第一篇：英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作
鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on
(Date), in
(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与
公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于
****年**月**日在中国
（地点），特签订本合同。例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on
(Date), by
and between
Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方 参考译文：
本协议特由中国
公司（以下简称甲方）与
公司（以下简称乙方）于
****年**月**日订立 二
hereof 英文释义: of this 中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方（3）without interruption：无间断地（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因
（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定 参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and
the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of this Law 参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关
（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7）apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from
the list of arbitrators.注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名 参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼 参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision 参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of
this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》
（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》
（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门
（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定 参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限
内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争（2）business operators：经营者
（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序 参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为 三 hereto 英文释义: to this 中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。
例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注释：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外 参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注释：
（1）technical documents：技术资料（2）the data and the information：资料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造
（5）original information：原始资料（6）blueprint：蓝本
（7）design sheets：设计图表
（8）material specifications：材料规格（9）photostats：影印资料（10）general data：一般资料
（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书 参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。
例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注释：
（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目
（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序
（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 参考译文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本合同附件4。
例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or
un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计
（3）discover, make or develop：开发
（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾 参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。
例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注释：
（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务
（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。
例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注释：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地
（2）data on management and financial information：管理和财务信息材料
（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计和财务帐目
（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本协议双方 inspection：检查 audit：审计 参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。
例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注释：
（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双
方授权的董事会 hereto：to this Agreement（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：业务管理
（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划
（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行
（5）review and approval：审阅和批准 参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。
例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注释：
（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备 equipment：（单数形式）设备
（2）determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍
（4）terms and conditions：条件
（5）(such…)as：作关系代词，意为which, that 参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。
例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注释：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务（3）debtor：债务人（4）creditor：债权人 参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务 四 herein 英文释义:in this 中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称（3）refer to：是指
（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于 参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。
例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注释：
（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法（2）maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展
（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in this Law（5）the international trade in services：国际服务贸易 参考译文：
为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。
例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注释：
（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称（2）limited liability company：有限责任公司（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4）within the territory of China：在中国境内 参考译文：
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公
司。
例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注释：
（1）illegal gains：违法所得
（2）shall be confiscated：应当予以没收
（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定
（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得（5）a fine imposed on：判处罚金（6）property forfeited：没收财产
