第一篇:高考数学回归课本教案:复数
高考数学回归课本教案
整理:卢立臻 第十五章 复数
一、基础知识
21.复数的定义:设i为方程x=-1的根,i称为虚数单位,由i与实数进行加、减、乘、除等运算。便产生形如a+bi(a,b∈R)的数,称为复数。所有复数构成的集合称复数集。通常用C来表示。2.复数的几种形式。对任意复数z=a+bi(a,b∈R),a称实部记作Re(z),b称虚部记作Im(z).z=ai称为代数形式,它由实部、虚部两部分构成;若将(a,b)作为坐标平面内点的坐标,那么z与坐标平面唯一一个点相对应,从而可以建立复数集与坐标平面内所有的点构成的集合之间的一一映射。因此复数可以用点来表示,表示复数的平面称为复平面,x轴称为实轴,y轴去掉原点称为虚轴,点称为复数的几何形式;如果将(a,b)作为向量的坐标,复数z又对应唯一一个向量。因此坐标平面内的向量也是复数的一种表示形式,称为向量形式;另外设z对应复平面内的点Z,见图15-1,连接OZ,设∠xOZ=θ,|OZ|=r,则a=rcosθ,b=rsinθ,所以z=r(cosθ+isinθ),这种形式叫做三角形式。若z=r(cosθ+isinθ),则θ称为z的辐角。若0≤θ<2π,则θ称为z的辐角主值,记作θ=Arg(z).r称为z的模,也记作|z|,由勾股定理知|z|=a2b2.如果用e表示cosθ+isinθ,则z=re,iθ
iθ称为复数的指数形式。
3.共轭与模,若z=a+bi,(a,b∈R),则za-bi称为z的共轭复数。模与共轭的性质有:
z1(1)z1z2z1z2;(2)z1z2z1z2;(3)zz|z|;(4)z22z1;(5)z2(6)||z1z2||z1||z2|;22
22z1|z1|;(7)||z1|-|z2||≤|z1±z2|≤|z1|+|z2|;(8)|z2|z2|1。z|z1+z2|+|z1-z2|=2|z1|+2|z2|;(9)若|z|=1,则z4.复数的运算法则:(1)按代数形式运算加、减、乘、除运算法则与实数范围内一致,运算结果可以通过乘以共轭复数将分母分为实数;(2)按向量形式,加、减法满足平行四边形和三角形法则;(3)按三角形式,若z1=r1(cosθ1+isinθ1), z2=r2(cosθ2+isinθ2),则z1••z2=r1r2[cos(θ1+θ2)+isin(θ1+θ2)];若z20,z1r1[cos(θ1-θ2)+isin(θ1-θz2r22)],用指数形式记为z1z2=r1r2e
i(θ1+θ2),z1r1i(12)e.z2r2n5.棣莫弗定理:[r(cosθ+isinθ)]=r(cosnθ+isinnθ).n6.开方:若wr(cosθ+isinθ),则wnn
r(cos2knisin2kn),k=0,1,2,„,n-1。
[cos(2)isin(2)]ncosn(2)isin(2)cos(2n)isin(2n),所以n=4k+1.又因为0≤n≤2000,所以1≤k≤500,所以这样的n有500个。4.二项式定理的应用。
02410013599例5 计算:(1)C100;(2)C100 C100C100C100C100C100C100[解](1+i)=[(1+i)]=(2i)=-2,=1002505050
由二项式定理(1+i)=)+(***00C100C100iC100iC100iC100i024100(C100C100C100C***9)i,比较实部和虚部,得C100=-2,C100C100C100C100C100C100C10013599=0。C100C100C100C1005.复数乘法的几何意义。
例6 以定长线段BC为一边任作ΔABC,分别以AB,AC为腰,B,C为直角顶点向外作等腰直角ΔABM、等腰直角ΔACN。求证:MN的中点为定点。
[证明] 设|BC|=2a,以BC中点O为原点,BC为x轴,建立直角坐标系,确定复平面,则B,C对应的复数为-a,a,点A,M,N对应的复数为z1,z2,z3,CAz1a,BAz1a,由复数乘法的几何意义得:CNz3ai(z1a),①BMz2ai(z1a),②由①+②得z2+z3=i(z1+a)-i(z1-a)=2ai.设MN的中点为P,对应的复数z=
z2z3ai,为2定值,所以MN的中点P为定点。
例7 设A,B,C,D为平面上任意四点,求证:AB•AD+BC•AD≥AC•BD。
[证明] 用A,B,C,D表示它们对应的复数,则(A-B)(C-D)+(B-C)(A-D)=(A-C)(B-D),因为|A-B|•|C-D|+|B-C|•|A-D|≥(A-B)(C-D)+(B-C)(A-D).所以|A-B|•|C-D|+|B-C|•|A-D|≥|A-C|•|B-D|, “=”成立当且仅当Arg(BABCDABC)Arg(),即Arg()Arg()=π,即A,B,C,D共圆DACDBADC时成立。不等式得证。6.复数与轨迹。
例8 ΔABC的顶点A表示的复数为3i,底边BC在实轴上滑动,且|BC|=2,求ΔABC的外心轨迹。
[解]设外心M对应的复数为z=x+yi(x,y∈R),B,C点对应的复数分别是b,b+2.因为外心M是三边垂直平分线的交点,而AB的垂直平分线方程为|z-b|=|z-3i|,BC的垂直平分线的方程为|z-b|=|z-b-2|,所以点M对应的复数z满足|z-b|=|z-3i|=|z-b-2|,消去b解得4x26(y).3所以ΔABC的外心轨迹是轨物线。7.复数与三角。
例9 已知cosα+cosβ+cosγ=sinα+sinβ+sinγ=0,求证:cos2α+cos2β+cos2γ=0。[证明] 令z1=cosα+isinα,z2=cosβ+isinβ,z3=cosγ+isinγ,则
[证明] 以P为原点建立复平面,并用A,B,C,D,P,Q表示它们对应的复数,由题设及复数乘法的几何意义知D=iC,B=iA;取Q三角形;又由C-Q=i(B-Q)得
CiB,则C-Q=i(B-Q),则ΔBCQ为等腰直角1iDAQi(Q),即A-Q=i(D-Q),所以ΔADQ也为等腰直ii角三角形且以Q为直角顶点。综上命题得证。
例14平面上给定ΔA1A2A3及点p0,定义As=As-3,s≥4,构造点列p0,p1,p2,„,使得pk+1为绕0中心Ak+1顺时针旋转120时pk所到达的位置,k=0,1,2,„,若p1986=p0.证明:ΔA1A2A3为等边三角形。[证明] 令u=ei3,由题设,约定用点同时表示它们对应的复数,取给定平面为复平面,则p1=(1+u)A1-up0, p2=(1+u)A2-up1, p3=(1+u)A3-up2, 22①×u+②×(-u)得p3=(1+u)(A3-uA2+uA1)+p0=w+p0,w为与p0无关的常数。同理得
22p6=w+p3=2w+p0,„,p1986=662w+p0=p0,所以w=0,从而A3-uA2+uA1=0.由u=u-1得A3-A1=(A2-A1)u,这说明ΔA1A2A3为正三角形。
三、基础训练题
221.满足(2x+5x+2)+(y-y-2)i=0的有序实数对(x,y)有__________组。2.若z∈C且z2=8+6i,且z3-16z-
100=__________。z3.复数z满足|z|=5,且(3+4i)•z是纯虚数,则z__________。4.已知z213i,则1+z+z+„+z
2199
2=__________。
5.设复数z使得z1的一个辐角的绝对值为,则z辐角主值的取值范围是__________。z266.设z,w,λ∈C,|λ|≠1,则关于z的方程z-Λz=w的解为z=__________。
1x1x2arcsin__________。7.设0 29.若a,b,c∈C,则a+b>c是a+b-c>0成立的__________条件。 2210.已知关于x的实系数方程x-2x+2=0和x+2mx+1=0的四个不同的根在复平面上对应的点共圆,则m取值的集合是__________。 211.二次方程ax+x+1=0的两根的模都小于2,求实数a的取值范围。12.复平面上定点Z0,动点Z1对应的复数分别为z0,z1,其中z0≠0,且满足方程|z1-z0|=|z1|,①另一个动点Z对应的复数z满足z1•z=-1,②求点Z的轨迹,并指出它在复平面上的形状和位置。 13.N个复数z1,z2,„,zn成等比数列,其中|z1|≠1,公比为q,|q|=1且q≠±1,复数222222 |z1||z2||z3|1,zzz13.给定实数a,b,c,已知复数z1,z2,z3满足1231,求 z2z3z1|az1+bz2+cz3|的值。 三、联赛一试水平训练题 1.已知复数z满足|2z1|1.则z的辐角主值的取值范围是__________。z2.设复数z=cosθ+isinθ(0≤θ≤π),复数z,(1+i)z,2z在复平面上对应的三个点分别是P,Q,R,当P,Q,R不共线时,以PQ,PR为两边的平行四边形第四个顶点为S,则S到原点距离的最大值为__________。3.设复平面上单位圆内接正20边形的20个顶点所对应的复数依次为z1,z2,„,z20,则复数1995z1,z1995,,z1995220所对应的不同点的个数是__________。 4.已知复数z满足|z|=1,则|z+iz+1|的最小值为__________。5.设w130z1=w-z,z2=w+z,z1,z2对应复平面上的点A,B,点O为原点,∠AOB=90,i,22|AO|=|BO|,则ΔOAB面积是__________。6.设wcos5isinm5n,则(x-w)(x-w)(x-w)(x-w)的展开式为__________。 3797.已知(3i)=(1+i)(m,n∈N+),则mn的最小值是__________。 8.复平面上,非零复数z1,z2在以i为圆心,1为半径的圆上,z1•z2的实部为零,z1的辐角主值为,则z2=__________。63i7)1]n的值中有实数__________个。29.当n∈N,且1≤n≤100时,[(10.已知复数z1,z2满足 z2z17,且Argz1,Argz2,Argz3,则 368z1z2Argz1z2的值是__________。z318 4811.集合A={z|z=1},B={w|w=1},C={zw|z∈A,w∈B},问:集合C中有多少个不同的元素? 12.证明:如果复数A的模为1,那么方程(1ixn)A的所有根都是不相等的实根(n1ix∈N+).13.对于适合|z|≤1的每一个复数z,要使0<|αz+β|<2总能成立,试问:复数α,β应满足什么条件? 六、联赛二试水平训练题 高考数学回归课本教案 立体几何 一、基础知识 公理1 一条直线。上如果有两个不同的点在平面。内.则这条直线在这个平面内,记作:aa. 公理2 两个平面如果有一个公共点,则有且只有一条通过这个点的公共直线,即若P∈α∩β,则存在唯一的直线m,使得α∩β=m,且P∈m。 公理3 过不在同一条直线上的三个点有且只有一个平面。即不共线的三点确定一个平面. 推论l 直线与直线外一点确定一个平面. 推论2 两条相交直线确定一个平面. 推论3 两条平行直线确定一个平面. 公理4 在空间内,平行于同一直线的两条直线平行. 定义1 异面直线及成角:不同在任何一个平面内的两条直线叫做异面直线.过空间任意一点分别作两条异面直线的平行线,这两条直线所成的角中,不超过900的角叫做两条异面直线成角.与两条异面直线都垂直相交的直线叫做异面直线的公垂线,公垂线夹在两条异面直线之间的线段长度叫做两条异面直线之间的距离. 定义2 直线与平面的位置关系有两种;直线在平面内和直线在平面外.直线与平面相交和直线与平面平行(直线与平面没有公共点叫做直线与平面平行)统称直线在平面外. 定义3 直线与平面垂直:如果直线与平面内的每一条直线都垂直,则直线与这个平面垂直. 定理1 如果一条直线与平面内的两条相交直线都垂直,则直线与平面垂直. 定理2 两条直线垂直于同一个平面,则这两条直线平行. 定理3 若两条平行线中的一条与一个平面垂直,则另一条也和这个平面垂直. 定理4 平面外一点到平面的垂线段的长度叫做点到平面的距离,若一条直线与平面平行,则直线上每一点到平面的距离都相等,这个距离叫做直线与平面的距离. 定义5 一条直线与平面相交但不垂直的直线叫做平面的斜线.由斜线上每一点向平面引垂线,垂足叫这个点在平面上的射影.所有这样的射影在一条直线上,这条直线叫做斜线在平面内的射影.斜线与它的射影所成的锐角叫做斜线与平面所成的角. 结论1 斜线与平面成角是斜线与平面内所有直线成角中最小的角. 定理4(三垂线定理)若d为平面。的一条斜线,b为它在平面a内的射影,c为平面a内的一条直线,若cb,则ca.逆定理:若ca,则cb. 定理5 直线d是平面a外一条直线,若它与平面内一条直线b平行,则它与平面a平行 定理6 若直线。与平面α平行,平面β经过直线a且与平面a交于直线6,则a//b. 结论2 若直线。与平面α和平面β都平行,且平面α与平面β相交于b,则a//b. 定理7(等角定理)如果一个角的两边和另一个角的两边分别平行且方向相同,则两个角相等. 定义6 平面与平面的位置关系有两种:平行或相交.没有公共点即平行,否则即相交. 定理8 平面a内有两条相交直线a,b都与平面β平行,则α//β.定理9 平面α与平面β平行,平面γ∩α=a,γ∩β=b,则a//b. 定义7(二面角),经过同一条直线m的两个半平面α,β(包括直线m,称为二面角的棱)所组成的图形叫二面角,记作α—m—β,也可记为A—m一B,α—AB—β等.过棱上任意一点P在两个半平面内分别作棱的垂线AP,BP,则∠APB(≤900)叫做二面角的平面角. 它的取值范围是[0,π]. 特别地,若∠APB=900,则称为直二面角,此时平面与平面的位置关系称为垂直,即αβ.定理10 如果一个平面经过另一个平面的垂线,则这两个平面垂直. 定理11 如果两个平面垂直,过第一个平面内的一点作另一个平面的垂线在第一个平面内. 定理12 如果两个平面垂直,过第一个子面内的一点作交线的垂线与另一个平面垂直. 定义8 有两个面互相平行而其余的面都是平行四边形,并且每相邻两个平行四边形的公共边(称为侧棱)都互相平行,由这些面所围成的几何体叫做棱柱.两个互相平行的面叫做底面.如果底面是平行四边形则叫做平行六面体;侧棱与底面垂直的棱柱叫直棱柱;底面是正多边形的直棱柱叫做正棱柱.底面是矩形的直棱柱叫做长方体.棱长都相等的正四棱柱叫正方体. 定义9 有一个面是多边形(这个面称为底面),其余各面是一个有公共顶点的三角形的多面体叫棱锥.