2018年高考化学热门考点冲刺试卷: 金属及其化合物冲刺卷5篇

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第一篇:2018年高考化学热门考点冲刺试卷: 金属及其化合物冲刺卷

金属及其化合物冲刺卷

1.能用铝制容器长期盛放的是()

A.浓盐酸

B.NaOH溶液

C.食醋

D.浓硫酸 【答案】D 2.给定条件下,下列选项中所示的物质间转化均能一步实现的是()

A.

B.C.D.【答案】A

3.由钠、铜、铝、铁四种金属单质中的两种组成的合金共15 g,跟足量的盐酸反应产生5.6 L 氢气(标准状况下),那么此合金中一定含有的金属是()A.钠

B.铜

C.铝

D.铁 【答案】B 4.某同学用Na2CO3和NaHCO3溶液进行如图所示实验。下列说法中,正确的是()

A.实验前两溶液的pH相等

B.实验前两溶液中离子种类完全相同

C.加入CaCl2溶液后生成的沉淀一样多

D.反应的离子方程式都是CO32-+Ca2+═CaCO3↓ 【答案】B 5.某同学在实验室利用氢氧化钠、盐酸分离铁粉和铝粉混合物,转化关系如下如所示:下列说法不正确的是()

A.x为NaOH溶液,y为盐酸

B.a→b发生的反应为:AlO2-+H++H2O=Al(OH)3↓ C.按照本流程,x和y调换后也能达到实验目的 D.b、c既能与强酸又能与强碱反应 【答案】C 6.将过氧化钠加入到氯化亚铁溶液中,最终可以观察到的现象是()A.过氧化钠将溶液漂白

B.生成红褐色沉淀 C.除溶解外无特殊现象产生

D.生成白色沉淀 【答案】B 7.向物质的量浓度均为1mol/L的HCl、AlCl3、MgC12、NH4Cl混合溶液中逐滴加入1mol/L的NaOH溶液,得到如图图像。下列有关说法正确的是()

A.沉淀的最大物质的量为2mol B.c-d段会产生标况下22.4LNH3

C.d-e段发生的反应为Al3++40H-=AlO2-+2H2O D.滴加NaOH溶液过程中,微粒反应的先后顺序是H+、Mg2+、NH4+、Al(OH)3 【答案】D 8.将1.12g铁粉加入25mL2mol/L的氯化铁溶液中,充分反应后,其结果是()A.铁粉有剩余,溶液呈浅绿色,Cl-基本保持不变 B.往溶液中滴入无色KSCN溶液,显红色 C.Fe2+和Fe3+物质的量之比为5: 1 D.氧化产物和还原产物的物质的量之比为2 :5 【答案】B 9.由铍和铝在元素周期表中的位置可知,二者的化合物具有相似的化学性质,已知反应:BeCl2+Na2BeO2+2H2O=2NaCl+2Be(OH)2↓ 能完全进行,则下列推断错误的是()A.BeO和Be(OH)2均既能溶于盐酸,又能溶于NaOH溶液 B.BeCl2是共价化合物,Na2BeO2是离子化合物

C.BeCl2水溶液呈酸性,将其蒸于并灼烧,残留物是BeCl2 D.Na2BeO2水溶液呈碱性,将其蒸干并灼烧,残留物为Na2BeO2 【答案】C 10.在检验用FeCl3溶液生产铜制印刷线路板后所得的废液成分的实验中,下列根据实验现象得出的结论不正确的是()A.若用惰性电极电解该废液,阴极没有立即产生红色物质,说明废液中不含Cu2+ B.若向废液中滴加硝酸酸化的AgNO3溶液,产生白色沉淀,说明废液中含有C1-C.若向废液中加少量铁粉,充分反应后无固体剩余,说明废液中含有Fe3+

D.若向废液中滴加KSCN 溶液,无现象,再加入氯水后溶液呈血红色,说明废液中含有Fe2+ 【答案】A 11.不能通过化合反应得到的是()

A.H2SO

4B.Fe(OH)

3C.Al(OH)3

D.FeCl2 【答案】C 12.下列图像与对应的叙述相符的是()

A.图①表示向KAl(SO4)2溶液中逐滴加入Ba(OH)2 溶液 B.图②表示向NaAlO2 溶波中逐滴加入盐酸 C.图③表示向FeCl3溶液中加入锌粉 D.图④表示向NaOH溶液通入CO2 【答案】C 13.下列流程中的物质转化关系能实现的是()

A.NaCl(aq)NaHCO3(s)

Na2CO3(s)B.S C.Al D.Mg(OH)2【答案】C SO3 H2SO4 NaAlO2(aq)MgCl2(aq)

NaAlO2(s)无水MgCl2

14.铁铝合金8.3g溶于300mL2mol/L盐酸时,在标准状况下产生气体5.6L。若向反应后的溶液中加入适量烧碱溶液,充分搅拌,生成沉淀的最大质量为()A.9g

B.16.8g

C.18.5g

D.22.5g 【答案】C 15.CuSO4是一种重要的化工原料,有关制备途径及性质如图所示。下列说法错误的是()

A.途径①所用混酸中H2SO4与HNO3物质的量之比最好为3:2 B.生成等量的硫酸铜,三个途径中参加反应的硫酸的物质的量: ①=②<③ C.硫酸铜在1100℃分解的方程式为:2CuSO4D.当Y为葡萄糖时,葡萄糖发生还原反应 【答案】D 16.高铁酸钾(K2FeO4)是一种高效多功能水处理剂,具有极强的氧化性,已知:4FeO42+10H2O⇌4Fe(OH)3+8OH

﹣﹣

Cu2O+SO2↑+SO3↑+O2↑

+3O2↑高铁酸钾常见制备方法之一是湿法制备:在一定条件下,Fe(NO3)3与NaClO反应生成紫红色高铁酸盐溶液.下列说法正确的是()