（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任 参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注释：
（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）
（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）
（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）
（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》 参考译文：
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any
breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注释：
（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：争议（3）controversy：纠纷（4）difference：歧意
（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款 参考译文：
除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。
例7
The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注释：
（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行
（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同规定的条件 herein：in this Contract（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4）credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金（5）the Borrower：借款人 参考译文：
代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。
例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注释：
（1）cumulative：累加的
（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3）privilege：特权
（4）remedy：补救方法
（5）provided for by laws：法律规定的 参考译文：
本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。
例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注释：
（1）Now Therefore：据此
（2）the consideration：对价。对价是对一项允诺（promise）的回报。例如，甲方允诺向乙方提供若干数量的货物，乙方同意付给甲方一定数目的货款，该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约（offer）与承诺（acceptance）的基础上，只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作合同，得到法律的保护和执行。
（3）the contents herein：本协议内容 herein：in this Agreement 参考译文：
据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：
例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the
obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注释：
（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付义务（2）reimbursement：偿付
（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免税的
（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务 herein：in this Agreement 参考译文：
借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务 五 hereinafter 英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文
语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。
例1：
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释：
（1）in accordance with：under 根据
（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法（3）Hereinafter：以下
（4）articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）（5）hereby：特此
（6）formulate：prepare 制订 参考译文：
根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由
公司（以下称甲方）与
公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head
offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注释：
(1)financial institution：金融机构
(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译英时，这里的“外国资本银行”，应理解成“外资银行的子银行”，英文为subsidiary banks，而不能简单地译成foreign banks，因为很少有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外，但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下简称外资银行。(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下简称外资银行分行。
(5)finance company：财务公司，这里应理解为金融公司，是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务所，则要
译成：accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下简称外资财务公司
(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下简称合资财务公司 参考译文：
本条例所称外资金融机构，是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定，经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构：
（一）总行在中国境内的外国资本银行（以下简称外资银行）
（二）外国银行在中国境内的分行（以下简称外资银行分行）
（三）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行（以下简称合资银行）
（四）总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司（以下简称外资财务公司）
（五）外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司（以下简称合资财务公司）
例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.35
注释：
(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已设立的中外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业
(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作经营企业(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业
(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下简称外商投资企业
(5)shall have a record of making profits：应有盈利纪录 参考译文：
已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。
例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释：
（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）
（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外经贸部门
（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直辖市（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：计划单列市 参考译文：
申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。
例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释：
（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本条例 prepare：制定
（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中华人
民共和国公司法》
（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下简称《公司法》（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：确认公司的企业法人资格
（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：规范公司登记行为 参考译文：
为了确认公司的企业法人资格，规范公司登记行为，依据《中华人民共和国公司法》（以下简称《公司法》），制定本条例。
例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释：
（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and
technological exchange：进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流（2）to absorb foreign investment：引进外资
（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的发展
（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下简称外国股东 foreign shareholders：外国股东
