第一篇:英语精读(综合)1教案
英语精读(综合)1教案
教材:《新编英语教程》1
课时:96课时
Unit 1 I Objectives: 1.Simple past and present perfect tense 2.Past progressive tense 3.Past perfect tense
II Time Allotment: 1st period: Language structure practice 2nd period: Dialogue 1 3rd period: Dialogue 2 and oral practice 4th period: Readings 5th period: Exercises in the Workbook 6th period: Note writing and assignments
III Teaching tasks and process Part One Language Structures & Dialogues 1.Grammar review 1.Simple past and present perfect tense Verbs in sentences beginning with “This is the first/second… time are in the present perfect form.For example,This is the first time I’ve been in Xi’an.This is the second time I’ve seen this movie.2.Past progressive tense Past progressive is a combination of the progressive aspect with the past tense.The use of the past progressive has much in common with that of the present progressive, only the time reference being pushed back to the past, often overtly expressed by a time –when/while adverbial.For example,Susan was washing her hair while her mother was cooking.Dick was changing a flat tire while his father was mowing the lawn.3.Past perfect tense For the past perfect tense we set up an additional focal point in the past and say that another act was completed before that time.For example, Greg had finished his work when I visited him.The chair had collapsed before I sat on it.In-class Activity One Ask the students to fill in the gaps in each dialogue while listening to the recording and then do the substitution exercises.2.Language points Have the students listen to the recording of Dialogue I once or twice and ask them questions on specific details.Go through the dialogue and explain some language points:
1.You know what? – This question is used to introduce a piece of information which is surprising.A similar expression is Guess what?.2.scenic spots – places of natural attractive scenery 3.I was greatly impressed by its natural beauty.– I was moved by its beautiful scenery.impress – to influence deeply, esp.with a feeling of admiration: The students were impressed by his inspiring speech./ We are impressed by his performance.4.I bet you had lots of fun there.– I am certain you had lots of fun there.Another example, I bet(that)it will rain tomorrow.5.It brought back such sweet memories.– Sweet memories came to my mind.bring back – to cause to return to the mind: Hearing the song brought back happy memories.6.You remind me of my last trip there.– It seems to be similar to my last trip there.remind sbdy.of sbdy./sthg.– to appear to be similar to;to cause to remember : This museum reminds me of the one we visited last year./ The event reminded me of my school days.7.I wish I had been there with you this time.– This is a wish about a non-fact in the past.Another example, I wish I had passed the exam.8.hobby groups – different groups of students classified by hobbies.9.Some staged an exhibition.– Some held an exhibition.stage – to perform or arrange for public show;put on: The art group is going to stage an art show on Sunday.IV Discussion In-class Activity
1.Ask the students to read Dialogue I aloud in pairs with feeling and expression.2.Ask the students to listen to Dialogue II and then retell it.3.Make a dialogue discussing about one of your traveling experiences.V Assignments:
1.Work in pairs to practice the situation in each dialogue.2.Work in groups to discuss the topic of “How I spent the summer vacation”.3.Have the students form their own dialogues by using the phrases from Dialogues I & II.4.Do the corresponding exercises in WB.Part Two Readings Have the students read the passage first and do the corresponding exercise in workbook.Then the teacher may ask them questions in class to check their comprehension.I Language points:
1.Herbert went to France for holiday.– For is an preposition used here to show purpose: I came to this building for an interview./ What is this handle for? 2.run out of – to use all one’s supplies, to have no more: I am afraid we’ve run out of sugar.3.expect – to think or believe(that something will happen): I expect that she will come to our party./The spokesman is expected to make an announcement later on today.4.The back door burst open.– The door opened suddenly.burst – to come into the stated condition suddenly and often violently: In spring the flowers burst open./He burst free from the chains.Another similar use of the pattern: The door banged shut.5.peer at – to look very carefully or hard, esp.as if not able to see clearly peek at – to take a quick look at something when one should not peep at – to look at something quickly and secretly, esp.through a hole or other small opening 6.convince – to make(someone)completely certain about something;persuade: They failed to convince the directors that their proposal would work./ I am convinced by your story.7.a sound sleeper – a deep sleeper 8.to thumb a ride/lift – to ask passing motorists for a free ride by holding out one’s hand with the thumb raised 9.made his way in the dark – went in the dark: He made his way home.10.He was not supposed to be back.– He was not considered to be back.Be supposed to – to be intended to;to be generally considered to be;to have the regulation of being: The volunteers are supposed to help the blind in the street./I haven’t read this novel, but it is supposed to be a good one.11.to keep an eye on – to watch carefully: I often ask my neighbor to keep an eye on my house while I am away.12.was about to – This construction expresses the immediate future in the past.In some contexts, it is often used in the sense of an unfulfilled intention.For example, I was about to leave when he came to visit me.II Note-writing Notes must be precise and direct;however, the style is casual.In notes of introduction, the following are usually included:
1.The name of the person to be introduced 2.His/Her identity 3.The purpose of the introduction 4.Appreciation III Assignments:
1.Write a note of introduction 2.Exercises in WB
第二篇:精读教案1
Unit 1 Essentials of business Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know what business is and the four basic factors of production.B.Understand how to greet people and say good-bye in informal and formal situations.C.Master countable and uncountable nouns.D.Grasp the words and phrases related to business.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background A.Business(生意)In business English, business means the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy society’s needs.Generally business can mean buying or selling goods or services.That is the activity of making money by
producing or buying and selling goods, or by providing services.When it is used in this meaning, it is uncountable.It can also be used to refer to an organization such a company, shop, or factory that produces or sells goods or provides a service.When it is used in this meaning, it is countable.B.Entrepreneur(企业家)A person who risks his or her time, effort, and money to start and operate a business is called an entrepreneur.C.Types of business Businesses are generally of three types.Manufacturing businesses(or manufacturers)are organized to process various materials into tangible goods, such as trucks or towels.Service businesses produce services, such as haircuts or legal advice.And some firms------called middlemen------are organized to buy the goods produced by manufacturers and then resell them.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points
1.relate: v.to connect 联系,涉及
[相关搭配] relate „to/with与„有关,有联系
【例句】Faced with the facts I had to relate the matter with you.面对这些事实我不得不把你和这件事联系起来。
[相关词] relation n.similarity, contrast or connection between people, things or events联系,关联,关系
【例句】There is close relation between rainfall and crop production.降雨量与农作物之间有密切的联系。
2.construct: v.build sth.;put or fit together;form 建造,建筑,构成
【例句】construct a factory/ an airplane/a sentence 建工厂/造飞机/造句
[相关词] constructor n.person who constructs things建筑者,建设者
construction n.action or manner of constructing 建筑,建造的活动或方式
3.finance: v.provide money for(a project);fund 为(某计划)提供资金,提供款项
【例句】The scheme is partly financed by this company.此计划部分是由这家公司资助的。
finance company(or finance house): company that lends money for
hire-purchase transactions 信贷公司,财务公司
the Ministry of Finance 财政部
the Minister of Finance 财政部部长
[相关词]financial adj.concerning money and finance 财务的,金融的,财政的
【例句】a financial magnate 金融巨头
financial circles 金融界
financial reports 会计报告
4.stock: n.[C usu pl] a portion of capital of a business company held by an investor, share股份
[相关词]stockholder/ shareholder股东