A.K2FeO4在处理水的过程中所起的作用只有消毒杀菌 B.同浓度的高铁酸钾在pH=ll.50的水溶液中比中性溶液中稳定 C.湿法制备高铁酸钾,可以在酸性环境中顺利进行

D.湿法制备高铁酸钾,Fe(NO3)3与NaClO物质的量之比为3:2 【答案】B 17.FeCl3易潮解、易升华,实验室制备FeCl3的装置如图所示(加热和夹持装置略去)。下列说法正确的是()

A.导管g的作用是增强装置的气密性

B.试剂X和试剂Y分别为浓硫酸、饱和食盐水 C.直接用E接收产物比用导管连接的优点是可防止堵塞 D.出于简化装置的目的,F装置可拆除 【答案】C 18.某实验小组通过下图所示实验探究Na2O2与水的反应:

下列说法不正确的是()

A.②中的大量气泡的主要成分是氧气 B.③中溶液变红,说明有碱性物质生成 C.④中现象可能是溶液中的强酸性物质造成的 D.⑤中MnO2的主要作用是起催化效果 【答案】C 19.某化学学习小组为了探究镁和二氧化硫的反应产物,进行如下实验。Ⅰ.设计如图所示装置完成镁和二氧化硫的反应。

(1)宓验室用亚疏酸钠与浓硫酸反应制备SO2,利用的是浓硫酸的___________ A.强氧化性

B.强酸性

C.脱水性

D.腐蚀性

(2)B装置中试剂的名称是_____________;E装置的作用是_________________。Ⅱ.探究燃烧的反应产物

(3)反应后取C装置中的固体粉末于烧瓶F中,加入稀硫酸,有气体生成 ①产生的气体中含有氢气,则可说明固体中含有______________ ②将产生的气体通入硫酸铜溶液,出现黑色沉淀,这一现象的原因是______________(用离子方程式表示)(4)取出F装置烧瓶中的混合物,经过滤、干燥得到少量固体粉末,为了探究固体粉末的成分,选择下列装置进行实验:

①按气体从左至右,选择所需装置,正确的连接顺序为______________(字母)②能证明固体粉末是硫磺的实验现象是_____________________。

(5)经测定,镁在二氧化硫中燃烧生成产物中有硫化镁、硫和氧化镁。如果m(MgO):m(MgS):m(S)=20:7:4,写出镁与SO2在加热条件下反应的化学方程式:________________。

【答案】

b 浓硫酸吸收尾气中二氧化硫,防止空气中的水和二氧化碳与镁反应

Mg H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+

dcab

品红溶液褪色

5Mg+2SO24MgO+S+MgS 20.甲、乙、丙是三种常见的单质,A、B、C是三种常见的二元无机化合物,它们之间的转化关系如右图所示。请回答下列有关问题:

(1)若甲为常见气态非金属单质,丙为金属单质,三种单质中只有甲由短周期元素组成;甲与乙同主族、乙与丙同周期;它们的转化关系均在溶液中进行。则: ①甲物质的名称为___________。

②丙元素在元素周期表中的位置是___________。

③反应A+甲→乙+B的离子方程式为______________________。

④请简述B中阳离子的检验方法__________________________________。

(2)若甲为常见金属单质,乙为常见固态非金属单质,且所有物质组成元素均为短周期元素。则: ①乙的化学式为___________。②A的电子式为___________。

③将A缓慢通入氢氧化钠溶液中,所得溶液中的某种阴离子的物质的量随n(A)的通入转化关系如右图所示。图中a、b两点的溶液中水的电离程度的大小关系为a_______b(填“>”、“=”或“<")。若溶液X为图中曲线上任意一点,则向溶液X中逐滴加入盐酸至反应完全,消耗盐酸的物质的量最大为_________。

【答案】氯气第四周期第Ⅷ族

2Fe2++4Br-+3Cl2=2Br2+2Fe3++6Cl-用试管取少量B溶液,然后向其中滴入几滴KSCN溶液,若溶液呈现血红色,证明有Fe3+存在C

< 4mol 21.某汽车安全气囊的产气药剂主要含有NaN3、Fe2O3、KClO4、NaHCO3等物质。当汽车发生碰撞时,产气药剂产生大量气体使气囊迅速膨胀,从而起到保护作用。

(1)NaN3是气体发生剂,受热分解产生N2和Na,N2的电子式为____。

(2)Fe2O3是主氧化剂,与Na反应生成的还原产物为____(已知该反应为置换反应)。

(3)KClO4是助氧化剂,反应过程中与Na作用生成KCl和Na2O。KClO4含有化学键的类型为__________,K的原子结构示意图为________。

(4)NaHCO3是冷却剂,吸收产气过程中释放的热量而发生分解,其化学方程式为__________________。(5)100 g上述产气药剂产生的气体通过碱石灰后得到N2 33.6 L(标准状况)。

①用碱石灰除去的物质为____;

②该产气药剂中NaN3的质量分数为____。

【答案】∶N⋮⋮N∶

Fe 离子键和共价键2NaHCO

3Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O CO2、H2O 65% 22.锌和铝都是活泼金属,其氢氧化物既能溶于强酸,又能溶于强碱。但是氢氧化铝不溶于氨水,氢氧化锌可以与氨水反应生成[Zn(NH3)4]2+。回答下列问题:

(1)单质铝溶于氢氧化钠溶液后,溶液中铝元素的存在形式为______(用化学式表达)。(2)写出锌和氢氧化钠溶液反应的化学方程式____________________________________。(3)下列各组中的两种溶液,用相互滴加的实验方法即可鉴别的是____________________。①硫酸铝和氢氧化钠②硫酸铝和氨水③硫酸锌和氢氧化钠④硫酸锌和氨水

(4)写出可溶性铝盐与氨水反应的离子方程式______________________。试解释在实验室不适宜用可溶性锌盐与氨水反应制备氢氧化锌的原因________________________。