（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下简称中国股东
（6）within the territory of China：在中国境内
（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投资股份有限公司 参考译文：
为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流，引进外资，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人（以下简称外国股东），按照平等互利的原则，可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织（以下简称中国股东）在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司（以下简称公司）。
例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign
investment and these Regulations.注释：
（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引进国外先进技术和管理经验
（2）to establish investment company：设立投资公司
（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下简称投资公司
（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中国有关外国投资的法律、法规 参考译文：
为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资公司（以下简称投资公司）。
例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注释：
（1）these Detailed Rules：本实施细则
（2）apply（to）：vi.适用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常驻代表机构（4）shipping agents：货运代理商（5）consultant company：咨询公司（6）advertising agency：广告公司（7）leasing company：租赁公司
（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下简称外国企业 参考译文：
本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织（以下简称外国企业）在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。
例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and
the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释：
（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授权的对外经济贸易委员会
（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities：审批机关（3）register with：办理登记手续
（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：国家工商行政管理局
（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授权的（各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市）工商行政管理局 参考译文：
外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构，应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会（厅）（以下简称审批机关）批准，并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局（以下简称登记机关）办理登记手续
六 therein 英文释义:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。
例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注释：
(1)Temporary Works：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用，按国际FIDIC合同条件规定，应由承包人负责。
(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，而不是因业主使用不当造成的。
(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。建造一项工
程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段，修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对的，表示建造工程的两个阶段。参考译文：
临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。
例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注释：
（1）the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意
注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意（2）assign：转让
（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 参考译文：
没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：
例3
This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注释：
（1）Note：期票，即借据，票据（2）loan agreement：贷款协议
（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（贷款协议规定的）全部利益（4）advance payment：预付（5）default：违约
（6）in the event of default：因违约 参考译文：
本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票，享有贷款协议规定的全部利益，是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。
例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注释：
（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人说明书（2）comply with：遵照
（3）the attachments specified therein：附录4规定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4
参考译文：
借款人证明书，其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。
例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注释：
（1）exemption：免征税款（2）local authorities：地方当局
（3）any political subdivision：任何下属政府分支机构
（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方当局的税收当局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根据合同规定（6）shall be due：应予以征收的
（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：证明上述免税文件 in question：上述 参考译文：
任何时候，如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局，对任何根据合同
规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款，不论什么性质，现在或将来，凡可以免征的，借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。
例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注释：
（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。
（2）at the rates provided for therein：按税法规定的税率 therein：in the Tax Law 参考译文：
在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业，该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。
例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this
Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注释：
（1）the Borrower：借款人
（2）to make the borrowings：借贷资金（3）to execute and deliver the Note：签署票据
（4）to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承担由此产生的义务 therein：in the Note（5）all the actions in question：上述全部行为（6）legal person：法人 参考译文：
借款人有充分的权力订立本协议，借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产生的义务，上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。
例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注释：
（1）leasee：承租人
（2）keep the commodity in good condition：维持商品的良好状况（3）provided that：除非，表示进一步规定（4）leasor：出租人
（5）to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出赔偿
（6）any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的损失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障 参考译文：
承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障负责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。
例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注释：
（1）documents：shipping documents货运单据（2）transport documents：运输单据