stockbroker n.person who buys or sells stocks and shares for clients
证券经纪人;股票经纪人
stock exchange n.place where stocks and shares are publicly bought and sold
股票交易所;证券交易所
5.insurance: n.guarantee of compensation for loss, damage, sickness, etc.in return for regular payment 保险
【例句】an insurance against theft/ fire 盗窃保险/火险
personal insurance人身保险 6.secure: v.1)to make sure of getting sth.获得
【例句】He’s lucky to have secured himself such a good job.他能找到这么好的工作是幸福。
2)make safe 使安全,防护,保卫(常与against, from , to 连用)
【例句】By strengthening the river banks the city secured itself
against
flood.由于加固河堤,该城可以免遭水灾。7.distribute: vt.1)give or send out 分配,分发,配给(常与to, among 连用)
【例句】distribute the books to the students 给学生分发书本
2)spread out, scatter 分布,散步,散开(常与over连用)
【例句】Our shops are distributed all over the city.我们的商店遍布在城市的各个地方。
3)give out or deliver 分送,运送
【例句】The man had thirty parcels to be distributed at houses all over the town.这个人有30个包裹要分送全镇各家。
[相关词] distribution n.the act of distributing分配,分发
distributive adj.of or having to do with distribution分配的,分布的
8.estate: n.1)a large area of land developed for a specific purpose, e.g.for houses or factories 做某种用途的地区
【例句】a housing/ trading estate 住宅区/商业区 an industrial estate 工业区
2)area of land, esp.in the country 地产,(尤指)庄园
【例句】He owns a large estate in Scotland.他在苏格兰有大量地产。
3)all the money and property that a person owns , esp.that which is left at death
个人财产,(尤指)遗产
【例句】Her estate was divided among her four children.她的遗产分给了她的四个子女。9.yield: v.1)to give, produce, bear, etc.生产,出产,生长出,结出
【例句】The tree has yielded a lot of apples this year.这棵树今年结了很多苹果。
This land yields abundantly.这块地收成很好。
2)give up, surrender 让步,让与,放弃,屈服,投降
【例句】He yielded all his possessions to the state.他把自己的所有财产都转让给了国家。
He was yielding to public pressure.他屈服于舆论的压力。10.manufacture: v.1)to make goods on a large scale(尤指大量)生产
【例句】manufacture shoes 制造鞋
manufacturing industry制造业
2)invent 假造,虚构,捏造
【例句】She manufactured a false story to hide the facts.她编造瞎话以掩盖事实。
11.accomplish: v.to succeed in doing 完成
【例句】He accomplished his purpose.他达到了他的目的。
[相关词]accomplished adj.完成的,达到的 【例句】an accomplished fact 已成的事实
[相关词]accomplishment n.实行,完成,达到,成绩,成就 12.process: v.1)to perform operation on(sth.)in computer(用计算机处理)【例句】data processing equipment数据处理设备
2)a continued set of actions performed intentionally in order to reach some results 步骤,程序,过程
【例句】Unloading the cargo was a slow process.卸货是个缓慢的过程。
in the process 在进行中 13.conduct:
v.1)manage, direct, carry on 经营,管理,指挥
【例句】The oldest son conducts the family’s business.由长子掌管家里的日常事务。
2)behave oneself 行为,举止
【例句】He conducted himself honestly.他为人诚恳。
3)lead or guide 指导,引导
【例句】The curator conducted the visitors round the museum.馆长领着游客们在博物馆各处参观。
n.1)moral behavior 行为,品行
【例句】His conduct in school is excellent.他在学校的品行是极好的。
2)manner of directing or managing affairs.执导,管理
【例句】under the conduct of 在„的引导下
His conduct of the business was very successful.他的商业经营十分成功。
14.initiate: v.1)start(sth.)working 创始,发起
【例句】This year we shall initiate a series of free concerts.今年我们将发起一系列的免费音乐会。
They initiated certain reforms.他们创始了某些改革。
2)introduce(someone)into a club, group esp.with a special
ceremony
以正式方式介绍加入
【例句】We were initiated into a sports club by one of the members.一位老会员以正式仪式介绍我们加入体育运动俱乐部。
[相关词] initiation n.创始,开始
initiative adj.主动的,起始的,初步的
15.innovative: adj.make changes, bring in sth.new or new ways of doing
things革新,变革:(常与 on, upon 或in连用)
[相关词] innovation n.改革,革新
innovational adj.革新的,富有革新精神的
innovative, innovatory adj.tending to innovate, characterized by
innovation 革新的,创新的,富于革新精神的innovator n..革新者,创新者
【例句】innovative behavior革新的行动
Inventors are innovative people.发明者都是富于革新精神的人。
innovate in techniques 在工艺上革新
innovate upon religious forms革新宗教形式
These are innovations in methods of teaching.这些都是教学方法上的改革。
16.profit: 1)n.money gained by business 收益,利润,赢利
【例句】How much profit did you make? 你获多少利润?
2)n.advantage or benefit gained from sth.益处,好处
【例句】What profit is there in worrying? 担忧有何益处?
There is no profit in such pursuits.做这种事情徒劳无益。
3)vt.be of use or advantage to sth.or sb.有利于,有益于
【例句】It’ll not profit you to start an argument.引起争论对你不利。
4)vi.learn or gain advantage from 得利,获益(常与by, from连用)
【例句】I profited by/ from the deal.我在那笔交易中获利。
He profited greatly from his year abroad.他在国外的一年获益匪浅。
[相关词] profitable adj.1)yielding profit 有利可图的,有赢利的【例句】profitable business 有利可图的买卖
2)resulting in advantage 有益的,有用的
【例句】His advice was profitable to all of us.他的建议对我们大家都有好处。
profitless adj.无益的,无利可图的,没有好处
profitably adv.有利地,赢利地,有益地
17.relate…to/with:
1)relate sth.to /with sth.connect(two things)in thought or meaning;
associate sth.with sth.else(在思想上或意义上)将(两事物.)联系起来;将某事物与另一事物相联系
【例句】It is difficult to relate cause and effect in this case.这个案件中的动机与效果很难联系起来。
People relate high wages to/with high consumption.人们把高收入和高消费联系起来。
2)relate to sb./sth.be connected with sb./sth.else;refer to sb./sth.与某人[某事物]有关;涉及某人[某事物] 【例句】Wealth is seldom related to happiness.财富鲜与幸福相关。
Statements relating to his resignation 与他辞职一事有关的说法
18.refer to:
1)mention, speak of , be directed towards 提及`,谈到,指
【例句】He doesn’t like anyone referring to his wooden leg.他不喜欢任何人提及他那条木制的假腿。
The new law doesn’t refer to land used for farming.这条新法令并非指农用土地。
2)look for information or help参考,引用,查询,查阅
【例句】If I’m not sure how to spell a word, I refer to a dictionary.若拿不准一个单词的拼法,我便查阅词典。
19.be extracted from: to take sth.from sth.else 从„„中提取
【例句】Oil can be extracted from olive.油可自橄榄中榨取。
A miner extracts gold from earth.矿工从泥土里提取黄金。
Some sentences are extracted from grammar books.一些句子可从语法书中摘取。
20.be responsible for: to have the duty of looking after sth.对„„负责; 负责某事
【例句】He is not primarily responsible for it.他对这事不负主要责任。
directly responsible for 对„„ 直接负责
hold sb responsible for 使某人负担„的责任
make oneself responsible for 负起„的责任
21.decide on: consider and come to a conclusion;make up one’s mind
做出决定(选定某物)
【例句】After seeing so many candidates we have decided on this one.我们见了所有的候选人,决定选这位。
decide against: 决定反对„,做出不利于„的决定
decide against changing the job 决定不改变工作
22.distribute…to/among: separate sth.into parts and give a share to each
person or thing;give or send out 分配,分发,配给
【例句】He distributed the food to the hungry people.他把食物分给饥饿的人。
Mother distributed the candy among the children.母亲把糖果分给孩子们。
23.pay for:
1)to give money for 为„什么而付钱
【例句】They tried to leave the restaurant without paying for their
meal.他们不付钱就要溜走。
How much did you pay for your house? 你们买房花了多少钱?
2)suffer or be punished for sth.为某事是苦头或受惩罚。
【例句】I’ll make him pay for his insolence!他蛮横无礼,我要让他尝尝苦头。
He paid much for his own dishonesty.他为自己的不诚实付出了巨大的代价。
II.Difficult Sentences 1)Other forms of business include merchandising, which is the selling of
products, and providing various services, such as accounting,distributing, and repairs.要点:本句的主语是other forms of business谓语动词是
include;
include后跟了两个宾语merchandising和providing various services而which is the
selling of products为定语从句,修饰merchandising;such as accounting,distributing, and repairs也是定语,举例说明前面的various services.译文:其他形式的生意包括出售产品之类的买卖和提供诸如会计,分配和修理等不同形式的服务。
2)It refers not only to a piece of real estate where we might build a
factory, but it also means all the raw materials used for production.要点:本句由but连接一个并列句,在句中又由not only„„ but also这一结构连接两个并列的谓语动词refer
to和means。where we might build a factory做定语,修饰a piece of real estate;
在后面的句子中used为过去分词做定语修饰前面的raw
materials, 可以把它改成定语从句which are used for
production。
译文:土地不仅指我们可以建造房子的一块地,也指用于生产的所有原材料。
3)Therefore, to a certain extent the next factor, capital, can be used to
replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor that
humans have to use in order to conduct business.要点:to a certain extent: to a certain degree达到某程度
or在本句中连接两个并列的谓语动词replace 和reduce;that humans have to use in order to
conduct business 为定语从句,修饰前面的physical and mental labor。
译文: 因此,某种程度上,下一个要素-资本,可以用来取代劳动或者减少为了经营生意,人类不得不花费的体力和脑力劳动的量。
4)He must be able to decide on the value of things that other
people
invent, whether it is a new toy, a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising.要点:decide on/upon: 对„„作出决定
【例句】They have decided on/upon building a reservoir there.他们决定要在那里建一座水库。
句中whether it is a new toy ,a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising shi 是名词性从句,修饰前面的things.译文:他必须能够决定其他人发明出来的东西的价值,不管它是一个新玩具,一种新的文件归档的方法或者是一种新的广告宣传方式。
5)It is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere;the
customers must look for another place to buy the products;creditors
usually lose some of the money to the company.要点:本句是由三个句子组成的并列句,具体解释了前面的it causes problems for many people.译文:对于那些不得不在其他地方找工作的员工们来说,这是一件难事;顾客们必须寻找另外一个地方购买产品;债权人通常也会从这个公司失去一些钱。
III.Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1)Introduction: What is Business?