【答案】

AlO2-[或Al(OH)4-] Zn+2NaOH===Na2ZnO2+H2↑[或Zn+2NaOH+2H2O===Na2Zn(OH)4 + H2↑] ①③④

Al3++3NH3·H2O===Al(OH)3↓+3NH4+ 可溶性锌盐与氨水反应产生的Zn(OH)2可溶于过量氨水中生成[Zn(NH3)4]2+,氨水的用量不易控制

第二篇:高考冲刺语文考点梳理

三篇高考冲刺语文考点梳理范文

高考冲刺语文考点梳理

1.孩提:指2—3岁的儿童。

2.垂髫:三四岁至八九岁的儿童。(髫指古代儿童头上下垂的短发)

3.总角:八九岁至十三四岁的少年。(古代儿童将头发分作左右两半,在头顶各扎成一个结,形如两个羊角,故称。)

4.黄口:十岁以下。

5.豆蔻:指女子十三四岁至十五六岁。

6.束发:男子十五岁。(十五岁,男子要把原先的总角解散,扎成一束)

7.及笄:指女子15岁。(笄,谓结发而用笄贯之,表示已到出嫁的年岁)

8.弱冠:男子二十岁。(古人二十岁行冠礼,以示成年,但体犹未壮,故称)

9.而立:男子三十岁。(立,即“立身、立志”)

10.不惑:男子四十岁。(不惑,即“不迷惑、不糊涂”)

11.知天命:男子五十岁。

12.花甲:六十岁。

13.古稀:七十岁。

14.耄耋:八十岁。

15.鲐背之年:九十岁。

16.期颐:一百岁。

高考冲刺语文考点梳理篇四

一、掌握下列重点词语

1、尚:宫中尚促织之戏(崇尚,爱好。)

2、居:居为奇货(积,储存。)

3、比:宰严限追比(追征)

4、啻:虽连城拱璧不啻也(比)

5、造:径造庐访成(到)

6、固、强:少年固强之(坚持,一定;迫。)

7、庠:又嘱学使俾入邑庠(学校。)

8、过:裘马过世家焉(超过。)

9、贴:民日贴妇卖儿(抵押。)

二、通假字

1、昂其直(通“值“,价值)

2、手裁举(通“才“,刚刚)

3、而翁归(通“尔“,你的)

4、翼日进宰(通“翌“,明天)

5、虫跃去尺有咫(通“又“)

三、一词多义

1、责:①因责常供(动词,责令)

②每责一头(动词,索取)

③当其为里正、受扑责时(动词,责罚)

④以塞官责(名词,差使)

2、进:①以一头进(动词,进献)

②径进以啄(动词,前进)

3、益:①死何裨益(名词,好处)

②益奇之(副词,更加)

4、逼:①鸡健进,逐逼之(动词,逼近)

②与村东大佛阁逼近(副词,极)

5、故:①此物故非西产(副词,本来)

②故天子一跬步(连词,所以)

6、然:①然睹促织(连词,表转折,然而)

②俨然类画(副词词尾,……的样子)

③成然之(动词,认为……是对的)

7、售:①久不售(动词,考取)

②亦无售者(动词,买)

8、岁:①后岁余(名词,年)

②岁征民间(名作状,每年)

高考冲刺语文考点梳理

《孔雀东南飞》知识点

一、古今异义

.为仲卿母所遣,守节情不移

便可白公姥

可怜体无比

汝岂得自由

槌床便大怒

.本自无教训

举手常劳劳

.逆以煎我怀

阿母大悲摧.便言多令才

.府吏见丁宁:

恐此事非奇

.寻遣丞请还

否泰如天地

.渠会永无缘

便利此月内

.蹑履相逢迎

逼迫兼弟兄

叶叶相交通

多谢后世人

二、通假字

终老不复取

箱帘六七十

虽与府吏要

.蒲苇纫如丝

.府吏见丁宁

摧藏马悲哀

合葬华山傍

三、词类活用

(1)名词作状语(从句法关系看,谓语动词在句中总是出现在主语、状语后,所以,如果名词出现在动词前,而句子已经有明确的主语时,即可判断名词活用了状语。)

.孔雀东南飞().勤心养公姥()

手巾掩口啼,()卿当日胜贵,()

(2)名词、形容词用作动词(因为能愿动词只能修饰动词,所以,如果名词前紧接能愿动词时,即可判断它是活用成了动词;因为只有动词能带宾语和介宾补语,所以,如果名词后紧接代词或处所名词、介宾短语,即可判断它是活用成了动词;同理,如果两个名词连用,二者之间既非并列关系,也非修饰关系,其中必有一个活用成了动词。)(按一般语法,形容词不能带宾语,所以,如果形容词出现在代词前面,就可以判断它活用成了动词;同理,如果形容词出现在名词或名词性短语前,而它和后面的名词或名词性短语之间又构不成偏正关系,那么这个形容词就活用成了动词。)

槌床便大怒()

.自名秦罗敷()

.谢家事夫婿,()

.交广市鲑珍,.()

千万不复全,()

(3)使动用法、意动用法(所谓使动用法,是指谓语动词具有“使宾语怎么样”的意思。它是用动宾结构表达使令式的内容。)(意动用法一般涉及的是形容词和名词。形容词、名词带宾语用作意动,就是“觉得宾语怎么样”,是在主观上认为宾语所代表的事物具有用作意动的形容词表示的性质或状态,或者成为用作意动的名词所表示的人或事物,经常可以翻译成“以……为……”或“认为……是……”或“把……当做……”)

.逆以煎我怀,()

足以荣汝身,()

便利此月内,()

四、偏义复词:指由两个今义词或反义词作词素构成一个词,其中的一个词素表示意义,另一个词素只作陪衬,不表示意义,这样的词称为偏义复词。

.便可白公姥

昼夜勤作息

.我有亲父兄

.我有亲父母

.逼迫兼弟兄

五、“相”字的用法

“相”是一个会意字,《说文》:“相审视也。从目以木。”本意是闭“目”看“木”,即察看。后来引申出其他义。

(1)副词:用在动词前,表一方对另一方有所动作,有称代功能。据句义代“我”、“你”、“她”、“他”、“它”。

.会不相从许,及时相遣归,还必相迎取,好自相扶将

.嬉戏莫相忘.誓天不相负

.不得便相许

登即相许和

.蹑履相逢迎

.怅然遥相望

誓不相隔卿

久久莫相忘

(2)副词:用在动词前,表双向动作。互相,彼此。

.相见常日稀

六合正相应

叶叶相交通

枝枝相覆盖

仰头相向鸣

黄泉下相见

(3)名词:具有一般名词功能。相貌,宰相。

儿已薄禄相

王侯将相宁有种乎?

