会生活经验来作为判断标准。只有符合社会生活经验的理论才可能是正确的。

二、规范性

既然法律是社会生活中的行为规范，因此法学也就有了规范性，它是法学区分于其他学科的特征。如经济学讲的是效率问题，是效益最大化，而法学家讲的是合法不合法，规范不规范的问题。因为法律的规范性，每一法律条文都可以分解为构成要件、适用范围、法律效力。只要我们掌握了它的构成要件、适用范围、法律效果，那么我们对这个法律条文也就掌握了。

法学特别强调的是规范性、逻辑性、体系性。规范性也就是我们说的可操作性。如我们将要制定民法典，是要制定一种松散性的呢？还是制成规范性、逻辑性的呢？江平教授说要制定一种开放性的民法典体系。民法典如何开放呢？我认为一定要有逻辑性和规范性。

三、概念性

法学之概念性来源于法律规则。如欺诈行为，欺诈、行为分别为两个概念，欺诈行为又是一个新的概念；再如损害赔偿，直接损害赔偿，人身损害赔偿为三个不同概念，只有掌握了概念才能很好地理解法律规则。

法学说开了就是一套概念体系。掌握了概念体系我们就可以建立起一套法律思维，就具备了法律人的资格。因此我们的学习方法就是从概念入手，一定要掌握概念，要理解概念，切记不可死记硬背，先记忆，然后要理解。如欺诈行为，我们先要弄清什么叫欺诈，才能进一步理解欺诈行为。这种方法在法律解释上叫文义解释。文义解释就是指每一个法律条文都是由语言文字组成的，所以要先把语言文字弄清楚了才能把握概念之含义。同时语言文字又有多义性和模糊性。如法律上所说“产品”与社会生活中所说“产品”就不一致。所以我们就不能仅*字面意思来理解，应该有多种其他的理解方法。一个法条就可能有多种理解，因此法律人在现实生活中就大有用武之地。

四、目的性

法律是行为规则，是人制定的。在我国是由人民代表代表人民来制定各项法律的。既然是人制定的，就一定有目的。法学当然也有目的性，在历史上曾不被人注意，特别是德国的概念法学，它们过分注意概念问题，而忽略了目的性。直到德国着名学者耶林，他本是个概念法学派的学者，到中年时逐渐意识到概念法学派有僵化的缺点，于是写了一本书。在这本书中，他指出每部法律都是有特定目的的，我们要了解、掌握、运用一门法律，必须先搞清楚它的目的性，我们学习任何一部法律，不能只是搞清它的构成要件、适用范围、法律后果，还要思考这个法律制度、法律规则的目的，这样才能真正掌握它，如果只讲概念，就会成为“概念”法学。耶林说，光讲“概念”的法学，会成为概念游戏，他说，法律的目的就好像天上的北极星一样。而法律的目的正像天上的北极星一样，引导我们学习、掌握、运用法律。对每一个法律制度、规则，我们都从目的入手，这就构成了现在法学上的一种新的法学研究方法——目的解释方法，即解释、运用每一个制度、规则，一定要紧紧扣住立法目的，如果有两种解释，则只有紧扣立法目的的那个解释才正确。

五、正义性

法学正义性源于法律正义性，法律规则因为有正义性才能区分于技术规则，同时法律也就有了良法、恶法之分。我们评价法律的好、坏、先进与落后就是依据法律的正义性。

同时，现在还存在形式正义与实质正义的问题。现在很多人过分关注形式正义而忽略了实质正义，但是形式正义只是获取实质正义的手段，只有在无法获得实质正义时退而求其次满足于程序正义。实质正义是目的，程序正义是手段。一旦我们将形式正义强调过分，我们就悖离了法律的正义性。

法官、律师这些法律人不同于社会上其他的人，他们是为了维护社会的正义之道，是社会正义的维护者。所以，不能把法律混淆于其他职业。我们不能用金钱来衡量它，因为我们选择了法律，我们就选择了正义！

六、实用性

我们学习法学是为了用法律来解决问题，所以我们就不能只知道闭门读书，我们还要关注社会生活中的案件，讨论实际发生的和假设的案件，讨论它应怎样判决。像我们在家的时候，可能会有左邻右舍拿一些案件来请教我们拿什么回答他们呢，所以在我们平常学习中就要注重法学的实用性，不断锻炼自己的实际能力，有人向我咨询什么是投案自首？如何才能从轻处理？通过对刑法知识的学习我了解到：

根据刑法第一款的规定，犯罪以后自动投案，如实供述自己的罪行的，是自首。

自动投案，是指犯罪事实或者犯罪嫌疑人未被司法机关发觉，或者虽被发觉，但犯罪嫌疑人尚未受到审问，未被采取强制措施时，主动、直接向公安机关、人民检察院或者人民法院投案。

犯罪嫌疑人向其所在单位、城乡基层组织或者其他有关负责人员投案的；犯罪嫌疑人因病、伤或者为了减轻犯罪后果，委托他人先代为投案，或者先以信电投案的；罪行尚未被司法机关发觉，仅因形迹可疑，被有关组织或者司法机关盘问、教育后，主动交代自己罪行的；犯罪后逃跑，在被通缉、追捕过程中，主动投案的；经查实确已准备投案的，或者正在投案途中，被公安机关捕获的，应当视为自动投案。

并非出于犯罪嫌疑人主动，而是经亲友规劝、陪同投案的；公安机关通知犯罪嫌疑人的亲友，或者亲友主动报案后，将犯罪嫌疑人送去投案的，也应当视为自动投案。

犯罪嫌疑人自动投案后又逃跑的，不能认定为自首。

如实供述自己的罪行，是指犯罪嫌疑人自动投案后，如实交代自己的主要犯罪事实。

犯有数罪的犯罪嫌疑人仅如实供述所犯罪部分犯罪的，只对如实供述部分犯罪行为，认定为自首。

共同犯罪案件中的犯罪嫌疑人，除如实供述犯罪行为，还应该供述所知的同案犯，主犯则应当供述所知其他同案犯的共同犯罪事实，才能认定为自首。

犯罪嫌疑人自动投案并如实供述自己的罪行后又翻供的，不能认定为自首，但在一审判决前又能如实供述的，应当认定为自首。

根据刑法第六十七条规定，被采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和已宣判的罪犯，如实供述司法机关尚未掌握的罪行，与司法机关已掌握的或者判决不同的罪行的，以自首论。对于自首的犯罪分子，可以从轻或减轻处罚；对于犯罪较轻的，可以免除处罚。具体确定从轻、减轻还是免除处罚，应当根据犯罪轻重，并考虑自首的具体情节。

被采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和已宣判的罪犯，如实供述司法机关尚未掌握的罪行，与司法机关已掌握或者判决确定罪行属同种罪行的，可以酌情从轻处罚；如实供述的同种罪行较轻的，一般应当从轻处罚。

根据刑法第六十八条第一款的规定，犯罪分子到案后有检举、揭发他人犯罪的，()包括共同犯罪案件中的犯罪分子揭发同案犯共同犯罪以外的其他罪行的，经查证属实；提供侦破其他案件的重要线索，经查证属实；阻止他人犯罪活动；协助司法机关抓捕其他犯罪嫌疑人，具有其他有利于国家和社会的突出表现的，应当认定为有立功表现。

共同犯罪案件的犯罪分子到案后，揭发同案犯共同犯罪事实的，可以酌情予以从轻处罚。

根据刑法第六十八条第一款规定，犯罪分子有检举、揭发他人重大犯罪行为的，经查证属实；提供侦破重大案件的线索，经查证属实，阻止他人重大犯罪活动；协助司法机关抓捕其他重大嫌疑人，对国家和社会有其他重大贡献等表现的，应当认定为有重大立功表现。

通过对法律的认识和平时的学习，我更加了解到了法律的重要性，无论走到哪，都离不开法律。法律对人人都是平等的，无处不在，无时不有，我们每个人都要知法、懂法、用法。

篇三：学习刑法心得体会

刑法分则具体条文一般由罪状和法定刑两部分组成，由于罪状与罪名密切相关，因此对罪状，罪名及法定刑的研究，是刑法各论的重要内容。而对刑法具体条文的学习理解自认为不是一件简单的事，更不是一朝一夕就能学到家的，例如刑法第20条第3款规定，对正在行凶、杀人、抢劫、xx、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防卫行为，造成不法侵害人伤亡的，不负刑事责任。其中的“行凶”的概念是比较模糊的，其含义十分宽泛而难以确定。一般而言，打架斗殴是行凶，伤害他人是行凶，杀人行为也是行凶；赤手空拳殴打他人是行凶，使用器械、枪支伤害他人也是行凶。在这种情况下就有必要对“行凶”的概念进行分析，阐明其真实的含义。理解法律条文的规定，行凶是和杀人、抢劫、xx、绑架等严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪并列规定的，因此，它们之间应当具有性质和程度的考量。而杀人、抢劫、xx、绑架等犯罪行为是可能导致被害人重伤、死亡的。所以，只有犯罪人实施的行为可能造成防卫人重伤、死亡的时候，才可以认定为“行凶”；而打一巴掌、煽一耳光等轻微的暴力行为则应当被排除在“行凶”的范畴之外。