Business is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services.This paragraph explains the definition of business through three ways: 1)Business includes the production of goods.2)Business can also provide the finance for production activities.3)Business also includes merchandising products and providing various
services.Part II(Paragraph 2-8)
Explanation of the four basic factors of production 1)(Paragraph 2)It introduces the four basic factors of production: land,labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.2)(Paragraph 3)It explains what land is: land not only refers to a piece
of real estate, it also means all the raw materials for production
extracted from the land, the air, and the oceans.3)(Paragraph 4-5)These two paragraphs explain what labor is: labor
refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods.(1)In industrialized countries, labor is generally more mental than
physical.(2)In other countries, robots and other forms of data processing
equipment perform many jobs requiring a lot of mental labor in the past.4)(Paragraph 6)It explains what capital means: Capital refers to
anything that helps to produce and distribute goods.(1)Generally capital means wealth or money.(2)It also means the equipment that money purchases, eg.tools, machines
and buildings.5)(Paragraph 7-8)These two paragraphs explain what entrepreneurship is:
Entrepreneurship refers to some activities conducted by the entrepreneur
by initiating business activity and managing the business.It emphasizes
that in order to be successful, an entrepreneur must be
innovative and be
able to decide on the value of things invented by others.Part III(paragraph 9)Discussion of the risks of the business 1)It emphasizes that everyone connected with a business shares the risks
of the business.But the entrepreneur takes the biggest one.2)It illustrates when the business is profitable and when it goes
bankrupt.Reading II I.Notes 1.辨析company, firm and business “A company” is an organization made up of people who work together for the
purposes of making or selling goods or services in order to get money.【例句】an insurance/ automobile company 保险公司/ 汽车公司
a state-owned company国营公司
“A firm” refers to a small business company that makes goods or provides
services.【例句】a law firm 法律公司
an engineering firm工程公司
a firm of accountants 会计师事务所
“A business” is a shop, a factory or a company that sells goods or
provides services, esp.one that employs a small number of people or even
only one person.【例句】He runs a small business in the town.他在镇上经营着一家小铺子。
to start up a new business 新开一家商号
2.“sb.be said to do”: 据说 This phrase can be used to introduce
information or message.Besides “ said”, some other verbs can also be
used, such as “ assumed, believed, considered, estimated, expected,recognized, recommended, regarded, reported, supposed”.相当于 “It is said +that clause” 结构
【例句】He is said to be the richest man in the world.= It is said that he is
the richest man in the world.据说他是世界上最富有的人。
3.expand: to increase something so that it covers a wider area or range
of activities.使(某事物)变大,扩大,增大,增加,增强,扩展
【例句】expand business 扩展生意
Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热则膨胀。
[相关词]expansion n.扩大,扩展,膨胀
4.tonne: metric ton, measurement of weight, which is equal to 1,000 kg.公吨
5.in bulk: in large quantities大批,整批
【例句】to buy/ sell in bulk整批或大批购买/出售
We always buy in bulk then we will get a big discount.我们总是大批购买,这样我们就能获得比较大的折扣。
6.wholesale & retail: Wholesale refers to the sale of goods in large quantities at a time,usually to storekeepers or others who will in turn sell them in small
quantities to users.批发
Retail is the sales of goods in small quantities at a time, directly to
the consumer.零售
[相关词]wholesaler 批发商
retailer 零售商
7.distributor: a wholesaler who has exclusive rights to market, within a
given territory, the goods of a manufacturer or company.批发商
8.compete: to try to win something竞争
[相关搭配] compete for: 为„„ 而竞争
【例句】compete for attention 争着出风头
compete for the contract 为赢得合同而竞争
[相关搭配] to compete with/ against 竞争,对抗比赛
【例句】compete with/ against each other 相互竞争
compete with a trading company for the contract为合同和一家外贸公司展开竞争
[相关词] competition n.比赛,竞赛
competitive adj.比赛的,竞争的
competitor n.竞争者,比赛者,对手,敌手
9.keep ahead of: surpass, be in a more successful position than胜过,优于,领先于
【例句】If she works hard, she will surely keep ahead of her colleagues.10.have an advantage over somebody: to have a better position than
somebody与„„相比具有优势
【例句】 She has an advantage over other girls.她比其他女孩子具有优势。
11.give sb./ sth.an edge on/over = have an/the edge on/over: have a
slight advantage over sb./sth.略胜过某人/某物
【例句】The young tennis player definitely had the edge on his older opponent.这个年轻的网球运动员显然比哪个年纪大的对手略胜一筹。
II.Difficult Sentences 1)A firm which is just starting up is going into business and a company
which stops operating goes out of business.要点: which is just starting up为定语从句修饰主语a firm;which stops operating
为又一个定语从句修饰主语a company.start up: begin working , running启动,开始
go into business: to begin business 开始做生意
go out of business: become bankrupt 破产,倒闭
译文:刚初建起来的公司就开业了,而停止运营的公司就破产停业了。
2)If one year it produces 100 tonnes and the next year it produces 110
tonnes, it has increased production by 10%.要点: “increase production by”.Here the proposition “by” indicates the
amount or degree of increase, and the Chinese for it is 增加了.Similarly,“to reduce„„by” means 减少了。
If we use another proposition “to”, it indicates the total amount
including the part that has been increased “增加到” or reduced, “减少到”。
【例句】Our car production has increased by 10% to 33,000 a year.我们的年汽车产量增加了10%,增加到了33,000辆。
译文:如果厂家一年生产100公吨,下一年生产110公吨,它的产量就增加了10%。
Word Study 1.risk 基本用法
n.1)a danger(of)sth.that may have a(stated)bad result 风险,危险性:
【例句】There is a risk.有很大危险性。
The business was insured against the risk of failure.那家企业投保以防破产的风险。
2)a danger 危险:
Fishermen face a lot of risks in their daily lives.渔民在日常生活中面临着很多危险。
3)(stated)danger , a person or thing that is a(stated)danger for the
insurance
(某种)险;被保人,被保物:
【例句】fire risk火险
He is a good risk.他是个条件好的被保对象。
vt.1)place in danger 下赌注:
【例句】He risked his fame.他以他的名声作赌
2)take the chance of 冒„„的危险:
【例句】He risked his life for honor’s sake.他为了名誉而甘冒生命危险。
相关搭配:
at all risks无论冒多大风险
at risk 在危险中
at the risk of 冒着„的危险
相关词
risky adj.dangerous 危险的2.perform 基本用法
vt.1)do, accomplish, carry out(a place of work)做;完成;实行:(比 do, carry
out 正式)
【例句】The doctor performed a difficult operation.那位医生做了一个复杂的手术。
2)fulfill(a promise, order, etc.)履行,执行(允诺,命令)
【例句】He performed his duty faithfully.他忠实地履行了他的职责。
3)direct or go though the form and actions of(a ceremony)指挥或举行(仪式)
【例句】The ceremony was performed on April fifteenth.四月十五举行仪式。
vi.1)of machines work(in the proper or intended way)(机器)操作
【例句】Is that new car fulfilling well ? 那辆新车好开吗? 2)(of people)carry out a particular activity, esp.well and with great
skill(人)表现
【例句】He performs well under pressure.在艰难情况下他表现得很坚强。
相关词
performance n..1)the action of performing sth.执行,履行,实现
2)the action or an act of performing 表演,演出
3)the ability to do sth.性能,能力
performer n.a person(or thing)that performs, esp.an actor, musician表演者
3.replace
基本用法
vt.1)put sth.in its former or proper place again 放回
【例句】He replaced the book on the shelf.他把书放回架上。
2)pay back 送还
【例句】Has he replaced the borrowed money? 他借的钱还了没有?
3)take the place of 代替,取代
【例句】Can anything replace a mother’s love and care? 有什么东西能取代母爱和关怀吗?
Horses have been replaced by cars.马已被汽车所代替?
相关词
replacement n.代替,替换
4.limit 基本用法
n.1).the farthest point or place, boundary 界限,界线,边
界
【例句】Yao Ming’s fame passed beyond the limits of China.姚明的名声超越了中国的国界。
2).the largest(or smallest)extent 限度,范围,极限
【例句】His energy seems to have no limits.他的精力似乎无限。
3).restriction 限制,限定
【例句】Is there a speed limit on that throughway? 那条快车道限定车速吗?
