2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析

第一篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析

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2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题解析

（二）三、英学业间断期

Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year and a misty look will come into their eyes.There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student does require family back-up, financial, emotional and physical.The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring;it is vicarious living.We all wish pre-university gap years had been the fashion in our day.We can see how much tougher our kids become;how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree.Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them.Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade.The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English.With this trend, however, comes a danger.Once parents feel that a well-structured year is essential to their would-be undergraduate’s progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies’ blurbs suggest it might be, then parents will start organising—and paying for—the gaps.Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies’ umbrella organisation, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning.That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation.“When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls, it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality.”

The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies.Kids don’t mature if mum and dad decide how they are going to mature.If the 18-year-old’s way of maturing is to slob out on Hampstead Heath soaking up sunshine or spending a year working with fishermen in Cornwall, then that’s what will be productive for that person.The consensus, however, is that some structure is an advantage and that the prime mover needs to be the student.The 18-year-old who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks’ notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of ￡5,800, probably came back with little more than a hangover.The 18-year-old on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland, and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance.1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that parents of gap students may_____.[A] help children to be prepared for disasters [B] receive all kinds of support from their 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

children

[C] have rich experience in bringing up their offspring [D] experience watching children grow up

2.According to the text, which of the following is true?

[A] the popularity of gap years results from an increasing number of charities.[B] Prince William was working hard during his gap year.[C] gap years are not as fashionable as they were ten years ago.[D] a well-structured gap year is a guarantee of university success.3.The word “packages” means_____.[A] parcels carried in travelling [B] a comprehensive set of activities

[C] something presented in a particular way [D] charity actions

4.What can cause the disasters of gap years?

[A] Intervention of parents.[B] Careful planning.[C] Good health.[D] Realistic expectation.5.An 18-year-old is believed to take a meaningful gap year when he/she_____.[A] lives up to his/her parents’ expectations [B] spends time being lazy and doing nothing

[C] learns skills by spending parents’ money [D] earns his or her living and gains working experience

答案：1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.D

核心词汇和超纲词汇

a gap year学业间断的一年，间断年

vicarious间接感受到的，如He got a ~ thrill out of watching his son score the winning goal

package包，盒，袋;一套东西，一套建议，一揽子交易，如a benefits ~一套福利措施an aid ~综合援助计划

backpack背包旅行 go ~ing 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

umbrella综合体，总体，整体，如an ~ group/fund综合团体/基金

fork out大量花钱，大把掏钱

slob懒惰而邋遢的人slob out/around游手好闲，无所事事

structure结构，构造;精心组织，周密安排，体系

dispatch派遣，调遣，派出;发出，发送

at short notice随时，没有提前很长时间通知，at two week’s notice提前两周通知

hangover遗留的感觉，如the insecure feeling that was a ~ from her childhood

counterbalance抗衡，抵消;对„„起平衡作用;平衡抵消物，抗衡

全文翻译

与度过了新奇的学业间断年的孩子的父母交谈，他们的眼神中会有一种含糊不清的东西。这一年中有一些危机，即使是目的明确、很有条理的学生，在间断年期间也需要家庭从经济上、情感上和体力上给予帮助。父母眼中的含糊不仅仅是因为让他们的孩子成熟起来的美好经历，也是因为他们自己间接感受到的生活方式。我们都希望在我们那个时代大学前的间断年就已经很时兴了。我们能看着孩子们变得更坚强，更好地准备从上大学中有所收获或者积极地决定他们将做一些除了获得学历之外的事情。

学业间断年现在很时兴，这反映在提供它们的慈善团体和私人公司的数目呈巨额增长。威廉王子在智利吃苦的事情发挥了作用，但这种趋势十年来一直在加强。学业间断年期间的一整套活动从背包旅行开始，包括和慈善团体一起工作，修建医院和学校，以及常见的做语言助教、教英语。然而，随着这种趋势而来的也有危险。一旦父母相信那些学业间断年公司介绍的内容，认为精心安排的一个间断年对于想成为本科生的孩子进入更好的大学，获得高学历，得到令人印象深刻的简历和待遇良好的工作是至关重要的，那么他们就会开始组织并资助间断年期间的活动。

按照学业间断年公司综合机构“走出学业间断年团体”的负责人理查德·奥利弗埃的观点，出现问题往往是因为计划不周。他说，“这可能是公司或学生的责任，但是最保险的方法是作好审慎的准备。当人们把它搞砸时，往往是因为健康问题，尤其是女孩，因为她们从未离开过家，或者期望与现实不符”。

学业间断年的意义在于它应该是离校生开始做自己喜欢做的事情的时候。如果由父母来决定孩子怎样成熟，那么他们不会真地变成熟。如果18岁时变成熟的方式是在伦敦汉普斯泰德石南园中无所事事地晒太阳，或者花上一年时间和康沃尔郡的渔夫一起工作，那么对于另外一个人来说将是有所收获的。然而，多数人却认为进行某种安排是有利的，而且行动的安排者应是学生自己。可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

如果18岁的年轻人两周前得到父母的通知，被派去加拿大花5,800英镑学习成为一名滑雪教练，回来后可能只会留下很少的感觉。同样的18岁的年轻人，先通过工作赚钱，再用一年中剩下的时间在从新西兰到瑞士的多个避暑胜地执教，回来后申请大学，这样的经历则是完全不同的积极的做法。

四、生态环境恐怖主义

Islamic terrorism may be a distant threat for Shearer Lumber Products, a timber company based in Idaho.But eco-terrorism is a very real one.In November, the Earth Liberation Front , an underground organization, gave warning that it had“spiked”trees in the Nez Perce national forest to protest against logging.Spiking involves hiding metal bars in tree trunks, thereby potentially crippling chain saws and hurting people.More such attacks are expected.How do they fit into America’s war on terrorism?

The nation’s forests have seen a sharp increase in violent incidents—equipment vandalized, people intimidated—over the past ten years.Shearer now carefully inspects every tree before cutting and has been using metal detectors to check every trunk being processed.Yet Ihor Mereszczak, of the Nez Perce Forest Service, says it has been hard to get the FBI’s attention, and investigations have got nowhere.The ELF is only one thread in a web of underground radical environmentalists.Its aim is to inflict as much financial pain as possible on organizations or people who, by its lights, are exploiting the environment.The ELF, though made up of anonymous cells, nonetheless operates a website offering tips on how to cause fires with electric timers.Until recently, it also had a public spokesman.Together with the Animal Liberation Front , which operates along the same lines, the ELF is estimated to be responsible for over $45m-worth of damage in North America over the past few years.In 1998, it caused fires that did $12m-worth of damage in Vail, Colorado, to make the point that the ski resort’s expansion was threatening places where lynxes live.Earlier this year, the ELF burned down the offices of a lumber company in Oregon.Since September 11th, the ALF and ELF have claimed responsibility for starting a fire at a primate research center in New Mexico, releasing mink from an Iowa fur farm, and firebombing a federal corral for wild horses in California.Are they terrorists? The two groups reject the label, claiming to take all precautions against harming “animals, whether humans or not”.But earlier this year Louis Freeh, the FBI’s boss, listed both organizations among the most active domestic terrorist groups.Scott McInnis, the Republican congressman whose district includes Vail, argues it is only a matter of time before somebody gets hurt, and he now expects the FBI to put in more resources.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

The House subcommittee on forests, which Mr McInnis heads, will hold a hearing on eco-terrorism in February.But he has annoyed some mainstream green groups by asking them to denounce the ELF’s and ALF’s methods.Greenpeace, for instance, says that its disapproval is self-evident, and resents being asked to express it.Mr.McInnis still wants their answer by December 1st, but the war on eco-terrorism is off to a rocky start.1.What did the ELF do to Shearer Lumber Products?

[A] Hurt its employees.[B] Crippled its equipments.[C] Hid metals in its trees.[D] Protested against its spiking.2.We can infer from the passage that_____.[A] Shearer has experienced many violent incidents [B] new tools have been used to investigate terrorists

[C] FBI has been active in the war on eco-terrorism [D] ELF openly declares its beliefs and ends

3.According to ELF, all of the following are environmentally harmful except_____.[A] causing fire in the houses [B] expanding ski resort [C] doing research on animals [D] invading into animal habitats

4.It is true of radical environmentalists that they_____.[A] aim at causing damage to companies [B] resort to violence to achieve their purpose

[C] will do no harm to real people [D] are divided on opinions about terrorism

5.The best title for the text may be_____.[A] The Green Threat [B] Protecting Forests [C] Earth’s Liberation [D] Terrorism Defeated 答案：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 核心词汇和超纲词汇

spike尖状物，尖头;鞋钉用尖物刺入

cripple使残废，使跛，使成瘸子;严重损坏;伤残人，残疾人，有缺陷的人

vandalize摧残，破坏，任意破坏 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

cell牢房;细胞;小隔室;电池;政治小组，基层组织，如a terrorist ~

along/on the lines按„„方式

denounce公开指责，公然抨击，谴责

全文翻译

对于驻爱达荷的希勒木材产品公司来说，伊斯兰恐怖主义也许是遥远的威胁。但是生态恐怖主义是确实存在的威胁。十一月份的时候，地下组织“地球解放阵线” 警告说他已在内兹佩尔塞国家森林的树木中“钉了钉子”以抗议伐木行为。“钉钉子”包括在树干中藏金属棒，从而破坏链锯并有可能伤到人。更多类似的攻击还会发生。它们怎样归入美国对抗恐怖主义的战斗中呢?

过去十年中，国家森林里的暴力事件急剧增多。如今希勒在砍树前仔细检查每一棵树，并一直使用金属探测器检查所有被加工的树干。然而，内兹佩尔塞国家森林服务中心的Ihor Mereszczak说，很难引起美国联邦调查局的注意，调查也毫无进展。

“地球解放阵线”只是地下激进环保主义组织中的一员。它的目的是让那些根据它的标准破坏了环境的个人或组织在经济上尽可能蒙受巨大的损失。该组织虽然由匿名的小组组成，却经营着一个网站就如何用电子计时器纵火给予提示。最近它还有了公共发言人。

“地球解放阵线”和按同一种方式运行的“动物解放阵线”一起，估计在过去几年中造成了多达四千五百万元的损失。比如,1998年“地球解放阵线”在科罗拉多州的唯尔因抗议滑雪胜地的扩建威胁了山猫的居所而放火;今年初它在俄勒冈州又烧毁了一家伐木公司的办公室;以及自九月十一日以来，它和同性质的“动物解放阵线”一起，声称对以下事件负责：新墨西哥州一家灵长类动物研究中心的纵火事件，爱荷华州一家毛皮生产农场的貂被放走事件，加利福尼亚州一个用来圈野马的畜栏遭到燃烧弹攻击事件。

他们是恐怖主义者吗?这两个团体拒绝被称作“恐怖分子”，而且宣称他们会采取一切措施来预防对动物的伤害。但是今年初，联邦调查局局长路易·弗里将两个组织列为国内最活跃的恐怖主义组织。共和党籍众议员麦克伊尼斯所在区包括唯尔，认为迟早会有人受到伤害，现在他期望联邦调查局局投入更多的资源。

麦克伊尼斯领导的“森林小组委员会”将在二月份召开生态恐怖主义的听证会。但是，他已经触怒了一些主流的绿色组织，因为他要求它们公开谴责“地球解放阵线”和“动物解放阵线”的做法。比如，“绿色和平”组织宣称它的反对是不言而明的，并对被要求表态表示气愤。麦克伊尼斯先生仍然要求他们在11月1日给出回答，关于生态恐怖主义的战斗有了一个开端。

第二篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题

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2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题范文