底面是正多边形,顶点在底面的射影是底面的中心的棱锥叫正棱锥. 定理13(凸多面体的欧拉定理)设多面体的顶点数为V,棱数为E,面数为F,则 V+F-E=2. 定义10 空间中到一个定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹是一个球面.球面所围成的几何体叫做球.定长叫做球的半径,定点叫做球心. 定理14 如果球心到平面的距离d小于半径R,那么平面与球相交所得的截面是圆面,圆心与球心的连线与截面垂直.设截面半径为r,则d2+r2=R2.过球心的截面圆周叫做球大圆.经过球面两点的球大圆夹在两点间劣弧的长度叫两点间球面距离. 定义11(经度和纬度)用平行于赤道平面的平面去截地球所得到的截面四周叫做纬线.纬线上任意一点与球心的连线与赤道平面所成的角叫做这点的纬度.用经过南极和北极的平面去截地球所得到的截面半圆周(以两极为端点)叫做经线,经线所在的平面与本初子午线所在的半平面所成的二面角叫做经度,根据位置不同又分东经和西经. 定理15(祖 原理)夹在两个平行平面之间的两个几何体,被平行于这两个平面的任意平面所截,如果截得的两个截面的面积总相等,那么这两个几何体的体积相等.定理16(三面角定理)从空间一点出发的不在同一个平面内的三条射线共组成三个角.其中任意两个角之和大于另一个,三个角之和小于3600. 定理17(面积公式)若一个球的半径为R,则它的表面积为S球面=4πR2。若一个圆锥的母线长为l,底面半径为r,则它的侧面积S侧=πrl.4定理18(体积公式)半径为R的球的体积为V球=3R3;若棱柱(或圆柱)的底面积为s,高h,则它的体积为V=sh;若棱锥(或圆锥)的底面积为s,高为h,则它的体积为1sh.V=3 定理19 如图12-1所示,四面体ABCD中,记∠BDC=α,∠ADC=β,∠ADB=γ,∠BAC=A,∠ABC=B,∠ACB=C。DH平面ABC于H。 (1)射影定理:SΔABD•cosФ=SΔABH,其中二面角D—AB—H为Ф。 sinsinsinBsin.(2)正弦定理:sinAsinC(3)余弦定理:cosα=cosβcosγ+sinβsinγcosA.cosA=-cosBcosC+sinBsinCcosα.V13DH•SΔABC 2(4)四面体的体积公式1abc1coscos22=6cos2coscoscos aa1dsin162(其中d是a1, a之间的距离,是它们的夹角) 3aSΔABD•SΔACD•sinθ(其中θ为二面角B—AD—C的平面角)。 二、方法与例题 1.公理的应用。 例1 直线a,b,c都与直线d相交,且a//b,c//b,求证:a,b,c,d共面。 [证明] 设d与a,b,c分别交于A,B,C,因为b与d相交,两者确定一个平面,设为a.又因为a//b,所以两者也确定一个平面,记为β。因为A∈α,所以A∈β,因为B∈b,所以B∈β,所以dβ.又过b,d的平面是唯一的,所以α,β是同一个平面,所以aα.同理cα.即a,b,c,d共面。 例2 长方体有一个截面是正六边形是它为正方体的什么条件? [解] 充要条件。先证充分性,设图12-2中PQRSTK是长方体ABCD-A1B1C1D1的正六边形截面,延长PQ,SR设交点为O,因为直线SR平面CC1D1D,又O∈直线SR,所以O∈平面CC1D1D,又因为直线PQ平面A1B1C1D1,又O∈直线PQ,所以O∈平面A1B1C1D1。所以O∈直线C1D1,由正六边形性质知,∠ORQ=∠OQR=600,所以ΔORQ CRSRRO为正三角形,因为CD//C1D1,所以 C1R=1。所以R是CC1中点,同理Q是B1C1的中点,又ΔORC1≌ΔOQC1,所以C1R=C1Q,所以CC1=C1B1,同理CD=CC1,所以该长方体为正方体。充分性得证。必要性留给读者自己证明。2.异面直线的相关问题。 例3 正方体的12条棱互为异面直线的有多少对? [解] 每条棱与另外的四条棱成异面直线,重复计数一共有异面直线12×4=48对,而每一 48对异面直线被计算两次,因此一共有224对。 例4 见图12-3,正方体,ABCD—A1B1C1D1棱长为1,求面对角线A1C1与AB1所成的角。 [解] 连结AC,B1C,因为A1A边形,所以A1C1////B1B //C1C,所以A1A //C1C,所以A1ACC1为平行四AC。 所以AC与AB1所成的角即为A1C1与AB1所成的角,由正方体的性质AB1=B1C=AC,所以∠B1AC=600。所以A1C1与AB1所成角为600。 3.平行与垂直的论证。 例5 A,B,C,D是空间四点,且四边形ABCD四个角都是直角,求证:四边形ABCD是矩形。 [证明] 若ABCD是平行四边形,则它是矩形;若ABCD不共面,设过A,B,C的平面为α,过D作DD1α于D1,见图12-4,连结AD1,CD1,因为ABAD1,又因为DD1平面α,又ABα,所以DD1AB,所以AB平面ADD1,所以ABAD1。同理BCCD1,所以ABCD1为矩形,所以∠AD1C=900,但AD1 例6 一个四面体有两个底面上的高线相交。证明:它的另两条高线也相交。 [证明] 见图12-5,设四面体ABCD的高线AE与BF相交于O,因为AE平面BCD,所以AECD,BF平面ACD,所以BFCD,所以CD平面ABO,所以CDAB。设四面体另两条高分别为CM,DN,连结CN,因为DN平面ABC,所以DNAB,又ABCD,所以AB平面CDN,所以ABCN。设CN交AB于P,连结PD,作CM'PD于M',因为AB平面CDN,所以ABCM',所以CM'平面ABD,即CM'为四面体的高,所以CM'与CM重合,所以CM,DN为ΔPCD的两条高,所以两者相交。例7 在矩形ABCD中,AD=2AB,E是AD中点,沿BE将ΔABE折起,并使AC=AD,见图12-6。求证:平面ABE平面BCDE。 [证明] 取BE中点O,CD中点M,连结AO,OM,OD,OC,则OM//BC,又CDBC,所以OMCD。又因为AC=AD,所以AMCD,所以CD平面AOM,所以AOCD。又因为AB=AE,所以AOBE。因为ED≠BC,所以BE与CD不平行,所以BE与CD是两条相交直线。所以AO平面BC-DE。又直线AO平面ABE。所以平面ABE平面BCDE。 4.直线与平面成角问题。 例8 见图12-7,正方形ABCD中,E,F分别是AB,CD的中点,G为BF的中点,将正方形沿EF折成1200的二面角,求AG和平面EBCF所成的角。 //22221[解]设边长AB=2,因为EF AD,又ADAB。所以EFAB,所以BG=2BF125,又AEEF,BEEF,所以∠AEB=1200。过A作AMBE于M,则∠AEM=600,112,AM=AEsin600=2ME=2AE232.由余弦定理MG2=BM2+BG2-2BM•BGcos∠53519533222344252MBG= =2,所以MG= 2.因为EFAE,EFBE,所以EF平面AEB,所以EFAM,又AMBE,所以AM平面BCE。所以 3264。所以AG与平面EBCF∠AGM为AG与平面EBCF所成的角。而tan∠AGM=2arctan64.所成的角为例9 见图12-8,OA是平面α的一条斜角,ABα于B,C在α内,且ACOC,∠AOC=α,∠AOB=β,∠BOC=γ。证明:cosα=cosβ•cosγ.[证明] 因为ABα,ACOC,所以由三垂线定理,BCOC,所以OAcosβ=OB,OBcosγ=OC,又RtΔOAC中,OAcosα=OC,所以OAcosβcosγ=OAcosα,所以cosα=cosβ•cosγ.5.二面角问题。 例10 见图12-9,设S为平面ABC外一点,∠ASB=450,∠CSB=600,二面角A—SB—C为直角二面角,求∠ASC的余弦值。 [解] 作CMSB于M,MNAS于N,连结CN,因为二面角A—SB—C为直二面角,所以平面ASB平面BSC。又CMSB,所以CM平面ASB,又MNAS,所以由三垂线定理的逆定理有CNAS,所以SC•cos∠CSN=SN=SC•cos∠CSM•cos∠ASB,所以cos 2∠ASC=cos450cos600=4。 例11 见图12-10,已知直角ΔABC的两条直角边AC=2,BC=3,P为斜边AB上一点,沿CP将此三角形折成直二面角A—CP—B,当AB= 7时,求二面角P—AC—B的大小。 [解] 过P作PDAC于D,作PECP交BC于E,连结DE,因为A—CP—B为直二面角,即平面ACP平面CPB,所以PE平面ACP,又PDCA,所以由三垂线定理知DEAC,所以∠PDE为二面角P—AC—B的平面角。设∠BCP=θ,则cos∠ECD=cosθ 232272•cos(900-θ)=sinθcosθ,由余弦定理cos∠ACB= 223112,所以sinθcosθ=2,2所以sin2θ=1.又0<2θ<π,所以θ=4,设CP=a,则PD=2a,PE=a.所以tan∠PE2.PDE=PD 2。所以二面角P—AC—B的大小为arctan6.距离问题。 例12 正方体ABCD—A1B1C1D1的棱长为a,求对角线AC与BC1的距离。 [解] 以B为原点,建立直角坐标系如图12-11所示。设P,Q分别是BC1,CA上的点,BP13BC1,CQ13CA且,各点、各向量的坐标分别为A(a,0,0),B(0,0,0),C(0,a,0),13CA13BC1BC13BA13BC13BC13BB113BC13BA13BB1PQBQBPBC1111113(a,a,a)PQBC1PQCA|PQ|a3333a×a+3a×a=0, 3a3,所以,所以1×a-3a×a=0.所以PQBC1,PQCA。所以PQ为AC与BC1的公垂线段,所以两者3a.距离为3 例13 如图12-12所示,在三棱维S—ABC中,底面是边长为42的正三角形,棱SC的长为2,且垂直于底面,E,D分别是BC,AB的中点,求CD与SE间的距离。 [分析] 取BD中点F,则EF//CD,从而CD//平面SEF,要求CD与SE间的距离就转化为求点C到平面SEF间的距离。 [解] 设此距离为h,则由体积公式 13SCSCEFVSCEF13hSSEF.h233.计算可得SΔSEF=3,SCEF3.所以 7.凸多面体的欧拉公式。 例14 一个凸多面体有32个面,每个面或是三角形或是五边形,对于V个顶点每个顶点均有T个三角形面和P个五边形面相交,求100P+10T+V。 [解] 因F=32,所以32-E+V=2,所以E=V+30。因为T+P个面相交于每个顶点,每个顶点出发有T+P条棱,所以2E=V(T+P).由此得V(T+P)=2(V+30),即V(T+P-2)=60.由于每个三 VTVP角形面有三条棱,故三角形面有3个,类似地,五边形有5个,又因为每个面或者是三 PTV5=32,角形或者是五边形,所以3由此可得3T+5P=16,它的唯一正整数解为T=P=2,代入V(T+P-2)=60得V=30,所以100P+10T+V250。 8.与球有关的问题。 例15 圆柱直径为4R,高为22R,问圆柱内最多能装半径为R的球多少个? [解] 最底层恰好能放两个球,设为球O1和球O2,两者相切,同时与圆柱相切,在球O1与球O2上放球O3与球O4,使O1O2与O3O4相垂直,且这4个球任两个相外切,同样在球O3与球O4上放球O5与球O6,……直到不能再放为止。先计算过O3O4与过O1O2的两平行面与圆柱底面的截面间距离为 (3R)R222R。设共装K层,则(22-2)R<2R(K-1)+2R≤22R,解得K=15,因此最多装30个。9.四面体中的问题。 例16 已知三棱锥S—ABC的底面是正三角形,A点在侧面SBC上的射影H是ΔSBC的垂心,二面角H—AB—C的平面角等于300,SA=23。求三棱锥S—ABC的体积。[解] 由题设,AH平面SBC,作BHSC于E,由三垂线定理可知SCAE,SCAB,故SC平面ABE。设S在平面ABC内射影为O,则SO平面ABC,由三垂线定理的逆定理知,COAB于F。同理,BOAC,所以O为ΔABC垂心。又因为ΔABC是等边三角形,故O为ΔABC的中心,从而SA=SB=SC=23,因为CFAB,CF是EF在平面ABC上的射影,又由三垂线定理知,EFAB,所以∠EFC是二面角H—AB—C的平面角,122333故∠EFC=300,所以OC=SCcos600= 13,SO=3tan600=3,又OC=3AB,所 93以AB=3OC=3。所以VS—ABC=34×32×3=4。 例17 设d是任意四面体的相对棱间距离的最小值,h是四面体的最小高的长,求证:2d>h.[证明] 不妨设A到面BCD的高线长AH=h,AC与BD间的距离为d,作AFBD于点F,CNBD于点N,则CN//HF,在面BCD内作矩形CNFE,连AE,因为BD//CE,所以BD//平面ACE,所以BD到面ACE的距离为BD与AC间的距离d。在ΔAEF中,AH为边EF上的高,AE边上的高FG=d,作EMAF于M,则由EC//平面ABD知,EM为点C到面ABD的距离(因EM面ABD),于是EM≥AH=h。在RtΔEMF与RtΔAHF中,由EM hAHFGAEEFAFEFEF≥AH得EF≥AF。又因为ΔAEH∽ΔFEG,所以d≤2。所以2d>h.注:在前面例题中除用到教材中的公理、定理外,还用到了向量法、体积法、射影法,请读者在解题中认真总结。 三、基础训练题 1.正三角形ABC的边长为4,到A,B,C的距离都是1的平面有__________个.2.空间中有四个点E,F,G,H,命题甲:E,F,G,H不共面;命题乙:直线EF和GH不相交,则甲是乙的__________条件。 3.动点P从棱长为a的正方体的一个顶点出发,沿棱运动,每条棱至多经过一次,则点P运动的最大距离为__________。 4.正方体ABCD—A1B1C1D1中,E,F分别是面ADD1A1、面ABCD的中心,G为棱CC1中点,直线C1E,GF与AB所成的角分别是α,β。则α+β=__________。 5.若a,b为两条异面直线,过空间一点O与a,b都平行的平面有__________个。 6.CD是直角ΔABC斜边AB上的高,BD=2AD,将ΔACD绕CD旋转使二面角A—CD—B为600,则异面直线AC与BD所成的角为__________。 17.已知PA平面ABC,AB是⊙O的直径,C是圆周上一点且AC=2AB,则二面角A—PC—B的大小为__________。 8.