vt.keep below or at a certain point or amount 限定,限制
【例句】Our holidays are limited to two weeks a year.我们的假期被限定为一年两周。
相关搭配:
limit sth./sb.to 限定于
【例句】I’ll limit myself to the discussion of this topic.我将只限于讨论这个题目。
within the limits of 在„的范围内
without limits无限制的,无限的
reach the limit of one’s resources 山穷水尽
相关词
limitation n.an act of limiting 限度,极限,范围
limited adj.having a limit, narrow 有限的,限定的,狭窄的
limitless adj.without limit or end无限的,无止境的5.share 基本用法
n.1)one of the parts of sth.that is divided among several people, etc.一份,份儿。份额
【例句】Everybody ought to have his proper share.每个人都应得到他应得的一份。
His company now commands a larger share of trade in the European market.现在他的公司在欧洲市场的贸易中占很大的份额。
2).one of the equal parts into which the capital of a business firm is
divided 股,股份
【例句】The company was formed with 3000 shares.该公司由3000 股组成。
v.have a share with sb.else 分享,分担,共享,共用
【例句】They share their joys and sorrows.他们同甘共苦。
Everyone in the house shares the bathroom.住在这所房子里的人共用这间浴室。
相关搭配:
have/take a/ one’s share in 分担,参加
on/upon shares 共负盈亏,同甘共苦
Grammar Focus Countable and Uncountable Nouns 可数名词与不可数名词
1.不可数名词
不可数名词通常指不能直接计数的名词(如land, advice等),表示材料和成分的物质名词,如coal, oil, air, cloth 等,和表示抽象概念的抽象名词,music, love, equality, modernization, trade, service,education 等。
2.集合名词的单复数用法
集合名词指的是同一类人或物的集合体,其中有的是复数含义。例如police, cattle, clothes, people, goods 等;
但有的集合名词也是不可数名词,如furniture, equipment, merchandise, machinery 等。
3.名词单复数的特殊变化
1)大多数名词直接加-s: 如soldier, model, car, joke 等。
2)以s, x, ch, sh 结尾加-es: 如 bus, boss, match, sketch 等。
但如词尾ch 的发音为/k/, 其复数要加¬s: 如stomach.Epoch 3)以o结尾的单词:
a.有些加-es: 如hero, potato, tomato, echo等。
b.有些加¬s:如 piano, photo, tobacco, memo 等。
c.有些加-s/-es 均可:如cargo, motto, volcano 等。
4)一些以f或fe 结尾的可数名词复数需要把f 或fe变为ves。如: half, knife, leaf, life, shelf,thief, wife, wolf 等。
5)不规则变化
foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen,phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, criterion-criteria, basis-bases,thesis-theses, crisis-crises 6)单复数相同
deer, headquarters, means, series, species, sheep等。
4.可数名词和不可数名词的转化
1)当抽象名词表示抽象概念时,为不可数名词;但当抽象名词的意义具体化时,该名词为可数名词。如:
She was a beauty in her youth.(美人)She had much beauty in her youth,(美丽动人的气质)
2)动物的名称作个体解释时为可数名词;作肉解释时为不可数名词。如:
There are many chickens in the yard.(小鸡)I like chicken.(鸡肉)3)iron 解释为 “铁” 时为不可数名词;解释为 “熨斗”时为可数名词。如:
Iron is harder than aluminum.(铁)We need an iron.(熨斗)
4)experience 解释为“经验”时,为不可数名词;解释为“经历”时,为可数名词。如;
we share a common experience.(经历)
I have not much experience in teaching.(经验)
5)hair 解释为“头发”时,是不可数名词;但若强调一根根头发或几缕头发,则是可数。如: These old men have
long hair.(长头发)
Look!A hair is in my soup.(一根头发)
She has some grey hairs.(几根花白的头发)
6)paper 解释为“纸张”时,为不可数名词;解释为“考卷”、“报纸”或“文件”时,为可数名词。
7)room 解释为“房间”时,是可数名词;解释为“空间”时,是不可数名词。例如:
Make room for me, please..8)glass 表示“玻璃”时,是不可数名词;解释为“玻璃杯”时,是可数名词;glasses 还可以解释为“眼镜”,是复数形式。
9)space 表示“空间;太空”时,为不可数名词;表示“空格”时,为可数名词。
10)word 表示“词语”时,为可数名词;表示“消息”时,为不可数名词。例如:
How many words are there in this article?(单词)
Word came that the war had ended.(消息)Function and Structure 1.Using right vocabulary and phrases is important when you
meet someone or introduce yourself in English.First impressions are important, so here’s some guide to using the right expression in the situation.Two friends’ meeting:
Friends often say “Hi” to each other.Then they often ask a general question, such as “How are you?” or “How are things?” or “How’s life?” The reply to this question is normally positive.“Fine thanks, and you?” “Fine thanks, what about yourself?” “Not bad.” Or “Can’t complain.”
Greeting people you don’t know:
You can say “Hello” to people you don’t know.A more formal greeting is “Good morning/afternoon/evening.” The other person normally replies with he same greeting as you have used, and then makes some polite conversation, such as “How was your trip?” or “Did you find our office easily?”
2.Chinese like to greet each other by asking questions such as “Where are you going(去哪呀)?” “Have you had dinner yet(吃过了吗)?” or “ Are you eating your lunch(吃饭呐)?” For Chinese, these questions are asked simply as sort of a greeting rather than a genuine request for information.But in English it is not appropriate
to greet people in this way.Questions of this sort are usually interrupted as a lead-in to a suggestion or invitation;otherwise, it seems rather weird or rude to ask about something quite obvious or very personal.3.Americans use “small talk” when they first meet another person.The most common topic of small talk is the weather;another very common topic is the speakers’ current surroundings------the room or building they are in, the sidewalk where they are standing, etc.Later, Americans may talk about past experiences they have both had, such as watching a particular TV program, going to New York, or eating at a particular restaurant.Besides these very general topics of small talk, Americans talk about different things according to the life situation of people involved and the setting in which the conversation is taking place.Students are likely to talk about their teachers and classes;if they are of the same sex, they are likely to discuss their social lives.Adults may discuss their jobs, interests, houses, or family members.Men are likely to talk about sports or cars.Housewives are likely to talk about their children or about household matters or personal care(e.g., hairdos).Americans are taught not to discuss religion and politics unless they know the people they are talking to fairly well.Politics and religion are thought to be “
controversial”, and discussing a controversial topic can lead to an argument.There are other topics Americans generally avoid because they are “ too personal”.Financial matters is one.Inquiries about a person’s earning or about the amount someone paid for an item are usually not acceptable topics.Practical Reading 时间表是一种实用文体,形式直观,阅读的关键是要注意同所纵横坐标确定要学找的信息的位置。时间表往往涉及到以下内容:时间及其发生的时间;时间的顺序,排位。
在考查这类文体的阅读效果时,往往是图表给出了一部分内容,要求学生根据文章填出其他部分或其他环节等.要完成这类任务,学生需要在准确把握文章内容的基础上,读懂图表,并能够利用图表解决有关问题.本题要求学生能通过文字部分完成列车时刻表,考查学生跳读(也叫寻读,即scanning skill: glancing from point to point of, often hastily, casually, or in search of a particular item)的能力和推理的能力(inferring skill: deriving as a conclusion from facts or premises)。
根据原文前面3句话,我们可以将从Stone这个地方始发的时间,按照先后,一一列举出来。每个小时里的15和50分各有一班。
1.50分这一班中途不停,直达目的地Keel,是快车,所以时间是4小时20分.利用这一线索,我们可以知道6点50分,7点50分,8点50分,9点50分从Stone出发的列车,到达Keel的时间分别是11点10分,12点10分,13点10分和14点10分。
2.15分这一班在一小时和两小时15分后分别到达Mont和Trent,这样我们就可以得到6点15,7点15,8点15,9点15从Stone始发的列车分别到达Mont,Trent以及终点站的时间。
3.8点25分和9点25分另有两趟慢车,到达三个站所需时间与15分始发车一样.4.注意:题目要求我们完成的只是时刻表的一部分。
5.有了这个时刻表,要完成后面回答问题的练习,就一目了然了。
Notes 1.a stopping train:每站停靠的列车,慢车.2.a through train:快车,直达列车.这里through的意思是without stopping.3.community college: In Canada and the United States, a community college, sometimes called a junior college, is an educational institution providing post-secondary education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and associate’s degrees.美国和加拿大的社区大学,有点近似于我国培养大专生的地方性大学.4.graduation ceremony: 毕业典礼
5.attend a conference: 参加会议
6.do a survey on: 做关于„„的调查
7.marketing: 营销.注意,营销不同于销售(sales).营销是一个范围广泛、内容丰富的概念,是 “ 人或组织进行的社会的管理的过程, 是通过创造并交换产品价值来满足他们的基本需求和个性需求的过程”.(a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others------Philip Kotler)
Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar 3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
第三篇:现代大学英语精读三Unit 1 教案
教案一:
Unit 1 Your College Years I.Teaching Plan This essay is planned to finish in 20 minutes.1-3 mins
Warming-up &Pre-reading 4-17 mins
While-reading 18-20 mins Post-reading II.Teaching Aims:
1.Knowledge aims(1)Students can understand and master the new words and expressions.(2)Students can master the main grammar.2.Ability aims(1)Students can understand the main idea through listening to tape.(2)Students can express their attitudes toward the article in English.(3)Enhance students' reading ability and skills of guessing new words in context.3.Emotion aims(1)Help students to understand the university life(2)Improve students' sense of cooperative learning.III.Teaching Methods: Task-based method, Grammar-translation method.IV.Teaching Difficult /Key Points:
1.Grammar Parallelstructure, Object clause 2.Writing techniques V.Teaching Contents: Step 1: Warming up
Lead in the topic by providing some basic backgrounds.1.Background Author--Bob Hartman Bob Hartman is a storyteller of children and part-time pastor.He was born in Pittsburgh in the United States.(Justification:Help students to know about the author and understand the essay better.)Step 2: Pre-reading
Ask students to have a free talk: 1.In the 1st college year, did you experience anything different from that in high school?
