美国前总统克林顿在北京大学的演讲和北大学生的提问及其回答

第一篇：美国前总统克林顿在北京大学的演讲和北大学生的提问及其回答

美国前总统克林顿在北京大学的演讲和北大学生的提问及其回答

威廉姆·杰斐逊·克林顿

对北京大学师生的讲话 1998年6月29日

中国北京大学

克林顿总统：谢谢。陈校长、任书记、迟副校长、韦副部长，谢谢你们。今 天，我很高兴率领一个庞大的美国代表团来到这里，代表团中包括第一夫人和我们的女儿，她是斯坦福大学的学生，该校是和北大具有交流关系的学校之一。此外，我们的代表团中还包括六位美国国会议员、国务卿、商务部长、农业部长、经济顾问理事会理事长、我国驻华大使参议员尚慕杰、国家安全顾问和我的办公厅主任 等。我提到这些人是为了说明美国极为重视对华关系。在北大百年校庆之际，我首先要向你们全体师生员工、管理人员祝贺。恭喜了，北大！（掌声。）各位知道，这个校园曾经一度是由美国传教士建立的燕京大学。学校许多美丽的建筑物由美国建筑师设计。成千上万的美国学生和教授来到北大求学和教课。我们对你们有一种特殊的亲近感。我很庆幸，今天和 79 年前的一个重要的日子大不相同。1919 年 6 月，就在这里，燕京大学首任校长司徒雷登（John L eighton Stuart）准备发表第一个毕业典礼致辞。他准时出场，但学生一个未到。学生们为了振兴中国的政治文化，全部走上街头领导“五四”运动去了。我读到这个故事后，希望今天当我走进这个礼堂时，会有人坐在这里。非常感谢大家前来听我演讲。(掌声。)

一百年以来，北大已经发展到两万多学生。贵校的毕业生遍及中国和全世界。贵校建成了亚洲最大的大学图书馆。去年贵校有20%的毕业生去国外深造，其中包括一半的数理专业学生。在这个百年校庆之年，中国、亚洲和全世界有100多万人 上机访问贵校的网址。在新世纪黎明之际，北大正在率领中国奔向未来。

你们是中国下一代的领导者。我今天要跟你们讲的是，建立中美两国牢固的伙伴关系，对于你们的未来至关重要。

在几千年的历史长河中，中国为人类文化、宗教、哲学、艺术和科技作出了贡献，美国人民深深钦佩你们。我们铭记着第二次世界大战期间两国的牢固伙伴关 系。现在我们看到，中国处于历史性时刻：能和你们光辉灿烂的过去相提并论的，只有贵国目前气势磅礴的改革和更加美好的未来。

仅仅在30年前，中国还与世界隔绝。现在，中国参加了从航空旅行到农业开发等领域的1000多个国际组织。贵国为大规模贸易和投资敞开了大门。今天有40,000多年轻的中国学生在美国留学，还有数十万中国学生在亚洲、非洲、欧洲和拉美国家留学。

贵国在社会和经济领域的变革更为显著，从一个封闭的指令性经济体制向一个日显生机、日趋注重市场性的经济转变，产生了连续20年史无前例的增长，赋予人民更大的自由，到国内外旅游、进行村委会选举、拥有住房、选择职业以及上更好学校。因此，贵国帮助成千上百万的人们摆脱了贫困。在过去的10年中人均收入翻了一番以上。大多数中国人民过上了20年前还难以想象的美好生活。

当然，这些变化也打乱了固有的生活和工作格局，给贵国的环境造成了巨大压力。以前，每个城市居民到国有企业就业都有保障。现在，你们必须到就业市场上去竞争。以前，每个中国工人只要满足北京中央计划人员的要求，现在，全球性经济意味着人人必须跟上世界其他地区的质量和创造力。对于缺乏适当训练、技能和支持的人们来说，这个新世界的确令人生畏。

在短期内，一些诚实勤快的人会失业。正如你们所见，过去20年的开发模式和能源使用模式，造成了空气污染、滥伐森林、酸雨和缺水，在环境、经济和医疗保健方面带来了巨大代价。