因此，刑法分则是关于具体犯罪和具体法定刑的规范体系，这些规范明确了对各类、各种具体犯罪定罪量刑的标准。刑法总则是关于犯罪、刑事责任和刑罚的一般原理原则的规范体系，这些规范是认定犯罪，规定刑事责任和适用刑罚所必须遵守的共同规则。总则指导分则，分则是总则所确定的原理原则的具体体现，二者相辅相成。只有把总则和分则紧密地结合起来才能正确地认定犯罪，确定刑事责任和适用刑罚。简而言之，总则给予分则精神上的指导，分则在定罪量刑的时候遇到困难时则回归总则的原则性规定上进行自由心证。

在上学期学习刑法总论时，曾老师讲授了很多刑法基本概念、基本原则以及各方面理论上的指导，为分则学习作出一个先行的铺垫。然而到了这学期上陈老师的课，我方才发现，自己总则上的内容把握得不够准确，知识缺陷很大，此罪与彼罪的界限、犯罪形态、罪刑法定等往往陷入一个混乱的怪圈。例如故意杀人罪，这是我首次有勇气上台“讲课”的一个罪名内容，当我自以为预习分析得很透彻的时候，最终的案例分析时，我还是卡在一个犯罪形态上，究竟是犯罪预备、犯罪中止、犯罪未遂还是犯罪既遂。这暴露的是学习总论时缺乏对具体问题具体分析，以及司法实践当中具体个案的判决分析，更重要的是，刑法总论知识体系的极度不完善，需要在学习刑法分则的过程中加以弥补。现在时过半学期，我自认为比较理解何以判断犯罪形态：犯罪预备，是指做实施犯罪前的准备工作。如预备犯罪工具、创造犯罪条件等。犯罪预备相对于其他犯罪形态较容易判断，问题不大。犯罪中止是指犯罪分子在实施犯罪过程中，自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效地防止犯罪结果的发生的行为。犯罪未遂，已经着手实行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的行为。犯罪既遂，是指行为人所实施的行为已经齐备了刑法分则对某一具体犯罪所规定的全部构成要件。犯罪未遂与犯罪既遂的实质区别：犯罪有没有得逞犯罪未遂与犯罪中止的实质区别：犯罪未得逞是不是由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因，如果是以外的原因就是未遂，是自动放弃的话就是中止。后三者比较容易混淆，鉴于各种犯罪行为的行为方式各异，当司法实践出现一些特殊情况是，犯罪形态的不同对罪刑法定起到一个关键性的作用。

第五篇：中华人民共和国刑法(中英对照)学习法律英语

中华人民共和国刑法-英汉对照法律英语

中华人民共和国刑法

CRIMINAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

第一编 总则

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 刑法的任务、基本原则和适用范围

CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW

第二章 犯罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES

第一节 犯罪和刑事责任

SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

第二节 犯罪的预备、未遂和中止

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION OF A CRIME

第三节 共同犯罪

SECTION 3 JOINT CRIMES

第四节 单位犯罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT

第三章 刑罚

CHAPTER III PUNISHMENTS

第一节 刑罚的种类

SECTION 1 TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS

第二节 管制

SECTION 2 PUBLIC SURVEILLANCE 第三节 拘役

SECTION 3 CRIMINAL DETENTION 第四节 有期徒刑、无期徒刑

SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT 第五节 死刑

SECTION 5 THE DEATH PENALTY 第六节 罚金

SECTION 6 FINES 第七节 剥夺政治权利

SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS 第八节 没收财产

SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY 第四章 刑罚的具体运用

CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS 第一节 量刑

SECTION 1 SENTENCING 第二节 累犯

SECTION 2 RECIDIVISTS 第三节 自首和立功

SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE 第四节 数罪并罚

SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES

第五节 缓刑

SECTION 5 SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE

第六节 减刑

SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT

第七节 假释

SECTION 7 PAROLE

第八节 时效

SECTION 8 LIMITATION

第五章 其他规定

CHAPTER V OTHER PROVISIONS

第二编 分则

PART TWO SPECIFIC PROVISIONS

第一章 危害国家安全罪

CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY

第二章 危害公共安全罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY

第三章 破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪

CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY

第一节 生产、销售伪劣商品罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD COMMODITIES

第二节 走私罪

SECTION 2 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING

第三节 妨害对公司、企业的管理秩序罪

SECTION 3 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES

第四节 破坏金融管理秩序罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION

第五节 金融诈骗罪

SECTION 5 CRIMES OF FINANCIAL FRAUD

第六节 危害税收征管罪

SECTION 6 CRIMES OF JEOPARDIZING ADMINISTRATION OF TAX COLLECTION

第七节 侵犯知识产权罪

SECTION 7 CRIMES OF INFRINGING ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

第八节 扰乱市场秩序罪

SECTION 8 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING MARKET ORDER

第四章 侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪

CHAPTER IV CRIMES OF INFRINGING UPON CITIZENS' RIGHT OF THE PERSON AND DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

第五章 侵犯财产罪

CHAPTER V CRIMES OF PROPERTY VIOLATION

第六章 妨害社会管理秩序罪

CHAPTER VI CRIMES OF OBSTRUCTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC ORDER

第一节 扰乱公共秩序罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF DISTURBING PUBLIC ORDER

第二节 妨害司法罪

SECTION 2 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION

第三节 妨害国（边）境管理罪

SECTION 3 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF NATIONAL BORDER(FRONTIER)

第四节 妨害文物管理罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF CULTURAL RELICS

第五节 危害公共卫生罪

SECTION 5 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING PUBLIC HEALTH

第六节 破坏环境资源保护罪

SECTION 6 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES

第七节 走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪

SECTION 7 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING, TRAFFICKING IN, TRANSPORTING AND MANUFACTURING NARCOTIC DRUGS

第八节 组织、强迫、引诱、容留、介绍卖淫罪

SECTION 8 CRIMES OF ORGANIZING, FORCING, LURING, SHELTERING OR PROCURING OTHER PERSONS TO ENGAGE IN PROSTITUTION

第九节 制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品罪

SECTION 9 CRIMES OF PRODUCING, SELLING, DISSEMINATING PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

第七章 危害国防利益罪

CHAPTER VII CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE INTERESTS OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

第八章 贪污贿赂罪

CHAPTER VIII CRIMES OF EMBEZZLEMENT AND BRIBERY

第九章 渎职罪

CHAPTER IX CRIMES OF DERELICTION OF DUTY

第十章 军人违反职责罪

CHAPTER X CRIMES OF SERVICEMEN'S TRANSGRESSION OF DUTIES

第一编 总则

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 刑法的任务、基本原则和适用范围

CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE

第一条 为了惩罚犯罪，保护人民，根据宪法，结合我国同犯罪作斗争的具体经验及实际情况，制定本法。

Article 1 In order to punish crimes and protect the people, this Law is enacted on the basis of the Constitution and in the light of the concrete experiences and actual circumstances in China's fight against crimes.第二条 中华人民共和国刑法的任务，是用刑罚同一切犯罪行为作斗争，以保卫国家安全，保卫人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度，保护国有财产和劳动群众集体所有的财产，保护公民私人所有的财产，保护公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，维护社会秩序、经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。

Article 2 The aim of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China is to use criminal punishments to fight against all criminal acts in order to safeguard security of the State, to defend the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, to protect property owned by the State, and property collectively owned by the working people and property privately owned by citizens, to protect citizens' rights of the person and their democratic and other rights, to maintain public and economic order, and to ensure the smooth progress of socialist construction.第三条 法律明文规定为犯罪行为的，依照法律定罪处刑；法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的，不得定罪处刑。

Article 3 For acts that are explicitly defined as criminal acts in law, the offenders shall be convicted and punished in accordance with law;otherwise, they shall not be convicted or punished.第四条 对任何人犯罪，在适用法律上一律平等。不允许任何人有超越法律的特权。

Article 4 The law shall be equally applied to anyone who commits a crime.No one shall have the privilege of transcending the law.第五条 刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应。

Article 5 The degree of punishment shall be commensurate with the crime committed and the criminal responsibility to be borne by the offender.第六条 凡在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪的，除法律有特别规定的以外，都适用本法。

Article 6 This Law shall be applicable to anyone who commits a crime within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's republic of China, except as otherwise specifically provided by law.凡在中华人民共和国船舶或者航空器内犯罪的，也适用本法。

This Law shall also be applicable to anyone who commits a crime on board a ship or aircraft of the People's Republic of China.犯罪的行为或者结果有一项发生在中华人民共和国领域内的，就认为是在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪。

If a criminal act or its consequence takes place within the territory or territorial waters or space of the People's Republic of China, the crime shall be deemed to have been committed within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第七条 中华人民共和国公民在中华人民共和国领域外犯本法规定之罪的，适用本法，但是按本法规定的最高刑为三年以下有期徒刑的，可以不予追究。

Article 7 This Law shall be applicable to any citizen of the People's Republic of China who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China;however, if the maximum punishment to be imposed is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years as stipulated in this Law, he may be exempted from the investigation for his criminal responsibility.中华人民共和国国家工作人员和军人在中华人民共和国领域外犯本法规定之罪的，适用本法。

This Law shall be applicable to any State functionary or serviceman who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第八条 外国人在中华人民共和国领域外对中华人民共和国国家或者公民犯罪，而按本法规定的最低刑为三年以上有期徒刑的，可以适用本法，但是按照犯罪地的法律不受处罚的除外。