(4)动词:具有一般动词功能。审察,仔细看,帮助。

伯乐相马

无物相之六、文言实词

不堪:妾不堪驱使

不堪吏人妇

徒:徒留无所施

徒有虚名

谢:阿母谢媒人

多谢后世人

谢家事夫婿

见:相见常日稀

君既若见录

府吏见叮咛

迎:还必相迎取

明日来迎汝

不足迎后人

区区:何乃太区区

感君区区怀

区区小事,何足挂齿

适:始适还家门

处分适兄意

适得府君书

念:念母劳家里

念与世间辞

却:却与小姑别

令:便言多令才

岂合令郎君

莫令事不举

令母在后单

何:何意致不厚

隐隐何甸甸

汝今何罪过

作计何不量

应:汝可去应之

六合正相应

零泪应声落

以我应他人

意:何意致不厚

吾意久怀忿

处分适兄意

故:大人故嫌迟

知是故人来

故遣来贵门

故作不良计

为:为仲卿母所遣

十七为君妇

为诗云尔

非为织作迟

阿母为汝求

始尔未为久

慎勿为妇死

高考冲刺语文考点梳理

⑴却,可是。例:①至则无可用,放之山下。②子灿寐而醒,客则鼾睡炕上矣。③于其身也,则耻师焉。④手裁举,则双超忽而跃。

⑵那么,就。例:①为之,则难者亦易矣。②及日中则如盘盂。③视其缶,而吾蛇尚存,则弛然而卧。④若备与彼协心,上下齐同,则宜抚安,与结盟好。⑤如或知尔,则何以哉?

⑶指分项或自成段落的文字的条数。例:《论语》六则。

⑷用在对比句中,相当于“就”。例:①学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。②居庙堂之高,则忧其民;处江湖之远,则忧其君。③橘生淮南则为橘,生于淮北则为枳。④位卑则足羞,官盛则近谀。⑤夫夷以近,则游者众;险以远,则至者少。⑥木受绳则直,金就砺则利。⑦小则获邑,大则得城。⑧昼日则鬼见,暮卧则梦闻。⑨入则与王图议国事,以出号令;出则接遇宾客,应对诸侯。

⑸就是。例:①则者岳阳楼之大观也。②秦则无礼何施之为?③不然,则其所疏远。

⑹原来是。例:①徐而察之,则上皆石穴罅。②临视,则虫集冠上。

⑺只。例:①则被这枷纽的我左侧右偏。②不依公道则爱钞。

⑻同“辄”,总是,常常。例:居则曰:“不吾知也!”

⑼原来已经。例:①郑穆公使视客馆,则束载、厉兵,秣马矣。②追之,及诸河,则在舟中矣。

(则是)只当是。例:与窦娥烧一陌儿,则是看你死的孩儿面上。

第三篇:2014冲刺中考化学试卷4

2014冲刺中考化学试卷

一.选择题(每题2分共20分)

1.在中央电视台春节联欢晚会中,台湾魔术师刘谦以其匪夷所思的表演震撼了国人,他表演过程使用的道具中,属于合成材料的是()

A.玻璃杯B.金戒指C.硬币D.橡皮筋

2.下列生产过程主要发生物理变化的是()

A.沼气生产B.石油蒸馏C.转炉炼钢D.高炉炼铁

3.下列装置所示的实验中,()

A.量取0.3ml水B.用双氧水和二氧化锰制 C.检查装置气密性D.除去氢气中的水蒸气得平稳氧气流

4.每年的6月26日是国际禁毒日,一种新型毒品K粉的主要成分是盐酸氯胺酮,盐酸氯胺酮的化学式为C13H16ONCl,它会对大脑造成永久损害。下列叙述中()

A.K粉是纯净物B.一个氯胺酮分子中含32个原子

C.盐酸氯胺酮由五种元素组成D.盐酸氯胺酮中氢元素与氧元素的质量分数相同

5.为鉴别日常生活里下列各组物质,所用的两种方法()

态甲烷。下列叙述中错误的是()

A.这种“雨”可以作为一种清洁燃料B.“土卫六”表面的温度比地球表面低

C.“土卫六”上形成了甲烷的气-液循环D.“土卫六”表面是否存在有机物还无法确定

7.在a、b两支试管中加入体积相同的同种铁块。在a中加入食盐水,塞上橡皮塞,如下

图。U型玻璃管内为红墨水(开始时两端液面等高)。放置一段时间后,下列有关叙述

错误的是()

A.两试管中铁最终均被锈蚀

B.红墨水柱两边的液面变为左低右高

C.若在a试管水面上加少量植物油,可使其锈蚀变慢。D.铁锈是混合物,主要成分是Fe2O

38.用数轴表示某些化学知识直观、简明、易记。下列数轴表示的是()

A.银、铜、铁的金属活动性强弱:

B.硫及其化合物与化合价的关系:

生铁钢C.根据铁的含碳量,将其分成生铁和钢: 含碳量/% pHD.物质形成溶液的pH: 食盐酸奶

9.已知某两种物质在光照条件下能发生化学反应,其微观示意图如下:(说明:一种小球

代表一种原子)则下列说法不正确的是()

A.该反应属于置换反应B.图示中共有4种分子

C.该图示说明在化学变化中分子可分,原子不可分D.以上反应符合质量守恒定律

10.()

A、向pH=12的Ca(OH)