平面α上有一个ΔABC,∠ABC=1050,AC=2(6使得SA=SB=SC= 2),平面α两侧各有一点S,T,41,TA=TB=TC=5,则ST=_____________.9.在三棱锥S—ABC中,SA底面ABC,二面角A—SB—C为直二面角,若∠BSC=450,SB=a,则经过A,B,C,S的球的半径为_____________.10.空间某点到棱长为1的正四面体顶点距离之和的最小值为_____________.11.异面直线a,b满足a//α,b//β,b//α,a//β,求证:α//β。 12.四面体SABC中,SA,SB,SC两两垂直,S0,S1,S2,S3分别表示ΔABC,ΔSBC,ΔSCA,ΔSAB的面积,求证: S0S1S2S3.2222 13.正三棱柱ABC—A1B1C1中,E在棱BB1上,截面A1EC侧面AA1C1C,(1)求证:BE=EB1;(2)若AA1=A1B1,求二面角EC-A1-B1C1的平面角。 四、高考水平训练题 1.三棱柱ABC-A1B1C1中,M为A1B1的中点,N为B1C与BC1的交点,平面AMN交B1PB1C1于P,则PC1=_____________.1332.空间四边形ABCD中,AD=1,BC=3,且ADBC,BD=2BD所成的角为_____________.,AC=2,则AC与3.平面α平面β,αβ=直线AB,点C∈α,点D∈β,∠BAC=450,∠BAD=600,且CDAB,则直线AB与平面ACD所成的角为_____________.4.单位正方体ABCD—A1B1C1D1中,二面角A—BD1—B1大小为_____________.5.如图12-13所示,平行四边形ABCD的顶点A在二面角α—MN—β的棱MN上,点B,C,D都在α上,且AB=2AD,∠DAN=450,∠BAD=600,若◇ABCD在半平面β上射影为为菜,则二面角α—MN—β=_____________.6.已知异面直线a,b成角为θ,点M,A在a上,点N,B在b上,MN为公垂线,且MN=d,MA=m,NB=n。则AB的长度为_____________.7.已知正三棱锥S—ABC侧棱长为4,∠ASB=450,过点A作截面与侧棱SB,SC分别交于M,N,则截面ΔAMN周长的最小值为_____________.8.l1与l2为两条异面直线,l1上两点A,B到l2的距离分别为a,b,二面角A—l2—B大小为θ,则l1与l2之间的距离为_____________.9.在半径为R的球O上一点P引三条两两垂直的弦PA,PB,PC,则PA2+PB2+PC2=_____________.10.过ΔABC的顶点向平面α引垂线AA1,BB1,CC1,点A1,B1,C1∈α,则∠BAC与∠B1A1C1的大小关系是_____________.11.三棱锥A—BCD中∠ACB=∠ADB=900,∠ABC=600,∠BAD=450,二面角A—CD—B为直角二面角。(1)求直线AC与平面ABD所成的角;(2)若M为BC中点,E为BD中点,求AM与CE所成的角;(3)二面角M—AE—B的大小。 12.四棱锥P—ABCD底面是边长为4的正方形,PD底面ABCD,PD=6,M,N分别是PB,AB的中点,(1)求二面角M—DN—C的大小;(2)求异面直线CD与MN的距离。13.三棱锥S—ABC中,侧棱SA,SB,SC两两互相垂直,M为ΔABC的重心,D为AB中点,作与SC平行的直线DP,证明:(1)DP与SM相交;(2)设DP与SM的交点为D',则D'为三棱锥S—ABC外接球球心。 五、联赛一试水平训练题 1.现有边长分别为3,4,5的三角形两个,边长分别为4,5,41的三角形四个,边长分52别为6,4,5的三角形六个,用上述三角形为面,可以拼成_________个四面体。 2.一个六面体的各个面和一个正八面体的各个面都是边长为a的正三角形,这两个多面体 m的内切球的半径之比是一个既约分数n,那么mn=_________。 03.已知三个平面α,β,γ每两个平面之间的夹角都是 2,且=a,b,c,命题甲:的_________条件。 3;命题乙:a,b,c相交于一点。则甲是乙4.棱锥M—ABCD的底面是正方形,且MAAB,如果ΔAMD的面积为1,则能放入这个棱锥的最大球的半径为_________.5.将给定的两个全等的正三棱锥的底面粘在一起,恰得到一个所有二面角都相等的六面体,并且该六面体的最短棱长为2,则最远两个顶点间距离为_________。 6.空间三条直线a,b,c两两成异面直线,那么与a,b,c都相交的直线有_________条。7.一个球与正四面体的六条棱都相切,正四面体棱长为a,这个球的体积为_________。8.由曲线x2=4y,x2=-4y,x=4,x=-4围成的图形绕y轴旋转一周所得旋转体的体积为V1,满足x2+y2≤16,x2+(y-2)2≥4,x2+(y+2)2≥4的点(x,y)组成的图形绕y轴旋转一周所得旋转体的V1体积为V2,则V2_________。 9.顶点为P的圆锥的轴截面是等腰直角三角形,A是底面圆围上的点,B是底面圆内的点,O为底面圆圆心,ABOB,垂足为B,OHPB,垂足为H,且PA=4,C为PA的中点,则当三棱锥C—HPC体积最大时,OB=_________。 10.OA,OB,OC是三个互相垂直的单位向量,π是过点O的一个平面,A',B',C'分别是A,B,C在π上的射影,对任意的平面π,由OA'OB'OC'构成的集合为_________。11.设空间被分为5个不交的非空集合,证明:一定有一个平面,它至少与其中的四个集合有公共点。 12.在四面体ABCD中,∠BDC=900,D到平面ABC的垂线的垂足S是ΔABC的垂心,试证:(AB+BC+CA)2≤6(AD2+BD2+CD2),并说明等号成立时是一个什么四面体? 13.过正四面体ABCD的高AH作一平面,与四面体的三个侧面交于三条直线,这三条直线与四面体的底面夹角为α,β,γ,求tan2α+tan2β+tan2γ之值。 六、联赛二试水平训练题 1.能否在棱长为1的正方体形状的盒子里放入三个彼此至多有一个公共点的棱长为1的正四面体? cosPAQ1.2 2222.P,Q是正四面体A—BCD内任意两点,求证:已知锐角,试确定∠APC+∠BPD的最大值和最小值。3.P,A,B,C,D是空间五个不同的点,∠APB=∠BPC=∠CPD=∠DPA=θ,这里θ为4.空间是否存在有限点集M,使得对M中的任意两点A,B,可以在M中另取两点C,D,使直线AB和CD互相平行但不重合。 5.四面体ABCD的四条高AA1,BB1,CC1,DD1相交于H点(A1,B1,C1,D1分别为垂足)。三条高上的内点A2,B2,C2满足AA2:AA=BB2:B2B1=CC2:C2C1=2:1。证明:H,A2,B2,C2,D1在同一个球面上。 6.设平面α,β,γ,δ与四面体ABCD的外接球面分别切于点A,B,C,D。证明:如果平面α与β的交线与直线CD共面,则γ与δ的交线与直线AB共面。 高考数学回归课本教案 整理:卢立臻 第十四章 极限与导数 一、基础知识 1.极限定义:(1)若数列{un}满足,对任意给定的正数ε,总存在正数m,当n>m且n∈N时,恒有|un-A|<ε成立(A为常数),则称A为数列un当n趋向于无穷大时的极限,记为xlimf(x),limf(x),另外limf(x)=A表示x大于x0且趋向于x0时f(x)极限为A,称右xxx0f(x)表示x小于x0且趋向于x0时f(x)的左极限。极限。类似地limxx02.极限的四则运算:如果limf(x)=a, limg(x)=b,那么lim[f(x)±g(x)]=a±b,xx0xx0xx0xx0lim[f(x)•g(x)]=ab, limxx0f(x)a(b0).g(x)bxx0xx03.连续:如果函数f(x)在x=x0处有定义,且limf(x)存在,并且limf(x)=f(x0),则称f(x)在x=x0处连续。 4.最大值最小值定理:如果f(x)是闭区间[a,b]上的连续函数,那么f(x)在[a,b]上有最大值和最小值。 5.导数:若函数f(x)在x0附近有定义,当自变量x在x0处取得一个增量Δx时(Δx充分小),因变量y也随之取得增量Δy(Δy=f(x0+Δx)-f(x0)).若limy存在,则称f(x)在x0xx0处可导,此极限值称为f(x)在点x0处的导数(或变化率),记作f'(x0)或y'xx0或dydx,即f'(x0)limx0xx0f(x)f(x0)。由定义知f(x)在点x0连续是f(x)在x0可导的必 xx0要条件。若f(x)在区间I上有定义,且在每一点可导,则称它在此敬意上可导。导数的几何意义是:f(x)在点x0处导数f'(x0)等于曲线y=f(x)在点P(x0,f(x0))处切线的斜率。6.几个常用函数的导数:(1)(c)'=0(c为常数);(2)(xa)'axa1(a为任意常数);(3)(sinx)'cosx;(4)(cosx)'sinx;(5)(ax)'axlna;(6)(ex)'ex;(7)(logax)'11logax;(8)(lnx)'.xx7.导数的运算法则:若u(x),v(x)在x处可导,且u(x)≠0,则 (1)[u(x)v(x)]'u'(x)v'(x);(2)[u(x)v(x)]'u'(x)v(x)u(x)v'(x);(3) I,f''(x)0,则曲线y=f(x)在I内是下凸的;(2)如果对任意x∈I,f''(x)0,则y=f(x)在I内是上凸的。通常称上凸函数为凸函数,下凸函数为凹函数。 +16.琴生不等式:设α1,α2,…,αn∈R,α1+α2+…+αn=1。(1)若f(x)是[a,b]上的凸函数,则x1,x2,…,xn∈[a,b]有f(a1x1+a2x2+…+anxn)≢a1f(x1)+a2f(x2)+…+anf(xn).二、方法与例题 1.极限的求法。 an2n1例1 求下列极限:(1)lim222;(2)lim(3)(a0); n1annnnn111;n(n1n).lim(4)lim222nnn2nnn1[解](1)limn(n1)2n1121lim=lim; 222nnn2n2nnn22n2an11(2)当a>1时,limlim1.nnn1ann111lim1naa当0 2limn112n 11n1.2例2 求下列极限:(1)lim(1+x)(1+x2)(1+x)…(1+x)(|x|<1); n1x213(2)lim(3)lim。;x11x3x11x3x1x 4.导数的计算。 5x23xxcos2x例5 求下列函数的导数:(1)y=sin(3x+1);(2)y;(3)y=e;(4) xx(5)y=(1-2x)(x>0且xyln(xx21); 1)。2[解](1)y'cos(3x1)(3x1)'3cos(3x+1).(5x23xx)'x(5x23xx)(x)'(2)y' 2x1210x3x5x3xx2x x2512x3.(3)y'ecos2x(cos2x)'ecos2x(sin2x)(2x)'2ecos2xsin2x.(4)y'1xx21(xx21)'x 122xx1x111x12.xxln(12x)(5)y'[(12x)]'[e]'exln(12x)(xln(12x))' 2x(12x)xln(12x).12x5.用导数讨论函数的单调性。例6 设a>0,求函数f(x)=[解] f'(x)x-ln(x+a)(x∈(0,+∞))的单调区间。 12x122 (x0),因为x>0,a>0,所以f'(x)0x+(2a-4)x+a>0;xaf'(x)0x2+(2a-4)x+a+<0.(1)当a>1时,对所有x>0,有x+(2a-4)x+a>0,即f'(x)>0,f(x)在(0,+∞)上单调递增; 22(2)当a=1时,对x≠1,有x+(2a-4)x+a>0,即f'(x)0,所以f(x)在(0,1)内单调 2递增,在(1,+∞)内递增,又f(x)在x=1处连续,因此f(x)在(0,+∞)内递增;(3)当 sin(1y)xsinxsinxy2sinx,令g(x)=, 2xxx(1y)(1y)xg'(x)cosx(xtanx)(x), 22x当x0,时,因为cosx>0,tanx>x,所以g'(x)0; 2当x,时,因为cosx<0,tanx<0,x-tanx>0,所以g'(x)0; 2又因为g(x)在(0,π)上连续,所以g(x)在(0,π)上单调递减。又因为0<(1-y)x sin(1y)xsinx0,(1y)xxy2sinx又因为0,所以当x∈(0,π),y∈(0,1)时,f(x,y)>0.2x(1y)其次,当x=0时,f(x,y)=0;当x=π时,f(x,y)=(1-y)sin(1-y)π≣0.当y=1时,f(x,y)=-sinx+sinx=0;当y=1时,f(x,y)=sinx≣0.综上,当且仅当x=0或y=0或x=π且y=1时,f(x,y)取最小值0。 三、基础训练题 2n13n11.lim=_________.n2n3nn212.已知limanb2,则a-b=_________.nn11cos3.limn3x4x12(n1)lim_________.3nn3x2x2232xn1(n1)xn4.lim_________.x1(x1)22(1)nlim(x21x21)_________.5.计算limnxn6.若f(x)是定义在(-∞,+∞)上的偶函数,且f'(0)存在,则f'(0)_________.7.函数f(x)在(-∞,+∞)上可导,且f'(2)1,则limh0f(2h)f(2h)_________.2h8.若曲线f(x)=x4-x在点P处的切线平行于直线3x-y=0,则点P坐标为_________.9.函数f(x)=x-2sinx的单调递增区间是_________.五、联赛一试水平训练题 1.设Mn={(十进制)n位纯小数0•a1a2an|ai只取0或1(i=1,2,…,n-1),an=1},Tn是Mn中元素的个数,Sn是Mn中所有元素的和,则limSn_________.nTn2.若(1-2)展开式的第3项为288,则limx9 1112n_________.nxxx3.设f(x),g(x)分别是定义在R上的奇函数和偶函数,当x<0时,f'(x)g(x)f(x)g'(x)0,且g(-3)=0,则不等式f(x)g(x)<0的解集为_________.4.曲线y2+121x与yx32的交点处的切线夹角是_________.242ax5.已知a∈R,函数f(x)=xe的单调递增区间为_________.x2在(a,3-a)上有最大值,则a的取值范围是_________.21xx 2a(a0)恒成立,7.