Article 8 This Law may be applicable to any foreigner who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China against the State of the People's Republic of China or against any of its citizens, if for that crime this Law prescribes a minimum punishment of fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years;however, this does not apply to a crime that is not punishable according to the laws of the place where it is committed.第九条 对于中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约所规定的罪行，中华人民共和国在所承担条约义务的范围内行使刑事管辖权的，适用本法。

Article 9 This Law shall be applicable to crimes which are stipulated in international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China and over which the People's Republic of China exercises criminal jurisdiction within the scope of obligations, prescribed in these treaties, it agrees to perform.第十条 凡在中华人民共和国领域外犯罪，依照本法应当负刑事责任的，虽然经过外国审判，仍然可以依照本法追究，但是在外国已经受过刑罚处罚的，可以免除或者减轻处罚。

Article 10 Any person who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China, for which according to this Law he should bear criminal responsibility, may still be investigated for his criminal responsibility according to this Law, even if he has already been tried in a foreign country.However, if he has already received criminal punishment in the foreign country, he may be exempted from punishment or given a mitigated punishment.第十一条 享有外交特权和豁免权的外国人的刑事责任，通过外交途径解决。

Article 11 The criminal responsibility of foreigners who enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities shall be solved through diplomatic channels.第十二条 中华人民共和国成立以后本法施行以前的行为，如果当时的法律不认为是犯罪的，适用当时的法律；如果当时的法律认为是犯罪的，依照本法总则第四章第八节的规定应当追诉的，按照当时的法律追究刑事责任，但是如果本法不认为是犯罪或者处刑较轻的，适用本法。

Article 12 If an act committed after the founding of the People's Republic of China and before the entry into force of this Law was not deemed a crime under the laws at the time, those laws shall apply.If the act was deemed a crime under the laws in force at the time and is subject to prosecution under the provisions of Section 8, Chapter IV of the General Provisions of this Law, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with those laws.However, if according to this Law the act is not deemed a crime or is subject to a lighter punishment, this Law shall apply.本法施行以前，依照当时的法律已经作出的生效判决，继续有效。

Before the entry into force of this Law, any judgment that has been made and has become effective according to the laws at the time shall remain valid.第一节 犯罪和刑事责任

SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

第十三条 一切危害国家主权、领土完整和安全，分裂国家、颠覆人民民主专政的政权和推翻社会主义制度，破坏社会秩序和经济秩序，侵犯国有财产或者劳动群众集体所有的财产，侵犯公民私人所有的财产，侵犯公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，以及其他危害社会的行为，依照法律应当受刑罚处罚的，都是犯罪，但是情节显著轻微危害不大的，不认为是犯罪。

Article 13 A crime refers to an act that endangers the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the State, splits the State, subverts the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and overthrows the socialist system, undermines public and economic order, violates State-owned property, property collectively owned by the working people, or property privately owned by citizens, infringes on the citizens' rights of the person, their democratic or other rights, and any other act that endangers society and is subject to punishment according to law.However, if the circumstances are obviously minor and the harm done is not serious, the act shall not be considered a crime.第十四条 明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果，并且希望或者放任这种结果发生，因而构成犯罪的，是故意犯罪。

Article 14 An intentional crime refers to an act committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will entail harmful consequences to society but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur, thus constituting a crime.故意犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes.第十五条 应当预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，因为疏忽大意而没有预见，或者已经预见而轻信能够避免，以致发生这种结果的，是过失犯罪。

Article 15 A negligent crime refers to an act committed by a person who should have foreseen that his act would possibly entail harmful consequences to society but who fails to do so through his negligence or, having foreseen the consequences, readily believes that they can be avoided, so that the consequences do occur.过失犯罪，法律有规定的才负刑事责任。

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for negligent crimes only when the law so provides.第十六条 行为在客观上虽然造成了损害结果，但是不是出于故意或者过失，而是由于不能抗拒或者不能预见的原因所引起的，不是犯罪。

Article 16 An act is not a crime if it objectively results in harmful consequences due to irresistible or unforeseeable causes rather than intent or negligence.第十七条 已满十六周岁的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

Article 17 If a person who has reached the age of 16 commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已满十四周岁不满十六周岁的人，犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的，应当负刑事责任。

If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 16 commits intentional homicide, intentionally hurts another person so as to cause serious injury or death of the person, or commits rape, robbery, drug-trafficking, arson, explosion or poisoning, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已满十四周岁不满十八周岁的人犯罪，应当从轻或者减轻处罚。

If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 18 commits a crime, he shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.因不满十六周岁不予刑事处罚的，责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教；在必要的时候，也可以由政府收容教养。

If a person is not given criminal punishment because he has not reached the age of 16, the head of his family or his guardian shall be ordered to discipline him.When necessary, he may be taken in by the government for rehabilitation.第十八条 精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果，经法定程序鉴定确认的，不负刑事责任，但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗；在必要的时候，由政府强制医疗。

Article 18 If a mental patient causes harmful consequences at a time when he is unable to recognize or control his own conduct, upon verification and confirmation through legal procedure, he shall not bear criminal responsibility, but his family members or guardian shall be ordered to keep him under strict watch and control and arrange for his medical treatment.When necessary, the government may compel him to receive medical treatment.间歇性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

Any person whose mental illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime when he is in a normal mental state.尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的，应当负刑事责任，但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚。

If a mental patient who has not completely lost the ability of recognizing or controlling his own conduct commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.醉酒的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

Any intoxicated person who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.第十九条 又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪，可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚。

Article 19 Any deaf-mute or blind person who commits a crime may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十条 为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行为，对不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。

Article 20 An act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the State and the public, or his own or other person's rights of the person, property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement, thus harming the perpetrator, is justifiable defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。

If a person's act of justifiable defence obviously exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.对正在进行行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防卫行为，造成不法侵害人伤亡的，不属于防卫过当，不负刑事责任。

If a person acts in defence against an on-going assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnap or any other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety, thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator of the unlawful act, it is not undue defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.第二十一条 为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在发生的危险，不得已采取的紧急避险行为，造成损害的，不负刑事责任。

Article 21 If a person is compelled to commit an act in an emergency to avert an immediate danger to the interests of the State or the public, or his own or another person's rights of the person, property or other rights, thus causing damage, he shall not bear criminal responsibility.紧急避险超过必要限度造成不应有的损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。

If the act committed by a person in an emergency to avert danger exceeds the limits of necessity and causes undue damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第一款中关于避免本人危险的规定，不适用于职务上、业务上负有特定责任的人。

The provisions of the first paragraph of this Article with respect to averting danger to oneself shall not apply to a person who is charged with special responsibility in his post or profession.第二节 犯罪的预备、未遂和中止

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION

第二十二条 为了犯罪，准备工具、制造条件的，是犯罪预备。

Article 22 Preparation for a crime refers to the preparation of the instruments or the creation of the conditions for a crime.对于预备犯，可以比照既遂犯从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。

An offender who prepares for a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十三条 已经着手实行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的，是犯罪未遂。

Article 23 A criminal attempt refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.对于未遂犯，可以比照既遂犯从轻或者减轻处罚。

An offender who attempts to commit a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第二十四条 在犯罪过程中，自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效地防止犯罪结果发生的，是犯罪中止。

Article 24 Discontinuation of a crime refers to a case where, in the course of committing a crime, the offender voluntarily discontinues the crime or voluntarily and effectively prevents the consequences of the crime from occurring.对于中止犯，没有造成损害的，应当免除处罚；造成损害的，应当减轻处罚。

An offender who discontinues a crime shall, if no damage is caused, be exempted from punishment or, if any damage is caused, be given a mitigated punishment.第二十五条 共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。

Article 25 A joint crime refers to an intentional crime committed by two or more persons jointly.二人以上共同过失犯罪，不以共同犯罪论处；应当负刑事责任的，按照他们所犯的罪分别处罚。

A negligent crime committed by two or more persons jointly shall not be punished as a joint crime;however, those who should bear criminal responsibility shall be individually punished according to the crimes they have committed.第二十六条 组织、领导犯罪集团进行犯罪活动的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的，是主犯。

Article 26 A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime.三人以上为共同实施犯罪而组成的较为固定的犯罪组织，是犯罪集团。

A criminal group refers to a relatively stable criminal organization formed by three or more persons for the purpose of committing crimes jointly.对组织、领导犯罪集团的首要分子，按照集团所犯的全部罪行处罚。

Any ringleader who organizes or leads a criminal group shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that the criminal group has committed.对于第三款规定以外的主犯，应当按照其所参与的或者组织、指挥的全部犯罪处罚。

Any principal criminal not included in Paragraph 3 shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that he participates in or that he organizes or directs.第二十七条 在共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助作用的，是从犯。

Article 27 An accomplice refers to any person who plays a secondary or auxiliary role in a joint crime.对于从犯，应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。

An accomplice shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十八条 对于被胁迫参加犯罪的，应当按照他的犯罪情节减轻处罚或者免除处罚。

Article 28 Anyone who is coerced to participate in a crime shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment in the light of the circumstances of the crime he commits.第二十九条 教唆他人犯罪的，应当按照他在共同犯罪中所起的作用处罚。教唆不满十八周岁的人犯罪的，应当从重处罚。