2.What do you think about these differences?(Justification: Arouse interest of students.)Step 3: While-reading 1.New Words
(1)Endeavor
v.to try very hard eg.He endeavored to claim himself down but in vain.辨析: Endeavor强调愿望发自内心以及用异乎寻常的极大努力去做某事,尤指克服困难。Strive 和endeavor 一样,表示付出极大努力,但该词强调做某事所需要的辛劳和竭尽全力,不强调努力的结果。
Try指花费体力或心力试图完成某事,且包含有成功的可能。
Attempt强调开始着手进行某事,但不强调花费力气,且所希望或期待的结果常常未能实现。
(2)Perceive
v.to understand or think of sth in a particular way perceive
through
take
>>>凭借感觉去拿,即意识到,认为 凭借拿
Perception n.洞察力,看法,见解
(3)Excessive adj.much more than is reasonable or necessary eg.Bad habits, such as smoking and excessive drinking, can harm your health.excessive 超出行走
…的>>>行走的距离超出的,即过分的,过多的
(4)Resentment
n.A feeling of anger because sth has happened that you think is unfair
re
sent
ment 相反感觉行为>>>相反的感受,即反感,愤恨,怨恨 resent v.愤恨,感到气愤
(5)Project
v.to show other people(what your future role will be as a man or woman)project
forward
throw >>>向前投掷,向前扔,即规划,计划 向前投掷,扔
(6)Feminine
adj.belonging to or considered typical of women or girls the traditional feminine(7)Masculine adj.belonging to or considered typical of men or boys eg.Her husband was handsome and strong, and very masculine(8)Option
n.a choice you can make in a particular situation 辨析: Option 指特别赋予的进行选择的权利,强调的是进行选择的自由和权利。Choice 指运用自己的判断进行选择的机会,权利或能力,强调的是进行选择的可能性。
Alternative 主要指在相互排斥的两者之间做严格的选择,也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
(9)Rebel
v.to oppose or fight against sb in a position of authority rebel against sb./ sth.反抗…,反叛…
rebellion n.谋反,叛乱,反叛rebellious
adj.叛逆的,造反的(10)Ethnic VS.Ethic A.Ethnic adj.relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions
ethnic groups 族群
ethnic tensions 种族紧张局势
B.Ethical adj.connected with principles of what is right and what is wrong ethic n.伦理标准,道德准则,道德体系
(11)Affirm
v.to state that sth.Is true and you agree with it or support it, esp.in public eg.I affirm that you will not lose the job.affirmation
n.肯定,断言
affirmative adj.肯定的,同意的 辨析: Affirm 强调说话人坚定地相信自己说的是事实,并且有可靠的根据,不容置疑。Assert 指没有客观证据而非常自信地宣称或断言。Allege 指在缺乏证据的情况下宣称。
Claim 指强调宣称某事是真实的,尤指在面对反对意见时的宣称。Declare 指肯定地说某事,往往是公开地针对反对意见的宣称或断言。(12)Contribute
v.to help to cause sth to happen con
tribute
全部给予>>>全部给予,即捐助,捐赠 contribute to sth.是…的原因之一,促成… 3.Phrases& Grammar(1)Has it ever occurred to you that your professors and other school personnel have certain goals for your growth and maturity during your college years? 句中,it为形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的从句。Occur to sb(观念或想法)被想到,出现在头脑中
(2)Has it dawned on you that certain developmental changes will occur in your life as you move from adolescence to your adulthood? Dawn on sb使开始明白,使渐渐领悟
(3)During this time, students are going through an identity crisis and are endeavoring to find out who they are and what their strengths and weaknesses are.本句为复合句。句中,who和what均引导宾语从句,做find out的宾语。Go through sth.经历,遭受;仔细检查,仔细查看;详细研究,仔细琢磨(4)While students are going through an identity crisis, they are becoming independent from their parents yet are probably still very dependent on them.Be dependent from 独立于,不依赖于
(5)College students need to stand back and see where they are in the independence struggle.本句为复合句。句中,where引导宾语从句,做see的宾语。
(6)In the late sixties, a young woman from a background that was extremely prejudiced against people from other races came to college convinced that her race was superior.句中,介词短语from a background that…为后置定语,修饰woman;其中that 引导定语从句,修饰background;过去分词短语convinced that her race was superior作伴随状语,其中that引导定语从句,作convinced的宾语。Be prejudiced against 对…有偏见(7)平行结构
在英语中,并列连词and, but, as well as, both…and, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, rather than, as…as 等可连接两个对等的词或对等的结构,我们称之为平行结构(parallelstructure)。平行结构的要求主要有以下几个方面。A.所连接的谓语形式必须一致。
eg.He went downtown, brought some books and visited his daughter.(went, bought 和visited 都是用的过去时)B.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致。
eg.She has good looks, quick wits, and a good character.(looks, wits 和character都是名词)C.所连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致。
eg.Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home.(swimming和sitting都是动名词)D.所连接的句子结构必须一致。
eg.Restrict your passage to one or two pages, and list the references on a separate sheet.(and连接的两个句子都是祈使句)4.Structure Part 1(para.1)
Introduce that college students will go through many key changes during their college years.Part 2(paras.2-9)Explain the key changes students will experience in detail.Part3(para.10)
Conclude that college is a time of personal growth and expansion.4.Style(1)Genre:expository essay
(2)Diction:formaland technical words, eg.adulthood, adolescence(3)Syntax:long and involved sentences(4)Techniques 1.quotationeg.'' in...source, according to...'' 2.parallelism eg.words : para.2 ''strengthens and weaknesses'' phrases : para.2 ''determined by genetic endowment;shaped
by environment;influenced by chance events''(Justification:Improve students' skills of reading details and help them to master new words and grammar.)Step4: Post-reading Read the article again and ask students to work in groups and have a competition to answer the following question: 1.Do you agree that young adults such as college students are bound to go through an identity crisis? Have you had any identity crisis yourself so far? 2.Do you consider yourself reasonably independent from your parents? Why it is so important to gain this independence? 3.What other things should students do at university? What does the author mean by "internalizing"religious faith, values, and morals?(Justification: Make students use initiatives.)VI.Homework 1.Retell the text.2.Write an essay by using writing techniques in this essay.3.Discussion(1)Is it true that our struggles for independence and our desire to establish our identity start at college when we reach early adulthood?(2)Have you gained much freedom now that you are a college student? If the answer is yes, how are you enjoying your newly acquired freedom?(Justification: Improve students' oral competence and writing skills.)
第四篇:精读教案
对外汉语教学教案《篮球明星姚明》
一、教学对象
本教案的教学对象大约需学习了200个小时的汉语,掌握的汉语词汇在160个左右。
二、采用教材
《HSK快乐阅读》(北京大学出版社)
三、教学目标
1、掌握本课数量词的用法
2、理解课文内容并能复述课文
3、掌握新学的生字词
4、了解姚明的形象特点,并能用所学词语描述人物特点
四、教学内容
“汉语精读课”是对外汉语教学语言技能课中的主干课,也叫核心课、综合课。“汉语精读课”以讲解教授汉语语言知识为主要教学任务。本课共用三课时。(1)教学重点:量词的用法(注:海外学生量词基础较弱)。(2)复习上一课“家庭暴力和婚姻”、导入新课《篮球明星姚明》。(3)情景对话:“对话姚明”。(4)拆解本课生字、组词(5)以听说为重点练习课文
(6)课文,通过大声朗读以及问题提问等方式加深学生对文章大意的理解。(7)练习,重点放在语言点的练习上。
五、教学方法
1.对于生词和语言点的讲解,重点放在词义、语义以及用法上。在讲解的基础上,通过设置语境对重点生词和语法进行操练,帮助学生理解并掌握,达到会应用的目的。
2.在课文教学中,在掌握生词的基础上,首先通过领读和大声朗读使学生感知文章,对难理解处进行简单的讲解,力求掌握文章大意。
3.围绕课文相关内容进行简单地提问并小范围讨论,加深学生对作者写作意图的把握。
六、教学环节
1、复习(1)听写
掐
掠
不堪
法庭
涉嫌
状告
无独有偶
忍无可忍(2)提问
为什么不部分已婚男人都把钱交给妻子 以前,人们心目中的妇女形象是什么样
为什么说在家庭重大事务的决策上,妇女已经能够取得了决定性的领导地位?