当x∈(1,2]时,f(x)=则y=lg(a-a+3)的最小值为_________.2x16.已知f(x)8.已知f(x)=ln(e+a)(a>0),若对任意x∈[ln(3a),ln(4a)],不等式|m-f(x)|+ln[f'(x)]<0恒成立,则实数m取值范围是_________.9.已知函数f(x)=ln(1+x)-x,g(x)=xlnx,(1)求函数f(x)的最大值;(2)设0 ax数,且a 2222(3)若x1∈Ik=[k,(k+1)],x2∈Ik+1=[(k+1),(k+2)],证明: 22gI(x1)gI(x2)kk14.k(k1) 六、联赛二试水平训练题 x2x21.证明下列不等式:(1)xln(x)x(x0); 22(1x)(2)tanxx,x0,。xsinx2-9 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.comic.时间允许,我们就去野餐。(4)The policeman ________________________ there.=_______________________________ there.警察允许他在那里停车。 The policeman 答案:give her permission;permit;Time permitting;permitted his parking;permitted him to park 3.spot vt.发现,认出;点缀n.斑点;污点;地点 on the spot 当场,当下 put sb.on the spot 使某人尴尬,使某人为难 hit the spot 满足要求,合口味 a scenic/historic spot 风景名胜/古迹 be spotted with sth.满是„„斑点 [即学即练3](1)This is the spot ______ the two trucks collided.这儿就是那两辆卡车相撞的地点。(2)How did you _______________________ on your face?你脸上怎么弄脏了一块? (3)The teacher graded our test papers _________________.老师当场就给我们的试卷打了分。 (4)The ink has ________________ my clean shirt.墨水把我的干净衬衫弄脏了。(5)My father ____________ several spelling mistakes in my composition.我父亲在我的作文里发现了好几处拼写错误。 答案:where;get that spot;on the spot;spotted;spotted 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 4.account n.说明;理由;计算;账目;报道 vi.& vt.认为;说明;总计有 account for 说明(原因等);作出解释 on account of 由于,因为 on no account 决不(置于句首时,句子用部分倒装)on any account 无论如何 take account of=take...into consideration 考虑„„ keep an account of 记录,记载 [即学即练4](1)He could not _______________ his foolish mistake.他无法解释他所犯的愚蠢错误。(2)Give us ________________________ what happened.跟我们说一下到底发生了什么。(3)She retired early ______________________ ill health.她体弱多病,所以提前退休。(4)The company _____________________ environmental issues wherever possible.只要有可能,这家公司会考虑到环境问题。 答案:account for;an account for;on account of;takes account of 提示:表示否定意义的 on no account 放在句首时,句子应用部分倒装。如:On no account should you go there.你绝对不可以到那里去。 5.seek(sought, sought)vt.& vi.寻找;探索;追求 seek one’s fortune追求财富;碰运气 seek(after/for)sth.寻找某物;追求某物 seek sth.from sb.向某人寻求某事 seek to do sth.(=try/attempt to do sth.)试图/企图做某事 [即学即练5](1)He is ______(=asking for)a job.他正在找工作。 (2)The boy ___________________________ his teacher.这个男孩向他的老师请教。(3)He is the man who is always ____________________.他是个始终追求真理的人。(4)They are ___________________ us.他们试图误导我们。 答案:seeking;sought advice from;seeking after truth;seeking to mislead 6.bring up 抚养;培养;教育;提出 [即学即练6](1)She has _______________ five children.她养育了五个孩子。 (2)These are matters that you can ________________ in committee.这些问题你可在委员会中提出。 答案:brought up;bring up 拓展:bring about 引起;致使;造成;达成 bring along/on 带来 bring back 使记起;归还;恢复 bring down 使减低;降低;挫伤(傲气)bring forth 产生;产出;生产 bring forward 提出;出示;展示 bring out 揭露;显示,解释;出版 bring to(oneself)使复苏 bring in 引进;引来;赚得 7.go ahead 前进;(用于祈使句)可以;往下说;说吧;干吧 go ahead with开始做某事 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com ahead of 在„„ 之前;超过 press ahead with加紧进行,推行 [即学即练7] 写出下列句中go ahead的意思。 (1)If you think you can settle the problem, go ahead.____________(2)The police examined the cars and allowed them to go ahead.______________________(3)—I'm afraid I have to trouble you with a question.—Go ahead._______________(4)The government intends plans.____________________ to go ahead with its privatization 答案:开始干吧;继续前行;请说吧;推行 8.on the contrary 正相反,反之(表示相反意见)on the other hand 另一方面(说明问题的另一方面)contrary to...与„„相反;违反,对抗 quite/just the contrary 恰恰相反 to the contrary 与此相反地 [即学即练8](1)The boy was swimming in a direction _______________ the current.那男孩逆流游去。 (2)You didn't bother me.________________________,I like your company.你没有打扰我。相反地,我喜欢有你做伴。(3)Although Bill was going to the movies,he told Jack_________________________________________.虽然比尔要去看电影,但是他告诉杰克,说他不去。 答案:contrary to;On the contrary;to the contrary 9.take a chance冒险;试图做某事;碰运气 take a chance=take one’s chance=take chances by chance/accident偶然;碰巧 Chances are(that)可能性是„„ There is a slim/slight chance that...不大可能„„ [即学即练9](1)You should never ___________________ when driving a car.开车时千万别冒险。(2)We hadn’t planned to meet.We met ______________.我们原未打算相见,是偶然遇见的。 (3)_________________________ she’s already heard the news.可能她已经听到那则消息了。 答案:take chances;by chance;Chances are that 10.as for 关于;至于 [即学即练10](1)_______________ the cause of the fire, I don't know anything.至于火灾的原因,我一点也不知道。(2)We had a wonderful time in the country._________ the traffic, we had no difficulty.我们在乡下度过了一个愉快的周末。至于交通,我们没遇到任何困难。答案:As for;As for 拓展:as for与as to都是介词短语,意思相近,都是“至于,关于;就„„而言,就„„ 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 来说”之意。as with“与„„一样”。 As to the journey, we must decide about that later.至于旅行,我们必须以后再作决定。易 错 点 拨 自我完善•误区备考 1.scene/scenery/view/sight(1)scene 指展现在眼前的情景,也可以指 scenery 的一部分,指某处小范围的景色,大多包括景物中的人及活动,可译为“情景”“景色”“场面”“(戏剧)一场”。 (2)scenery是总称,指大范围的自然风光,是由多个 scene 构成的景色,常译为“景色”“风景”。 (3)view 是指人从一定的角度(或从远处或从高处等)所看到的景象,还有“观点”“看法”等意思。 (4)sight是眼睛所看到的景象,可以指美丽的风景,也可以指悲惨的景象,其复数形式 sights 表示“名胜古迹,人文景观”等。 [应用1] 用 scene, scenery, view, sight的适当形式填空。 (1)As we climbed higher, a wonderful ______ opened out before us.(2)The next day we returned to the ______ of the accident.(3)The ______ of the play is a kitchen.(4)The Great Wall is one of the most breathtaking ______ in the world.(5)The autumn __________ of Beijing is charming.(6)Do you remember the ______ in the play where Susan meets Alan for the first time? 答案:view;scene;scene;sights;scenery;scene 2.manner/method/way/means 这四个词均有“方法;方式”的意思。 (1)manner指个人的、独特的或有特色的“方法;方式”,常与in连用。 (2)method指合理的或系统的“方法”,包括抽象的观念和具体的步骤,如为完成教学、调查、医疗等各项工作而采取的一系列步骤或方法,常与with连用。 (3)means指为达到某种目的而采取的“手段”或“方法”,常与by连用。 (4)way为普通用语,可以代替method, manner或means,但why更富有表达力,常与in连用。 [应用2] (1)He invented a new __________ of teaching English.(2)I don’t like his ___________ of walking.(3)There is/are no ____________ of getting there.(4)You can finish it by this _______________.(5)There are a lot of ________________ to make friends.答案:method;manner;means;means;ways 3.~ever与no matter wh~的用法 [应用3](1)In peace,too,the Red Cross is expected to send help______there is human suffering.A.whoever B.however C.whatever D.wherever 解析:(1)句意为“在和平时期,红十字会也应把帮助送到人们受苦难的地方”。