（一）Democrats and global warming

A RECENT sketch on Saturday Night Live suggested how the world would be if Al Gore had won the presidency in 2000.In the last six years we have been able to stop global warming, intoned Mr Gore.No one could have predicted the negative results of this.Glaciers that once were melting are now on the attack.Nerdy environmentalism is Mr Gore s forte.He would have ridden that hobby horse in the 2000 campaign, according to Joe Klein in Politics Lost , if his political consultants had not muzzled him.Now, almost alone, he has brought his favourite issue back into the political spotlight.His film about the horrors of global warming, An Inconvenient Truth , opened this week in Los Angeles and New York.With it comes inevitable talk of another try at the presidency.Mr Gore consistently waves that away.But other prominent Democrats are raising their voices for the cause.This week Senator Hillary Clinton urged action on global warming in a big speech on energy policy in Washington, DC.Notably, she praised Mr Gore as a committed visionary on global warming for more than two decades.Last week, her husband Bill told graduates at the University of Texas s public affairs school in Austin-as temperatures outside soared to 34°C-that Climate change is more remote than terror, but a more profound threat.Do voters care? Although a Gallup poll this spring found that 67% of respondents thought the quality of the environment was getting worse , climate change is hardly in the class of Iraq or health care.And it is still rare for politicians to mention it on the stump.Bill Ritter, the Democratic nominee for governor in Colorado, notes that global warming is a worry for the ski industry in his state-but says his audiences care more about the quality of their water or their air.Most midwestern politicians nowadays cannot talk enough about alternative fuels, but they link them to the economy rather than climate change, hoping for a boost for local corn or soyabean farmers.A few bad hurricanes may change that indifference.The 2006 season begins next week, and federal meteorologists predict it will be particularly nasty.Although conservatives have vigorously disputed the link between global warming and last year s dreadful storms, another Katrina could push people over the edge.Gregg Easterbrook of the Brookings Institution, a think tank, says that politicians also need a new tack.Instead of dwelling on gloom and doom, they should appeal to American optimism, emphasising that the problem can probably be solved after all, and cheaper and faster than anyone thinks.And what about conservatives? George Bush has recently conceded that America is addicted to oil , but he still argues about the causes of global warming.John McCain, another possible presidential contender in 2008, has been out in front.He has sponsored legislation for cap and trade emissions of greenhouse gases, and declared in a recent speech in Phoenix that Climate 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

change is real and is having a major impact on our way of life.二．

Senate inquiry in loan case is studying stock transfer

An Education Department official and financial aid directors at three universities received stock in a student loan company from the company s current president in what may have been a violation of securities law, Senate aides looking into the transactions say.In various documents that have been turned over to staff members working for Senator Edward M.Kennedy, the president of the company described the transfers as gifts.But at least one recipient of the shares has said he paid for the stock.Because the executive, Fabrizio Balestri of Student Loan Xpress, had acquired the shares in a private placement of stock that restricts how it can be transferred, the gifts-or sale-may have run afoul of federal securities laws, said Mr.Kennedy, the Massachusetts Democrat who heads the Senate education committee.Yesterday he called on federal regulators to investigate the transactions.The senator s staff has been investigating relations between loan companies and universities.The disclosures last week that the financial aid administrators owned the stock have prompted concerns that they had an incentive to steer students to the loan company.The government official helped oversee lenders in the federal student loan program.The documents describing the transfers of stock as gifts were signed by Mr.Balestri and his wife.They contradict what one financial aid director said in an interview last week.That official, Lawrence Burt of the University of Texas at Austin, said he had paid $1,000 for 1,500 shares.Mr.Burt could not be reached for comment last night.Mr.Balestri transferred stock not only to Mr.Burt but also to David Charlow, financial aid director for Columbia s undergraduate college and its engineering school;Catherine Thomas, director of financial aid at the University of Southern California;and Matteo Fontana, general manager in a unit of the Office of Federal Student Aid at the Department of Education.In recent days, all four have been put on leave by their employers.Senate aides said that for each $10,000 in the private placement, investors had received 10,000 shares and 5,000 warrants, or options to purchase additional stock before a certain date, in Education Lending Group, which was then the parent of Student Loan Xpress.Mr.Balestri obtained $80,000 worth of stock and kept none of it, according to the documents.In a personal list called memorandums of gift , he wrote that he gave away 80,000 shares to 16 people on Dec.31, 2001.That was one day before he began work at the company as its president.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

The 2001 private placement raised $3.7 million for Education Lending and was authorized by that company s chief executive, Robert deRose.At the time, the stock was trading between $1 and $2 a share.It is not clear who purchased the rest of the shares or whether anyone else at the company had knowledge of Mr.Balestri s transfers.violation

n.违反, 违背, 妨碍, 侵害, [体]违例

afoul

a.冲撞的，纠缠的ad.冲突着, 碰撞着

securities law证券法

steer

v.驾驶，掌舵

[真题例句] Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes , makes it sound like a precise science.[1997年阅读5]

[例句精译] 很多用来描述货币政策的词，如 引导经济软着陆、经济刹车，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。

warrant

n.①正当理由;②许可证，委任状;v.保证，担保

三．

The world since September 11th

IT STANDS to reason that 19 men cannot change history.But they did.Five years and two Americanled wars later, the world created by the September 11th hijackers is a darker place than almost anyone predicted at the start of the new century.Al Qaeda itself may have been battered and dispersed, but the idea it stands for has spread its poison far and wide.The essence of that idea, so far as a coherent one can be distilled from the ferment of broadcasts and fat was issued by Osama bin Laden and his disciples, is that Islam is everywhere under attack by the infidel and that every Muslim has a duty to wage holy war, jihad, in its defence.America is deemed a special target for having trespassed on the Arab heartland.可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

Intoxicated by their defeat of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan in the 1980s, the jihadists are hungry to topple another superpower.This cause had deadly adherents before the attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Centre in 2001.Mr bin Laden issued his Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders in 1998, the year alQaeda bombed two American embassies in East Africa.But an honest tally of the record since September 11th has to conclude that the number of jihadists and their sympathisers has probably multiplied many times since then.It has multiplied, moreover, partly as a result of the way America responded.The first of the two wars George Bush launched after September 11th looked initially like a success, and compared with the second it still is.AlQaeda operated openly in Afghanistan and enjoyed the protection of its noxious Taliban regime, which refused America s request to hand Mr bin Laden over.America s invasion, one month after America itself had been attacked, therefore enjoyed broad international support.The fighting ended swiftly and the political aftermath went as well as could be expected in a polity as tangled as Afghanistan s.By 2004 a firstever free election had legitimated the presidency of Hamid Karzai.A ramshackle but representative parliament took office in 2005.The country is plagued by warlordism and the opium trade, and Taliban fighters are mounting a challenge in the south.But they do not yet look capable of dislodging the new government in Kabul.Even though Mr bin Laden himself eluded America s forces in Afghanistan, the invasion deprived alQaeda of a haven for planning and training.This achievement, however, was cancelled out by the consequences of Mr Bush s second war: the invasion of Iraq in March 2003.There, three and a half years on, fighting and terrorism kill hundreds every month, providing the jihadists with both a banner around which to recruit and a live arena in which to sharpen their military skills.Why has Iraq turned out so much worse than Afghanistan? Not only because of the familiar catalogue of Rumsfeldian incompetence-disbanding Iraq s army, committing too few American troops-but also because of alQaeda itself.Like most Sunni extremists, some in alQaeda regard Shia Muslims as virtual apostates.Abu Musab alZarqawi, the movement s leader in Iraq, managed before being killed last June to organise so many attacks on Shias and their holy places that after a long forbearance the Shias at last struck back, turning what had been an insurgency against the Americans and the new government into a bitter sectarian war.

第三篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题

可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.comN: Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn t deserve to be killed for this.The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens, says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Before Gaither s murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive.From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its Equality Begins at Home campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation.Says Conaty: These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message.The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force s policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights.Adds Vaid: It s more than just a gay thing.1.What is implied in the first two paragraphs? 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred [B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago [C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death [D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga 2.The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation [B]people want to extend the hate-crime law [C]the gays are really in a terrible fix [D] people are indifferent to the gay student 3.Alvin Holmes’ attitude toward the gay victims is _________.[A]indifferent [B]sympathetic [C]outrageous [D]considerate 4.Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay [B] sharpened people’s awareness [C]gave legislation some momentum [D]failed to have any change in the legislation 5.The text intends to express the idea that __________.[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors [B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go

[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched

答案：C A B D C

词汇注释

homosexual n.同性恋

echo vt.摹仿, 重复

rallying point n.聚集点,号召力

legislator n.立法者

momentum n.动力, 要素

in the wake of adv.尾随, 紧跟, 仿效

lynching n.处私刑

allegation n.主张，断言, 辩解

offensive n.进攻, 攻势

grass-roots adj.一般民众的, 由乡间民间来进行的 二．

Federal reserve: Difference of opinion

THE outcome was never in doubt.On December 12th America s central bank kept shortterm interest rates unchanged at 5.25%.What mattered was the statement accompanying the Federal Reserve s decision.Although Ben Bernanke and his colleagues gave a nod to the slowing economy , they repeated that they still considered inflation a bigger worry than weak growth.That is not what Wall Street has been thinking.According to the latest Blue Chip monthly survey, four out of five financial forecasters reckon the central bank s next move will be to cut the federal funds rate.Some once optimistic seers have been busy cutting their growth forecasts.The price of fed funds futures suggests that financial markets see a 20% chance of lower interest rates by April.This had been close to 70%, but unexpectedly strong growth in jobs and then retail sales 可锐教育官网http://www.xiexiebang.com

in November has caused some in the markets to think a rate cut less likely.The central bankers are simultaneously more cautious and more optimistic than many on Wall Street.With core inflation still well above the 12% rate they unofficially deem appropriate, Mr.Bernanke and his colleagues are genuinely worried about price pressure.Although fuel costs have fallen sharply, core consumer prices, which exclude the volatile categories of food and energy, still rose by 2.8% in the year to October.The Fed s preferred price gauge, the core personal consumption deflator, went up by 2.4% in the year to October, only a little short of the fastest pace for a decade.With inflation still too high, cautious central bankers see scant reason for abandoning their hawkish rhetoric.By the same token, the officials are less concerned by the risk of a slowdown than their counterparts on Wall Street are.Not only do the central bankers expect the economy to grow below its trend rate in the short term;they want it to.That is because a period of below trend growth will help dampen inflationary pressure by increasing the amount of slack in the economy.Fed officials worry that labour markets, in particular, are too tight.In their July forecast the central bankers expected an average unemployment rate of between 4.75% and 5% for the fourth quarter of 2006 and 2007, well above today s 4.5%.Modestly higher joblessness would be welcome.That unemployment has not risen suggests the economy has not slowed much below its trend rate of growth.If prudence is telling the central bankers to stand pat, so is their optimism.The Fed is not among those who believe that America s unexpectedly deep housing bust will drag the rest of the economy down.In a recent speech Mr Bernanke made it clear that he saw little sign of the housing recession spreading elsewhere.A stream of weak statistics in subsequent days, particularly a report hinting that manufacturing was in recession, suggested that his optimism might be misplaced.

第四篇：1988年考研英语真题及解析

1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Close Test

For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］, and ［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10 points)

①In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World.②The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia.③Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims.④They were looking for a place where they could worship God

1.⑤Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its.⑥The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620.⑦It was the middle of the stern northern winter.⑧

months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them.⑨Only the strongest of the pilgrims

that winter.⑩Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves.○11Living

began to improve in the spring of 1621.1○2There were wild vegetables.○13There were berries and fruit.○14Fish and game were plentiful.1○5Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing.1○6The colonists‟ health

with the warm weather and their better diet.1○7In the fall, they look back

the past year.○18They were both regretful and thankful.○19Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained.○20The price in human life and tragedy had been great.2○1On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future.○22A splendid harvest was

them.2○3They were ready for the second winter with confidence.2○4They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter.2○5Seven were for families, and four were for communal use.2○6 9 , they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.2○7The woods and forests became safe.○28When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists.○29At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday.○30It was their first Thanks giving Day.[328 words] 1.［A］ in their own style

［B］ in their own way ［C］ on their own

［D］ of their own 2.［A］ course

［B］ route

［C］ passage ［D］ channel 3.［A］ Uncomfortable ［B］ Bad

［C］ Unfavourable ［D］ Terrible 4.［A］ passed

［B］ sustained ［C］ survived ［D］ spent 5.［A］ situations

［B］ environments ［C］ conditions

［D］ circumstances 6.［A］ strengthened ［B］ regained ［C］ recovered ［D］ improved 7.［A］ in

［B］ of

［C］ over

［D］ at 8.［A］ on

［B］ behind

［C］ for

［D］ beyond 9.［A］ Best of all ［B］ For the best ［C］ To their best ［D］ All in all 10.［A］ ashore

［B］ around

［C］ about

［D］ aboard

试题精解

一、文章结构分析

本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了“五月花号”抵达美洲新大陆的情况及感恩节的来历。

第一段交代了文章的背景：一批殖民者到达北美新大陆。①至④句介绍了“五月花号”前往美洲的原因，⑤至⑩句介绍了“五月花号”上的朝圣者在途中以及登陆后遇到的困难，○11至1○6句介绍了他们生活条件得到好转的原因及表现。第二段通过对过去的回顾与对未来的展望，叙述了朝圣者怀有感恩的心态并与当地印第安人签署友好协定，为下文感恩节的形成做了铺垫。