2、生字和词
.拆解生字的部首、笔画数和组合(要求师生互动)。(板书)
傲视 竞技 觅 配角 涌现 破天荒 震撼 可想而知 熏陶 显露 耀眼 荡气回肠 隔岸观火 竞选 状元 殿 轰动 效应 进取 超越 挑战 魅力 含蓄 铺天盖地 拥戴 超凡 低落 霸
3、语法点:量词
1.、解释什么是量词(板书)
通常用来表示人、事物或动作的数量单位的词,叫做量词。量词是表示人、事物或动作行为的计量单位的词。A.表示人或事物的计量单位的是物量词,又称名量词。如:尺、寸、斗、个、只、支等等。课文实例:
(1)在一些热门的体育运动中(2)但他们毕竟还只是一些配角
(3)破天荒的出现了一张来自东方神秘国度的黄种人面孔(4)1980年9月12日出生于上海的一个篮球世家(5)逐步成长为一颗耀眼的篮球明星
(6)一种不断地超越自我、挑战自我的人格魅力(7)也许已经超过了其他一些原有的宣传手段(8)可以说已经形成了一种“姚明现象”
(9)它也是中国人渴望参加世界最高水平的竞争并且在竞争中展现自我的一种体现(10)但是我们不能只有一个姚明,不能只靠一个姚明来体现中国人的形象 B.表示动作行为的计量单位的是动量词。如:次、回、趟、阵、顿、遍等等。课文实例:
2004年希腊奥运会上,中国队又前进了一大步,金牌数一跃而成为第二 2.练习运用量词(请学生上黑板做)。
(板书)一条(蛟龙)一团(浪花)
一幅(图画)一架(飞机)
一个(老人)一只(小鸟)
一次(旅行)一阵(鼓声)(注:括号里面的词是参考答案)4.课文
(1)老师示范朗读,板书提示词。(2)分读。
检查学生的课文朗读,纠正发音。3)复述课文。5.、作业
(1)书面作业:
完成课文课后练习。
(2)预习新课《网络语言》。
课文:
第五篇:研究生英语 综合教程精读英语翻译
Unit Seven
我对人类的了解越多,对他们的期望就越低。和以前相比,我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。
1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础,性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的,它必须以这种基质的形式存在,并将它保留终生,这种基质,我们称之为一个人的本性。
2人类的本性不会也不能改变,只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升;我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。一项历史研究表明,曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使,被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负,时至今日,对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。
3此外,没有人希望改变自己的本性,有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位,但不会和他们交换位置,除非那意味着他自己身份的继续。每个人都把自己看成是独特个体,而且,就他而言,他就是宇宙的中心,有别于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生,这人就该道歉。
4每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格,而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。两个人从相同的经历中也不会得出相同的结论,但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的生活模式中去。人性总是忠于它本身,而不受信仰或教育体制左右。一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了,而且不会改变。一个人与生俱来的品质,无论是否有机会发展,都保持为潜力。在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下,他们会部分或全部地消失相当一段时间,但是没有什么能永久地改变他们,也没有什么能把他们抹去。
5人性的恒定性是众所周知的,因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家。而且,一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒,如果那时候他是,那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯,正如大橡树最初都是小橡果。
6尽管人类有完美的潜质,但事实上他远远没有达到完美。如果事实上他已经是完美的,那么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做;那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。因此虽然人性是不可能改变的,但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它。而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。
7人类在胚胎期是完美的,就好比一粒种子,在幼芽期是完美的一样。精神是完美的,但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后,便参与其中,表现出后者的不完美。在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。但是精神,也就是人的内在,却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——个性和躯体,由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美。外在的人,原本也是完美的,但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用,今天,它已经与原型相去甚远。8人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的,尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见,但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。
9人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上,每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹:有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者;有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境;有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子;许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续。数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们,不仅在战场上,而且还在战争的大后方,为了他们的同胞献出了生命。
10人性不会也不能改变,它只展现它固有的模式。它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的。我们只能尽力去了解人类的真实面貌。Unit Eight
安全带可以避免乘客在车祸中受伤或死亡,这几乎是常识。但是,约翰.亚当斯最近所做的研究得出了更加复杂的统计数据。当司机系着安全带时,他们开车无所顾忌,更多车祸因此而发生。
座椅安全带的隐患
大卫·布杰克里
1座椅安全带固然能降低我们在车祸中死亡的危险,但从统计数据看,情况并不是那么绝对。事实上,据一位研究者说,安全带可能会使人们在驾车时更加肆无忌惮。2对于这个有危险的世界,如果有一件事我们还算了解,那就是座椅安全带可以救命。当然,它确实可以救命。但实际情况通常要更混乱、更复杂。伦敦大学学院的风险专家、地理学荣誉教授约翰·亚当斯早就质疑安全带能保证驾车安全的信条。亚当斯最早开始查看统计数字是早在25年前的事了。他的发现与人们的普遍看法恰恰相反——在18个强制使用安全带的国家,要么交通事故死亡率根本没有变化,要么实际上反而导致了死亡率的净增长。
3怎么会这样?亚当斯用风险补偿的概念来解释这些数据资料,这个概念就是:人们往往会根据他们意识到的风险程度的改变来相应地调整自己的行为。亚当斯解释说,假设一位司机驾车途中要过一个窄弯道,这名司机是个男青年,那么他会受到自己对以下两方面认知的影响:驾车的风险和驾车的回报。他所考虑的东西可能包括:能够准时上班或准时赶赴朋友的饭局、让同伴对他的驾车技术留下深刻印象、使自己作为熟练驾车手的形象更加巩固。他还可能考虑到自身的安全问题、长命百岁的愿望、对车上年幼乘客的责任感、撞毁自己的漂亮新车或驾驶证被没收的代价。这些可能的担心也不是孤立存在的。他还要考虑到天气和路况、交通拥挤的程度和所驾车子的性能。但亚当斯说,关键的是这个司机还将根据他对风险变化的判断来调整自己的行为。如果他系上了安全带,而他的车子带有前、侧气囊和防滑刹车系统,他驾起车来可能会更大胆。
4亚当斯强调说,问题就在于自我感觉安全的司机们实际上对其他司机、骑自行车者、行人和自己车上的乘客来说是更大的危险(平均
80%的司机系安全带,而同车后座的乘客只有68%系安全带)。风险补偿绝不仅限于驾车行为。亚当斯说,类似的还有表演高空秋千的艺人、攀岩者或摩托车手。如果在他们的安全等式上增添某种安全装置——比如说分别给他们一张救生网、一根保险绳或一个头盔——这个人可能就会试着做些平时认为很愚蠢的技巧性表演。因此,安全带并非简单、直截了当地减少死亡人数,而是对风险和死亡事故进行了更加复杂的再分配。为了说明其中的道理,亚当斯提出人们可以想象一下,如果在方向盘中间安一个尖头的木桩,司机开车时会受到怎样的影响?或者在保险杠上装满炸药呢?这简直是丧心病狂,是的,不过这确实提供了一个生动的例子,来说明人们如何根据对风险的判断来调整行为。
5日常生活中,风险是不断移动的靶子,而并不像统计数据那样是个固定数字。除了外部因素外,每个人对于冒险都有自己内在的安全尺度。有些人天生大胆而有些人天生谨慎,还有些人是宿命论者,他们会认为,有一种更强大的力量设计了死亡时间表,预先确定了我们的死期。因此,对驾车风险做任何单一的测算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基准数据。亚当斯引用了这样的统计事实作例子:青年男子发生严重撞车事故的概率比中年妇女高100倍。同样,在星期天凌晨3点钟驾车的人比同一天上午10点钟驾车的人死亡风险高出100多倍,有人格障碍的人比一般人死亡风险高10倍。亚当斯说,假如这个人还喝醉了,汇总所有这些因素并分别加以考虑,就会得到一个具有统计性的预测:一位心理失常又喝醉酒的青年男子在午夜驾车,7个小时后一位头脑清醒的中年妇女驾车去教堂,前者发生严重交通事故的概率比后者高270万倍。
6问题的要点就在于风险并不是孤立存在的,它会受到许多因素的影响,包括承担风险所带来的种种回报——无论是财产方面的、身体方面的,还是情感方面的。这正是风险赖以存在的真实的人类社会。亚当斯说,这才是问题的关键,正如他把近期的一篇博客题目定为《关键的是置人于死地的东西,而不是数字》。我们对风险的反应多半取决于它在多大程度上是自发的行为(如戴水肺潜水)、是不可避免的(如公共交通)、还是强加给我们的(如空气质量);取决于我们认为在多大程度上是我们能控制的(如驾驶)或是由别人控制的(如乘飞机);还取决于这种潜在危险在多大程度上是出于好意(如医生的指令)、无意的(如自然因素)或恶意的(如谋杀和恐怖活动)。我们每天要做几十遍风险计算,但是可以确信的是,多数时候人们对风险的计算自然而然或者说是出自本能,以至于我们几乎注意不到我们在做计算。
Unit Nine
住房危机走向郊区
迈克尔·格伦沃尔德
在过去的五年里,弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯县的住房价格增长速度是家庭收入增长速度的12倍.今天,该县中等家庭不得不将其收入的54%用于购买位于该县的普通住房;在2000年,这个数字是26%。形势如此严峻,以至于费尔法克斯县最近开始对年收入90,000美元的家庭提供住房补贴;很快,这个数字可能提高到110,000美元。