Article 29 Anyone who instigates another to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in a joint crime.Anyone who instigates a person under the age of 18 to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.如果被教唆的人没有犯被教唆的罪，对于教唆犯，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。

If the instigated person has not committed the instigated crime, the instigator may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第四节 单位犯罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT

第三十条 公司、企业、事业单位、机关、团体实施的危害社会的行为，法律规定为单位犯罪的，应当负刑事责任。

Article 30 Any company, enterprise, institution, State organ, or organization that commits an act that endangers society, which is prescribed by law as a crime committed by a unit, shall bear criminal responsibility.第三十一条 单位犯罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员判处刑罚。本法分则和其他法律另有规定的，依照规定。

Article 31 Where a unit commits a crime, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be given criminal punishment.Where it is otherwise provided for in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in other laws, those provisions shall prevail.第三十二条 刑罚分为主刑和附加刑。

Article 32 Punishments are divided into principal punishments and supplementary punishments.第三十三条 主刑的种类如下：

Article 33 The principal punishments are as follows:

（一）管制；

(1)public surveillance;

（二）拘役；

(2)criminal detention;

（三）有期徒刑；

(3)fixed-term imprisonment;

（四）无期徒刑；

(4)life imprisonment;and

（五）死刑。

(5)the death penalty.第三十四条 附加刑的种类如下：

Article 34 The supplementary punishments are as follows:

（一）罚金；

(1)fine;

（二）剥夺政治权利；

(2)deprivation of political rights;and

（三）没收财产。

(3)confiscation of property.附加刑也可以独立适用。

Supplementary punishments may be imposed independently.第三十五条 对于犯罪的外国人，可以独立适用或者附加适用驱逐出境。

Article 35 Deportation may be imposed independently or supplementarily to a foreigner who commits a crime.第三十六条 由于犯罪行为而使被害人遭受经济损失的，对犯罪分子除依法给予刑事处罚外，并应根据情况判处赔偿经济损失。

Article 36 If a victim has suffered economic losses as a result of a crime, the criminal shall, in addition to receiving a criminal punishment according to law, be sentenced to making compensation for the economic losses in the light of the circumstances.承担民事赔偿责任的犯罪分子，同时被判处罚金，其财产不足以全部支付的，或者被判处没收财产的，应当先承担对被害人的民事赔偿责任。

If criminal who is liable for civil compensation is sentenced to a fine at the same time but his property is not sufficient to pay both the compensation and the fine, or if he is sentenced to confiscation of property at the same time, he shall, first of all, bear his liability for civil compensation to the victim.第三十七条 对于犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的，可以免予刑事处罚，但是可以根据案件的不同情况，予以训诫或者责令具结悔过、赔礼道歉、赔偿损失，或者由主管部门予以行政处罚或者行政处分。

Article 37 If the circumstances of a person's crime are minor and do not require criminal punishment, he may be exempted from it;however, he may, depending on the different circumstances of the case, be reprimanded or ordered to make a statement of repentance, offer an apology or pay compensation for the losses, or be subjected to administrative penalty or administrative sanctions by the competent department.第三十八条 管制的期限，为三个月以上二年以下。

Article 38 The term of public surveillance shall be not less than three months but not more than two years.被判处管制的犯罪分子，由公安机关执行。

Where a criminal is sentenced to public surveillance, the sentence shall be executed by a public security organ.第三十九条 被判处管制的犯罪分子，在执行期间，应当遵守下列规定：

Article 39 Any criminal who is sentenced to public surveillance shall observe the following during the term in which his sentence is being executed:

（一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；

(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）未经执行机关批准，不得行使言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；

(2)exercise no right of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession or of demonstration without the approval of the organ executing the public surveillance;

（三）按照执行机关规定报告自己的活动情况；

(3)report on his own activities as required by the organ executing the public surveillance;

（四）遵守执行机关关于会客的规定；

(4)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the organ executing the public surveillance;and

（五）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经执行机关批准。

(5)report to obtain approval from the organ executing the public surveillance for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.对于被判处管制的犯罪分子，在劳动中应当同工同酬。

Criminals sentenced to public surveillance shall, while engaged in labour, receive equal pay for equal work.第四十条 被判处管制的犯罪分子，管制期满，执行机关应即向本人和其所在单位或者居住地的群众宣布解除管制。

Article 40 Upon the expiration of a term of public surveillance, the executing organ shall immediately announce the termination of public surveillance to the criminal sentenced to public surveillance and to his work unit or the people of the place where he resides.第四十一条 管制的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期二日。

Article 41 A term of public surveillance shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered two days of the term sentenced.第四十二条 拘役的期限，为一个月以上六个月以下。

Article 42 A term of criminal detention shall be not less than one month but not more than 6 months.第四十三条 被判处拘役的犯罪分子，由公安机关就近执行。

Article 43 Where a criminal is sentenced to criminal detention, the sentence shall be executed by the public security organ in the vicinity.在执行期间，被判处拘役的犯罪分子每月可以回家一天至两天；参加劳动的，可以酌量发给报酬。

During the period of execution, a criminal sentenced to criminal detention may go home for one to two days each month;an appropriate remuneration may be given to those who participate in labor.第四十四条 拘役的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。

Article 44 A term of criminal detention shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四节 有期徒刑、无期徒刑

SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT

第四十五条 有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十条、第六十九条规定外，为六个月以上十五年以下。

Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years, except as stipulated in Articles 50 and 69 of this Law.第四十六条 被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在监狱或者其他执行场所执行；凡有劳动能力的，都应当参加劳动，接受教育和改造。

Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall do so to accept education and reform through labor.第四十七条 有期徒刑的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。

Article 47 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四十八条 死刑只适用于罪行极其严重的犯罪分子。对于应当判处死刑的犯罪分子，如果不是必须立即执行的，可以判处死刑同时宣告缓期二年执行。

Article 48 The death penalty shall only be applied to criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes.If the immediate execution of a criminal punishable by death is not deemed necessary, a two-year suspension of execution may be pronounced simultaneously with the imposition of the death sentence.死刑除依法由最高人民法院判决的以外，都应当报请最高人民法院核准。死刑缓期执行的，可以由高级人民法院判决或者核准。

All death sentences, except for those that according to law should be decided by the Supreme People's Court, shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Court for verification and approval.Death sentences with a suspension of execution may be decided or verified and approved by a Higher People's Court.第四十九条 犯罪的时候不满十八周岁的人和审判的时候怀孕的妇女，不适用死刑。

Article 49 The death penalty shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time the crime is committed or on women who are pregnant at the time of trial.第五十条 判处死刑缓期执行的，在死刑缓期执行期间，如果没有故意犯罪，二年期满以后，减为无期徒刑；如果确有重大立功表现，二年期满以后，减为十五年以上二十年以下有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查证属实的，由最高人民法院核准，执行死刑。

Article 50 Anyone who is sentenced to death with a suspension of execution commits no intentional crime during the period of suspension, his punishment shall be commuted to life imprisonment upon the expiration of the two-year period;if he has truly performed major meritorious service, his punishment shall be commuted to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 15 years but not more than 20 years upon the expiration of the two-year period;if it is verified that he has committed an intentional crime, the death penalty shall be executed upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court.第五十一条 死刑缓期执行的期间，从判决确定之日起计算。死刑缓期执行减为有期徒刑的刑期，从死刑缓期执行期满之日起计算。

Article 51 The term of suspension of execution of a death penalty shall be counted from the date the judgment becomes final.The term of a fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from a death penalty with suspension of execution shall be counted from the date the suspension of execution expires.第五十二条 判处罚金，应当根据犯罪情节决定罚金数额。

Article 52 The amount of any fine imposed shall be determined according to the circumstances of the crime.第五十三条 罚金在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。期满不缴纳的，强制缴纳。对于不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，可以酌情减少或者免除。

Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the judgment.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit, the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full, the People's Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster, the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.第七节 剥夺政治权利

SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS

第五十四条 剥夺政治权利是剥夺下列权利：

Article 54 Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:

（一）选举权和被选举权；

(1)the right to vote and to stand for election;

（二）言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；

(2)the rights of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration;

（三）担任国家机关职务的权利；

(3)the right to hold a position in a State organ;and

（四）担任国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体领导职务的权利。

(4)the right to hold a leading position in any State-owned company, enterprise, institution or people's organization.第五十五条 剥夺政治权利的期限，除本法第五十七条规定外，为一年以上五年以下。

Article 55 A term of deprivation of political rights shall be not less than one year but not more than five years, except as stipulated in Article 57 of this Law.判处管制附加剥夺政治权利的，剥夺政治权利的期限与管制的期限相等，同时执行。

Anyone who is sentenced to public surveillance is deprived of political rights as a supplementary punishment, the term of deprivation of political rights shall be the same as the term of public surveillance, and the punishments shall be executed simultaneously.第五十六条 对于危害国家安全的犯罪分子应当附加剥夺政治权利；对于故意杀人、强奸、放火、爆炸、投毒、抢劫等严重破坏社会秩序的犯罪分子，可以附加剥夺政治权利。

Article 56 Anyone who commits the crime of endangering national security shall be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment;anyone who commits the crime of seriously undermining public order by intentional homicide, rape, arson, explosion, poisoning or robbery may be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment.独立适用剥夺政治权利的，依照本法分则的规定。