答案:D 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com(2)(2009•福建泉州高三质检)All the books I have are here.You may borrow ______ you like.A.whatever B.whichever C.whenever D.however 解析:(2)whichever强调“在某一范围内任何一个人/物”。whatever指“任何(某事)”,不强调范围。答案:B(3)He tried his best to solve the problem, ______difficult it was.A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although 解析:(3)however 引导让步状语从句,等于 no matter how, 若用 although,应改为 although it was difficult。 答案:A(4)______,I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.A.However the story is amusing B.No matter amusing the story is C.However amusing the story is D.No matter how the story is amusing 解析:(4)however=no matter how,引导让步状语从句,后接“adj./adv.+主+谓”结构。答案:C 晚练: 自我测评•技能备考 Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.I can make a b______ that our team will win.2.I warn you;I'm beginning to lose my p_______ with you.3.The Japanese are used to b_________ to each other when they meet.4.The little girl s_____________ when she saw a mouse running by her feet.5.It was really u__________________ that he fell off the truck without being hurt.答案:bet;patience;bowing;screamed;unbelievable 6.The first ______(场景)of the play was almost over when they got to the theatre.7.It is good ___________(礼貌)to give your seat to an old man on the bus.8.In order to keep his money safe, he opened an ________(账户)with the bank.9.They had a lot of __________(冒险)in the journey.10.With nothing to do, he just ________(漫步)about every day.答案:scene; manners;account;adventures;wanders Ⅱ.单项选择 1.(2010•安徽皖南八校二联)As soon as ______ concert film This Is It was released on October 28th, it became ______ great success in all big cinemas across the planet.A.a;the B.the;a C.the;/ D.a;a 答案:B 解析:考查冠词。根据句意可知,第一空特指This Is It这部影片,因此用定冠词the;success当“成功的人或事物”讲时,是可数名词,因此前面加不定冠词。 2.It is bad ______ to talk with your finger ______ at the other person.A.manners;points B.manner;to point 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com C.manners;pointing D.manner;pointed 答案:C 解析:It's bad manners to do sth.意为“做„„是不礼貌的”;第二空考查 “with+宾语+宾补(现在分词)”的用法。 3.When the murderer______to run away, the police came.A.sought B.risked C.dared D.thought 答案:A 解析:seek to do...意思为“试图做„„”,相当于 try/attempt to do...;risk 后必须接 doing 结构,think 后应该接 of doing 结构,dare to do 意思为“敢做„„”,均不合题意。 4.—Do you think that housing price will keep ______ in the years to come?—Sorry, I have no idea.A.lifting up B.going up C.bringing up D.growing up 答案:B 解析:考查动词短语。“价格”上涨应用 go up。 5.When the thief found the police had already ______ him, he ran away quickly.A.realized B.known C.spotted D.stared 答案:C 解析:句意:当小偷发现警察已经发现他时,他飞快地跑了。spot 有“发现,认出”的意思。realize 意识到;know 认识;stare vi.后接介词 at。6.—Jimmy had a lot of parties recently.—Yes, that might ______ why he didn't do well in the test.A.sum up B.add up to C.account for D.make sense of 答案:C 解析:考查动词短语。account for“说明„„的原因”,合题意。A.总结 B.加起来总计D.弄懂;理解。 7.Because of ______ mail we receive, we may not be able to reply to your letter.Please remember to include your full name with your letter.A.a great many of B.a large number of C.the large amount of D.a great plenty of 答案:C 解析:考查表示数量的短语。句意表示“由于我们收到邮件数量很多„„”,mail为不可数名词,故选C。 8.(2010•北京海淀期末)-I regret to you the other day.-Forget it.I was a bit say that I ______ have shouted at out of control myself.A.shouldn't B.mustn't C.couldn't D.mightn't 答案:A 解析:考查情态动词的用法。shouldn't have done表示“过去本不该做,却做了„„”。语意:——我很抱歉,我本不该朝你大声嚷的。——忘了吧,我也有点失控。 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 9.______me, I don't like this ______ novel.A.As with;latest B.As with;newest C.As for;latest D.As with;newest 答案:C 解析:as for me 就我而言;as with 和„„一样;latest最新的,最近的。 10.There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A.that B.what C.when D.which 答案:A 解析:There is much chance that...“很有可能„„”,that引导同位语从句。 11.The little boy came riding at full speed down the motorway on his bicycle.______ it was!A.What a dangerous scene B.What dangerous a scene C.How a dangerous scene D.How dangerous the scene 答案:A 解析:scene为可数名词,其感叹句的正确表达应为:What a dangerous scene it was!或How dangerous the scene was!或How dangerous a scene it was!12.______ if you passed the exam you would receive a reward was telling lies.A.Whoever told you that B.Those who told you that C.No matter who told you D.Whoever that told you 答案:A 解析:whoever相当于anyone who,引导主语从句。that引导宾语从句,宾语从句又含有一个if引导的条件状语从句。13.The bill would ______ workers twelve weeks of unpaid leave for family emergencies.A.permit B.supply C.admit D.provide 答案:A 解析:permit sb.sth.“允许某人某事”。句意为:如果家有急事,法案允许工人有12周无薪假日。 14.When I came to myself, I found myself ______ and ______ a group of people.A.to be at hospital;surrounded by B.at hospital;surrounding C.at hospital;surrounded by D.at hospital;to be surrounded 答案:C 解析:考查 “find+宾语+宾补”结构。第一空用介词短语做宾补;第二空用过去分词表被动。 15.—Would you mind my sitting here ______ lunch? —______.亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com A.and have;No, not at all B.and having;No, thank you C.to have;Never, go ahead D.and have;Oh, it's my pleasure 答案:C 解析:第一空需填 to have或 and having,与 sitting并列;对于 mind 的回答应为 No, not at all.或 Never, go ahead.Ⅲ.完形填空 “How did you do it, Dad? How have you __1__ not to take a drink for almost 20 years?” It took me almost 20 years to have the __2__ to even ask my father this very __3__ question.When Dad first __4__ drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles __5__ he got into a situation that, in the past, would have started him drinking again.For a few years we were __6__ to bring it up for fear that the drinking would begin again.“I had this little __7__ that I would recite to myself __8__ four to five times a day.” was Dad's __9__ to my 18yearold unasked question.“The __10__ were an instant relief and constant reminder to me that things were never so __11__ that I could not handle them,” Dad said.And then he __12__ the poem with me.The poem's simple, yet profound(深奥的)words __13__ became part of my daily routine as well.About a month after this talk with my father, I __14__ a gift in the mail from a friend of mine.It was a book of affirmations(断言)with one affirmation listed for each __15__ of the year.I __16__ opened the book to the page of my birthday to see what words of wisdom this book had in store for me.