第三段说明了感恩节产生的直接原因：朝圣者想庆祝他们定居新家的第一年。

二、试题具体分析

1.［A］ in their own style

［B］ in their own way以…特有的方式 ［C］ on their own单独，独立地

［D］ of their own自己的，本人的 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义+固定短语

［快速解题］空格处填入的短语作状语，修饰worship God，说明朝圣者前往新大陆的原因。in one‟s own way是固定搭配，意为“以…特有的方式”，代入文中意为“以他们特有的方式敬仰上帝”，符合上下文逻辑关系，为正确答案。on their own与of their own不符合文意，style虽然可以表示“方式、方法”，但该含义不用于in one‟s own…结构，应排除。

［篇章分析］①至④句是第一段的第一个层次，揭示了五月花号前往新大陆的原因。④句是一个复合句，主干为They were looking for a place，后接where引导的定语从句修饰place。［空格设置］in one‟s own way是固定短语，如：I expect she does love you in her own way.我想她的确是以她特有的方式爱你。

［干扰项设置］其他项利用常见的固定搭配设置干扰。例句：The accident happened through no fault of her own.这一事故的发生不是她本人的过错。He did it on his own.这件事他独立完成了。

2.［A］ course航向，航线

［B］ route路线，路途 ［C］ passage通道，航程

［D］ channel渠道，海峡 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析

［快速解题］空格处填入的名词作lost的宾语，因此此题关键是判断那个选项可与lost搭配且符合文意。四个选项构成的动宾搭配分别表示“迷失航向”、“迷失路线”、“迷失航程”和“迷失海峡”，显然不存在后两种搭配，首先排除[C]和[D]。由于文中具体指出了是海上航行，因此排除常指“地面路线”的route，最佳答案为[A]course。［篇章分析］⑤至⑩句是第一段的第二个层次，分别介绍了朝圣者在航行中及登陆后遇到的困难。

［空格设置］course除了考生熟悉的表示“课程”的含义外，还可意为“（船或飞机的）航向，航线“，如：The plane was on/off course.飞机航向正确/偏离航向。

［干扰项设置］其他项利用其他表示“路径”的词对course形成近义干扰。例句：Which is the best route to take? 哪一条是最佳路线？This passage will take us to the other building.穿过这条通道，我们就可以到达另一座大楼。Complaints must be made through the proper channels.投诉必须通过正当途径进行。

3.［A］ Uncomfortable令人不舒适的 ［B］ Bad令人不快的，坏的

［C］ Unfavourable不利的，有害的 ［D］ Terrible可怕的，造成极大伤害的 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+形容词辨析 ［快速解题］空格处填入的形容词做定语修饰months，意为“…的几个月”。months后面的of…介词结构也做定语后置修饰months，由of后面的一系列名词“starvation、disease、death”可知，这几个月的情况是极其严重的，因此，在四个选项中应选择表示恶劣程度最深的terrible。

［空格设置］terrible的词义和用法比较简单，本题需要考生理解上下文的具体内容做出选择。

［干扰项设置］其他项利用表示“不利的”的形容词设置干扰，考生需结合词语表达含义的程度与具体语境排除干扰。

4.［A］ passed通过，经过；消磨，度过

［B］ sustained维持（生命、生存）［C］ survived生存；幸存，挺过，艰难度过 ［D］ spent花（时间），度过 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词辨析

［快速解题］空格所在部分意为“朝圣者中只有最为强壮的人…那个冬天”。pass常用于指无聊或等人时打发、消磨时间；spend强调以某种方式花时间，常接on sth或in doing sth来表示方式。sustain虽然含有“生存”的意思，但其后常接life或人作宾语，不符合文中用法。符合上下文意的只有survive，指“艰难挺过那个冬天”，与上一题中的terrible相呼应。［空格设置］本题借survive考查了考生对上下文的理解。例句：I can‟t survive on $40 a week.一星期40美元，我无法维持生活。

［干扰项设置］其他项是利用表示“度过”的动词对survive构成近义干扰，考生要在理解词义的基础上对单词的用法区别掌握。例句：We sang songs to pass the time.我们借唱歌消磨时间。Few planets can sustain life.能够维持生命存在的行星很少。How long did you spend on your homework? 你做家庭作业用了多长时间？ 5.［A］ situations情况，状况

［B］ environments环境 ［C］ conditions环境，条件

［D］ circumstances条件，状况 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+名词辨析

［快速解题］空格所在部分living 5 意为“生活…”，四个选项都含有“环境，状况”的意思，但是侧重点各有不同。situation强调特定时期和特定地点形势、局面，environments特指影响个体或事物行为或发展的环境，conditions指居住、工作或做事情的环境或条件，circumstances尤其指经济状况。由living以及下文的vegetables、berries等词可知，这里指的是人们的生活条件得到改善，符合文意的为[C]conditions.［篇章分析］○11句至○16句是第一段的第三个层次，指出了朝圣者在新的定居点生活条件得到改善的原因及表现。

［空格设置］conditions本身词义比较简单，但要求考生根据上下文语境排除干扰，作出正确判断。例句：changing economic conditions不断变化的经济状况。

［干扰项设置］其他项利用表示“环境、状况”的名词对conditions形成近义干扰。这几个词虽然含义相近，但用法上各有不同，例句如：We have all been in similar embarrassing situations.我们都遇到过类似的尴尬局面。They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.他们创造了一种可以大大提高生产力的环境。Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.补助金根据经济状况发放。6.［A］strengthened加强，巩固

［B］regained 重新获得，恢复 ［C］recovered恢复健康，康复

［D］improved 改进，改善 本题考核的知识点是：动词辨析

［快速解题］空格所在部分的主语是the colonists‟ health，此题的关键是判断哪个动词能与health搭配，并且能与上下文衔接。strengthened指“增强能力或地位等”，不能与health搭配，首先排除。regained意为“恢复”时常做及物动词，不符合文中用法，但是可以说…regained health。recovered本身即意为“恢复健康”，不需要health作主语。符合上下文语义的只有improve，在文中意为“健康得到改善”。

［篇章分析］○16句的主干部分是The colonists‟ health improved，介词with的用法比较特殊，表原因，介宾短语with…解释了health improved的原因。

［空格设置］improve的含义比较简单，但用法很丰富，可以泛指各方面的“改善、提高”，如：His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation.手术后他的生活质量大大改善了。to improve efficiency/standards/conditions提高效率/标准；改善条件。

［干扰项设置］其他项利用考生熟悉的汉语表达法设置干扰。汉语里经常有“恢复健康、增强健康”的表达方式，考生要熟悉英汉两种语言表达方式的区别，排除干扰。例句：Her position in the party has strengthened in recent weeks.最近几个星期以来，她在党内的地位有所增强。I struggled to regain some dignity.我努力恢复自己的一点儿尊严。He‟s still recovering from his operation.手术后，他仍在恢复之中。7.［A］ in

［B］ of

［C］ over

［D］ at 本题考核的知识点是：介词搭配

［快速解题］空格处填入的介词既要与look back搭配，又要能接the past year作宾语。不存在look back in与look back of的用法，首先排除[A]和[B]。look back over与look back at都可意为“回顾”，但look back at后面接具体的时间或事物，look back over后面接特定阶段，显然文中the past year强调的是一个时间段，符合要求的是look back over，代入文中意为“回顾过去的一年”。

［篇章分析］第二段分为两个层次：1○7至○20句是对过去的回顾，2○1至○26句是对未来的展望与准备。○21句句首on the other hand表明了这种今昔对比。

［空格设置］介词over的含义和用法都很丰富，在知识运用的文章中经常出现，考生要结合具体语境掌握该词用法。

［干扰项设置］其他项利用其他可与look搭配的常用介词设置干扰，需要正确理解上下文才排除干扰。8.［A］ on

［B］ behind

［C］ for

［D］ beyond 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+介词辨析

［快速解题］空格所在部分A splendid harvest was 8 them，意为“一个大丰收…他们”。由○17句in the fall和○23句ready for the second winter可知，他们在秋天已经取得大丰收，并为第二年冬天做准备。behind意为used to say that sth is in sb‟s past，它代入文中，意为“他们身后是（秋天的）一个大丰收”，即“已经获得了丰收”。其他项与them搭配分别意为“由他们支付”、“为了他们”与“他们无法理解“，均不符合上下文语义，应排除。［篇章分析］2○1句是第二段第二个层次的总起句，指出了对未来的希望。2○2句至段末分别从食物、住所以及人际关系三方面举出了充满希望的原因。

［空格设置］本题通过behind考查了考生对文章内部时间逻辑的把握，及它本身不为考生所熟悉的含义。例句：She has ten years‟ useful experience behind her.她已有十年的经验，能派上用场。［干扰项设置］其他项都是利用常用介词设置的脱离上下文的无关干扰，联系上下文语义不难排除。

9.［A］ Best of all最好的是，尤其 ［B］ For the best出于好意 ［C］ To their best

［D］ All in all总的来说 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系

［快速解题］空格处填入的短语放在句首，体现句子之间的逻辑关系，此题的关键是判断空格前后部分的逻辑关系。to their best短语不存在，首先排除。上文都是讲殖民者为来年做的物质准备，○26句重在强调人际关系方面的改善，体现这种强调关系的只有best of all。［篇章分析］2○6句虽然是一个简单句，但是句子结构比较复杂，主干为they had established a treaty of friendship，句首的best of all与with..，under…，in…三个介宾短语做状语。［空格设置］逻辑关系在知识运用中的考查比重越来越大，需要考生提高语篇结构的分析能力。例句如：Best of all, we don‟t have any homework.最好的是我们没有什么家庭作业了。［干扰项设置］其他项都是利用词形设置的形近干扰。例句：I did it for the best.我是出于好意这么做的。All in all it has been a great success.总的来说，那是个巨大的成功。10.［A］ ashore在岸上

［B］ around周围 ［C］ about到处

［D］ aboard在（船、车飞机）上 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+副词辨析

［快速解题］空格所在部分意为“当‘五月花号’返回英格兰的时候，没有一名殖民者…”，显然，表示“在船上”的aboard符合文章语义的衔接，为正确选项。其他三项不符合上下文，应排除。

［篇章分析］2○7○28句承接上文，总结指出殖民者生活状况好转，他们在殖民地定居下来。○29句是过渡句，指出他们想要建立一个节日庆祝新的生活，由此引出○30句感恩节的来历。［空格设置］aboard的含义和用法都比较简单，但需要根据上下文进行推断。

［干扰项设置］其他项是利用aboard的形近词设置的干扰，由于都脱离了上下文，不难排除。

三、全文翻译

1620年，一艘被命名为“五月花号”的小帆船离开伦敦驶往新大陆。“五月花号”向位于弗吉尼亚州温暖海岸的詹姆斯顿殖民地行进。船上的一百名乘客都是朝圣者，他们正在寻找一个地方，在那里他们能以自己特有的方式敬仰上帝。由于狂风和凶猛的暴风雨，“五月花号”迷失了航向。1620年12月份，这一群勇敢的殖民者最终不得不在位于马萨诸塞州岩石嶙嶙海岸的普利茅斯登陆。当时正是北方严冬时期，他们将面对的是充满了饥饿、疾病和死亡的极其可怕的几个月。朝圣者中只有最为强壮的人活过了那个冬天。许多妇女把她们少得可怜的口粮留给了自己的孩子，自己却死于饥饿。生活条件在1621年的春天开始改善：有了野菜、浆果和水果以及充足的鱼和野禽。因此，尽管缺乏狩猎、捕鱼的技巧和经验，他们也能够获得足够的新鲜肉类。由于天气变暖和饮食的改善，殖民者们的健康状况得以好转。在秋天，他们回顾了过去的一年，既遗憾又感激。最初的一百名乘客只有五十人存活了下来，人类生命的代价和和悲剧是如此巨大。另一方面，他们看到了未来的新希望。在他们身后是（秋天的）一个大丰收，他们充满自信地为第二个冬天的到来做好了准备。他们有十一所用于抵御严冬的简陋房屋，其中的七所为家庭所有，四所作为公用。最重要的是，在马萨索特酋长的监管下，他们在夏天与其印第安邻居订立了友好协定。林地和森林变安全了。那年夏天，当“五月花号”返回英格兰的时候，船上没有一名殖民者。在他们定居新家的第一年年底，这些朝圣者想以一个真正的节日来庆祝，这便是他们的第一个感恩节。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)Text 1 ①It doesn‟t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can‟t remember it.②You just waste your valuable time.③Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.①One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading.②You remember better what you read when you know why you‟re reading.①Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you.I‟m just looking”? ②Both you and she know that if you aren‟t sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.③But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you.I want a pair of sun glasses.” ④She says, “Right this way, please.” ⑤And you and she are off--both eager to look for exactly what you want.①It‟s quite the same with your studying.②If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that--nothing.③But if you do know what you want, and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it.④Your reasons will vary;they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”.⑤A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.①This is the way it works.②Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America.I‟m reading this article to find out.” ③Or, “I‟m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” ④Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.①Reading is not one single activity.②At least two important processes go on at the same time.③As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately.④But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read.⑤You have a kind of mental conversation with the author.⑥If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree.That‟s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier.I‟d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” ⑦You don‟t just sit there taking in ideas--you do something else, and that something else is very important.①This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes.②In other words, a good reader is a critical reader.③One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions.④Facts can be checked by evidence.⑤Opinions are one‟s own personal reactions.①Another part of critical reading is judging sources.②Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.一、词汇