Where deprivation of political rights is imposed exclusively, the Specific Provisions of this Law shall apply.第五十七条 对于被判处死刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，应当剥夺政治权利终身。

Article 57 Any criminal who is sentenced to death or to life imprisonment shall be deprived of his political rights for life.在死刑缓期执行减为有期徒刑或者无期徒刑减为有期徒刑的时候，应当把附加剥夺政治权利的期限改为三年以上十年以下。

When a death penalty with a suspension of execution is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, or a life imprisonment is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, the term of the supplementary punishment of deprivation of political rights shall be changed to not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第五十八条 附加剥夺政治权利的刑期，从徒刑、拘役执行完毕之日或者从假释之日起计算；剥夺政治权利的效力当然施用于主刑执行期间。

Article 58 A term of deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment shall be counted from the date on which imprisonment or criminal detention ends or from the date on which parole begins.Deprivation of political rights shall, as a matter of course, be in effect during the period in which the principal punishment is being executed.被剥夺政治权利的犯罪分子，在执行期间，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国务院公安部门有关监督管理的规定，服从监督；不得行使本法第五十四条规定的各项权利。

Any criminal who is deprived of his political rights shall, during the period of execution, observe laws, administrative rules and regulations and other regulations governing supervision and control stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and submit to supervision;he shall not exercise any of the rights listed in Article 54 of this Law.第八节 没收财产

SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY

第五十九条 没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部或者全部。没收全部财产的，应当对犯罪分子个人及其扶养的家属保留必需的生活费用。

Article 59 Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part or all of the property personally owned by a criminal.Where confiscation of all the property of a criminal is imposed, the amount necessary for the daily expenses of the criminal himself and the family members supported by him shall be taken out.在判处没收财产的时候，不得没收属于犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。

When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal's family members own or should own shall not be subject to confiscation.第六十条 没收财产以前犯罪分子所负的正当债务，需要以没收的财产偿还的，经债权人请求，应当偿还。

Article 60 Where it is necessary to use part of the confiscated property to repay the legitimate debts that the criminal incurred before his property is confiscated, the debts shall be repaid at the request of the creditors.第四章 刑罚的具体运用

CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS

第六十一条 对于犯罪分子决定刑罚的时候，应当根据犯罪的事实、犯罪的性质、情节和对于社会的危害程度，依照本法的有关规定判处。

Article 61 When sentencing a criminal, a punishment shall be meted out on the basis of the facts, nature and circumstances of the crime, the degree of harm done to society and the relevant provisions of this Law.第六十二条 犯罪分子具有本法规定的从重处罚、从轻处罚情节的，应当在法定刑的限度以内判处刑罚。

Article 62 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a heavier or lighter punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment within the limits of the prescribed punishment.第六十三条 犯罪分子具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节的，应当在法定刑以下判处刑罚。

Article 63 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.犯罪分子虽然不具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节，但是根据案件的特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，也可以在法定刑以下判处刑罚。

In cases where the circumstances of a crime do not warrant a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, however, in the light of the special circumstances of the case, and upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the criminal may still be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.第六十四条 犯罪分子违法所得的一切财物，应当予以追缴或者责令退赔；对被害人的合法财产，应当及时返还；违禁品和供犯罪所用的本人财物，应当予以没收。没收的财物和罚金，一律上缴国库，不得挪用和自行处理。

Article 64 All money and property illegally obtained by a criminal shall be recovered, or compensation shall be or dered;the lawful property of the victim shall be returned without delay;and contrabands and possessions of the criminal that are used in the commission of the crime shall be confiscated.All the confiscated money and property and fines shall be turned over to the State treasury, and no one may misappropriate or privately dispose of them.第六十五条 被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子，刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的，是累犯，应当从重处罚，但是过失犯罪除外。

Article 65 If a criminal commits another crime punishable by fixed-term imprisonment or heavier penalty within five years after serving his sentence of not less than fixed-term imprisonment or receiving a pardon, he is a recidivist and shall be given a heavier punishment.However, this shall not apply to cases of negligent crime.前款规定的期限，对于被假释的犯罪分子，从假释期满之日起计算。

For criminals who are paroled, the period stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the date the parole expires.第六十六条 危害国家安全的犯罪分子在刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在任何时候再犯危害国家安全罪的，都以累犯论处。

Article 66 If a criminal of endangering national security commits the same crime again at any time after serving his sentence or receiving a pardon shall be dealt with as a recidivist.第三节 自首和立功

SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE

第六十七条 犯罪以后自动投案，如实供述自己的罪行的，是自首。对于自首的犯罪分子，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。其中，犯罪较轻的，可以免除处罚。

Article 67 Voluntary surrender refers to the act of voluntarily delivering oneself up to justice and truthfully confessing one's crime after one has committed the crime.Any criminal who voluntarily surrenders may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.The ones whose crimes are relatively minor may be exempted from punishment.被采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和正在服刑的罪犯，如实供述司法机关还未掌握的本人其他罪行的，以自首论。

If a criminal suspect or a defendent under compulsory measures or a criminal serving a sentence truthfully confesses his other crimes that the judicial organ does not know, his act shall be regarded as voluntary surrender.第六十八条 犯罪分子有揭发他人犯罪行为，查证属实的，或者提供重要线索，从而得以侦破其他案件等立功表现的，可以从轻或者减轻处罚；有重大立功表现的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。

Article 68 Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的，应当减轻或者免除处罚。

Any criminal who not only voluntarily surrenders after committing the crime but also performs major meritorious services shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第四节 数罪并罚

SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES

第六十九条 判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的，除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外，应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上，酌情决定执行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超过三年，拘役最高不能超过一年，有期徒刑最高不能超过二十年。

Article 69 For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be not more than the total of the terms for all the crimes but not less than the longest of the terms for the crimes, depending on the circumstances of the crimes.However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed the maximum of three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed the maximum of one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed the maximum of 20 years.如果数罪中有判处附加刑的，附加刑仍须执行。

If among the crimes there is any for which a supplementary punishment is imposed, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十条 判决宣告以后，刑罚执行完毕以前，发现被判刑的犯罪分子在判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当对新发现的罪作出判决，把前后两个判决所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。已经执行的刑期，应当计算在新判决决定的刑期以内。

Article 70 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced the criminal committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, a judgment shall also be rendered for the newly discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishments imposed in the earlier and latest judgments and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.Any portion of the term that has already been served shall count towards fulfilment of the term imposed by the latest judgment.第七十一条 判决宣告以后，刑罚执行完毕以前，被判刑的犯罪分子又犯罪的，应当对新犯的罪作出判决，把前罪没有执行的刑罚和后罪所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。

Article 71 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, the criminal again commits a crime, another judgment shall be rendered for the newly committed crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishment that remains to be executed for the earlier crime and the punishment imposed for the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.第七十二条 对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子，根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现，适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的，可以宣告缓刑。

Article 72 A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society.被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，如果被判处附加刑，附加刑仍须执行。

If a supplementary punishment is imposed on a criminal whose sentence is suspended, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十三条 拘役的缓刑考验期限为原判刑期以上一年以下，但是不能少于二个月。

Article 73 The probation period for suspension of criminal detention shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than one year, however, it may not be less than two months.有期徒刑的缓刑考验期限为原判刑期以上五年以下，但是不能少于一年。

The probation period for suspension of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than five years, however, it may not be less than one year.缓刑考验期限，从判决确定之日起计算。

The probation period for suspension of sentence shall be counted from the date the judgment is made final.第七十四条 对于累犯，不适用缓刑。

Article 74 Suspension of sentence shall not be applied to recidivists.第七十五条 被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，应当遵守下列规定：

Article 75 A criminal whose sentence is suspended shall observe the followings:

（一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；

(1)to observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）按照考察机关的规定报告自己的活动情况；

(2)to report on his own activities as required by the observing organ;

（三）遵守考察机关关于会客的规定；

(3)to observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the observing organ;and

（四）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经考察机关批准。

(4)to report to obtain approval from the observing organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第七十六条 被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内，由公安机关考察，所在单位或者基层组织予以配合，如果没有本法第七十七条规定的情形，缓刑考验期满，原判的刑罚就不再执行，并公开予以宣告。

Article 76 Any criminal whose sentence is suspended shall, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, be subjected to observation by a public security organ with the cooperation of the work unit to which he belongs or of a grass-roots organization, and in the absence of the circumstances prescribed in Article 77 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall cease to be executed upon the expiration of the probation period for suspension of sentence, which shall be made known publicly.第七十七条 被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内犯新罪或者发现判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当撤销缓刑，对新犯的罪或者新发现的罪作出判决，把前罪和后罪所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。

Article 77 If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended commits a crime again or it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced, he has committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, the suspension shall be revoked and another judgment rendered for the newly committed or discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be decided on the basis of the punishments for the old crime and the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内，违反法律、行政法规或者国务院公安部门有关缓刑的监督管理规定，情节严重的，应当撤销缓刑，执行原判刑罚。

If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or regulations relating to supervision and control over suspension of sentence stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and if the circumstances are serious, the suspension shall be revoked and the original punishment shall be executed.第六节 减刑

SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT

第七十八条 被判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在执行期间，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现的，或者有立功表现的，可以减刑；有下列重大立功表现之一的，应当减刑：