1富兰克林·罗斯福总统曾经说经济大萧条造成1/3的美国人住房简陋、衣衫褴褛、营养不良,然而70年后的今天,美国人却是穿着考究、营养日益过剩。但是,廉价房稀缺是一场日益加深的民族危机,而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。这个问题已经波及中产阶级,并向郊区蔓延,在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里,大学毕业生不得不借宿在父母家,而消防队员、警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。
2住房拥有率接近历史最高位,但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大,有房户和房子离工作单位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。现在,1/3的美国人花费至少30%的收入用于住房,联邦政府将这种情况定义为“无力支付”的负担,而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50%的收入用于租房,这种情况被称为“极其严重”的负担。在过去10年里,房地产迅猛发展,这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚特赚了一把,但现在廉价房对中、低收入的美国人来说,是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价格更严重的问题。3美国曾经非常关注廉价房问题。1934年和1937年,罗斯福签署了住房立法,提供抵押贷款、政府公寓,并为那些穷困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。1949年,国会树立了官方目标——“让每一个美国家庭都能拥有一个体面的家和宜居环境,”而到了1974年,尼克松总统开始对数以百万计的低收入租户在私有住房方面提供租金补贴凭单。半个世纪以来,在华盛顿发生的大多数住房方面的辩论都围绕着一个主题:即应该在多大程度上扩大联邦政府的资助。
4但在过去20年中,唯一的联邦住房新提案就是HOPE VI,也就是克林顿政府拆毁80,000单位的最差公共住房,重建混合收入寓所来取而代之。该计划已经拆除了大部分高度危险的房子,它们曾使公共住房声名狼藉,并已重建了一些城市的社区。但是它更多的是把享有补贴的公寓房夷为平地而不是取而代之。
5总的来说,自90年代初以来,接受联邦援助的家庭数已经降到最低,尽管人口不断增加、预算不断膨胀。美国国会已经拒绝了美国总统布什提出的大部分的削减计划,但几乎没有讨论过增加计划;廉价房的倡导者花费的大部分时间都被用于努力争取保持现状。6而现状真是很艰难。今天,有450万低收入家庭享受联邦住房救助,还有3倍于此的家庭符合被救助资格,却拿不到救助。费尔法克斯县有12,000户家庭在排队轮候4,000套救助公寓。“这太宝贵了,一旦拥有,没有人愿意放弃。”费尔法克斯住房委员会主席康拉德·艾根这样说。这听起来奇怪,但如今住房危机的受害者不是那些已经享受“救助计划”的人,而是那些没那么幸运去享受这个计划的人。7一些自由派人士梦想着对所有合格的低收入家庭都给予补贴,但是这个每年要斥资上千亿美元的解决办法很不现实,即便是在预算赤字再度膨胀之前也不现实。因此,即使一些曾经主张住房政策的人,现在也支持对大多数联邦租房救济金实行时间限制。人们对10年前福利改革中所涉及的时限问题有争议,但研究表明,这些时限有助于激励受助人摆脱对福利的依赖。和福利不同的是,住房救济金不
是联邦所赋予的权利,因此几年后对一个家庭停止供给意味着给另一个同样需要救济的家庭一个喘息的机会。8“这是显而易见的事,”大卫·史密斯——波士顿的一位廉价房的倡导者说,“你不能让内在矛盾无限地延续。”
9问题的根源是廉价房的供需,或者更准确地说,工作地点附近的廉价房的供需之间极不协调。据哈佛大学住宅联合研究中心提供的数据,现在有1,500万个家庭至少把他们一半的收入用于支付住房费用;许多人为了住房甚至在医疗保健、照顾儿童和食品等方面节省开支。其他人为了减少租金,居住条件极为拥挤,研究表明,拥挤的居住条件与高犯罪率、学习成绩差、以及健康状况不佳紧密相关;仅洛杉矶就有62万户家庭多人共居一室。其他工作者居住在较为便宜的社区,忍受着越来越长距离的交通往返,这种现象被称为“驾驶以保生活质量”。
10这造成各种不良结果——孩子们看不到父母;当汽油价格飙升、城市向外扩张、道路上堵满了长途通勤的打工者、他们的汽车排放着温室气体,劳动者根本就入不敷出。费尔法克斯县监督委员会的会长凯西·哈金斯说:“我认为如果我们迫使人们平均每天四个小时呆在汽车里,我们就无法建立强大的社区。”廉价房也可以使社区具有竞争力;如果打工者没钱住在那里,我们还真不知道费尔法克斯县怎能一直创造就业机会。
11为促进廉价房,地方官员最好不要挡在路上——不要要求一英亩最小面积和两车位的车库、不要阻止低收入和高密度的项目。12另一方面,联邦预算由华盛顿政界人士决定。但是,美国国会自1986年施行低收入住房税收抵免政策以来没有再支持过新的建设项目,该政策每年造就近100,000套廉价住房,足以取代被拆除或被转变为市场化招租的那些住房总数的一半。布什在2000年和2004年的竞选中提出了房屋所有权税收抵免政策,这是一项极好的政策,但是他最终竟然没有实行。一项等待国会投票的法案可能会把一些联邦特许机构——如房利美——的利润按照一定的百分比转移到国家廉价房信托基金名下,但这项法案似乎停滞不前。唯一的用国家力量促进支付能力的办法并不是有关住房的办法;例如,有一个方法可以让劳动者更能够负担得起住房费用,那就是提高他们的收入——通过提高最低工资、降低工资税或扩大收入税收抵免等方式。
13解决廉价房危机的一个明确办法:房地产市场崩溃。这是一个能够吸引媒体关注的住房问题——因为这会伤害有房户。但是对于使用风险贷款的低收入房屋所有人来说放松价格可能是毁灭性的,另一方面对于无房者来说,它也不会带来居者有其屋的结果。价格下降还有很大的空间;在2000年,费尔法克斯2/3的房屋销售价格不高于$250,000,但去年只有不到1/20的房屋以此价格出售。即便价格小幅下滑都可能引发建设减速,从而使中等收入家庭缺乏廉价房的局面变得更糟糕。
14最终,政治家可能重新发现住房问题不是一个城市贫困问题,而是一个中产阶级的生活质量问题,正如燃油价格或医疗保健一样。居者有其屋通常被称为是美国梦,但如今许多劳动者为了使他们的家人不至于破产,宁愿租一所体面的房子居住。
Unit Ten
普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到:与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。
危机时代,大学该扮演的角色
1今天,由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识,大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到,“没有哪个国家像美国这样,不论对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的,即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。
2我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来:联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资,这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来;联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助;一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资,他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径;一些个人和私人部门给予投资,他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。社会期望我们产生新思想,开发新知识,以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题,培养未来一代公民和领导者。当处于困境的时候,我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。
3中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔,学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思,不关心窗外之事——这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的,而是高度开放的机构,允许内外自由交流。高校是属于社会的,而不是游离于社会之外的。高校的理想,经由多少代人的铸造,旨在渗入国民意识之中。学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为公众服务的机会,寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作,寻觅把实验室的研究发现转化为实际应用的途径。我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识,并且当他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。这些都是理所当然的。
4探索新思想和新知识不是依靠也不应该依靠功利主义动机,而是依靠以新颖的和创造性的方式进行思考的能力。当诺贝尔奖获得者约翰·纳什在普林斯顿大学读研究生时推动了构成“非合作博弈论”基础的数学概念的发展时,他可能根本不会想到这些概念会在今天被用于分析选举策略、战争起因及预测人的行为表现等方面。当还是一名年轻科学家的分子生物学教授埃里克·维绍斯着手识别决定果蝇胚胎身体结构模式的基因时,他可能不知道他会识别出在推动对人类癌症的研究中起到关键性作用的基因。由此得知,我们无法准确地预测科学发现及学术成就将如何影响未来一代又一代的人们。同时,我们也得知,只在可预知的领域来挖掘知识是不明智的,因为新知识往往依赖于在未知领域准备好肥沃的土壤,在那些领域,好运气同深奥的智慧一样能开花结果。我们最珍视的组织原则之一——探索的自由,不仅仅从道德上说是必需的,而且它也是一个实际需要。5就像我们有义务广泛寻求新知识一样,我们也有义务确保我们的学术研究能够被广泛地传播。只有这样,别人才能对其做出必要的修正,或将其发扬光大,或依据它来作出更好的决定,开发出更好的产
品,或构建出更好的规划。在日后的岁月中,我希望我们国家的决策者根据留存于大学的知识来做决定,咨询能通过对过去的深刻理解而洞悉现在的历史学家们;咨询能提供明辨是非原则的哲学家们;咨询能以其洞察力使经济回归正轨的经济学家们;咨询知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程师们;咨询能分析我们容易招致未来袭击的软肋并能制订出弥补这些弱点的战略的科学家们;以及咨询能帮助我们弄清恐怖分子在我国及世界各地实施恐怖行动的动机的多个领域的学者们。
6现在,请允许我来阐述一下我们应对社会所尽的第三项义务:培育下一代的公民与领导者。普林斯顿大学所提倡的对大学文科教育的见解,我校第13任校长伍德罗。威尔逊曾作过精辟的表述,我在开学典礼上曾诵读过他的雄辩的语句:“在大学里我们应当努力传授的,与其说是知识本身还不如说是做学问的精神。它包括:辨别正确推理与错误推理的能力,消化与阐释论据的能力,广泛观察的习惯,对于持客观见解的偏好,执着于清晰有条理的思维过程,本能地热衷于阐释内涵而不拘泥于推论的字面意思,对知识的鉴赏力,对人类健全心智的无限尊重。”
7威尔逊及其继任者们拒绝这一狭隘的观念:即大学文科教育只限于为某种职业做准备。他们在了解职业教育重要性的同时,更清楚在普林斯顿首先应该培养学生的思考能力和洞察力,坚信这才最有益于社会健全发展。因此我们对以下两方面做了区分:对职业素质的培养有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。所以,当古典文学家走进医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候,我们便感到庆幸。如果我们作为教育家做好我们的工作,我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。在这困难重重的年代,我们将号召我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。通过这样做,通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气,他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们的座右铭:“普林斯顿——为国家服务,为世界服务!”