（3）insurance documents：insurance policies保险单据
（4）commercial invoice：商业发票（5）the credit：the letter of credit 信用证（6）drawer：出单人
（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辞（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 项目内容
（9）referred to in the credit：信用证中所述的 参考译文：
当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时，信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定，但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联，则银行将予接受。
例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注释：
（1）loss or damage：损失与损坏 注：loss与damage同义，同义词
第二篇：经济合同的写作
经济合同的写作
经济合同依法成立，即具有法律约束力，当事人必须全面履行合同规定的义务，任何一方不得擅自变更或解除合同。违反合同，要追究责任，赔偿损失，直至法律制裁。法人之间为显示一定经济目的，明确相互权利义务关系而订立的协议。
一般都采用书面形式。主要条款有：标的（指货物、劳务、工程项目等）；数量和质量；价款或酬金；履行的期限、地点和方式；违约责任；根据法律规定的或按经济合同性质必须具备的条款以及当事人一方要求必须规定的条款。按其内容，一般可分为：购销合同（包括供应、采购、预购、购销结合及协作、调剂等合同）；建设工程承包合同；加工承揽合同；货物运输合同；供用电合同；仓储保管合同；财产租赁合同；借款合同；科技协作合同等。签订经济合同是一种法律行为，必须遵循合法原则、平等互利原则、协商一致原则和等价有偿原则。
经济合同的要素包括：
主体：自然人、法人、其他组织
自然人：公民，依法享有民事权利承担民事义务的人。
法人：经国家认可，有独立的财产或独立的预算，具有民事权利能力和行为能力，依法独立享受民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。
内容：合同主体享有的权利和所承担的义务。
客体：合同主体的权利、义务所共同指向的事物。
自然人：是指因出生而获得生命的人类个体。不仅包括公民还包括外国人，无国籍人。
自然人和法人相对立，一个反映自然属性，一个反映法律拟制的人。我国民法在公民括号内写明自然人，说明在民事主体这一范畴，自然人等同于公民。
经济合同的作用：合同是专业协作的纽带、横向经济联系的工具。合同有利于加强企业经营管理。
订立经济合同的原则：平等原则、公平原则、诚实信用原则、合法原则。
经济合同的分类：
《合同法》规定有15种：买卖合同（购销合同）/供用电、水、气、热力合同/赠与合同/借款合同/租赁合同/融资租赁合同/承揽合同/借款合同/租赁合同……
经济合同的形式：
表格式：简单明了，规范有序，适用于企业之间经常性的业务往来。条文式：偶尔签定合同的单位和个人使用，或内容不稳定的合同。表格条文结合式。
经济合同的基本内容（必备条款）
当事人的名称或姓名和住所标的数量质量价款或酬金履行期限履行地点与方式验收结算方式违约责任
解决争议的方法
经济合同的结构与写法
标题：合同的性质+文种
《粮食定购合同》
标题的下方应标明合同编号
在表格式合同中，签订日期和地点也可放在标题的右下方，与编号上下排列，用小一号字体。
订立合同双方名称及代称
正文
引言：合同的开头，主要写目的和依据。
“为了……，根据……法律的规定，……双方经过充分协商，特订立本合同，以便共同遵守。”
引言可部分省略或全部省略
主体：指合同条款。
必备条款（标的，数量，质量，价款或酬金，履行期限，履行地点与方式，验收，结算方式，违约责任，解决争议的方法。）
其他条款
合同文本的份数及保存
“本合同一式四份，甲乙双方各执一份，副本两份，送双方上级主管机关存查。”
合同的有效期限：合同执行的起止日期。
“本合同有效期自××××年×月×日至××××年×月×日，过期作废。”
“本合同自双方代表签字，加盖双方公章或合同专用章即生效，至××后终止。”
附件说明：有附件，注明合同附件的效力。
“本合同附件、附表均为本合同的组成部分，且具有同等的法律效力。”
附件、附表均写在合同条款的最下方。
注明附件名称、序数和份数。
结尾
落款：双方单位全称和法人姓名，加盖公章或合同专用章，双方代表签字。
如需审批，需写双方主管机关和签证机关的名称并加盖印章。数额较大、周期较长的合同还要公证。
日期：签订合同日期。
附项：日期下写合同当事人的地址、邮编、电挂、电话、图文传真、银行帐号等。
拟写合同的注意事项
格式要规范
条款要完备
文字要精确
第三篇：英文写作 中国传统文化翻译
段落翻译考纲新增考点“中国传统文化”必备词句【背会典型16
更多13年12月四六级考纲关于翻译题有两点大纲变动
1、句子翻译改为段落汉译英翻译。
2、考试范围由“校园文化、民生发展、科技兴国、生命科学、求职就业”改为“校园文化、社会生命科学、求职就业、新兴学科发展、中国传统文化”，其中亮点就是新增了难度较大的文化领域化语句的通用表达，必背！背下这16句，传统文化考点将一分不丢。
推荐大家复制到word中打印出来天天看！本文也适用于针对四六级作文考纲“民族传统”的必背
一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The aloong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thundephenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion processdragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinclight costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Sprinthe sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appeople in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamerwhole year.三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come tojust like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyrareach the Great Wall is not a true man.“In fact, it began as independent walls for different states the ”Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguthe west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.更多四六级资料 请加卢秋钱 111923747
4四、DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.Accordinwere first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in makinout of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.Withtender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of tim“Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidayChinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people whohaving dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of biddnew year.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容
五、AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In achannels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi ayang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chto be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles tobody, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channeadvantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spreacupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中
六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese cultursport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a seChinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultione’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has amany different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weaponsinvolve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxin(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, twotomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember tit finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhywhich was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shforms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphiregular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside anChinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese char(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the tu汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
八、Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The rthan three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look decemulti-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, pok
taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tonemetaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks ahallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞
九、Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seasuch as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of anciAccording to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-2fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and eas round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artwor印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。
十、Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for rHeavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthchen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancientand wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 daStems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first inventenow.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干
十一、hinese Beijing OperaPraised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuinoriginated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southernCentury, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opeof performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijplot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opfemale), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性
十二、Chinese TaoismTaoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Llived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose a
Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a hdiscarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivanourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden sayingan unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creaturethat rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never routcomes.道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。便是老子的至理名言。
十三、Chinese IdiomsChinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer thcomes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient worallusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that a中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
十四、China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and ththe ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC),techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynastoutstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with thMediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communbecame well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。
十五、Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasuarchitecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artiand buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chineable to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscapeand rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese claorigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。
十六、The Four Treasures of the StudyThe writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, an
the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.Afterbamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as wrThe ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After ththe “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuanpapeXuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangcalled Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the who笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
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第四篇：经济合同写作注意事项
经济合同写作注意事项：一，合法二，平等三，规范四，完整明晰五，做好调查研究
感谢信：概念：感谢信是机关、团体、单位在获得有关方面和人员的关心、支持、帮助、慰问、馈赠后，向对方表示感谢的事务文书。
特点：1，确指2，事实3，及时4，感激
慰问信概念及种类：慰问信是机关、团体、单位向有关方面或个人，一般是同级、或上级对下级单位、个人表示安慰、问候鼓励和致意的一种事务文书。它能体现组织的关怀温暖、社会的爱心与支持，朋友亲人间的深厚友谊，能给人以奋进的勇气信心和力量。慰问信以电讯的方式传达时，叫慰问电。
慰问信三种类型：1，表彰慰问2，遇灾慰问3，节日慰问
慰问信特点：1，针对2，感情3，沟通4，公开
自荐信的写作注意事项：1语言简洁凝练2内容实事求是3语气真诚自然4文面整洁美观 消息的特点：快，短，实，活
通讯的特点：形象性，丰富性，评论性
通讯的种类：人物通讯，事件通讯，工作通讯
人物通讯是以表现人物的思想言论、事迹、命运等为主要内容的通讯。有的写一个人的一生有的写一个人的谈话，如人物专访，有的写一个或一群人的某方面，如《谁是最可爱的人》 事件通讯是以具有典型意义的事件作为报道对象的通讯。它的特点是以记事为主，围绕事件选材布局，通过详尽的展示事件的完整过程，挖掘出事件的本质、意义。
第五篇：应用写作课件14.经济合同
经济合同经济合同
一、概念
（一）合同合同通常也叫合约或契约。《中华人民共和国合同法》对合同的概念作了统一的界定：合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他经济组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。经济合同
（二）经济合同经济合同依据其经济性质，是指平等主体的法人、其他经济组织、个体工商户、农村承包经营户之间，为了实现一定的经济目的，明确相互义务权利关系而订立的协议。经济合同
二、作用1.合同是实现国家宏观经济规划的客观保证。2.合同是企业加强生产经营管理，提高经济效益的有效手段。3.通过合同把供、产、销关系紧密联系起来，克服产销脱节、供需不协调的现象。经济合同
三、特点1.内容的合法性内容不合法，应被视为无效合同。2.格式的规范性3.条款的完备性
4.措辞的严密性经济合同
四、种类
（一）按形式分：表格式合同、条款式合同、表格条款相结合的合同。
（二）按期限分：长期合同、中期合同、短期合同。
（三）按性质分：转移财产的合同、完成工作的合同、提供劳务的合同。
（四）按是否立即交付标的分：诺成合同、实践合同
（五）按内容分：买卖合同、赠与合同、借款合同、租赁合同、融资合同、承揽合同、建设工程合同等。经济合同
五、条款
（一）法定条款1.当事人的名称或者姓名和住所
2.标的3.数量4.质量5.价款或报酬6.履行期限、地点、方式7.违约责任8.解决争议的方法
（二）约定条款经济合同
六、结构标题+约首+正文+约尾
（一）标题（合同首页上方居中）1.合同性质+文种《借款合同》《购书合同》《仓储合同》2.合同标的+合同性质+文种《松下电视机买卖合同》《汽车租赁合同》经济合同
（二）约首：订立合同各方当事人名称或姓名1.订立合同双（各）方：供货单位：XXXXXX，以下简称甲方。购货单位：XXXXXX，以下简称乙方。2.甲方：XXXXXXX乙方：XXXXXXX 3.发包方（供方）：XXXXXXX承包方（需方）：XXXXXXX 经济合同
（三）正文1.引言：双方订立合同的依据和目的。2.合同的法定条款：①标的②数量③质量④价款或报酬⑤履行期限、地点和方式⑦违约责任⑧解决争议的方法3.合同的约定条款4.订立合同的有关事项的说明经济合同
（四）约尾1.双方当事人签名、盖章。单位合同要签明双方单位全称、法人代表姓名，加盖公章、专用章，还要有双方法定代表人签字。2.双方单位住址、电话号码、电报挂号、传真号码、邮政编码。
3.双方开户银行、银行开户名、银行帐号。4.必要时双方可请有关机构公证或鉴证，鉴（公）证机构可在双方当事人情况栏后签署有关意见。5.标题处未写签约日期的，此处要写全。经济合同
七、注意问题1.遵守《合同法》订立合同必须贯彻平等互利、协商一致、等价有偿原则。2.格式规范3.语言准确经济合同布置作业根据下面材料写份经济合同。牡丹江市综合贸易公司向湛江市家用电器厂购买三角牌WAC 型电炒锅1200 个，三角牌ART 型电饭煲1800 个，三角牌TBE 型电水壶2400 个。合同于2000 年12 月1日签定，合同有效期
一年，上述产品分四批交货。* *
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