Article 78 The punishment of a criminal sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment may be commuted if, while serving his sentence, he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor and shows true repentance or performs meritorious services;the punishment shall be commuted if a criminal performs any of the following major meritorious services:

（一）阻止他人重大犯罪活动的；

(1)preventing another person from conducting major criminal activities;

（二）检举监狱内外重大犯罪活动，经查证属实的；

(2)informing against major criminal activities conducted inside or outside prison and verified through investigation;

（三）有发明创造或者重大技术革新的；

(3)having inventions or important technical innovations to his credit;

（四）在日常生产、生活中舍己救人的；

(4)coming to the rescue of another in everyday life and production at the risk of losing his own life;

（五）在抗御自然灾害或者排除重大事故中，有突出表现的；

(5)performing remarkable services in fighting against natural disasters or curbing major accidents;or

（六）对国家和社会有其他重大贡献的。

(6)making other major contributions to the country and society.减刑以后实际执行的刑期，判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；判处无期徒刑的，不能少于十年。

After commutation, the term of punishment actually to be served by those sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention or fixed-term imprisonment may not be less than half of the term originally decided;for those sentenced to life imprisonment, it may not be less than 10 years.第七十九条 对于犯罪分子的减刑，由执行机关向中级以上人民法院提出减刑建议书。人民法院应当组成合议庭进行审理，对确有悔改或者立功事实的，裁定予以减刑。非经法定程序不得减刑。

Article 79 If punishment to a criminal is to be commuted, the executing organ shall submit to a People's Court at or above the intermediate level a written proposal for commutation of punishment.The People's Court shall form a collegiate panel for examination and, if the criminal is found to have shown true repentance or performed meritorious services, issue an order of commutation.However, no punishment shall be commuted without going through legal procedure.第八十条 无期徒刑减为有期徒刑的刑期，从裁定减刑之日起计算。

Article 80 A term of fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from life imprisonment shall be counted from the date the order of commutation is issued.第八十一条 被判处有期徒刑的犯罪分子，执行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判处无期徒刑的犯罪分子，实际执行十年以上，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现，假释后不致再危害社会的，可以假释。如果有特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，可以不受上述执行刑期的限制。

Article 81 A criminal sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment who has served more than half of the term of the original sentence or a criminal sentenced to life imprisonment who has served not less than 10 years of the term may be granted parole if he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor, shows true repentance and will no longer cause harm to society.If special circumstances exist, upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the above restrictions relating to the term served may be disregarded.对累犯以及因杀人、爆炸、抢劫、强奸、绑架等暴力性犯罪被判处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假释。

No parole shall be granted to recidivists or criminals who are sentenced to more than 10 years of imprisonment or life imprisonment for crimes of violence such as homicide, explosion, robbery, rape and kidnap.第八十二条 对于犯罪分子的假释，依照本法第七十九条规定的程序进行。非经法定程序不得假释。

Article 82 Parole shall be granted to a criminal through the procedure prescribed in Article 79 of this Law.No parole shall be granted without going through legal procedure.第八十三条 有期徒刑的假释考验期限，为没有执行完毕的刑期；无期徒刑的假释考验期限为十年。

Article 83 The probation period for parole in the case of fixed-term imprisonment shall be equal to the portion of the term that has not been completed;the probation period for parole in the case of life imprisonment shall be 10 years.假释考验期限，从假释之日起计算。

The probation period for parole shall be counted from the date the criminal is released on parole.第八十四条 被宣告假释的犯罪分子，应当遵守下列规定：

Article 84 Any criminal who is granted parole shall observe the following:

（一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；

(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）按照监督机关的规定报告自己的活动情况；

(2)report on his own activities as required by the supervising organ;

（三）遵守监督机关关于会客的规定；

(3)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the supervising organ;and

（四）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经监督机关批准。

(4)report to obtain approval from the supervising organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第八十五条 被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内，由公安机关予以监督，如果没有本法第八十六条规定的情形，假释考验期满，就认为原判刑罚已经执行完毕，并公开予以宣告。

Article 85 Any criminal who is granted parole shall be subject to supervision by a public security organ during the probation period for parole.If he is not found in any of the circumstances prescribed in Article 86 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall be considered executed upon the expiration of the probation period for parole, which shall be made known publicly.第八十六条 被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内犯新罪，应当撤销假释，依照本法第七十一条的规定实行数罪并罚。

Article 86 If a criminal who is granted parole commits another crime during the probation period for parole, the parole shall be revoked, and he shall be given a combined punishment for several crimes as provided in Article 71 of this Law.在假释考验期限内，发现被假释的犯罪分子在判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当撤销假释，依照本法第七十条的规定实行数罪并罚。

If a criminal who is granted parole is discovered to have committed, before the judgment is pronounced, other crimes for which no punishment is imposed, the parole shall be revoked and a combined punishment for several crimes shall be given according to the provisions of Article 70 of this Law.被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内，有违反法律、行政法规或者国务院公安部门有关假释的监督管理规定的行为，尚未构成新的犯罪的，应当依照法定程序撤销假释，收监执行未执行完毕的刑罚。

If a criminal who is granted parole, during the probation period for parole, violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or other regulations relating to supervision and control over parole stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council but the violation does not constitute a new crime, the parole shall be revoked in accordance with legal procedure and he shall be put back into prison to serve the remaining part of criminal punishment.第八十七条 犯罪经过下列期限不再追诉：

Article 87 Crimes shall not be prosecuted if the following periods have elapsed:

（一）法定最高刑为不满五年有期徒刑的，经过五年；

(1)five years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of less than five years;

（二）法定最高刑为五年以上不满十年有期徒刑的，经过十年；

(2)10 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but less than 10 years;

（三）法定最高刑为十年以上有期徒刑的，经过十五年；

(3)15 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;and

（四）法定最高刑为无期徒刑、死刑的，经过二十年。如果二十年以后认为必须追诉的，须报请最高人民检察院核准。

(4)20 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is life imprisonment or death penalty.If after 20 years it is considered necessary to prosecute a crime, the matter shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Procuratorate for examination and approval.第八十八条 在人民检察院、公安机关、国家安全机关立案侦查或者在人民法院受理案件以后，逃避侦查或者审判的，不受追诉期限的限制。

Article 88 No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a criminal who escapes from investigation or trial after a People's Procuratorate, public security organ or national security organ files the case or a People's Court accepts the case.被害人在追诉期限内提出控告，人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关应当立案而不予立案的，不受追诉期限的限制。

No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a case which should have been but is not filed by a People's Court, People's Procuratorate or public security organ after the victim brings a charge within the period for prosecution.第八十九条 追诉期限从犯罪之日起计算；犯罪行为有连续或者继续状态的，从犯罪行为终了之日起计算。

Article 89 The limitation period for prosecution shall be counted from the date the crime is committed;if the criminal act is of a continual or continuous nature, it shall be counted from the date the criminal act is terminated.在追诉期限以内又犯罪的，前罪追诉的期限从犯后罪之日起计算。

If further crime is committed during a limitation period for prosecution, the limitation period for prosecution of the old crime shall be counted from the date the new crime is committed.第九十条 民族自治地方不能全部适用本法规定的，可以由自治区或者省的人民代表大会根据当地民族的政治、经济、文化的特点和本法规定的基本原则，制定变通或者补充的规定，报请全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准施行。

Article 90 Where the provisions of this Law cannot be completely applied in national autonomous areas, the people's congresses of the autonomous regions or the provinces concerned may formulate adaptive or supplementary provisions on the basis of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles stipulated in this Law, and these provisions shall go into effect after they have been submitted to and approved by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.第九十一条 本法所称公共财产，是指下列财产：

Article 91 “Public property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;

（一）国有财产；

(1)property owned by the State;

（二）劳动群众集体所有的财产；

(2)property owned collectively by working people;and

（三）用于扶贫和其他公益事业的社会捐助或者专项基金的财产。

(3)public donations or special funds used for elimination of poverty or for other public welfare undertakings.在国家机关、国有公司、企业、集体企业和人民团体管理、使用或者运输中的私人财产，以公共财产论。

Private property that is being managed, used or transported by State organs, State-owned companies and enterprises, or enterprises owned by collectives, or people's organizations shall be treated as public property.第九十二条 本法所称公民私人所有的财产，是指下列财产：

Article 92 “Citizens' privately owned property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;

（一）公民的合法收入、储蓄、房屋和其他生活资料；

(1)citizens' lawful earnings, savings, houses and other means of subsistence;

（二）依法归个人、家庭所有的生产资料；

(2)any means of production that is under private or family ownership according to law;

（三）个体户和私营企业的合法财产；

(3)property lawfully owned by self-employed workers or private enterprises;and

（四）依法归个人所有的股份、股票、债券和其他财产。

(4)shares, stocks, bonds and other property that are under private ownership according to law.第九十三条 本法所称国家工作人员，是指国家机关中从事公务的人员。

Article 93 “State functionaries” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who perform public service in State organs.国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体中从事公务的人员和国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位委派到非国有公司、企业、事业单位、社会团体从事公务的人员，以及其他依照法律从事公务的人员，以国家工作人员论。

Persons who perform public service in State-owned companies or, enterprises, institutions or people's organizations, persons who are assigned by State organs, State-owned companies, enterprises or institutions to companies, enterprises or institutions that are not owned by the State or people's organizations to perform public service and the other persons who perform public service according to law shall all be regarded as State functionaries.第九十四条 本法所称司法工作人员，是指有侦查、检察、审判、监管职责的工作人员。