__17__ of disbelief and appreciation rolled down my face.There, on my birthday, was the __18__ poem that had helped my __19__ for all these years!It is called The Serenity Prayer.God, give me the serenity(平静)to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to __20__ the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.1.A.failed B.succeeded C.managed D.tried 2.A.courage B.ability C.wisdom D.confidence 3.A.interesting B.personal C.hard D.unanswered 4.A.started B.enjoyed C.minded D.stopped 5.A.every time B.all time C.next time D.last time 6.A.anxious B.glad C.afraid D.eager 7.A.book B.passage C.poem D.list 8.A.at least B.at most C.at first D.at last 9.A.comment B.praise C.contribution D.reply 10.A.words B.phrases C.letters D.sentences 11.A.strange B.different C.simple D.tough 12.A.shared B.talked C.read D.impressed 13.A.surprisingly B.immediately C.increasingly D.regularly 14.A.brought B.bought C.received D.accepted 15.A.hour B.week C.month D.day 16.A.easily B.hurriedly C.sadly D.peacefully 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 17.A.Tears B.Smiles C.Sweat D.Satisfaction 18.A.correct B.impossible C.original D.exact 19.A.mother B.father C.friend D.classmate 20.A.believe B.benefit C.change D.do 答案及解析: 1.C。句意为:“你是如何设法做到在过去的20年里不喝一杯酒?”manage to do sth.设法做到某事。 2.A。我过了20年才有勇气去问我的父亲这个非常私人的问题。”作为子女去问这样的问题肯定是有顾虑的,所以作者说的是“勇气”。courage 勇气。3.B。personal个人的,私人的。分析见上题。 4.D。句意为:“当父亲刚开始停止渴酒的时候,全家人如坐针毡,每一次他总会陷入一种情形之中,他会再次渴酒。every time每次/ 5.A。every time每次。分析见上题。 6.C。几年来我们都不敢提出这个话题,因为我们害怕父亲会再次渴酒。7.C。根据后文可知用poem。 8.A。每天至少背四到五次来强调父亲的决心。 9.D。与question相对应的词是答案,即:answer或reply。10.A。用words来指父亲要背诵的那首诗。11.D。首先确定句意,父亲指的是事情并非如此艰难以至于事情是可以控制的。tough艰难的,不容易的。12.A。句意为:“然后父亲把那首诗拿来和我分享。”share sth.with sb.和某人分享某事物。 13.B。父亲的那首诗立刻变成作者日常行为的一部分。这句话是用来体现这首诗对作者的影响也很大。 14.C。我收到了一件邮件。客观的收到用receive。 15.D。这是一本电子书,上面列出了适合每一天的宣言。言外之意是每天都可以背一个相对应的宣言。 16.B。句意为:“我快速地翻到与我生日相对应的那一天,想看看送给我的睿言是什么。” 17.A。句意为:“难以置信的和感激的眼泪顺着我的脸流了下来。” 18.D。句意为:“在我生日那一天的书页上正是帮助我父亲度过这些年的那首诗歌。” 19.B。见上题分析。 20.C。与上一句话的change对应。意为:“给我以平静,让我接受我不能改变的事情,给我勇气来让我改变我能改变的事情。” Ⅳ.短文改错 I was recent told that listening to loud music is gradually 1.______ making people hard of hearing.I'm sure it has already been 2.______ happened to my neighbor.For years she has turned a deaf 3.______ ear to my requests to turn her radio down.When she gave a 4.______ party she isn't have to invite the rest of the street.Everyone 5.______ 答案 recent→recently 去掉been √ gave→gives 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com 亿库教育网 http://www.xiexiebang.com isn't→doesn't can dance in her music in his own room.Now a scientist has 6.______ discovered a certain electronic sounds have strange effects on 7.______ rats.He declares they break down, almost paralyze(瘫)with 8.______ legs trembled.Then it is simply a matter of throwing them 9.______ out by their tail.I wonder if the same thing will happen to 10.______ 答案:my neighbor some day.第一个in→to 去掉a with后加their trembled→trembling tail→tails 亿库教育网http://www.xiexiebang.com 高考英语课本回归早读晚练1 早读: Ⅰ.词汇短语过关 1.upset adj.心烦意乱的;不安的,不适的 vt.使不安;使心烦,打乱(upset;upset)be upset about 对„„感到心烦 It upsets sb.that 让某人心烦的是„„ It upsets sb.to do sth.做„„使某人不快 upset the plan 搅乱了计划 [即学即练1] (1)I ______ ______ ______ the bad news.我对那则坏消息感到心烦意乱。 (2)It ______ ______ that he had left without saying goodbye.他的不辞而别让她心情沮丧。(3)If the rain keeps falling, it will ______ the whole plan.如果继续下雨,这将会打乱我们的整个计划。 答案:am upset about;upset her;upset 2.ignore vt.不理睬;忽视;不顾(强调“装作不知道或没看到”)ignorant adj.无知的;愚昧的;不知道的 ignorance n.无知;愚昧;不知道 ignore sb./sth.不理睬某人/假装不知道或未见 be ignorant of/about sth.=be in ignorance of sth.不知道某事 [即学即练2] (1)She saw him coming but she ________him.她看见他走来,但没有理睬他。 (2)He is ______ ______ farm life.=He is ___ _________ ______ farm life.他对农庄生活一无所知。 答案:ignored;ignorant of;in;ignorance;of 3.concern vt.(使)担忧;涉及;关系到 n.担心;关注;(利害)关系 concerning prep.关于 concerned adj.关心的;挂念的;有关的 show/express concern about/for 对„„表示关心/担心 have concern with 和„„有关系 with concern 关切地 concern oneself about/for 担忧/关心„„ concern oneself with 从事,参与„„ concern sb./sth.与„„有关 be concerned about/over/for 关心,挂念 be concerned with/in 牵扯进/参与„„ all parties concerned 有关各方 as/so far as...be concerned 就„„而言 [即学即练3] (1)Don't concern yourself ______ other people's affairs.别干涉他人的事。 (2)I always concern myself ______ my son's future.我总是担忧我儿子的将来。 (3)He doesn't bother about things that don't ______ him.他不关心那些与他无关的事。(4)As far as ____________,the sooner, the better.就我而言,越快越好。(5)________________ your letter, I'm pleased to inform you of what you are interested in.关于你的信,我乐于奉告你所感兴趣的东西。 答案:with;about;concern;I’m concerned;Concerning 4.series n.系列;连续 a series of 一连串的;一系列的 a series of exams 一连串的考试 a TV series 一部电视连续剧 注意:(1)series 属于单复数同形的单词,类似的单词还有 means, species, works(工厂),deer, fish, sheep 等。 (2)“a series of+复数名词”做主语时,谓语动词用单数,但“these/those series of+复数名词”做主语时,谓语动词用复数。[即学即练4] (1)Then began ______ ______ ______ wet days that spoiled our vacation.之后就是一连串的下雨天,把我们的假期弄得一团糟。 (2)There ______ a series of car accidents at the crossing this morning.今天早晨在十字路口发生了一连串的交通事故。答案:a series of;was 5.settle vi.安家;定居;停留 vt.使定居;安排;解决 settle in/into(使)适应(新的家、工作、环境等),习惯于;安顿下来 settle down 安居下来;定居,过安定生活,舒适地坐下或躺下 settle on/upon 同意,决定;在某处停留/栖息 settle down to n./v.-ing get down to n./v.-ing开始认真做„„,专心于„„ settle one's affairs 安排/解决好自己的事情 settle a dispute/an argument 解决争端 [即学即练5] (1)She ____________ the city after her father's death.父亲去世后她就在城市里定居了。(2)They __________________ in a friendly way.他们友好地解决了他们的争端。(3)Let's __________________ the work.我们开始工作。 答案:settled in;settled their quarrel;settle down to 6.suffer vt.& vi.遭受;忍受;经历 suffering n.(身体、精神上的)痛苦,苦恼、苦难的经历 suffer pain/loss/defeat/punishment/hardship 遭受痛苦/损失/失败/惩罚/艰难 suffer from 受„„折磨,受„„之苦;患„„疾病 [即学即练6] (1)They _____________ a great loss in the earthquake.在地震中他们蒙受了巨大损失。(2)I'll _________ this rudeness no longer.我再也不能忍受这种粗鲁了。(3)He's ____________ a bad cold.他正患重感冒。 (4)Wars caused ___________ to this country.战争给这个国家带来了苦难。答案:suffered;suffer;suffering from;suffering 7.recover vi.&vt.痊愈;恢复;重新获得 recovery n.恢复,复原;复得 recover from sth.从„„中恢复到正常状态(如健康、神智等)recover sth.from...从„„中找回、重新获得 recover oneself 清醒过来 recover one's health/senses 恢复健康/知觉 [即学即练7] (1)Liu Xiang is still __________________ his operation.