面对这些挑战，必须制定出培训和社会保障的新体系，推出保护环境的新政策和新技术，以便在促进经济增长的同时改进环境。我对中国人民智慧、独创性和开发精神的所见所闻，过去几天我和江主席和朱总理及其他人会谈中的所见所闻，给了我信心，相信你们定能成功。

在你们建设新中国的同时，美国希望同你们建立新关系。我们要看到一个成就非凡、安全开放的中国，和我们携手为一个和平繁荣的世界而努力。我知道，无论在中国还是在美国，都有人怀疑两国之间的紧密关系是否是好事。但是，世界在变化，我们面临着种种挑战，我们了解的这一切告诉我们，我们两国携手合作比分道扬镳要有利得多。

已故的邓小平告诫我们要实事求是。新世纪来临之际，事实显而易见。我们两国间的距离在缩短，实际上是所有国家间的距离在缩短。以前，美国的快速帆船开到中国要花几个月。今天，高科技使我们天涯若比邻。从笔记本电脑到激光技术、从微芯片到兆字节储存器，信息革命正在照亮人类知识领域，将我们更紧密地联结起来。人们只要敲一下电脑的键盘，观念、信息和资金就能跨越全球，为人们创造财富、预防和征服疾病、加深具有不同历史和文化背景人民之间的了解，带来了极大的机会。

但我们也知道，更大的开放和更快的变革也意味着，别国产生的问题会很快蔓延到本国境内，如大规模毁灭性武器的扩散、有组织的犯罪和贩卖毒品的威胁、环境的恶化和严重的经济混乱等问题。没有哪个国家能避免这些问题，没有那个国家能独自解决这些问题。我们，特别是中美两国的年轻一代必须以迎接这些共同的挑战为共同的事业，共创一个光辉灿烂的新世纪。

二十一世纪是你们的世纪。中美两国将面临亚洲安全的挑战。我们两国曾在朝鲜半岛为敌，现在我们携手合作，为一个永久和平和无核武器的未来而努力。

世界各国正在摆脱核威胁，而在印度次大陆，印度和巴基斯坦却甘冒挑起新一轮军备竞赛的风险。我们正在谋求一个共同的策略，以使印巴两国停止进一步的核试验，并为解决分歧进行对话。

在二十一世纪，你们年轻一代必须承担制止更加致命的核武器、化学武器和生物武器扩散的重任。如果这种武器落入坏人之手或流入不适当的场所，无论大小国家，其安全都会受到威胁。中美两国日益认识到制止这类武器扩散的重要性，因此我们已开始齐心协力，控制世界上最危险的武器。

在二十一世纪，你们年轻一代一定要扭转犯罪和毒品的国际逆流。全世界有组织的犯罪分子每年从人民手中抢走的财产达数十亿美元，破坏了人们对政府的信 任。美国人民深知毒品给学校师生和社区居民造成的破坏和绝望。中国的边境和十几个国家相邻，已成了各种走私分子的通道。

去年，我和江主席请求中美双方的高级执法官员加强合作，打击这些犯罪分 子，防止洗钱，防止在残酷条件下偷运外国人，防止伪币破坏货币的信用。就在本月，我们的缉毒署在北京开设了办事处。不久，中国的缉毒专家也将在华盛顿开展工作。

在二十一世纪，你们年轻一代的使命是必须保证今天的进步发展不以明天为代价。中国过去 20年来的快速增长以遭受毒害为代价，即贵国人民的饮用水和呼吸的空气都已遭受污染。这种代价不仅仅体现在环境方面，对人民的健康也造成了严重的危害，而且还会阻碍经济的发展。

环境问题正在变得日趋全球化和全国化。例如，在不久的将来，如果目前的能源使用模式不改变，中国将超过美国成为世界最大的温室气体的排放国。温室气体是全球性升温的主要原因。如果世界各国不减少排放造成全球性升温的气体，下世纪的某个时候就会出现气候急剧变化的严重威胁，这将改变我们的生活和工作方 式，某些岛国就会被大水淹没，某些国家的经济社会结构就会遭到破坏。