Article 94 “Judicial officers” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who exercise the functions of investigation, prosecution, adjudication and supervision and control.第九十五条 本法所称重伤，是指有下列情形之一的伤害：

Article 95 “Serious injuries” as mentioned in this Law refers to any of the following:

（一）使人肢体残废或者毁人容貌的；

(1)injuries resulting in a person's disability or disfigurement;

（二）使人丧失听觉、视觉或者其他器官机能的；

(2)injuries resulting in a person's loss of his hearing, sight or the function of any other organ;or

（三）其他对于人身健康有重大伤害的。

(3)other injuries that cause grave harm to a person's physical health.第九十六条 本法所称违反国家规定，是指违反全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定的法律和决定，国务院制定的行政法规、规定的行政措施、发布的决定和命令。

Article 96 “Violation of State regulations” as mentioned in this Law refers to violation of the laws enacted or decisions made by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee and the administrative rules and regulations formulated, the administrative measures adopted and the decisions or orders promulgated by the State Council.第九十七条 本法所称首要分子，是指在犯罪集团或者聚众犯罪中起组织、策划、指挥作用的犯罪分子。

Article 97 “Ringleader” as mentioned in this Law refers to any criminal who plays the role of organizing, plotting or directing in a crime committed by a criminal group or a crowd.第九十八条 本法所称告诉才处理，是指被害人告诉才处理。如果被害人因受强制、威吓无法告诉的，人民检察院和被害人的近亲属也可以告诉。

Article 98 “To be handled only upon complaint” as mentioned in this Law means that a case shall only be handled if the victim brings a complaint.However, if the victim is unable to bring a complaint because of coercion or intimidation, a People's Procuratorate or a close relative of the victim may bring a complaint.第九十九条 本法所称以上、以下、以内，包括本数。

Article 99 “Not less than”, “not more than” and “within” as used in this Law all include the given figure.第一百条 依法受过刑事处罚的人，在入伍、就业的时候，应当如实向有关单位报告自己曾受过刑事处罚，不得隐瞒。

Article 100 Anyone who has been subjected to criminal punishment shall, before being recruited in the army or employed, report to the unit concerned about the fact;he may not conceal it.第一百零一条 本法总则适用于其他有刑罚规定的法律，但是其他法律有特别规定的除外。

Article 101 The General Provisions of this Law shall be applicable to other laws with provisions for criminal punishments, unless otherwise specifically provided for in those laws.第一章 危害国家安全罪

CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY

第一百零二条 勾结外国，危害中华人民共和国的主权、领土完整和安全的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。

Article 102 Whoever colludes with a foreign State to endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the People's Republic of China shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years.与境外机构、组织、个人相勾结，犯前款罪的，依照前款的规定处罚。

Whoever commits the crime prescribed in the preceding paragraph in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be punished according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零三条 组织、策划、实施分裂国家、破坏国家统一的，对首要分子或者罪行重大的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；对积极参加的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；对其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。

Article 103 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of splitting the State or undermining unity of the country, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，处五年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever incites others to split the State or undermine unity of the country shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;the ringleaders and the ones who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零四条 组织、策划、实施武装叛乱或者武装**的，对首要分子或者罪行重大的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；对积极参加的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；对其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。

Article 104 Among those who organize, plot or carry out armed rebellion or armed riot, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.策动、胁迫、勾引、收买国家机关工作人员、武装部队人员、人民警察、民兵进行武装叛乱或者武装**的，依照前款的规定从重处罚。

Whoever instigates, coerces, lures or bribes State functionaries or members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to commit armed rebellion or armed riot shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零五条 组织、策划、实施颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度的，对首要分子或者罪行重大的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；对积极参加的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；对其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。

Article 105 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of subverting the State power or overthrowing the socialist system, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.以造谣、诽谤或者其他方式煽动颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，处五年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever incites others by spreading rumors or slanders or any other means to subvert the State power or overthrow the socialist system shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;and the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零六条 与境外机构、组织、个人相勾结，实施本章第一百零三条、第一百零四条、第一百零五条规定之罪的，依照各该条的规定从重处罚。

Article 106 Whoever commits the crime as prescribed in Article 103, 104 or 105 of this Chapter in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions stipulated in these Articles respectively.第一百零七条 境内外机构、组织或者个人资助境内组织或者个人实施本章第一百零二条、第一百零三条、第一百零四条、第一百零五条规定之罪的，对直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；情节严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑。

Article 107 Where an organ, organization or individual inside or outside of the territory of China provides funds to any organization or individual within the territory of China to commit the crime as prescribed in Article 102, 103, 104 or 105, the person who is directly responsible for the crime shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零八条 投敌叛变的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节严重或者带领武装部队人员、人民警察、民兵投敌叛变的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑。

Article 108 Whoever defects to the enemy and turns traitor shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious or if he leads members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百零九条 国家机关工作人员在履行公务期间，擅离岗位，叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃，危害中华人民共和国国家安全的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利；情节严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 109 Any State functionary who, while discharging his official duties at home or abroad, leaves his post without permission and defects to another country, which endangers the security of the People's Republic of China, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years.掌握国家秘密的国家工作人员犯前款罪的，依照前款的规定从重处罚。

Any State functionary who has State secrets commits the crime as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百一十条 有下列间谍行为之一，危害国家安全的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑：

Article 110 Whoever endangers national security by committing any of the following acts of espionage shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years:

（一）参加间谍组织或者接受间谍组织及其代理人的任务的；

(1)joining an espionage organization or accepting a mission assigned by the organization or its agent;or

（二）为敌人指示轰击目标的。

(2)directing the enemy to any bombing or shelling target.第一百一十一条 为境外的机构、组织、人员窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密或者情报的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节特别严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；情节较轻的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。

Article 111 Whoever steals, spies into, buys or unlaw-fully supplies State secrets or intelligence for an organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.第一百一十二条 战时供给敌人武器装备、军用物资资敌的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 112 Whoever aids the enemy during wartime by providing him with weapons and equipment or military materials shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十三条 本章上述危害国家安全罪行中，除第一百零三条第二款、第一百零五条、第一百零七条、第一百零九条外，对国家和人民危害特别严重、情节特别恶劣的，可以判处死刑。

Article 113 Whoever commits any of the crimes of endangering national security as mentioned above in this Chapter, with the exception of those provided for in Paragraph 2 of Article 103 and in Articles 105, 107 and 109, if the crime causes particularly grave harm to the State and the people or if the circumstances are especially serious, may be sentenced to death.犯本章之罪的，可以并处没收财产。

Whoever commits any of the crimes mentioned in this Chapter may concurrently be sentenced to confiscation of property.第二章 危害公共安全罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY

第一百一十四条 放火、决水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危险方法破坏工厂、矿场、油田、港口、河流、水源、仓库、住宅、森林、农场、谷场、牧场、重要管道、公共建筑物或者其他公私财产，危害公共安全，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 114 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or uses other dangerous means to sabotage any factory, mine, oilfield, harbour, river, water source, warehouse, house, forest, farm, threshing ground, pasture, key pipeline, public building or any other public or private property, thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十五条 放火、决水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危险方法致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 115 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or inflicts serious injury or death on people or causes heavy losses of public or private property by other dangerous means, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百一十六条 破坏火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器，足以使火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器发生倾覆、毁坏危险，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 116 Whoever sabotages a train, motor vehicle, tram, ship or aircraft to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十七条 破坏轨道、桥梁、隧道、公路、机场、航道、灯塔、标志或者进行其他破坏活动，足以使火车、汽车、电车、船只、航空器发生倾覆、毁坏危险，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 117 Whoever sabotages a railroad, bridge, tunnel, highway, airport, waterway, lighthouse or sign or conducts any other sabotaging activities to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十八条 破坏电力、燃气或者其他易燃易爆设备，危害公共安全，尚未造成严重后果的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 118 Whoever sabotages any electric power or gas facility or any other inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby endangering public security, but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十九条 破坏交通工具、交通设施、电力设备、燃气设备、易燃易爆设备，造成严重后果的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 119 Whoever sabotages any means of transport, transportation facility, electric power facility, gas facility, or inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十条 组织、领导和积极参加恐怖活动组织的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；其他参加的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。

Article 120 Whoever forms, leads or actively participates in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.犯前款罪并实施杀人、爆炸、绑架等犯罪的，依照数罪并罚的规定处罚。

Whoever, in addition to the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, commits other crimes of homicide, explosion or kidnap shall be punished in accordance with the provisions on combined punishment for several crimes.第一百二十一条 以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持航空器的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑；致人重伤、死亡或者使航空器遭受严重破坏的，处死刑。

Article 121 Whoever hijacks any aircraft by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;any hijacker who causes serious injury to or death of any other person or serious damage to the aircraft shall be sentenced to death.第一百二十二条 以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持船只、汽车的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；造成严重后果的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑。

Article 122 Whoever hijacks a ship or motor vehicle by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百二十三条 对飞行中的航空器上的人员使用暴力，危及飞行安全，尚未造成严重后果的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成严重后果的，处五年以上有期徒刑。