手术后,刘翔仍在恢复之中。 (2)He seemed upset but quickly ___________________.他显得心烦意乱,但很快静下心来。(3)He has ______ a slow ____________ the strain.他慢慢从紧张中恢复过来。答案:recovering from;recovered himself;made;recovery from 8.add up 合计 add sth.up 把„„加起来 add up to 加起来共计/达 add...to...把„„加在/上„„ add to 增加;增添 add that...补充说 [即学即练8] (1)Can you ______ these figures ______?你能把这些数字加起来吗? (2)All these figures _______________ 5 000.所有这些数字加起来共计5 000。(3)He ______ some sugar ______ the coffee.他给咖啡里加了些糖。 (4)The bad weather ____________ our difficulty.坏天气增加了我们的困难。(5)He ______ that he was satisfied with the talk.他补充说他对会谈很满意。答案:add;up;add up to;added;to;added to;added 9.go through =experience 经历,经受 =examine carefully 仔细检查 =look through 浏览,翻阅 =pass(through)通过,经过 =be used up 用完 [即学即练9] 写出下列各句中 go through 的意思。 (1)We went through hardships while working on this project.________________(2)The teacher has gone through all the papers of the students.____________(3)He has the habit of going through morning papers after getting up.________________(4)It took us three days to go through the forest.____________(5)I've gone through my ink.______________ 答案:经历,经受;仔细检查;浏览,翻阅;通过,穿过;用完 拓展:break through 冲破 get through 完成,通过 live through 活过„„ look through 浏览 cut through 穿过 put through 接通电话 10.set down(1)=write down 写下,记下(2)=put down 放下,搁下 (3)=stop and allow sb.to get off 让某人下车(4)=explain or describe to oneself as 解释为,认为(与 as 连用)[即学即练10](1)Why don't you ______ your ideas ______ on paper? 为什么你不把你的想法写在纸上呢?(2)______ that heavy bag ______ to have a rest.把那沉重的袋子放下,休息一会儿。(3)Please ______ me ______ at the next corner.请在下一个拐角处让我下车。(4)I ______ the man ______ as a salesman.我认为那个人是位售货员。答案:set;down;Set;down;set;down;set;down 拓展:set about doing sth.开始干某事(=set out to do sth.)set off开始;出发(=set out);引爆 set out出发;开始(后接to do);陈列;阐述 set up建立,创设,开办 set back把(钟表指针)往回拨 set aside留出;不顾;取消 set free释放;解放 set sb.a good example为„„树立好榜样 11.in order to 为了„„ (1)in order to 引导的目的状语,可置于句首或句末,可换成 to(do sth.)。so as to 引导的目的状语,其位置一般在句末。 (2)否定结构:in order not to do 和 so as not to do。(3)前后两部分主语一致时,才能用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导,否则,改用 so that 或 in order that 来引导。[即学即练11] 翻译句子。 (1)为了看清楚,我戴上了眼镜。____________________(2)为了不丢掉工作,她向老板说了谎。_______________ 答案:(1)In order to see it clearly, I put on my glasses.=I put on my glasses in order to see it clearly.=I put on my glasses so as to see it clearly.=I put on my glasses to see it clearly.=To see it clearly I put on my glasses.(2)In order not to lose the job, she lied to the boss.12.get along/on with 与„„相处 get along/on well/nicely with....进展(谈及或问及工作情况)[即学即练12] (1)How is the work ____________?工作进展如何? (2)How are you __________________ your studies?你功课学得怎样?(3)Selfish men are hard to __________________.自私的人很难相处。答案:getting along;getting along with;get along with 易错点拨 自我完善•误区备考 1.calm/quiet/still/silent 这几个词都与“静”有关,但它们所描述的物体、场合是不同的。(1)calm常指“天气平静,无风;海无浪;镇定,无忧虑;镇定自若”,强调外表的平静。(2)quiet表示“静止的;宁静的;不激动,没有烦恼、忧虑的”,强调没有干扰,没有兴奋活动或闹声的“宁静”或“心神安逸”。(3)still表示“静止不动的/地”“平静的/地”,突出不发出动作。(4)silent表示“声音极小的,沉默的,寡言的”。[应用1] (1)Ask the children to make less noise and keep ______.(2)Although she was frightened, she answered in a ______ voice.(3)John is a ______,thoughtful boy.(4)Please stand ______ while I am ready to take the photograph.答案:quiet;calm;silent;still 2.power/right/strength/force/energy(1)power主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能,也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量,还可指职权、权力或政权。(2)right指“权利”。 (3)strength指固有的潜力。说人时,指“力气”,说物时,指“强度”。 (4)force主要指自然界的力量;暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量;军事力量等。(5)energy主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。[应用2] (1)You’ll need to apply all your ______ to this job.(2)You have no ______ to treat me like this.(3)Congress has ______ to declare war.(4)The ______ of the explosion broke all the windows.(5)A washing machine is a saver of time and ________.答案:energy;right;power;force;strength 3.join in/take part in/attend/join(1)join in指参加正在进行着的活动,如游戏、讨论、辩论、谈话等。也可用 join sb.in doing sth.。 (2)take part in指参加会议或群众性活动,并在其中发挥一定的作用。part 前若有修饰语,要加不定冠词。 (3)attend正式用语,指参加会议、仪式、婚礼、上课、上学、听报告等,重在强调“参与”的动作,不强调参加者的作用。 (4)join指参加某组织或团体,并成为其一员。其宾语往往是 the army/Party/team/club/sb.。[应用3] (1)Would you ______ us ______ the game?(2)All the students ______________________ school activities.(3)There are many people __________ the meeting.(4)My brother ______ the army last year.答案:join;in;took an active part in;attending;joined 4.连词+doing/done [应用4](1)Though ______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in 解析:当从句的主语和主句的主语相同时,且从句的谓语是be动词时,可以省略从句主语和be动词,本句补全应该为:Though(they were)lacking...答案:C(2)While ______ the book on the top shelf, you need to be very careful.A.to reach B.reaching C.reach D.are reaching 解析:reach和you是主谓关系,要用现在分词做状语。答案:B(3)Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.A.when taking B.when taken C.when to take D.when to be taken 解析:take和drug是动宾关系,要用过去分词做状语。可看做是when it is taken的省略。答案:B(4)The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun 解析:考查过去分词补充成条件状语从句的用法。句子应为once(the research is)begun。答案:D 晚练: 自我测评•技能备考 Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.The snow is very ______(疏松)and there is a lot of air in it.2.His life is _________(完全地)given up to work.3.The ___________(幕布)rises and the play begins.4.That's __________(正是)what I expected.5.To send me to college, my parents _________(受苦)a lot.6.Our workmate has been in danger.We're all c_____________ about his health.答案:loose;entirely;curtain;exactly;suffered;concerned 7.They come from Germany.They are G____________.8.On hot summer nights, people like to sit o____________,chatting and enjoying the cool air.9.I'm g ________________ for your help.10.Their age is from 13 to 19.They are called t_________________.答案:Germans;outdoors;grateful;teenagers Ⅱ.单项选择 1.—My children are always arguing.—______ A.Just ignore them.B.That's right.C.Are you sure? D.How old is the boy? 答案:A 解析:对方在抱怨孩子们总吵架,应回答A项“别理他们”。 2.Because he didn't finish the work on time and was fired by the company, he was very ______ about it.A.upset B.worried C.anxious D.nervous 答案:A 解析:由题意“没有按时完成工作就被公司解雇了”可知,选upset“苦恼的,心烦意乱的”。