2溶液中不断加水稀释

B.向碳酸钙固体中逐滴加入稀盐酸至过量

C.在40℃,将饱和的硝酸钾溶液恒温蒸发水分至有白色晶体析出

D.将等质量的金属镁片和锌片分别和过量的稀硫酸混合二.填空题(共34分)

11.(5分)右图是锂原子的构成示意图,根据图示信息回答下列问题:

(1)锂元素的原子序数为,元素符号为。

(2)锂原子的结构示意图为(填字母)。

A

B

C

D.(3)锂元素与氧元素形成的化合物的化学式为。

(4)下列对原子构成的理解错误..的是(填字母)。

A.原子整体不显电性B.原子核比原子小得多

C.原子核是不可分割的实心球体D.原子质量主要集中在原子核上

12.(5分)2014年2月20日,深圳一歌舞厅发生火灾事故,致43人死亡。当时很多人都

在饮酒作乐。事故的直接原因为该俱乐部演职人员使用自制礼花弹手枪发射礼花弹,引燃

天花板的聚胺指泡沫所致。回答下列问题:

⑴手枪发射的礼花弹,能使天花板的聚胺脂泡沫燃烧的原因是⑵在室内遇见聚胺脂着火,可以用毛巾或者衣服捂住呼吸道,原因是;

⑶有专家称,如果这些遇难者生前能够了解一些火灾自救的常识,冷静自处,采取必要的措施,坚持20分钟就极有可能生还。除了上述第⑵项措施外,你认为还可采用哪些必要的措施?(答一点)

⑷如果让你设计歌舞厅,为了防止再次发生特大火灾,应该注意的一个问题是什么?

13.(9分)如图是实验室常用的两个气体制备、收集、净化的多种

功能装置。

(1)若制备的气体是氢气,则试剂X常用,用图示放置的乙

装置收集氢气,A应与(填“B”或“C”)相连。

(2)若制备的气体是氧气,Y是黑色粉末,则甲中反应的化学

方程式为。若A、C

相连制取氧气,检验气密性后,还须将装置乙。

(3)若X是稀盐酸、Y是石灰石,用甲、乙两装置组成发生、甲乙

净化、收集CO2气体的系列装置。若乙中放入浓硫酸,浓硫酸的作用是,A应与(填“B”或“C”)相连。若想除去盐酸挥发出的HCl气体能否在乙中放

入氢氧化钠溶液来净化,(填“能”或“不能”)原因是。

14.某学生在学习中发现把酚酞滴入碱溶液中出现了这样三种情况:(8分)

⑴ 红色很快(半分钟内)消失;⑵ 红色过一段时间后消失;⑶ 红色永不消失。为了进

一步研究此实验“反常”的原因,该学生为主的研究性学习小组进行了下列实验:将六种

质量分数不同NaOH溶液各5ml于6个试管中,分别滴入1~2滴酚酞试液,实验结果于

下表:

分析实验数据回答下列问题:

(1)通过实验你得出了什么结论

(2)取少量已褪成无色的NaOH-酚酞溶液,逐滴滴加稀盐酸观察,溶液会重新出现红色;当继续加盐酸后,红色又会消失。试说明两次变化的原因,写出发生反应的化学方程式。

(3)若想让第一次变化后已褪成无色的NaOH-酚酞溶液重新恢复红色还可以

用、的方法(不得再用酸)。

(4)变红的NaOH-酚酞溶液加盐酸褪成无色的溶液中一定含哪种溶质,可能还含哪种溶质。

15.(7分)木炭、活性炭都具有疏松多孔的结构,有吸附性,可以吸附一些食品和工业产

品的色素,也可吸附有异味的物质,吸附是变化。同学进行如图分组实验,在红棕色二氧化氮气体中加入干燥的活性炭或木炭,发现瓶

内气体颜色变淡或消失,打开弹簧夹,你将看到的现象是;产生该现象的原因是。实验过程中张宁同学发现不同小组集气瓶中气

体褪色程度不同,于是她想设计实验探究“影响吸附剂吸

附效果的因素”,请你参与探究活动。完成探究报告。

【提出问题】吸附效果可能与有关。

【设计实验】分别在相同体积的两瓶NO2气体中,各加入相同颗粒大小、相同质量的木炭

和活性炭,比较相同时间内气体褪色的程度。

【可能出现的现象】

你认为影响吸附剂吸附效果的因素还有哪些,请提出来:

【你的猜想】

【设计实验】

如果你能再提出一种假设并设计出实验方案,你将得到4分奖励(满分不超过60分)

【你的猜想】(1分)

【设计实验】(3分)。

三.计算题(6分)

16.新闻报道《河北秦皇岛:小雨引“燃”一车电石》很好地说明水可“引火”。该报道称:5月9日傍晚,一辆储运电石的汽车因未做好防水工作,行驶过程中天降小雨,引发车厢

着火„„已知:电石(CaC2)不可燃,与水接触剧烈反应产生乙炔(C2H2)。

(1)电石和水反应的化学方程式为:CaC2+2H2O=X+C2H2↑,其中,X的化学式为。

(2)若用32kg的电石与水完全反应,能生成乙炔气体多少kg?(5分)

参考答案

二.填空题

11.(每空一分)

(1)3Li

(2)D

(3)Li2O

(4)C

12.(1)聚胺脂泡沫是可燃物,与氧气接触,温度达到着火点燃烧。(2分,答对一点给1分)(以下每空1分)

(2)防止吸入有毒烟气

(3)匍匐前进,用水弄湿衣服(答案合理都可给分)

(4)开设安全通道,装潢不用易燃物品(答案合理都可给分)

13.(方程式2分,其他每空1分)

(1)稀硫酸或稀盐酸C

MnO

2(2)2H2O2=====2H2O+O倒置或装满水

(3)干燥剂B不能氢氧化钠能与二氧化碳反应

14.(1)NaOH溶质质量分数越大,酚酞褪色越快。

(2)盐酸与氢氧化钠反应,氢氧化钠溶质质量分数减小颜色变红

盐酸与氢氧化钠反应中和,红色褪去(2分,答对一点给1分)

HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O(2分,其余每空一分)

(3)加水,通入二氧化碳(答案合理都可给分)

(4)NaClHCl

15.(7因是气体被吸附,瓶内气压降低,内外气压差使得烧杯中的水进入集气瓶。

【提出问题】吸附效果可能与吸附剂种类 有关。

【可能出现的现象】 加入活性炭的气体比加入木炭的褪色更快

影响吸附剂吸附效果的因素:吸附剂质量,吸附剂的表面积、吸附时间长短,被吸附物质的浓度、温度等,设计实验时注意控制变量:温度、被吸附物质种类、体积、浓度,吸附剂种类、质量、表面积(控制变量少2个扣1分)(除加分外每空1分)

三.计算题

16.(1)Ca(OH)21分

(2)解:设生成乙炔气体质量为x„„„„„„„„1分

CaC2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+C2H2↑

6426„„„2分

32kgx

„„„„„„„„„„„„„..1分

X=13kg„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.1分 答: 能生成乙炔气体13kg.

第四篇:2018小高考冲刺卷(四)

小高考冲刺卷(四)

地理

本试卷满分100分,考试时间75分钟。

一、单项选择题:在下列各小题的四个选项中,只有一个选项最符合题目要求(本部分共30小题,每小题2分,共60分)。

北京时间2016年10月17日7时30分“神舟十一号”飞船在中国酒泉卫星发射中心发射成功。据此完成第1~3题。

1.“神舟十一号”飞船发射成功,伦敦时间为()A.17日22时30分B.17日15时30分 C.16日23时30分D.16日19时30分

2.太阳系八大行星中,地球的“左邻右舍”分别是()A.金星、火星B.土星、木星C.水星、金星D.水星、木星

3.“神舟十一号”飞船发射成功时,下列四城市中,白昼最长的是()A.北京B.南京C.广州D.悉尼

4.下列四个城市中,自转线速度最大的是()A.哈尔滨B.北京C.南京D.广州 “乞力马扎罗的雪”美丽、迷人。图1是美国航天局地球观测站在同一地点拍摄到的该山雪景图片,据此完成5~6题。

图1 5.图示景观变化反映的突出环境问题是()A.火山活动强烈B.臭氧层空洞加剧 C.全球气候变暖D.全球气候变干

6.应对该环境问题的根本措施是()A.推广使用无氟制冷产品B.倡导低碳生活、节能减排 C.加强跨区域水资源调配D.加强自然保护区的建设 读某地景观图(图2),完成7~8题。

图2

7.图示景观对应的自然带是()

A.温带落叶阔叶林带B.亚热带常绿阔叶林带 C.热带雨林带D.热带草原带

8.该景观自然带形成的主要原因是()

A.常年受赤道低气压带控制B.常年受副热带高气压带控制 C.受西风带及副高交替控制D.受赤道低气压带及信风带交替控制

图3为北半球三圏环流和气压带、风带位置示意图,甲、乙分别地处亚欧大陆西岸和东岸。读图完成9~11题。

图3 9.④风带的风向为()

A.东北风B.东南风C.西北风D.西南风

10.有关甲处气候特征的说法,正确的是()A.终年高温多雨B.夏季高温多雨 C.全年温和湿润D.冬季温和多雨

11.乙处与甲处纬度位置相似,但气候特征差异显著,其主要原因是乙处()A.受④、⑤带交替控制B.受季风环流影响 C.受③、④带交替控制D.位于④带背风坡

2016年9月28日4时40分前后,台风“鲇鱼”登陆福建省泉州市惠安县沿海,中心附近最大风力有12级(33米/秒)。据此完成12~13题。

12.造成此次泉州市强降水的天气系统是()

ABCD

13.与郊区相比,城市洪灾更加频发的主要原因是()A.降水时间更长B.地下水位更高C.径流汇流时间更短

D.下渗作用更大

“雅丹”源于维吾尔语,意指具有陡壁的小山。在地质学上,雅丹地貌专指经长期外力作用形成的一系列平行的垄脊和沟槽构成的景观。读雅丹景观图(图4),完成14~15题。

图4 14.构成图中雅丹地貌的岩石属于()A.变质岩B.喷出岩C.侵入岩D.沉积岩 15.塑造雅丹地貌的主要外力作用是()

A.风力堆积B.风力侵蚀C.流水侵蚀D.流水堆积

图5为黄河三角洲城市体系示意图。读图完成16~17题。

图5

16.关于图中信息的叙述,正确的是()

A.滨州市的等级比济南高,服务范围比寿光小 B.济南是黄河三角洲范围内最低等级的城市 C.滨州市与东营市之间没有明确的区域界线 D.东营市的形成与发展主要受矿产的影响

17.由于黄土高原生态环境的改善,近年来,黄河三角洲滩涂淤积速度减慢,这体现了地理环境的()

A.差异性B.整体性C.开放性D.综合性

读1995-2009年我国某省级行政区户籍人口迁移变动情况图(图6),结合所学知识,完成18~19题。

图6 18.1995-2009年,该省级行政区户籍人口()A.迁入率持续上升B.迁出率持续降低

C.机械增长率缓慢下降 D.累计净迁入量逐年增加 19.从人口迁移模式看,该省级行政区可能是()A.上海B.安徽 C.湖南 D.河南

图7为我国某城市中心区迁移示意图。读图回答20~21题。

图7 20.该地区城市化的主要表现是()A.经济水平提高 B.城市等级上升 C.交通通达度提高D.城市地域范围扩大

21.影响该城市中心区发生迁移的主要原因是()A.城市人口增长 B.交通方式变化 C.经济规模扩大D.生活方式改变

读漫画(图8)——“圣诞老人划船送礼”,回答22~23题。

图8 22.图中所示环境问题产生的主要原因可能是()A.过度开采地下水

B.大量燃烧化石燃料 C.扩大湿地面积D.大量排放污水

23.发展循环经济是应对上述环境问题、实现可持续发展的重要途径。不符合循环经济的行为是()