Unit3 A 奥斯陆
1记得我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候,我在哥本哈根独自一人去看电影。在丹麦,电影票是对号入座的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)我走进电影院,发现在我的票对应的座位旁,只有一对年轻情侣。这对情侣如胶似漆地拥抱在一起,如同一场持久战争结束后码头上亲人的团聚。我很不情愿坐在他们旁边,就如我绝不会要求加入他们的行为一样——这两者对我来说并没有什么不同——因此我谨慎地隔几个座位坐了下来。2人们陆续地走进影院,参照电影票找到位子,在我们周围坐了下来。电影开场时,这个宽敞空旷的观众席中间,扎堆地坐了约30人。电影开场两分钟后,一个拎着大包 小包购物袋的女士艰难地挤到我这排,在我座位旁停下,并用严厉的口吻愤怒地朝我用充满了喉塞音的丹麦语说道,我坐在了她的位子上。女引座员马上打开手电筒查看情况,身边所有的人都不安地重新确认自己票上的座位号,直到大家都清楚了,我是一个美国游客,因此没有遵循简单的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。
3接下来我们坐在一起看电影,30人如同一艘超载的救生船上的难民一般挤作一团。肩膀相互摩擦着,忍受着各种细小的噪声。那时我想,有些国家在某些事情上做的比任 何其他国家都好,然而在另外一些事情上,他们却糟糕很多。我开始思考为何会有如此反差。4有时候某个国家的小发明是如此独特和精巧,以至于我们总是由它而联想到这个国家——英国的双层巴士,荷兰的风车(给原本单调的景观增添了多么美妙的创意:想想这些风车是如何改变了内布拉斯加州),还有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡馆。然而,也有一些事情,大部分国家能不费吹灰之力地办到,但某些国家却完全想不到。
5比如说,法国人无法掌握排队的窍门。他们一遍遍地尝试,但这似乎超出了他们的能力范围。无论你去巴黎的任何地方,总会看到整齐的队伍在公交车站候车。但一旦公交车靠站,队伍立刻瓦解,就像精神病院的消防演习一样,所有人都争抢着第一个上车,完全没意识到,这样一来排队的意义就荡然无存了。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)
6另一方面,英国人则不能领略吃的基本要领。证据就是他们本能地使用刀叉来食用汉堡。更令我惊讶的是,他们大多数都把叉子颠倒放置,将食物搁在它的背上。我已经 在英国居住了 15年,但我仍不得不压制这种冲动,想要走向酒吧或餐馆里的陌生人说:“打扰一下,可以允许我告诉你一个小技巧吗?(此文来自袁勇兵博客)那样你就不会把豆子散落在整张桌子上了。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)”7德国人被幽默困扰,瑞士人对乐趣毫无概念,西班牙人丝毫不觉得在半夜吃晚饭有什么滑稽之处,而意大利人从不,也绝不会让别人告诉他们汽车是如何发明的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)
8这次欧洲之旅带给我很多惊奇的小事,其中一个就是我发现世界竟能如此多样化,对于本质上相同的事物处理起来却方式各异,比如说吃喝或是买电影票。有趣的是,欧洲人有时可以突然变得如此相似——他们普遍好学而理性,开着小车,住在古镇的小房子里,喜欢足球,不怎么注重物质生活,遵纪守法,而且他们住寒冷的宾馆房间,去温暖舒适的地方吃喝——然而却同时拥有着如此琢磨不透、永无止尽的差异。在欧洲没有什么是百分之百肯定的,对此我十分赞同。
9我仍然享受着对事情进展的未知感。从哈默菲斯特返回后,我在奥斯陆的宾馆呆了四天,女服务员每天早上都留给我一盒叫做Bio Tex Bla的东西,说明上说是一种 “minipakke for ferie,hybel og weekend”。我不清楚它到底是用来洗衣服的,还是漱口的,或是用来淸洗抽水马桶的,我通过闻它的气味,并试验它各种可能的用法,度过了好几个快乐的小时。最后我判定它是甩来洗衣服的——它的确有效——然而就我所知,在奥斯陆度过的剩下几周中,无论我去哪儿,都听见有人互相议论:“你知道吗?那个人身上有马桶清洁剂的味道。”
10当我告诉伦敦的朋友,我将周游欧洲各地并将其写成书时,他们说:“喔,你肯定会说很多语言吧。”11 “为什么,我不会,”我会带着一点傲气回答,“我只会英语。”然后他们就看着我,好像我疯了。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)但是就我而言,那正是国外旅游的美妙
之处。我并不想知道人们在说些什 么。置身于一个对你而言完全陌生的国家,能激发一种孩子般的好奇心。除此之外,我想不出还有什么更好的办法。突然之间你又回到了五岁。你无法读懂任何东西,你对事物运行方式只有最基本的感知,你甚至无法安全地穿过马路。你的整个存在变成了一系列有趣的猜想。看国外电视节目,试着想象到底发生了什么事,这让我乐此不疲。比如说,在奥斯陆 的第一个晚上,我收看一个科学节目,演播室里的两个男子站在一张实验桌旁,讨论着一种有着光滑皮毛的貌似啮齿目的动物,它们在桌面上爬行,偶尔爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在说:“那么你与所有这些动物做爱,是吗?(此文来自袁勇兵博客)”“当然,”嘉宾回答道,“你必须对豪猪十分小心,当然,旅鼠若是感觉你不再像以前 那样爱它们,会变得焦躁不安并跳下悬崖,但总的来说,这些动物是非常亲切的伴侣,并且性也是十分美妙的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)”“哎呀,我觉得那很棒。下周让大家见识一下你是怎么用药柜中的简单家庭用药制造出致幻药的。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)该让荧幕空白几分光突然亮起,然后让灯光突然亮起,照在主持人身;让他看起来似乎就像正要抠鼻子。下周见。”去过哈默菲斯特后,就货得奥斯陆简直妙不可言。天气依然很冷,到处还撒着灰蒙蒙 的雪花,但是比起哈默菲斯特来那可要暖和多了,这也让我彻底放弃了想要买毛皮帽的想法。我参观了博物馆,并花了一天时间游览巴度半岛,那里丛林茂密的山坡上矗立着该城市最美的房子,其视野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市区,十分迷人。但是大多数时间我就在市中心闲逛,在火车站和皇宫之间来回溜达,在卡尔约翰街向街旁的商店橱窗里张望。在路边明亮的灯光的照耀下,长长的卡尔约翰步行街富丽堂皇,与健康快乐、不屈不挠又充满朝气的挪威人融合在一起。我很高兴能离开哈莫斯菲特并来到这个充满活力、犹如白昼的世界。当我觉得寒意逼人时,我便进入咖啡馆或酒吧坐下,偷听那些我无法明白的对话,抑或拿出我的《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》,满怀敬意地加以研究,做接下来的旅行安排。16《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》可能是已出版的最优秀的书籍。当你迅速翻阅了其500页 密密印刷的时间表后,你必然有冲动想要往旅行包内塞进两抱衣服,然后立刻出发。每一页都低声诉说着浪漫:蒙特勒——兹怀斯门——施皮茨——因特拉肯,贝尔格莱 德——的里雅斯特——威尼斯——维罗纳——米兰,哥德堡——拉赫斯河——(哈尔 斯贝里)——斯德哥尔摩,文堤米利亚——马赛——里昂——巴黎。无论是谁吟诵这 些地名,都会感受到一股强烈的兴奋,想象着雾气蒙蒙的月台,以及在400多 米长的流线型车厢旁,站满了期待的旅客,堆满了行李,每个车厢里都放着一张写着外国地名的列表。当读到莫斯科——华沙——柏林——巴塞尔——日内瓦这一 系列地名时,又有谁不会伤感地羡慕那些能够横跨这个历史悠久的大陆的幸运儿呢?看过这樣的旅行安排,谁不想踏上行程呢?(此文来自袁勇兵博客)那么,桑尼.冯.比洛就是这样一个例子。但是对我来说,我可以花大量时间就这样凝视着这些列表,每一份都不可思议地包含了时刻、数量、距离、画着交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、矿工镐(不管做何用途)、渡轮和巴士的神奇小图,以及令人困惑的深奥脚注。