1．make no difference没有...作用或影响

2．specific a.明确的 3．suppose v.假设,以为,认为

4．at random随便地，任意地 5．happen to(do sth)碰巧（做某事）

6．skim v.略读 7．react to对...做出反应

8．take in接受，理解

二、长难句

1.It doesn‟t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can‟t remember it.该句的主干为It doesn‟t come as a surprise to you，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to realize that …，that引导的从句做realize的宾语。宾语从句为主从复合句，句末为if引导的条件状语从句，主干为it makes no difference，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的what you read or study。

翻译：如果你不能记住你所读或者所学的东西，那你读什么或学什么就无关紧要了，这一点毫不出奇。

三、文章结构分析

这篇文章主要探讨阅读和学习中记忆的方法。文章段落分散，语言平实易懂，总体可以分为三个部分。

第一部分为第一段，提出现象：指出记忆对于阅读或学习的重要性，并且记忆需要聪明的方法。

第二部分为第二至五段，叙述帮助记忆的方法之一：有目的或有原因的阅读。以购物过程和阅读过程做类比说明，有目的或有原因的阅读可以帮助读者获得明确信息并进行良好记忆。第三部分为第六至八段，论述阅读的过程——理解内容和批判性地思考评估内容，而后者又包括区分事实与观点、评判信息来源和进行准确推理。

四、试题具体分析

11.If you cannot remember what yo

11.如果你不能记住所阅读或学习的内容，________。[A] 这毫不出奇

[B] 这意味着你没有真正学到任何东西 [C] 这意味着你没有选对阅读的书籍

[D] 你意识到这无所谓 [A] it is no surprise [B] it means you have not really learned anything [C] it means you have not chosen the right book [D] you realize it is of no importance 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。

第一段指出如果你不能记住你所读或所学的内容的话，就是在浪费宝贵的时间，即你没有从中学到任何东西，[B]选项正确。

[A]和[D]选项偷换概念，第一段指出，如果不能记住所读或所学的内容，那么所读或所学内容无关紧要，这一点毫不出奇，而非“不能记住所读或所学内容”不出奇或无关紧要。[C]选项无干干扰，从文中无从推知。

12.Before you start reading, it i[A] to make sure why you are reading [B] to relate the information to your purpose [C] to remember what you read [D] to choose an interesting book

12.在你开始阅读之前，有必要________。

[A] 确定你阅读的原因 [B] 将信息与目的联系起来 [C] 记住你所读的内容 [D] 选择有趣的读物

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。

第二段提出一种帮助记忆的可靠方法，即有目的或有原因的阅读，换句话说，就是在阅读前确定阅读的目的或原因。[A]选项正确。

[B]和[C]选项张冠李戴，它们是阅读和记忆过程中的步骤，而非阅读前的步骤。[D]选项无中生有。

13.Reading activity invo[A] only two simultaneous processes [B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically [C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions [D] mainly drawing accurate inferences

13.阅读行为包括________。[A] 仅仅两个同时发生的过程

[B] 主要是理解内容和批判性地评估内容

[C] 仅仅区分事实与观点 [D] 主要进行准确推理

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。由题干关键词reading activity定位到文章第六段。第六段首句指出阅读并非一项独立的行为，它包括至少两个同时发生的重要过程。③④句列出这两个过程：迅速而准确地理解内容和以自己的思维表述对所读内容的反应。[B]选项是对这两个过程的同义改写，为正确项。[A]选项以偏概全，第六段首句指出阅读行为至少包括（at least）两个同时发生的过程，而非仅仅（only）这两个过程。[C]和[D]选项张冠李戴，“区分事实与观点”和“进行正确推理”是最后两段提到的“对所阅读的内容进行思考的附加过程”的部分内容，而非阅读行为的直接过程。一般而言，带有绝对意味的限定性词语的选项（如only和merely）都不是正确项。

14.A good reader is one 14.一位好读者是________。[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about [A] 将其所读的内容与其了解的主题相关知识联系the subject matter 起来

[B] does lots of thinking in his reading [B] 在阅读过程中进行大量思考 [C] takes a critical attitude in his reading [C] 对阅读采取批判性的态度 [D] is able to check the facts presented against what he [D] 能够将所读到的事实与已知事实核对

has already known 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。

由题干关键词“a good reader”定位到第七段。②句明确指出，一位好读者就是一位批判性的读者。[C]选项是这句话的同义改写，为正确项。

[A]、[B]和[D]选项以偏概全，第七、八段论述批判性阅读，指出思考阅读内容的过程包括评估内容、将所读内容与已知内容进行联系、根据自己的目的进行应用；而批判性阅读则包括区分事实与观点、评判内容来源、进行准确推理。[A]选项是思考过程中的一点；[B]选项仅提及阅读中思考这一要素，而忽略批判性阅读的其他要素；[D]选项也只提到批判性阅读中的两点，因此其他三项都不完整。

五、全文翻译

如果你不能记住你所读或者所学的东西，那你读什么或学什么就无关紧要了，这一点毫不出奇。这样不过是浪费宝贵时间罢了。不过，或许你早已发现一些聪明的方法来避免遗忘。一种帮助你记住所学内容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的阅读。如果你清楚你为何而阅读，那么你对所阅读的内容就会记得更牢靠些。当你拒绝商店售货员的帮助（“不，谢谢，我只是看看”）时，为什么售货员就转身走开了呢？这是因为你和她都知道，如果你不确定自己要什么，你也不大可能会有所收获。然而，假设你的回答是“是的，谢谢，我想买一副太阳镜。”她会回答，“好的，请这边走。”然后你和她就向“目的地”走去——都迫切地去寻找你想要的东西。这与你的学习过程非常相似。如果你随机选择了一本书，“只是看看”而不是寻找具体东西，那么你所得到的很可能是——一无所获。但是，如果你知道你想要什么，而你手头又有正确的书，那么你几乎肯定会获得你所想要的东西。你的缘由可能大不相同：阅读或学习是为了“找出更多信息”、“为了理解原因”和“为了找出方法”。一个好学生对于他所做的事情总有一个明确的目的或原因。

这就是奏效的方法。在开始学习之前，你这样告诉自己，“我想知道斯蒂芬·文森特·贝尼特为什么这样描写美国。我读这篇文章就是要找出原因。”或者“我要通读这篇文章，看看中世纪英格兰的生活到底是什么样子的。”由于你知道阅读或学习的原因，你就可以将这些信息与你的目的紧密联系，并更好地记住它。

阅读并不是一项独立的行为，期间至少两个重要过程同时发生。在阅读时，你能够迅速而又准确地理解内容，同时在对所读内容予以反应时也在表述自己的思想。你与作者进行一种精神对话。如果你口头表述你的想法的话，它们很可能是“是的，我同意，我的想法也是这样。”或是“嗯……，我以为这项纪录早就被打破了。我最好还是再查查日期。”或是“但是还要考虑一些其他的事实！”你并不只是坐在那里理解内容——你还在做其他的事情，而这些事情往往非常重要。

对所阅读的内容进行思考的附加过程包括评估这些内容、将其与已知信息相联系，并根据自身目的来进行应用。换句话说，一位好读者也是一位批判性的读者。正如你所发现的，批判性阅读的一部分就是区分事实与观点。事实可以通过证据来确认，而观点只是个人反应。批判性阅读的还包括评判来源和进行准确推理。Text 2 ①If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior.②Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes.③One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand.④Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.⑤In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce noise.①Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise.②Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working(or sitting)in music halls where rock bands are playing.③In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels(a measure of the loudness of sound)can be considered dangerous.④Decibel values correspond to various sounds.⑤Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.⑥Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).①Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise.②If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.③The problem is noise.一、词汇

1．extent n.范围，程度

2．at hand在手边

3．stimulin（stimulus的复数形式）刺激 4．exposure n.(to sth)暴露（在…下）5．intensity n.强度，强烈

6．duration n.持续 7．frequency n.频繁,频率

8．hazard n.危险,危害 9．decibel n.分贝

10．measure n.量度 11．correspond to相应于，符合于

12．intermittent a.间歇的，断断续续的 13．vigilance n.警戒

14．detect v.检测，发现 15．rear n.后面,背后

二、长难句

1.Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.该句的主干是Thus stimuli will be considered noise，主语stimuli后接有that引导的定语从句做后置定语；谓语部分有介词短语at another time做时间状语。句末分词depending on …做条件状语。

翻译：因此，根据人们手头的工作，某些时候的刺激在另外一些时候就是噪音。

2.Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.该句的主干是Sounds may produce significant hearing loss，介词短语above about 85 decibels做后置定语，修饰主语名词sounds。插入语部分为if条件句，做条件状语，修饰谓语动词。翻译：如果呆在超过85分贝噪音环境中的时间足够长，将会造成严重的听力丧失。

3.Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.该句的主干为Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies … and whether …，其中depend upon后接有and连接的并列名词结构做介词宾语。第一个名词frequencies后接有to which引导的定语从句做后置定语；第二个为whether引导的宾语从句。

翻译：实际的听力丧失程度要看噪音的具体频率和噪音是持续性的还是间歇性的。

4.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).该句为主从复合句。主句为Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks，have effects on sth意为“对……有影响”。if引导条件从句，其主干为one is performing a watch keeping task，that引导的定语从句修饰a watch keeping task。该定语从句的主干为that(a watch keeping task)requires vigilance，in which引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰名词vigilance。

翻译：在某些任务的工作过程中，噪声会造成意想不到的危害。例如，一个人正执行一件需要高度警惕的观察工作，负责检测某种弱信号（如，观察雷达屏幕上飞行器的出现）。5.If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件状语从句，句子主干为you may have noticed that …and that …，其宾语由and连接的两个that引导的宾语从句构成。

翻译：如果你坐在喷气式飞机的后部，首先你会注意到进行谈话是多么困难，最终，你不得不提高音量来抵消噪音的影响。

三、文章结构分析

这篇文章主要探讨噪音对人类及其行为的有害影响。文章主题明确，层次清晰，总体结构为总分结构，可以分为两个部分。第一部分为总（第一段）：提出噪音现象，给出噪音定义，并指出人们开始关注噪音对人类行为的影响。

第二部分为分（第二、三和四段）：论述噪音对人类及其行为的有害影响。第二段指出噪音会造成人类听力的部分或完全丧失。第三段指出噪音会对某些工作执行造成意想不到的危害。第四段指出噪音会对人际交流造成不良影响。

四、试题具体分析

15.Noise differs from sound15．噪音与声音的不同之处在于噪音是________。[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done [A] 干扰人们工作的声音

[B] it is a special type of loud sound [B] 一种特别类型的大音量的声音 [C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities [C] 在大城市中通常难以避免 [D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter [D] 其定义可以比声音的定义更加准确

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。

众所周知，噪音是声音的一种。文章首段给出了噪音的两种定义，一种是人们的通俗定义，噪音是人们不想听到的声音；另一种是较为准确的科学定义，噪音是与当前任务无关的声音，即干扰人们工作的声音。[A]选项是第二种定义的同义改写，为正确项。

[B]选项以偏概全，音量大是噪音的特点之一，但并非噪音的唯一特点。[C]和[D]选项利用文中出现词语large city、define和precisely捏造无关干扰。

16.One of the harmful effects of noise on hu16.噪音对人类工作的有害影响之一是________。[A] it reduces one‟s sensitivity [A] 降低人们的敏感性 [B] it renders the victim helpless [B] 使受害者感到无助 [C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music [C] 剥夺人们享受音乐的快乐 [D] it drowns out conversations at worksites [D] 淹没人们在工作地点的对话

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。

第二、三和四段论述噪音对人类的有害影响。第三段指出噪音会干扰某些任务的执行，该段以一项需要高度警惕的观察工作（如监测雷达屏幕上飞行器的出现）为例暗示噪音会分散观察者的注意力，即降低人们的敏感性，[A]选项正确。