A.生产企业和销售企业全程实行清洁生产 B.消费者选用环保产品,减少废弃物排放 C.政府加强对产品生命周期的环境监管 D.围湖造地,增加土地面积发展房地产 图9表示某河流流域范围,读图完成24~25题。

图9 24.造成流域内Ⅰ、Ⅱ两区域差异的主要因素是()A.降水B.地形C.植被D.气温

25.要合理开发利用该河流及其流域的优势资源,下列说法不正确的是()A.Ⅰ区域内应大力发展乳畜业B.Ⅱ区域内宜发展耕作业 C.Ⅰ区河段宜开发水电D.Ⅱ区河段宜引水灌溉

读德国鲁尔区(图10)和我国鞍山钢铁工业基地图(图11),比较两地的区位特点,回答26~27题。

图10图11

26.两地发展钢铁工业,相同的区位因素是()

①接近煤炭产地 ②水陆交通便利 ③市场广阔 ④有大量廉价劳动力 A.①②③B.②③④C.①③④D.①②④

27.从20世纪80年代初开始,鞍钢工业基地效益越来越差,在整治过程中可以向鲁尔区借鉴的经验有()

①调整工业结构 ②发展第三产业 ③优化环境 ④从外区调入大量淡水 A.①②③B.②③④C.①③④D.①②④

图12 图12为我国部分地区主要土地利用类型分布示意图,读图完成28~30题。28.目前,甲、乙、丙所在区域的主要生态问题分别是()A.森林减少、湿地破坏、土地荒漠化 B.土地荒漠化、湿地破坏、森林减少 C.森林减少、土地荒漠化、湿地破坏 D.湿地破坏、土地荒漠化、森林减少

29.导致甲所在区域生态问题的主要原因是()A.过度放牧B.过度开垦

C.水资源不合理利用D.过度砍伐

30.丙所在区域农业可持续发展应采取的主要措施是()A.开辟水源,合理灌溉B.植树造林,保持水土 C.合理采伐,及时抚育D.退耕还湿,建保护区

二、判断题:判断下列各题的正确与错误,正确的填A,错误的填B(本部分共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)。

31.太阳活动最主要的标志是光球层中的太阳风。()32.岩石圈物质循环中,三大类岩石之间都可以直接相互转化。()33.海陆热力性质差异是形成东亚季风的主要原因。()34.地球内部由外到内可划分为岩石圈、地幔和地核三个圈层。()35.陆地上的水主要靠陆地内循环补给。()36.城市的等级越高,其数目越多,服务范围越大。()37.当今,水土流失和土地荒漠化都属于生态破坏中的环境问题。()38.随着运输条件和生产技术的改进,工业区位受原料产地的制约越来越小。()39.城市建筑景观和格局等往往反映出地域文化对城市的影响。()40.为了实现可持续发展,我们应当大力提倡低碳生活。()

三、综合题:(本部分4大题,共30分)。

41.地理环境各要素相互联系、相互影响,构成了一个有机整体。读图13,完成下列问题。(9分)

图13(1)在“气压带与风带模式图”中甲地相应的位置用箭头画出该风带的风向。(1分)(2)在“洋流分布模式图”中,b处洋流属于________(暖流或寒流)。g处洋流对“气候类型分布模式图”中的F处沿海地区气候的影响是_________________________。(2分)(3)D气候类型的特点是___________,成因是________________________,与之对应的同纬度地区大陆东岸G区的自然带是__________________________。(3分)(4)在“自然带分布模式图”中,沿自然带①②③④方向的变化体现了地理环境地域分异规律中的________________地域分异,其成因是___________________________。(2分)

(5)以上各地理要素的相互关系体现了地理环境的____________________特征。(1分)42.读图14,回答下列问题。(7分)

图14 某地地质剖面示意图

(1)甲处地质构造是________;丙处地质构造是__________。(2分)

(2)乙处成山的原因是__________________________________________________。(1分)(3)图中所示的水循环类型为__________,丁环节为__________。(2分)

(4)丙地河流蕴藏有丰富的水力资源,原因是_____________、_____________。(2分)43.阅读相关材料,回答下列问题。(7分)

材料一 “十二五”期间,内蒙古自治区将加强与北京市的合作,主要包括积极承接北京市产业转移;通过煤炭就地转化、发展风电等新能源,实施“西电东送”;建设绿色农畜产品基地等。

材料二 图15为我国部分地区简图。

图15

(1)在我国三大自然区中,北京位于________区,内蒙古自治区主要位于____________区。(2分)

(2)内蒙古自治区向北京市调运能源的主要原因有________________________________________________________________________。(2分)

(3)内蒙古自治区承接北京市产业转移,对当地的影响主要有____________________、____________________等。(2分)

(4)制约该地区矿产资源开发利用的主要自然因素是__。(1分)44.读下列材料,回答问题。(7分)

材料一 新中国成立以来,我国的很多地区农业生产发生了翻天覆地的变化,图16中A、B、C、D所在区域的农业均得到了快速的发展。

图16图17 基塘模式

材料二 基塘模式(如图17)是通过挖塘抬田形成基塘传统的桑基鱼塘。如今,“蔗基鱼塘”、“果基鱼塘”、“花基鱼塘”等更多形式的基塘农业不断出现。

(1)从农业地域类型来看,A是__________,其生产特点是________________________________________________________________________。(2分)

(2)从影响农业的区位因素来看,限制A地农业发展的主要区位因素是________________________________________________________________________。(1分)

(3)C地区特色农业生产模式如图17所示,分析材料二,C地区该农业生产模式所属农业地域类型是____________;该农业地域类型,澳大利亚墨累达令盆地分布最为典型,该农业地域类型的显著优点有____________________、__________________。(3分)

(4)近年来,C、D两地区城市周边的农民纷纷放弃粮食生产,改种蔬菜、花卉、瓜果等农业产品,决定其调整生产对象的首要区位因素是____________。(1分)