3.Please ______ all the figures to see how much they ______.A.add;add up to B.add up;add up to C.add up;add up D.add;add to 答案:B 解析:第一空填add up“把„„加起来”;第二空填add up to “加起来总计”。4.Excuse me, can you tell me ______? A.where the nearest post office is B.how far the Capital Airport was C.how can I get to the station D.where is the station 答案:A 解析:考查直接引语变间接引语时从句用陈述语序,排除C、D项。B项时态不对。5.(2010•河北正定中学)All my pockets have been ______ but I can't find my keys.A.got through B.given out C.gone through D.gone down 答案:C 解析:考查动词短语辨析。语意:我找遍了所有的口袋,但是没有发现钥匙。此处的go through表示“仔细检查;搜查”。get through表示“通过;到达”,give out表示“分发”,go down表示“下降”,都不符合语意。 6.He got ______ while ______ the fire.A.burning;putting out B.burnt;put out C.burning;put out D.burnt;putting out 答案:D 解析:第一空got burnt=be burnt“受伤”;第二空省略了he was。7.—This is the first time I ______ my first picture with my own hands.—It's time that you ______ a picture for me.A.took;took B.have taken;took C.took;will take D.will take;have taken 答案:B 解析:This is the first time后面的从句中用现在完成时;It's time后面的从句中用一般过去时。8.(2010•甘肃河西五市联考)It was lack of money, not of effort, ______ defeated their plan.A.which B.as C.that D.what 答案:C 解析:容易误选A,受空格前逗号的影响,误认为这是一个非限制性定语从句。其实,整个句子为强调句,被强调成分为lack of money, not of effort。 9.(2010•郑州一中)The comments which she made ______ the 2008 Super Voice Girl bored a lot of fans to death.A.being concerned B.to be concerned C.concerned D.concerning 答案:D 解析:考查非谓语动词。题干中which she made与concerning均作定语修饰comments,因concern与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系,故用v-ing形式作后置定语。 10.______such heavy loss in the hurricane, the farmer didn't expect to have a good harvest.A.Suffering B.Having suffered C.Suffered D.To suffer 答案:B 解析:考查非谓语动词。此句用现在分词的完成式 having suffered 做状语,表主动及影响和结果。 11.All these gifts must be mailed immediately ______ in time for Christmas.A.in order to have received B.in order to receive C.so as to be received D.so as to be receiving 答案:C 解析:考查 in order to/so as to 引导目的状语时,前后两部分主语必须一致。因为前面主语是 all these gifts,所以应选C项,表示“被收到”。 12.(2009•浙江卷)______ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A.To be tired B.Tired C.Tiring D.Being tired 答案:B 解析:此处是形容词词组做状语,相当于although Andy and Ruby were tired and short of breath。 13.(2009•全国卷Ⅰ)What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There ______ be twelve.A.should B.would C.will D.shall 答案:A 解析:考查情态动词。should表示“(与预期相反)本应,本当”。14.(2009•全国卷Ⅰ)I tried phoning her office, but I couldn't ______ A.get along B.get on C.get to D.get through 答案:D 解析:考查动词词组。get along“相处融洽,进展”;get on“继续,进行,上车”;get to“到达,开始”;get through “穿过,通过,读完,打通(电话)”。根据语意:我试着给她办公室打电话,但是没有打通。因此只有 get through 符合语意。 15.(2009•全国卷Ⅰ)Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ______? A.taking B.take C.taken D.to take 答案:C 解析:考查非谓语动词的形式。语意为:既然我们已经讨论了我们的问题,那么人们对于做出的决定满意吗?因表示被动的含义,空白处应用过去分词做后置定语。III.完形填空 主旨匹配法。完形填空题的设空很多是与文章的主旨相关的,这就要求考生要先通读文章,理解其大意,把握其主旨。在进行选项的判断和确认时,务必要紧扣文章的主题。凡是与主旨不匹配的选项通常是不正确的。 Most people give little thought to the pens they write with,especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very __36__打印机的使用让人们很少手写东西了。things are handwritten.All too often,people buy a pen based only on __37__,通常人们只根据钢笔的外观来决定买是不买。and wonder why they are not satisfied __38__一旦买了又不太满意。they begin to use it.However,buying a pen that you’ll enjoy is not __39__按照下列方法就不难买到满意的钢笔。if you keep the following in mind.First of all,a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be __40__要好用,用起来方便。to use.The thickness of the pen is the most important characteristic(特征)__41__决定舒适度。comfort.Having a small hand and thick fingers,you may be comfortable with a thin pen.If you have a __42__手比较大。hand and thicker fingers,you may __43__你可能喜欢粗一些的笔。a fatter pen.The length of a pen can __44__长度也会影响舒适度。influence comfort.A pen that is too __45__太长的笔会让人感觉头部太沉,握不稳。can easily feel topheavy and unstable.Then,the writing point① of the pen should __46__让墨水均匀流淌。the ink to flow evenly(均匀的)while the pen remains in touch② with the paper.__47__这使你有可能写出„„。will make it possible for you to create a __48__一行流畅的字。line of writing.The point should also be sensitive enough to __49__笔尖还要很敏感,当抬起笔时,不能有墨水流出。ink from running when the pen is lifted.A point that does not block the __50__不能阻止墨水流出的笔尖会留下滴滴墨水。may leave drops of ink,__51__当拿起笔再放下时。you pick the pen up and put it down again.__52__,最后。the pen should make a thick,dark line③.Fineline pens may __53__写出细线条的笔可能会弥补差的书法。bad handwriting,but fine,delicate lines do not command④ __54__但纤细线条的字却不能引起注意。next to printed text,as,__55__,例如,在打印的信上的签名。a signature on a printed letter.A broader line,on the other hand,gives an impression of confidence and authority(权威).(2010·安徽卷) 文章概述 怎样才能买到自己喜欢的钢笔呢?钢笔握在手中要让人感觉舒服,其粗细、长短就显得很重要。钢笔写起字来要均匀流畅,抬起笔时不能有墨水漏出,笔尖的质量就很重要了。钢笔写出来的字的线条要粗一点、黑一点,这样能给人自信、权威的印象。难点剖析 ①the writing point of the pen“笔尖”。②remain in touch with“与„„保持接触”。 ③make a thick,dark line“写出来的字线条又粗又黑”。④command“博得;得到;值得”。长句注解 Most people give little thought to the pens they write with,especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very few things are handwritten.大多数人很少考虑他们写字用的钢笔,特别是因为现代家庭和办公室都拥有了打印机,这意味着手写的东西几乎很少了。36.A.many B.few C.pleasant D.important 37.A.looks B.reason C.value D.advantages 38.A.once B.if C.because D.though 39.A.convenient B.practical C.strange D.difficult 40.A.heavy B.easy C.hard D.safe 41.A.taking B.finding C.determining D.seeking 42.A.strong B.weaker C.smaller D.larger 43.A.prefer B.recommend C.prepare D.demand 44.A.hardly B.also C.never D.still 45.A.thick B.light C.long D.soft 46.A.change B.allow C.reduce D.press 47.A.they B.one C.this D.some 48.A.from B.rough C.black D.smooth 49.A.prevent B.free C.protect D.remove 50.A.way B.sight C.flow D.stream 51.A.so B.as C.and D.yet 52.A.Meanwhile B.Generally C.Afterwards D.Finally 53.A.show up B.differ from C.break down D.compensate for 54.A.attention B.support C.respect D.admission 55.A.at most B.for example C.in brief D.on purpose 答案:36.B 37.A 38.A 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.D 43.A 44.B 45.C 46.B 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.C 51.B 52.D 53.D 54A 55.B 错因分析: 41,44,46,49,54题较容易做错,这几个题都与文章的主旨紧密相关。全文的主旨就是“怎样挑选出令人满意的、好用的钢笔”:钢笔的长短粗细,笔尖的质量,写出来的线条粗细等是判断钢笔优劣的标准。第二篇:高考数学回归课本教案:立体几何
第三篇:高考数学回归课本教案:极限与导数
第四篇:高考英语 课本回归早读晚练13
第五篇:高考英语课本回归早读晚练1