[B]和[C]选项从文中无从推知。[D]选项利用第四段“噪音对人际交流产生不良影响”进行干扰，但文中指出人们会根据噪音音量来提高自己说话的音量，而不是对话完全被噪音淹没。

17.The purpose of this pas[A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior [B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution [C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss [D] to tell the difference between noise and sound

17.这篇文章的目的是________。[A] 确定噪音对人类行为的影响 [B] 警告人们噪音污染的危险 [C] 提供如何避免听力丧失的建议 [D] 叙述噪音与声音之间的差异

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：文章主旨题。

这篇文章采取总分结构探讨噪音对人类及其行为的影响。第一段为总，提出噪音现象以及人们对噪音对人类行为的影响的关注。第二、三和四段为分，论述噪音对人类行为的具体影响，包括造成人类听力部分或完全丧失、影响工作任务的执行、阻碍人际交流。[A]选项是文章内容的总体概括，为正确项。

[B]和[D]选项以偏概全，[B]仅能概括文章第二段部分内容，即噪音会造成听力丧失（噪音污染的危险之一）；[D]仅提及第一段噪音定义的部分内容，两者都不能完全概括全篇内容。[C]选项无中生有，文章第二段提及噪音会造成听力丧失，但作者并未就此提出任何建议。

五、全文翻译

如果你居住在一个大城市，对噪音问题就再熟悉不过了，然而，因为关注它的一些有害影响，你可能没有意识到它对人们行为举止的影响程度。虽然每个人都或多或少知道噪音是什么（即人们不想听到的声音），但是最好是从科学目的角度来为其更准确地下定义。其中的一种定义是：噪音是与当前任务无关的声音。因此，根据人们手头的工作，某些时候的刺激在另外一些时候就是噪音。最近几年，人们对噪音对人类行为的影响产生极大兴趣，诸如“噪音污染”的概念也随之出现，同时出现的还有减少噪音的种种行动。置身于嘈杂环境无疑能造成听力的部分或完全丧失，这要看噪声的强度、持续时间和频率构成。目前许多工作都存在噪音危害，如工作在工厂中或喷气机的周围、驾驶农场拖拉机、在演奏摇滚乐的音乐厅中工作（或仅仅身处其中）。一般来说，持续呆在超过80分贝（判断声音大小的度量）的噪音环境中被认为是危险的。分贝的大小和各种声音的大小一致。如果呆在超过85分贝噪音环境中的时间足够长，将会造成严重的听力丧失。实际的听力丧失程度要看噪音的具体频率和噪音是持续性的还是间歇性的。

在某些任务的工作过程中，噪声会造成意想不到的危害。例如，一个人正执行一件需要高度警惕的观察工作，负责检测某种弱信号（如，观察雷达屏幕上飞行器的出现）。噪音对人际交流也会产生不良影响。如果你坐在喷气式飞机的后部，首先你会注意到进行谈话是多么困难，最终，你不得不提高音量来抵消噪音的影响。噪音就是问题的根源。

Text 3 ①The traditional belief that a woman‟s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.②It is said that it is a woman‟s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children.③Thus a woman‟s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years.④Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases.⑤Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.①It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home.②That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing.③Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.④Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins.⑤Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week.⑥The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.①Apart from women‟s own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered.②Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work.③There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women.④It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.⑤The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful.⑥Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married.⑦While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work.一、词汇

1．maintain v.维持,保养

2．compulsory a.义务的 3．cease v.停止

4．drudgery n.苦差事,苦工 5．laundry n.要洗的衣服，洗衣

6．fiber n.纤维

二、长难句

1.The traditional belief that a woman‟s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.该句主干为The traditional belief …can hardly be reasonably maintained，主语名词belief后接有两个that连接的从句做同位语。

翻译：传统观念认为女性属于家庭而非外出工作，但这一观念已经不再适用于当今情况。2.Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.该句主干为Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry，“名词the latest models +分词being entirely automatic and able to”构成的独立主格结构做结果状语。翻译：洗衣机承担了洗衣这一苦差事，最新型的全自动洗衣机可以在几分钟之内清洗并甩干大量衣物。

3.It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.该句主干为It is extremely wasteful to，it为形式主语，不定式结构为真正的主语。不定式结构中又有不定式结构only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry and be lost forever…做结果状语。

翻译：社会花费大量时间与财力培养合格教师或护士，而她们工作一两年之后便结婚，从此便不再工作，这是多大的浪费啊！

三、文章结构分析

这篇文章探讨女性位置的归属。作者从传统观念切入，从女性照顾和教育孩子的职责、承担家庭事务和参与社会工作三个角度进行分析，指出女性除了照顾家庭之外还应该在社会上工作，即女性不单属于家庭，也属于社会。

第一段开门见山，提出主题：女性的归属。传统观念认为女性属于家庭，天职是照顾孩子。随后作者从职责角度分析女性归属不再仅限于家庭，原因在于：一是家庭规模变小，二是女性生育期限减小，三是女性教育孩子时间缩短。

第二段从家庭角度进行分析：现代家庭设备（家用电器、冷冻食品、人造纤维、成装等）的发展大大减轻女性在家庭中的负担与劳动量。第三段从社会角度进行分析：现代社会的良好运行需要女性的贡献。以护士与教师两大职业以及工业和贸易中女性的重要性为例指出女性对社会发展不可或缺。

四、试题具体分析

18.The author holds that ________.18．作者认为________。[A] the right place for all women, married or otherwise, is [A] 不论已婚与否，所有女性的正确位置都属于the home, not elsewhere 家庭而非其他地方 [B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home [C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother [D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the family

[B] 所有已婚女性都应该在家庭之外有一份职

业

[C] 已婚女性应当以母亲的责任为重 [D] 没有接受教育的已婚女性应当留在家中照

顾家庭

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：作者观点题。

文章第一段首句指出传统观念认为女性属于家庭而不应外出工作，但这一观念已经不再适用于当今社会。随后作者从女性照顾和教育孩子的职责、承担家庭事务和参与社会工作三个角度展开分析论述，说明女性的归属不再仅限于家庭，她们应当外出工作，为社会做出自己的贡献，而社会也需要她们的贡献。[B]选项正确。

[A]、[C]和[D]选项反向干扰，这三者都是传统观念，而不是作者的观点。

19.A house-proud woman ________.[A] would devote her whole life to her family [B] would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern [C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as a housewife [D] would take full advantage of modern household appliances

19．以家庭为重的女性________。[A] 把她的整个生活都奉献给家庭 [B] 把自己与其家庭的幸福放在首位 [C] 还需要社会支付费用来接受特殊培训以实

现其作为家庭主妇的责任 [D] 应当充分利用现代家庭设备 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。

由题干关键词“house-proud woman”定位到文章第二段。第二段①句指出有些人认为以家庭为重的女性在家中总有很多事情可做。但接下来作者指出，现代家庭设备（洗衣机、电冰箱、罐装的冷冻食品、简便购物、人造纤维和成装）的发展大大减轻了女性在家庭中的劳动量，而女性应该充分利用这些条件，[D]选项正确。

[A]选项常识干扰，这属于传统观念，并非文章中作者所论述的观点。[B]和[C]选项利用文中出现词语women’s own happiness、training at public expense和help her in duties as a mother进行干扰，[B]选项从文中无从推知，[C]选项是作者反对的观念，作者认为女性应当利用自己所接受的培训为社会做出贡献，而非仅为实现家庭角色。

20.According to the author, modern society ________.[A] can operate just as well even without women participation [B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and women teachers [C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women [D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industries and international trade

20．作者认为现代社会________。[A] 即使没有女性参与其中也能很好地运行 [B] 由于缺乏女性护士与教师而大大阻碍了

其发展

[C] 没有女性的贡献而无法良好运行 [D] 将继续受到重工业与国际贸易中女性工

作人员短缺的严重影响

【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：作者观点题。第三段②句明确指出，如果没有女性在各个职业领域所做出的贡献，现代社会将无法良好运行，[C]选项正确。

[A]选项反向干扰。[B]选项以偏概全，第三段仅是利用护士与教师两大职业中女性的重要性说明女性对于社会发展不可或缺。[D]选项过度引申，首先文中提到的是工业与贸易两大领域，并未具体到重工业与国际贸易；其次最后一段末句所提出的是一种假设的现象，而并非事实。

五、全文翻译

传统观念认为女性属于家庭而非外出工作，但这一观念已经不再适用于当今情况。人们认为照顾孩子是女性的天职，但是如今的家庭规模变小，孩子之间的年龄仅相差一两岁，这样女性生育孩子的整个期限也不过五年。此外，由于孩子在五六岁时开始接受义务教育，女性作为其子女主要教育者的角色也随之终止。因此，即使我们都赞同女性在孩子入学之前应当留在家中照顾他们，这段时间最长也不过十年。

有人可以辩解说，以家庭为重的女性在家庭中总有很多事情要做。这或许是事实，但是很显然，女性没必要花一辈子时间来做饭、打扫和缝缝补补。洗衣机承担了洗衣这一苦差事，最新型的全自动洗衣机可以在几分钟之内清洗并甩干大量衣物。电冰箱可以长时间存储食物，并且现在很多冷冻食物都是罐装，方便获取。购物已经不是每日必做的事情，你可以在一天之内完成一周的采购。新型的人造纤维比自然纤维更耐穿，这大大减少了缝缝补补的需要，而成装既价格便宜又货源充足。除了女性本身的幸福之外，社会的需要也必须纳入考虑之中。如果没有女性在职业领域和其他各种工作中的贡献，现代社会无法良好运行。护士与教师领域人才短缺，而这只是两种女性主导的职业。社会花费大量时间与财力培养合格教师或护士，而她们工作一两年之后便结婚，从此便不再工作，这是多大的浪费啊！确实，这种培训会帮助她们做一个更好的妈妈，但是如果她们继续工作，她们的服务将为社会带来更多的利益。很多工厂与商店的工作人员也是女性，大多数都是已婚者。尽管培训在这种情况下不是主要问题，但是如果已婚女性不再工作的话，工业和贸易就会遭遇人员短缺的窘境。

Section III English-Chinese Translation

Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)

Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient.Stylishly dressed, the firm‟s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease.The company was pleased:(21)Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance.David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique.(22)Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven‟t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women.Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new.For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education.But today no job seems off-limits.Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes.(23)These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do--but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women‟s fields”? All kinds.(24)“I don‟t know of any definite answers I‟d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women.Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker.(25)“I found that work very interesting.” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical.I wasn‟t really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.(26)In other words, men enter “female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work.But similarities often end there.Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous.As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact.The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue.Most men don‟t want to be receptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers.Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs.(27)To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.“There was kidding in the beginning,” recalls Ormont.“Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say „A nurse,‟ they laugh at me.I just smile and say, „You know, there are female doctors, too.‟”

Still, there are encouraging signs.Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses.Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.(28)Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women — or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It‟s probably coming--but not very soon.一、试题结构分析

本文第一至三段指出男性正在从事越来越多传统上由女性承担的工作，而且这些变化影响着长期存在的有关男性和女性工作的传统观念。第四至六段分析指出男性从事女性工作的动机和其他找工作的动机一样：出于个人的兴趣或经济上需要的考虑。第七、八段指出问题仍然存在：从事传统女性工作的男性仍然很少，而且会惹人笑话。第九段以小学教师和男护士人数增加为例说明仍然有令人鼓舞的迹象，并展望未来从事传统女性职业的男性会和女性一样多。

二、试题具体解析

21.本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。【句子结构】该句的主干为this was a person，who引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰person。副词clearly为插入语，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。【词义确定】take pride in意为“以...为豪”。considerable意为“相当的,可观的”。【翻译】显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。22.本题考核的知识点是：方式状语从句。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句，句首为Just as引导的方式状语从句。【词义确定】necessarily意为“必然，必定”。automatically意为“自动地”。【翻译】正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，所有秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。

23.本题考核的知识点是：并列分句，定语从句。

【句子结构】 该句由but连接的两个并列分句构成。前一分句的主干为These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions，名词短语the types of work后接有省略关系代词的定语从句(that)men and women can do。后一分句的主干为they also produce some undeniable problems for the men，who引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰名词men。【词义确定】long-standing意为“长期存在的”。undeniable意为“不可否认的”。【翻译】这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。24.本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。

【句子结构】该句的主干为I don‟t know of any definite answers，名词answers后接有省略关系代词的定语从句(that)I‟d be comfortable with。【词义确定】know of意为“知道，听说”。