第五篇:高考英语冲刺卷

上海英语高考冲刺题

After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town

So I decided to leave home for New York,(25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job.(26)______(earn)some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter.I believe that(27)______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already(28)______(exhaust)shoulder.On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success.As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies.Mother had just said that(29)______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city.Perhaps(30)______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it.Apparently, I had difficulty(31)______(adapt)myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight.After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town.Not until I returned(32)______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine(自动售货机)is a new village

Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies.However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop.Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is(33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on theproject.The machine(34)______(equip)with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr.Fox said he hoped his invention,(35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by(36)______.The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine.Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far(37)______(appropriate)In recent years,the commercial pressure from supermarket chains(38)______ force village shops across the country to close.In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed,(39)______(urge)the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr.Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution(40)______these villages without a local shop.A.alertB.classifyC.commit D.delicatelyE.gentleF.impose G.labels H.moderation I.relieve J.signals K.simply

Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully.However, you don't have time to

carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket.Since you really__42__

yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't

it? This is where a

“choice architect” can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself.Choice architects are

people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions.For example, the person

who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on,and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through lawsfor example, smoking bans.Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things.In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice.This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy.This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package.A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy;yellow indicates that thecustomer should be__49__;and red means that the food is

high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__.The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decided what to choose.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip.About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why;how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers,and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural.Instead he suggests that language evolved among women.We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys.By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same.Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided;on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness.Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51.A.claim B.description C.gossipD.language

52.A.occasionally B.habituallyC.independently D.originally

53.A.social B.political C.historical D.cultural

54.A.admirers B.mastersC.users D.wasters

55.A.vital B.sensitiveC.ideal D.difficult

56.A.confirms B.rejects C.outlines D.broadens

57.A.for instance B.in addition C.on the contraryD.as a result

58.A.motivation B.appearanceC.emotion D.behaviour

59.A.attackB.contact C.inspectionD.assistance

60.A.recalls B.denies C.concludes D.confesses

61.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadership D.protection

62.A.measure B.show C.maintain D.ease

63.A.saved B.extendedC.consumed D.gained

64.A.commonB.efficient C.scientific D.thoughtful

65.A.indirectB.dailyC.physical D.secret

A

Most people agree that honesty is a good thing.But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals.Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals.For example, a bird called

the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.When a predator(猎食动物)gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest.How? It pretends to have a broken wing.The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat.Scrub jays are also thieves.They watch where others bury their food and steal it.But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them.So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work.How? They don't make nests.Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly.Then they lay their eggs and fly away.When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky.After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other.When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again.But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too.When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out.Then other chimps come running.But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food.That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can't fool Mother Nature.”But maybe can't trust her, either.66.A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A.getting closer to its young

B.driving away the adult predator

C.leaving its young in another nest

D.pretending to be injured

67.By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky”(paragraph 5), the author means______.A.chimps are ready to attack others

B.chimps are sometimes dishonest

C.chimps are jealous of the winners

D.chimps can be selfish too

68.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A.Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B.The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C.Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D.Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A.Do animals lie?

B.Does Mother Nature fool animals?

C.How do animals learn to lie?

D.How does honesty help animals survive

B

Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year.How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:really recommend it to everyone.“

A habit is a 3-step process.First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine.And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior.It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it: Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected.Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day.The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all.Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward.Which is the whole point, right?

70.Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE8HABIT LOOP?

A.Pick a new cue.B.Form a new habit.C.Choose a new reward.D.Design a new resolution.71.According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A.changing the routine

B.trying it for a week

C.adjusting your goal

D.writing it down

72.What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?

A.To test out different kinds of cues.B.To do something as a habit even without rewards.C.To work out the best New Year's resolution.D.To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73.“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an

English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A.The Harry Potterposter.B.Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C.An English newspaper.D.Watching TV for half an hour

C

If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A

few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks

to an unusual virtual reality虚拟现实)device.Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona.She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man.“As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants,” she said.“That's the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top.The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner.If she moves her arm, you see it.If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better.Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them.Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward.Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again.This time, the participants' bias scores were lower.The idea is that once you've “put yourself in another's shoes” you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result.“At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other

in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project.“It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience.I would really, really recommend it to everyone

74.The word ”swapping“(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to______.A.building

B.exchanging

C.controlling

D.transplanting

75.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A.our feelings are related to our bodily experience

B.we can learn to take control of other people's bodies

C.participants will live more passionately after the experiment

D.The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes

76.In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a

dark skinned digital character, ______.A.they fought strongly against racism

B.they scored lower on the test for racism

C.they changed their behaviour dramatically

D.they were more biased against those unlike them

77.It can be concluded from the passage that______.A.technology helps people realize their dreams

B.our biases could be eliminated through experiments

C.virtual reality helps promote understanding among people

D.our points of view about others need changing constantly

The fewest possible words

More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility(CSR).CSR is made up of three broad layers.The most basic is traditional corporate charity work.Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects.But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough.In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior.Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management.Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks.They talk to non-governmental organisations(NGOs)and to governments, create codes of conduct(行为准则)and devote themselves to more transparency(透明)in their operations.Increasingly, too.they, along with heir competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game.The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value.If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage.That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear.The idea of ”doing well by doing good“ has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executivesCan you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream.Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities.Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful.Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德):it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statementsin NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)

78.Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79.Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80.With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81.According to the passage, ”good business"(paragraph 6)means that corporations ________while making profits

我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。

(accustomed)

将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。

(be up to)

没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。

(than)

家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。

(for fear)

虽然现代社会物资丰富,给予消费者更多的选择,但也使不少人变成购物狂。

(turn)

学校英语报正在酝酿改版,拟从现有的三个栏目(健康、娱乐、文化)中去除一个,并 从三个备选栏目(时尚、职业规划、读者反馈)中挑选一个纳入该报。假设你是该校学生程 飞,给校报编辑写一封电子邮件,表达你的观点。邮件须包括以下内容:

1.你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由; 2.你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由。

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