Article 123 Whoever uses violence against any person on board an aircraft and thereby endangers air safety, if there are no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百二十四条 破坏广播电视设施、公用电信设施，危害公共安全的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；造成严重后果的，处七年以上有期徒刑。

Article 124 Whoever sabotages any broadcasting, television or public telecommunications facility, thereby endangering public security, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.过失犯前款罪的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十五条 非法制造、买卖、运输、邮寄、储存枪支、弹药、爆炸物的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 125 Whoever illegally manufactures, trades in, transports, mails or stores any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.非法买卖、运输核材料的，依照前款的规定处罚。

Whoever illegally trades in or transports nuclear materials shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.单位犯前两款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照第一款的规定处罚。

Where a unit commits any of the crimes mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十六条 依法被指定、确定的枪支制造企业、销售企业，违反枪支管理规定，有下列行为之一的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节特别严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑：

Article 126 If, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, any enterprise that is designated or determined pursuant to law for manufacturing or selling guns commits any of the following acts, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the act shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years;if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment:

（一）以非法销售为目的，超过限额或者不按照规定的品种制造、配售枪支的；

(1)to manufacture or sell guns in excess of the quotas or at variance with the variety prescribed, for purposes of illegal sale;

（二）以非法销售为目的，制造无号、重号、假号的枪支的；

(2)to manufacture guns without numbers or with duplicate or false numbers, for purposes of illegal sale;or

（三）非法销售枪支或者在境内销售为出口制造的枪支的。

(3)to sell guns illegally, or sell guns in China that are manufactured for export.第一百二十七条 盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情节严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 127 Whoever steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.抢劫枪支、弹药、爆炸物或者盗窃、抢夺国家机关、军警人员、民兵的枪支、弹药、爆炸物的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。

Whoever robs any guns, ammunition or explosives or steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives from State organs, members of the armed forces, the police or the people's militia shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.第一百二十八条 违反枪支管理规定，非法持有、私藏枪支、弹药的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制；情节严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 128 Whoever, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, illegally possesses or conceals any guns or ammunition shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.依法配备公务用枪的人员，非法出租、出借枪支的，依照前款的规定处罚。

Whoever is lawfully equipped with a gun for the discharge of official duties illegally leases or loans his gun shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.依法配置枪支的人员，非法出租、出借枪支，造成严重后果的，依照第一款的规定处罚。

If persons who are lawfully provided with guns illegally lease or loan such guns, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.单位犯第二款、第三款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照第一款的规定处罚。

Where a unit commits the crime mentioned in the second or third paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十九条 依法配备公务用枪的人员，丢失枪支不及时报告，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Article 129 If persons who are lawfully equipped with guns for the discharge of official duties lose their guns and fail to report about the matter immediately, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百三十条 非法携带枪支、弹药、管制刀具或者爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蚀性物品，进入公共场所或者公共交通工具，危及公共安全，情节严重的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。

Article 130 Whoever illegally enters a public place or gets on a public transportation vehicle with any gun, ammunition, controlled cutting tool or explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby endangers public security, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.第一百三十一条 航空人员违反规章制度，致使发生重大飞行事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成飞机坠毁或者人员死亡的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 131 Any member of the crew on board an air craft who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a grave air accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if an air crash or death of another is caused, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十二条 铁路职工违反规章制度，致使发生铁路运营安全事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成特别严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 132 Any railway worker who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a railway operational accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if there are especially serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十三条 违反交通运输管理法规，因而发生重大事故，致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；交通运输肇事后逃逸或者有其他特别恶劣情节的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；因逃逸致人死亡的，处七年以上有期徒刑。

Article 133 Whoever violates regulations governing traffic and transportation and thereby causes a serious accident, resulting in serious injuries or deaths or heavy losses of public or private property, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.Whoever runs away from the spot after he has caused a traffic accident or is involved in other especially flagrant circumstances shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if his escape results in the death of another person, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.第一百三十四条 工厂、矿山、林场、建筑企业或者其他企业、事业单位的职工，由于不服管理、违反规章制度，或者强令工人违章冒险作业，因而发生重大伤亡事故或者造成其他严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节特别恶劣的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 134 If any employee of a factory, mine, tree farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution disobeys management or violates rules and regulations or, if anyone forces employees to work under hazardous conditions in violation of rules, thereby causing an accident involving heavy casualties or causing other serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十五条 工厂、矿山、林场、建筑企业或者其他企业、事业单位的劳动安全设施不符合国家规定，经有关部门或者单位职工提出后，对事故隐患仍不采取措施，因而发生重大伤亡事故或者造成其他严重后果的，对直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节特别恶劣的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 135 Where the facilities for operational safety of a factory, mine, three farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution do not meet State requirements and no measures are taken to remove the hidden danger of accident after the warning given by the departments concerned or employees of the unit, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs or other serious consequences ensue, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十六条 违反爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蚀性物品的管理规定，在生产、储存、运输、使用中发生重大事故，造成严重后果的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 136 Whoever violates the regulations on the control of explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby causes a serious accident during the production, storage, transportation or use of those materials, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十七条 建设单位、设计单位、施工单位、工程监理单位违反国家规定，降低工程质量标准，造成重大安全事故的，对直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处罚金；后果特别严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

Article 137 Where any building, designing, construction or engineering supervision unit, in violation of State regulations, lowers the quality standard of a project and thereby causes a serious accident, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.第一百三十八条 明知校舍或者教育教学设施有危险，而不采取措施或者不及时报告，致使发生重大伤亡事故的，对直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 138 If a person who is directly responsible knowingly fails to adopt measures against dangers in school buildings or in educational or teaching facilities or to make a timely report about the matter, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十九条 违反消防管理法规，经消防监督机构通知采取改正措施而拒绝执行，造成严重后果的，对直接责任人员，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 139 If a person who is directly responsible violates the regulations on fire prevention and control and refuses to take measures to set it right after being told by the organ for supervision over fire prevention and control to do so, if serious consequences ensue, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第三章 破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪

CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET

第一节 生产、销售伪劣商品罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD

第一百四十条 生产者、销售者在产品中掺杂、掺假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格产品冒充合格产品，销售金额五万元以上不满二十万元的，处二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；销售金额二十万元以上不满五十万元的，处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；销售金额五十万元以上不满二百万元的，处七年以上有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；销售金额二百万元以上的，处十五年有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

Article 140 Any producer or seller who mixes impurities into or adulterates the products, or passes a fake product off as a genuine one, a defective product as a high-quality one, or a substandard product as a standard one, if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 50,000 yuan but less than 200,000 yuan, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 200,000 yuan but less than 500,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 500,000 yuan but less than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of 15 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十一条 生产、销售假药，足以严重危害人体健康的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；对人体健康造成严重危害的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；致人死亡或者对人体健康造成特别严重危害的，处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

Article 141 Whoever produces or sells fake medicines that are harmful enough to seriously endanger human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if human health is seriously harmed, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本条所称假药，是指依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的规定属于假药和按假药处理的药品、非药品。

Fake medicines as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines or any non-medical substances that fall under the category of or are regarded as fake medicines under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十二条 生产、销售劣药，对人体健康造成严重危害的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

Article 142 Whoever produces or sells medicines of inferior quality and thereby causes serious harm to human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本条所称劣药，是指依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的规定属于劣药的药品。

Medicines of inferior quality as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines that fall under the category of medicines of inferior quality under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十三条 生产、销售不符合卫生标准的食品，足以造成严重食物中毒事故或者其他严重食源性疾患的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；对人体健康造成严重危害的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

Article 143 Whoever produces or sells food that is not up to hygiene standards, thus causing an accident of serious food poisoning or resulting in any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十四条 在生产、销售的食品中掺入有毒、有害的非食品原料的，或者销售明知掺有有毒、有害的非食品原料的食品的，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；造成严重食物中毒事故或者其他严重食源性疾患，对人体健康造成严重危害的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；致人死亡或者对人体健康造成特别严重危害的，依照本法第一百四十一条的规定处罚。

Article 144 Whoever mixes the foods that he produces or sells with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials or knowingly sells such foods shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if an accident of serious food poisoning or any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria has resulted, thus seriously harming human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be punished according to the provisions in Article 141 of this Law.第一百四十五条 生产不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料，或者销售明知是不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料，对人体健康造成严重危害的，处五年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金，其中情节特别恶劣的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

Article 145 Whoever produces medical apparatus and instruments or medical hygiene materials that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding human health or sells such things while clearly knowing the fact, thereby causing serious harm to human health, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十六条 生产不符合保障人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准的电器、压力容器、易燃易爆产品或者其他不符合保障人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准的产品，或者销售明知是以上不符合保障人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准的产品，造成严重后果的，处五年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；后果特别严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金。

Article 146 Whoever produces electrical appliances, pressure containers, inflammable or explosive products or any other products that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding personal or property safety or knowingly sells such products, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales.第一百四十七条 生产假农药、假兽药、假化肥，销售明知是假的或者失去使用效能的农药、兽药、化肥、种子，或者生产者、销售者以不合格的农药、兽药、化肥、种子冒充合格的农药、兽药、化肥、种子，使生产遭受较大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；使生产遭受重大损失的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金；使生产遭受特别重大损失的，处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金或者没收财产。

Article 147 Whoever produces fake pesticides, fake animal pharmaceuticals or fake chemical