【翻译】我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。25.本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句，时间状语从句。

【句子结构】该句是主从复合句，宾语从句由直接引语构成。该从句是and连接的两个并列分句：I found that work very interesting and it just seemed natural for me to …。第二个分句中含有when引导的时间状语从句。

【词义确定】out of the service意为“退职（役）”。go into意为“从事”。

【翻译】他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。

26.本题考核的知识点是：介词短语表原因，定语从句

【句子结构】该句主干为men enter “female” jobs，介词短语out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity …做状语，表示“出于……的原因”。that引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰名词短语personal interest and economic necessity。【词义确定】necessity意为“需要，必需品，必然”。motivate意为“激发，给予动机”。【翻译】换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。27.本题考核的知识点是：并列分句。

【句子结构】该句的主语和表语都是不定式构成。【词义确定】line of work意为“职业”。invite意为“招致（尤指坏事）”。ridicule意为“嘲笑，愚弄”。

【翻译】选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。28.本题考核的知识点是：并列分句。【句子结构】该句的主干为Can we anticipate a day，两个when引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰名词a day，具体说明什么样的一天。【词义确定】mix意为“混合”。raise eyebrows意为“扬起眉毛；怀疑、吃惊的表情”。【翻译】我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊？

三、全文翻译

坐在一家纽约公司前台后面的接待员非常有效率。

这家公司穿着入时的新职员接电话时有着悦耳的声音和自然的魅力，这使客户感到自在。公司非常满意：（21）显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。接待员大卫·金不同寻常，但绝非独特。（22）正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，所有秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。在以女性为主导的领域男性的数量仍然很少，他们也没有像进入以男性为主的领域的女性那样常常得到关注。但是男性正在从事越来越多传统上由女性承担的工作。

严格来讲，这不是新现象。过去几十年中，男性已经悄悄地进入护理、社会工作和基础教育等领域。但是，如今没有什么工作似乎是超出范围的。男性也在办公室准备咖啡、在飞机上准备食物。（23）这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。什么样的男性冒险进入这些所谓的“女性领域”呢？各种各样的男性。（24）“我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案”，威尔斯利大学女性研究中心的约瑟芬·普莱克博士解释说。

比如，在一家波士顿医院工作的30岁护士萨姆·沃蒙特从事护理工作，因为军队曾训练他成为医务工作者。（25）他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。我对于成为医生并不真的感兴趣。”三十五岁的大卫·金是一位失业的演员，他找了一份接待员的工作，因为他很难在百老汇得到合适的角色，却需要支付房租。

（26）换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。但是相似性也仅此而已。承担女性主导的工作的男性是很明显的。他们这个群体的工作历史在大部分方面与其女性同事不同。他们经常从那些在职业上有接触的人那里得到不同的待遇。问题自然产生了：为什么仍然有99个女秘书，而只有1个男秘书？还有一个更严重的问题。大部分男性不想成为接待员、护士、秘书或缝纫工。简单的说，这些工作通常不被认为是男性化的工作。（27）选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。

沃蒙特回忆说：“最初只是开玩笑。从学校来的孩子们问我是谁，当我说“是护士”，他们都嘲笑我。我只是笑着说“知道吗，也有女医生”。但是仍然令人鼓舞的迹象。多年前，小学教师和男护士一样稀有。如今，六个小学老师中至少有一个是男性。（28）我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊?

第五篇：1986年考研英语真题及解析

1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I Close Test

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and［D.Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage.Read the whole passage before making your choices.(10 points)①On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market.②For an hour or

she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and

a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had.③And then, with all the things she needed

she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour

she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.④One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look

without feeling they had to buy something.⑤Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped

before a green armchair.⑥There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours

less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” ⑦A pound a week...8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it!⑧A voice at her shoulder made her.“Can I help you, Madam?” ⑨She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her.⑩“Oh, well, no,” she said.“I was just looking.” ○11“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom.If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.” 1○2Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly.[276 words] 1.［A］ so

［B］ more

［C］ else ［D］ another 2.［A］ taking ［B］ making ［C］ fixing ［D］ keeping 3.［A］ buy

［B］ bought

［C］ buying ［D］ to have bought 4.［A］ in a way ［B］ by the way ［C］ in the way ［D］ on the way 5.［A］ behind ［B］ round

［C］ back ［D］ on 6.［A］ doubted ［B］ wondered ［C］ puzzled ［D］ delighted 7.［A］ at

［B］ for

［C］ with ［D］ in 8.［A］ Why ［B］ When

［C］ How ［D］ What 9.［A］ jump ［B］ leap

［C］ laugh ［D］ wonder 10.［A］ place ［B］ back

［C］ side ［D］ front

一、文章结构分析

本文记叙了一位女士一次购物的经历。

第一段总述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都进城购物。二至四段具体讲述了她某一次的购物经历。

二、试题具体分析

1.［A］ so这么，那么

［B］ more更多 ［C］ else其他的，别的 ［D］ another另外一个 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配+副词用法。［快速解题］空格所在部分For an hour or 是句子的时间状语，考生要判断选项中哪个副词代入能符合这一结构并使文意通顺。…or so是固定搭配，用在数字之后，表示“…左右，…上下”，for an hour or so指“一个小时左右”，说明了时间，符合文意。因此选［A］so。

［篇章分析］文章第①句总说，交待人物（Annie）、时间（每周三下午）、地点（城镇）、活动内容（购物）。②③具体讲述活动内容：首先购买所需物品（②句），然后到家具店“橱窗购物”（③句）。句间通过On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour时间链条，in the market—up and down between the stalls—（leave the market）for the streets—furniture shop地点链条实现衔接。

［空格设置］此处考查so用作副词的一个惯用语…or so，表示约指，例句：There were 20 people or so there.那儿差不多有20个人。

［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的副词。else用于疑问句或nothing，something，everybody等之后，如：What else did he say?他还说了些什么？or else意为“要不然，否则”，是连词词组，引导句子，如：Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快点，否则你就要迟到了。2.［A］ taking ［B］ making ［C］ fixing ［D］ keeping 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。

［快速解题］空格处填入的现在分词其宾语为a sharp lookout for，与上文两个分词短语looking at…, buying…并列，都是句子谓语动词的伴随状语，共同描述人物的购物行为。lookout来自动词短语look out（留心寻觅；当心，提防），指“观察所，瞭望台（人员）”，keep a lookout（for sb/sth）为固定短语，意为“注意，留心”，它代入文中，指“敏锐地留意有时会出售的便宜货”，符合文意，因此选［D］ keeping。

［篇章分析］②句较长，主干为she would walk，副词短语up and down（来回地）与介词短语between the stalls（穿梭于售货摊之间）都是walk的状语，分别表示方式与地点；looking…，buying…and keeping…三个并列的分词短语是walk…stalls的伴随动作。其中在keeping…分词短语中又含有一个that引导的定语从句修饰bargains。

［空格设置］本题考查动词短语，其中中心动词keep与宾语lookout都可设空。例句：The public should keep a lookout for symptoms of the disease.公众应当留心这种疾病的症状。［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的简单动词，但不符合搭配。3.［A］ buy

［B］ bought ［C］ buying ［D］ to have bought 本题考核的知识点是：独立结构。

［快速解题］空格所在部分是“with+逻辑主语（all the things she needed）+__3__”独立结构，在句中做状语，其中she needed是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，后置修饰things，即“她需要的所有东西”。［A］buy是原形动词，不用于独立结构中。［D］to have bought是不定式的完成式，用在这里不符合文意。［B］bought和［C］buying分别为过去分词和现在分词，由于things与buy是被动的逻辑关系，因此选[B]，即“她需要的所有东西都（被）买好之后”。

［篇章分析］③句主干是she would leave the market for the streets of the town，句首with…独立结构表示时间，to spend…不定式短语做目的状语。leave…for…表示“离开（某地）去……”。

［空格设置］本题考查由介词with引导的独立结构。其中逻辑主语all the things和过去分词bought之间为一个省略了关系代词的定语从句she needed，构成解答本题的最大障碍。［干扰项设置］其他项都设置为动词buy的不同形式，需要考生理清句子结构作出判断。4.［A］ in a way在某种程度上，不完全地

［B］ by the way顺便提一下，问一句 ［C］ in the way（…）以……的方式 ［D］ on the way即将去（或来）；在路途中 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配辨析。

［快速解题］由选项可知，空格处填入一个以way为中心名词的介词短语。根据文意，只有in the way代入文中文意通顺，即“以她最喜欢的方式再度过一小时”，因此选[C]。［篇章分析］空格部分in a way…是to spend的方式状语，其中she liked best是省略关系代词that的定语从句，后置修饰way。冒号后的现在分词短语looking in…为the way的同位语，解释说明她再度过一小时的方式。

［空格设置］way是含义丰富的简单词，也可构成许多固定搭配。它在文中取“方式，手段”的意思，如：Infectious diseases can be acquired in several ways.传染病的感染途径有几种。因它在文中后边接有定语从句，故前用定冠词the限定修饰。in the way还可构成固定搭配，意为“妨碍，挡路”，如：I left them alone, as I felt I was in the way.我让他们单独在一起，因为我觉得我碍他们的事。

［干扰项设置］干扰项中都是way的常用固定搭配。例句：In a way it was one of our biggest mistakes.从某种意义上来说，这是我们所犯最大错误之一。What’s the time, by the way?顺便问一句，几点钟了？The letter should be on its way to you.那封信该快到你那了。She stopped for breakfast on the way.她中途停下吃早点。

5.［A］(look)behind朝后面看

［B］(look)round环视，四处看；转过头看 ［C］(look)back 回首，回顾

［D］(look)on旁观；把……看作；（以某种方式）看待 本题考核的知识点是：短语动词。［快速解题］空格所在部分是介词结构with a notice inviting…，做后置定语修饰a new shop，现在分词短语inviting…与notice之间是主动关系，说明通知的内容。空格处填入的副词与look构成短语动词，与walk in并列，在invite sb to do sth结构中都充当invite的宾语补足语。这部分的含义是：（商店贴出告示）邀请所有人进来并且……看看。既然是逛商店，应该是“四处看”，［B］round符合文意。

［篇章分析］④句承接上文，引出Annie一次具体的橱窗购物经历，下文都是对这次经历的具体讲述。④句通过One Wednesday，a new shop（特指时间和地点）与第一段中On Wednesday afternoons，furniture shop（泛指时间和地点）的呼应，实现语段衔接。

［空格设置］本题考查由look构成的短语动词，是常规考点。例句：People came out of their houses and looked around.人们走出家门四处查看。Let’s look round the town this afternoon.咱们今天下午游览市区吧。She looked round when she heard the noise.她听到响声，就回过头去看。［干扰项设置］其他项的副词都可与look搭配，其中look back与look on是固定短语。例句：to look back on your childhood回顾自己的童年。Passers-by simply looked on as he was attacked.他遭人袭击，路人只在一旁袖手旁观。She’s looked on as the leading authority on the subject.她被视为这门学科的主要权威。They looked on his behavior with contempt.他们对他的行为不屑一顾。

6.［A］ doubted怀疑的，不能肯定的［B］ wondered ［C］ puzzled迷惑不解的［D］ delighted高兴的，愉悦的 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义。

［快速解题］空格处填入一个过去分词形式的形容词，做she的主语补足语，描述主语的状态，即当她（Annie）看到一把绿色的扶手椅时，她停下了，……。注意该句实际表示的含义是she stopped and she was。从下文我们可看出，这把椅子对Annie有吸引力，因此，此处表示的应该是她的一种积极的情绪，只有delighted符合文意。delighted也与短首句中delightful相呼应。wonder可以表示“感到诧异，惊讶”，但它常用sb wonders主动形式，其过去分词较不常见。［空格设置］本题通过考查形容词实际考查了对上下文的理解。另外，这里也涉及形容词做主语补足语的语法知识。

［干扰项设置］wonder可意为“想知道，琢磨”，常用~ about sth或接wh-从句；或指“感到惊讶”，常用~at sth或接that从句，如：She wondered at her stupidity.她没想到自己竟会这样愚蠢。它对delight构成同向干扰，但用法错误。doubted与puzzled构成对delighted的反向干扰。7.［A］at ［B］for

［C］with ［D］in 本题考核的知识点是：介词用法。

［快速解题］空格处填入的介词后接钱数（less than a pound）做其宾语，表示椅子的价格。能够单独使用表示价格的只有for，因此选[B]。注意at也可以表示价格，但通常与sell，price（定价）等动词连用。

［空格设置］本题考查了for的特殊用法。for可意为in exchange for sth“换取，交换”，如：Copies are available for two dollars each.两元一份。for表示交换还常与以下动词搭配：bid/charge/offer+钱数+for sth（出价，竞标/收费，要价/出价，报价）。［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用介词。at可以表示价格、比率、速度等，意为“以……，在……”，如：old books selling at ten cents each以每本一角（的价格）出售的旧书；The tickets are priced at $100 each.每张票定价为100元。with可以表示工具，意为“使用，以，借”，如：Cut it with a knife.用刀把它切开。in可以表示使用的语言、材料等，如：I paid in cash.我用现金支付的。8.［A］Why ［B］When ［C］How ［D］What 本题考核的知识点是：感叹词。［快速解题］空格所在句子（⑦句）描述了Annie看到广告后的心理活动。空格前是省略句，是对上文(This fine chair is yours for less than)a pound a week关于椅子价格的重复；空格后是结构完整的句子，说明人物的所想。空格用逗号隔开，填入一个插入成分，独立于前后两部分的结构之外，对句意起补充说明的作用。选项是四个疑问词，可直接引导句子；但why还可以做感叹词，用于表示“惊讶、不耐烦”等，常单独使用，用逗号与其他部分隔开，符合文中用法；它代入文中，表明Annie对椅子的低价格的惊叹，符合文意，因此选[A]。其他项都不符合文中语法要求，应排除。

［空格设置］本题考查了why的熟词僻义。why基本用法是做疑问副词，询问原因。它也可充当关系副词，引导名词性从句或引导以the reason为先行词的定语从句。但它还有做感叹词的特殊用法，例句：Why, it’s easy—a child could do it!哎呀，这容易得很，连小孩子都干得了！

［干扰项设置］干扰项中都是常用的疑问词，并也都可做关联词引导从句。when是疑问副词，询问时间；或用作关系副词，引导名词性从句或定语从句，如：Sunday is the only day when I can relax.星期日是我唯一可以休息的日子。它也用做连词引导时间等状语从句，如：I loved history when I was at school.我上学时喜欢历史。how也是疑问副词，用以询问方式等；或做关系副词，引导名词性从句，如：Do you remember how the kids always loved going there?你记得孩子们总喜欢去那里吗？它有时也引导状语从句，相当于however，如：I’ll dress how I like in my own house.我在自己家里爱怎么穿就怎么穿。what是疑问代词，用于指物，意为“什么”；或用作关系代词，引导名词性从句，如：What you need is a good meal.你需要的是一顿美餐。what可单独使用，表示提问（没听见或没听懂时，或听到对方的话后问对方要什么），或表示惊讶或愤怒，如：‘Mummy！’ ‘What？’ ‘I’m thirsty.’“妈咪！”“什么事？”“我渴。”‘It will cost $500.’‘What?’“这东西要花500元。”“真的?” 9.［A］ jump跳，跃

［B］ leap跳跃，跳越 ［C］ laugh笑

［D］ wonder想知道，琢磨 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词辨析。

［快速解题］空格处填入一个动词，在make sb do结构中做her的宾语补足语，说明肩膀上传来的声音使她（Annie）产生的行为。根据文意及常识，当Annie在专心致志地看广告语时，突然传来的声音应当使她“吓一跳”，而不可能是“笑”或“想”，首先排除[C]，[D]两项。[A]jump及[B]leap都可指“跳”的动作，但文中显然是比喻的说法，而并不一定是真的“跳起来”，jump可指 “（因吃惊、害怕或激动而）猛地一动，突然一跳”，更符合文意，因此选[A]。

［空格设置］本题考查了常用动词jump的熟词僻义。例句：Her heart jumped when she heard the news.听到那消息她的心猛地一跳。

［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用动词且符合文中的语法要求。其中leap构成对jump的近义干扰。jump仅表示“跳”的一般动作，即离开地面或物体表面的“跳，跃”，也指“跳过，跃过”，如：to jump into the air/the last hurdle跳到空中/跨越最后一个栏杆。leap强调to jump high or a long way“跳得高或远”，如：The horse leapt a five-foot wall.那匹马跃过了一道五英尺高的墙。二者都可指“快速移动，突然移动”，leap可引申指“突然做某事”，如：leap into action。二者还都引申为“猛涨，激增”。

10.［A］ place地点，位置，区域；表面的某处，身体某处；座位；地位，资格，名额 ［B］ back背部，后部，背面，（书等的）末尾

［C］ side一边，一侧，侧面，边缘，肋；近旁，身边；一方，一派；方面 ［D］ front正面，前面，前部，胸部；前线，阵线；表面，外表，掩护 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+名词辨析。［快速解题］该句是说明Annie在听到有人说话后的反应：她转过头看着悄悄来到她……的店员。空格处填入一个名词，说明店员所处的相对Annie的位置。根据文意，既然是转头看（look round at），[D]“来到她前面”可首先排除；店员应该是来到顾客的“身侧”与他们交谈，[A]“来到她的位置”，[B]“来到她的背后”也不符合语境，可排除。因此[C]正确。side也与上文at her shoulder相呼应。

［空格设置］本题考查了side表示“身旁”的特殊用法。例句：keep close to my side紧挨着我。

［干扰项设置］其他项都是可以表示方位或身体部位的常用名词。全文翻译

每周三的下午安妮会乘公交车到城里的市场上去买东西。大约一个小时，她会在货摊间走来走去，查看商品，时不时买点什么，同时敏锐地留心有时有售的便宜货。然后，买全了她所需要的所有物品后，她会离开市场，到城里的街道上去，再花上一小时做她最喜欢做的事：透过家具店的橱窗往里看。

一个星期三下午，她发现一家新开的家具店，店里都是非常讨人喜欢的东西，店外贴着一张告示，邀请所有的人进去四处看看，但不必非要买什么东西。安妮在迈过门道前犹豫了一会，而几乎就在同时，她充满欣喜地在门口处一把绿色的扶手椅前停住了。椅子上有一张卡片，上面写着：每周只需花不到一磅，这把精美的椅子就是你的了。底部是非常小的字体：现金价格89.5磅。一周一磅……，嘿，她几乎可以节省每周的家用开支来为它买单，从而不会错过它！“您有什么需要的吗，女士？”从肩膀上传来的一个声音使她吓了一跳。她转过头看着悄悄来到她身边的店员。“噢，嗯，没什么，”她说，“我只是看看。”“我们的展示间里有各种各样的椅子。如果你进来看看，你会找到适合你的东西。”

安妮担心自己会被说服买并不需要的东西，匆匆离开了商店。Section II Reading Comprehension

Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)

Text 1 ①There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.②You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching.③But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.④There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments.⑤We can call these people “generalists.” ⑥And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.①The specialist understands one field;his concern is with technique and tools.②He is a “trained” man;and his educational background is properly technical or professional.③The generalist — and especially the administrator — deals with people;his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving.④He is an “educated” man;and the humanities are his strongest foundation.⑤Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.⑥And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field.⑦Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions.⑧It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.①Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you--but this is pure accident.②Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job.③At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job;it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.一、词汇

1.generalist 通才

2.humanities 人文学科

二、长难句

1.But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.句子主干为there is an increasing demand for people … people，两个people后分别接有who引导的定语从句做后置定语。翻译：但对那些一眼就能注意到很大区域、可能对任一领域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。2.And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.句子主干为these “generalists” are particularly needed，介词短语for positions in administration做状语，意为“对于管理职位而言”。两个where引导的并列定语从句做后置定语修饰先行词positions in administration，where相当于in which(=positions in administration)。第一个where从句的主干为it is their job to see that …，其中that引导宾语从句。第二个where从句的谓语为并列的结构have to plan…(have)to organize和(have)to begin。翻译：管理职位尤其需要这样的“通才”，在管理职位上“通才”的职责是：确保他人完成工作，必须为他人制定计划，组织他人的工作，发起工作且对工作做出评判。

3.It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.句子主干是It is your task to find out …and to plan your career，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式结构to find out …and to plan your career，find out后接into which引导的宾语从句，该从句也可改为which of the two kinds of jobs you fit into，之间插入的介词短语during …做时间状语。翻译：你的任务是在训练期间从两种工作中发现适合自己的那一种，并对自己的职业作出相应的规划。

三、文章结构分析 本文涉及社会人才。文章介绍了社会需要的两类人才，并对人们在工作培训期间的任务以及对待第一份工作应采取的态度提出建议。

第一段：指出在大量职业日益强调专业性的同时，社会对通才的需求也在增加，并介绍了通才的特点和主要的工作内容。

第二段：分别指出专家和通才这两类人才各自的所长、二者的关系、组织对其需求状况、并指出人们在工作培训期间的主要任务是发现自己属于哪一类人才。第三段：就人们对待第一份工作应采取的态度提出建议。

四、试题具体分析

11.There is an increasing demand for 11.（社会）对_____的需求在增加。________.[A] all round people in their own fields [A]自己所在领域内的多面手 [B] people whose job is to organize other [B] 组织他人工作的人员 people’s work

[C] generalists whose educational background [C] 具有技术或专业教育背景的通才 is either technical or professional [D] specialists whose chief concern is to [D] 主要为他人提供管理指导的专家 provide administrative guidance to others [分析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

第一段③④句指出，对“一眼即能看到很大范围，可能对任一领域都知之不多；能够看到森林而不是树木，能够做出总体判断”的人的需求在日益增加。⑤句将这一类人定义为通才。⑥句指出，管理领域尤需通才来组织他人的工作。题干和[B]选项为该部分内容的概括，people 即指通才。

[A]选项错在in their own fields。all around people 是generalist的近义替换，但文中并没有将通才的了解范围限定为自己的领域。[C]、[D]选项混淆了通才和专家的描述而形成干扰。whose educational background is either technical or professional是对专家的描述（第二段②句）；whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others是对通才的描述（第一段末句）。

12.The specialist is ________.12.专家是______。[A] a man whose job is to train other people [A] 对他人进行培训者 [B] a man who has been trained in more than [B] 在不只一个领域受过培训者 one fields [C] a man who can see the forest rather than the [C] 能见森林而非树木者 trees [D] a man whose concern is mainly with [D] 关注对象主要为技术或专业问题者 technical or professional matters [分析]本题考核的知识点是：概念细节题。第二段①②句指出，专家的主要关注对象是技术和工具，他受过恰当的技术或专业教育。[D]选项是对这两句内容的概括，为正确选项。

[A]选项利用动词train作为干扰，专家是“受过培训者”而非“培训他人者”。[B]编造了文中没有的信息in more than one fields，故排除。[C]选项张冠李戴，该内容为对通才的描述。13.The administrator is ________.13.管理者是_____ [A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist [A] 更倾向于是受过良好培训的专家而非通than a generalist 才

[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the [B] 既能看到树木又能看到森林的人 forest [C] a man who is very strong in the humanities [C] 非常擅长人文学科者

[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist [D] 受过良好教育的专家 [分析] 本题考核的知识点：概念细节题。

第二段③句指出了通才，尤其是管理者的工作对象和工作内容。紧接着④句指出，人文学科是他最坚强的基石。[C]选项为④句的同义改写，为正确选项。

[A]、[D]选项反向干扰，第二段⑤句明确指出，鲜有专家能够胜任管理者。从第二段的描述可知，管理者更倾向于是通才，[B]选项偷梁换柱，将通才的特点see the forest rather than the trees改为see the trees as well as the forest。

14.During your training period, it is 14.在你的培训期间，____非常重要。important________.[A] to try to be a generalist [A] 努力成为通才 [B] to choose a profitable job [B] 选择高收益的工作 [C] to find an organization which fits you [C] 选择适合你的机构

[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a [D] 决定你是适合做专家还是通才 specialist or a generalist [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点细节题。

根据题干的时间关键词during your training period定位到第二段末句。该句指出，在培训期间，你的任务是从两类工作（two kinds of jobs）中找到适合你的一种，并作出相应的职业规划。根据上文可知，two kinds of jobs即指“专家”和“通才”。故[D]选项正确。[A]与文义不符，[B]、[C]文中未提及。15.A man’s first job ________.15.一个人的第一份工作_____。[A] is never the right job for him [A] 永远不会是适合他的工作 [B] should not be regarded as his final job [B] 不应该被看做他的最后一份工作

[C] should not be changed or people will [C] 不应更换，否则人们会对他保住工作的become suspicious of his ability to hold any job 能力产生怀疑

[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for [D] 从根本上讲是使其适合最终工作的一次his final job 机会 [分析]本题考核的知识点是：作者观点细节题

根据题干关键词first job定位到文章最后一段。该段③句指出，不要把你的第一份工作看做最后一份工作，[B]为正确选项。

该段①句指出，你的第一份工作有可能恰好是适合你的工作，[A]选项不合文义。[C]选项偷梁换柱，将②句中should not change jobs constantly改为should not change your first job，从而与原文产生意义偏差。[D]选项错在final job。③句指出，第一份工作是一个认识自己和自己工作专长的机会，而不是使自己适合最终工作的机会。

五、全文翻译

大量职业在日益强调专业性。这类职业常见于工程、生产、统计、教学领域。但对那些一眼就能注意到很大区域、可能对任一领域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。换言之，社会需要那些能够看到森林而非树木、能够做出总体判断的人。我们可以称这些人为“通才”。管理职位尤其需要这样的“通才”，在管理职位上“通才”的职责是：确保他人完成工作，必须为他人制定计划，组织他人的工作，发起工作且对工作做出评判。

专家精通某一领域；他关注的是技术和工具。他是“受过良好训练”者；他有良好的技术或专业教育背景。通才，尤其是管理者，与人打交道；他关注的是领导、规划及方向设定。他是“受过良好教育”者；人文学科是其最坚强的基石。鲜有专家能够胜任管理者。同样，优秀的通才很少同时也是某一特定领域的优秀专家。任何组织都同时需要这两种人，虽然组织不同，需求的比例亦不同。你的任务是在训练期间从两种工作中发现适合自己的那一种，并对自己的职业作出相应的规划。

你的第一份工作可能恰好是适合你的工作——但这纯属巧合。当然，你不应频繁更换工作，否则人们将怀疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同时，你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后一份工作；它主要是一份培训工作，一个认识自己和自己工作专长的机会。

Text 2 ①At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man.②It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain.③Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps.④Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area.⑤Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions.⑥The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America.⑦The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.①The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions.②This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.③Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia--a region rich in forest and mining industries.④Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.一、词汇

1.mighty 巨大的，非凡的2.elevation 高度

3.Antarctica 南极地区 4.Arctic 北极地区

5.drifting 漂移的6.hem sb/sth in包围，限制（某人/某事物）

7.unobstructed 无障碍的 8.refrigerated 冰冷的 9.inhabited 有人居住的 10.Alaska 阿拉斯加 11.Siberia西伯利亚

12.Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚

二、长难句

1.The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.句子的主干为The Antarctic is a continent，名词continent后为三个并列的后置定语almost as large as…，(which is)centered roughly on …和(which is)surrounded by …。

翻译：南极地区是一块面积几乎等于欧洲和澳洲之和、以南极为大致中心的大陆。其周围环绕着世界上最为广阔的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。

2.This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.句子的主干是This cold air current from the land is so forceful that …，so … that引导结果状语从句。that从句的主干是it makes the nearby seas the stormiest and renders those regions … unlivable，谓语动词make和render都接有“宾语+形容词宾补”的结构。render所接结构中，宾补unlivable提前到宾语those regions前，因为该宾语后接有较长的后置定语，即whose引导的定语从句。翻译：来自大陆的冷气流的强度足以让附近的海洋成为世界上暴风雪最为肆虐的地方，使南极区域成为无法居住的地区，而在地球另一端同样的位置却有人居住。

三、文章结构分析

本文是一篇地理方面的说明文。文章通过与北极地区做对比，介绍了南极地区的地理状况、人类对其探索程度、该地区的气候及不可居住性。

第一段：介绍南极地区的地理状况，及人类对其探索程度。第二段：介绍南极地区的气候及其不适宜居住性。

四、试题具体分析

16.The best title for this selection would be 16.本节选部分的最佳题目是______。________.[A] Iceland [A] 冰川 [B] Land of Opportunity [B] 机会的土地 [C] The Unknown Continent [C] 未知的大陆 [D] Utopia at Last [D] 最终的乌托邦 [分析] 本题考核知识点是：文章主旨题。

文章第一段介绍了人类对南极地区的探索程度以及南极地区的地理状况。第二段介绍了南极地区的气候条件，并通过与北极地区的气候条件做比指出该地区不适合居住。可见，本文是一篇介绍南极地区的文章。而文章①句说明，南极地区是一片非凡的的大陆。②至④句指出，南极地区山川的跨度和高度尚未确定、其大部分地区在我们的地图上都是空白、人们已探索的面积尚不足该大陆的百分之一，即，人类对南极大陆知之甚少。综合以上分析，[C]选项正确，The Unknown Continent 即指南极大陆。文章并非只局限于对极地冰川的介绍，排除[A]选项。文章也并未指出南极地区蕴藏着丰富的机会，排除[B]。[D]选项和文章内容相反，文中指出，南极气候不适合人类居住，而并非生活的乐土。

17.At the time this article was written, our 17.在撰写本文时，我们关于南极的知识knowledge of Antarctica was ________.____。[A] very limited [A] 非常有限 [B] vast [B] 范围很广 [C] fairly rich [C] 相当丰富 [D] nonexistent [D] 不存在 [分析]本题考核知识点：细节概括题。第一段②至④句指出，南极地区山川的跨度和高度尚未确定、其大部分地区在我们的地图上都是空白、人们已探索的面积尚不足该大陆的百分之一。[A]limited为“人们对南极了解程度”的正确概括。

18.Antarctica is bordered by the ________.18.南极地区的边缘为____。[A] Pacific Ocean [A] 太平洋 [B] Indian Ocean [B] 印度洋 [C] Atlantic Ocean [C] 大西洋 [D] All three [D] 以上三个都包括 [分析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

第一段末句指出，南极大陆被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋所包围。[D]选项正确。

19.The Antarctic is made uninhabitable 19.南极地区不适宜居住的主要原因为primarily by ________._________。[A] cold air [A] 冷空气 [B] calm seas [B]平静的大海 [C] ice [C] 冰 [D] lack of knowledge about the continent [D] 对该大陆了解的缺乏 [分析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果细节题。第二段②句指出，距北极某一距离的一些地区适宜居住，而来自大陆的强冷气流使得具南极同等距离的地区却无法居住（This cold air current …renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited）。[A]选项正确。20.According to this article ________.20.根据本文可知，______。[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent [A] 有2000人住在南极大陆

[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of [B] 有一百万人住在距南极两千英里的范the South Pole 围内

[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius [C] 以南极为中心，2000英里为半径的区of the South Pole make settlements impractical 域内的天气条件不适合居住 [D] only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica [D] 南极地区只有很少的本地人居住 [分析]本题考核知识点：细节综合题。第二段②句指出，北极的一些地区适宜居住，而来自大陆的强冷气流使南极地区却无法居住。③④句指出，在距北极2000英里的区域内，居住着一百多万人口；而在距南极同样距离的范围内，则连一棵树、一家企业、一个定居点都没有。[C]选项为对该部分内容的概述。

五、全文翻译

在世界底端存在着一片尚被冰川覆盖的、不久之前才为人所知的非凡的大陆。这是一片广阔的陆地，其山川的跨度和高度尚未确定。它的大部分地区在我们的地图上都还是空白。人类步行探索的范围尚不足其面积的百分之一。南极和北极地区存在着根本的差异。北极地区是一片被巨大的欧、亚、北美大陆所包围、被漂移的冰块所覆盖的大海。南极地区是一块面积几乎等于欧洲和澳洲之和、以南极为大致中心的大陆。其周围环绕着世界上最为广阔的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。

大陆冰盖的中心高达两英里多，因此，南极上空的空气比北极地区更冰冷。来自大陆的冷气流的强度足以让附近的海洋成为世界上暴风雪最为肆虐的地方，使南极区域成为无法居住的地区，而在地球另一端同样的位置却有人居住。因此，在距北极2000英里范围内包括大部分的阿拉斯加、西伯利亚、斯堪的纳维亚的这样一个林业和矿业丰富的地区，居住着一百多万人口。而在距南极同等距离的区域内，除了少数几家气象站外，连一棵树，一家产业、或一个定居点都没有。

Section III English-Chinese Translation Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.(21)If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.(22)If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.(23)Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.(24)Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist.If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now.I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”

(25)There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.(26)This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.(27)He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.(28)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.一、文章结构分析

本文强调了要为大学生提供更多课程方面的信息，从而使他们在对各门不同学科进行钻研之后，选择符合自己兴趣和能力的学科。

二、试题具体解析

21.本题考核的知识点是：主从复合句、形式主语。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件从句，主句为it is not hard to see …，可以采用顺译法，保留句子原来的顺序。主句中it为形式主语，不定式结构to see …为真正的主语。how difficult it is … abilities为see的宾语从句。从句的主干结构为how difficult it is for a student to …，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to select the course，过去分词短语most suited to his interests and abilities做后置定语，修饰先行词the course。翻译该从句时应将真正的主语内容译出。

【词义确定】variety(of sth)意为“不同种类，多种式样”；suited to sth意为“合适，适当”。【翻译】如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。22.本题考核的知识点是：主从复合句、不定式结构。

【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件从句，主句为he will undoubtedly benefit。条件句的主干为If a student goes to university，三个并列的不定式结构做目的状语：to acquire … to enlarge … and to learn …。

【词义确定】acquire意为“获得，取得，学到”；perspective意为“看法，观点”。【翻译】如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。23.本题考核的知识点是：固定结构、不定式结构、状语。【句子结构】该句的主干为Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere to …。注意，too … to … 结构除了用于“too + 形容词或副词+ to do sth”外，也可用于“too + 形容词+ a / an + 单数可数名词+ to do sth”。句末为较长的不定式结构to allow … 做结果状语。Atmosphere和不定式之间插入的介词短语with its time tables and disciplines做状语，根据语义，可以译为汉语的原因状语。【词义确定】restricting意为“限制的”；atmosphere意为“气氛”；allow(sb sth)意为“给予……”；assessment意为“估价，评估”。

【翻译】学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。

24.本题考核的知识点是：插入语，方式状语，主语补语

【句子结构】该句的插入语部分I believe可放在句子最前面，从而看成“主谓句+宾语从句”的句型，译为：我认为……。宾语从句的主干是Most students would profit by …，介词短语by a year of …studies做方式状语，修饰profit，译为“通过/经过……”。句末especially those …是从句主语的补语，翻译时可提前跟在主语后。【词义确定】exploration意为“探测，探索”，这里根据与academic studies的搭配，译为“钻研”。all rounder意为“多面手”，根据上下文译为“全面发展的学生”。

【翻译】我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。25.本题考核的知识点是：there be句型、后置定语

【句子结构】该句的主干结构为there be句型，即There is another side，介词短语to the question …做后置定语，修饰名词side。其中question后跟有介词短语of how to make the best use of one’s time at university做后置定语，说明其具体内容。【词义确定】side意为“方面”；介词to意为“属于，关于，对于”；make the best use of意为“充分地利用”。

【翻译】当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。26.本题考核的知识点是：定语从句

【句子结构】该句的主干是This is the case of the student，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词student。【词义确定】case意为“情形，情况”。excel in意为“在……方面出类拔萃”；branch of learning意为“知识的一门分科”。

【翻译】某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。27.本题考核的知识点是：分词结构、名词转译为动词

【句子结构】 该句的主干为He is immediately accepted by … , and spends his three or four years becoming … , 其中谓语部分为and连接的两个动词短语，前一个是被动语态is accepted by，后一个是spend time doing sth的结构。分词结构emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of …做结果状语，由于该部分较长，可单独译成一句。句末名词从句what the rest of the world is all about做介词of的宾语。

【词义确定】the University of his choice和little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about中choice和knowledge都有动作含义，应译为“选择大学”和“了解外界”。emerge意为“露头，出现”。【翻译】他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。28.本题考核的知识点是：主语从句、条件状语从句 【句子结构】该句的主干是It therefore becomes more and more important that …，其中it为形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。主语从句中嵌套了if条件句，主语从句的主干为there will have to be much more detailed information。由于主语从句较长，可以先单独译成一句话。【翻译】因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

三、全文翻译

发现有多少上大学的年轻人对将来要做什么没有任何明确的想法，将是一件有趣的事情。（21）如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。（22）如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。（23）学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。（24）我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。他们应该有更长的时间来决定想拿什么学科的学位，以便在以后的岁月里回顾过去时不会说，“我希望自己是一名考古学家。如果我没有获得现代语言的学位，就不会成为一名翻译，但现在为时已晚。我不能回头再重新来过了。

（25）当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。（26）某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。（27）他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。（28）因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。只有这样，我们才能确保：一方面，我们不会有一帮对自己学科以外的事情完全无知的专家，另一方面，我们不会有越来越多的毕业生具备这个工作世界很少或没有需求的学科的知识。