我们必须大力合作。经验告诉我们美国人，可以在促使经济成长的同时保护环境。为了我们自己也为了世界，我们必须做到这一点。

我国副总统戈尔已同中国政府合作开展了不少工作。在此基础上，我和江主席正在一起探讨方法，在中国推出美国的清洁能源技术，在促进中国经济发展的同时提高中国的大气质量。

但我还要重申—这话不在我的讲稿上—在这一点上你们这一代还要有更多的作为。这对你们、对美国人民和世界的未来都是一个巨大的挑战。这个问题必须在大学里提出，因为如果政治领导人认为采取环保措施会导致大规模的失业或严重的贫困，他们就不愿意这样做。事实证明环保不会造成失业和贫困。如果我们的方法得当，人们将取得更快的经济增长，拥有薪水更高的工作，促进教育和科技向更高水平发展。但是，你们大学生和你们的大学，中美两国以及全世界的人民都必须带这个头。（掌声。）

在二十一世纪，你们必须承担不分国界的国际金融系统的重任。当香港和雅加达的股票市场下跌时，其影响再也不是局部性，而是全球性的。因此，贵国充满生机的经济成长同整个亚太地区恢复稳定和经济发展紧密相连。

在最近一次的金融危机中，中国坚定不移地承担了对本地区和全世界的责任，帮助避免了又一个危险的货币贬值周期。我们必须继续携手合作，对付全球金融系统面临的威胁以及对整个亚太地区本应有的发展和繁荣的威胁。

在二十一世纪，你们这一代将有极大的机会，将我们科学家、医生、工程师的各种才能结合起来，用于追求共同的发展。我们早就在一些合作领域中取得了突 破，包括从医治脊柱对裂到预报恶劣天气和地震等。这些突破证明，只要我们合 作，就能改变中美乃至全世界数以百万计的人的生活。扩大我们在科技领域的合作是我们给未来奉献的厚礼之一。

在我以上列举的每一个关键领域，显然，只要我们相互合作而不是互不往来，我们就能取得更大的成就。因此，我们应该努力，确保双方之间目前的建设性关系在下个世纪结出圆满的协作果实。

要做到这一点，我们就必须更好地相互了解，了解各自的共同利益、共有的期望和真诚的分歧。我相信大家在电视上都看到了，我和江主席星期六在联合记者招待会上公开直接的交流，有助于澄清和缩小我们的分歧。更为重要的是，允许人们理解、辩论和探讨这些问题，能使他们对我们建设美好的未来更加充满信心。

从我居住的华盛顿特区白宫的窗口向外眺望，我们第一任总统乔治．华盛顿的纪念碑俯视全城。那是一座高耸的方形尖塔。在这个庞大的纪念碑旁，有一块很小的石碑，上面刻着的碑文是：美国决不设置贵族和皇室头衔，也不建立世袭制度。国家事务由舆论公决。

美国就是这样建立了一个从古至今史无前例的崭新政治体系。这是最奇妙的事物。这些话不是美国人写的，而出自福建省巡抚徐继玉(Xu Jiyu)之手，并于1853年 由中国政府刻成碑文，作为礼物送给美国。

我很感激中国送的这份礼物。它道出了我们全体美国人民的心声，即人人有生命和自由的权利、追求幸福的权利，有不受国家的干涉，辩论和持不同政见的自 由、结社的自由和宗教信仰的自由。

这些就是220年前美国立国的核心理想。这些理想指引我们跨越美洲大陆，走向世界舞台。这些仍然是美国人民今天珍视的理想。

正如我在和江主席举行的记者招待会上所说，我们美国人民正在不断寻求实现这些理想。美国宪法的制定者了解，我们不可能做到尽善尽美。他们说，美国的使命始终是要“建设一个更为完美的联邦。”换言之，我们永远不可能尽善尽美，但我们必须不断改进。

每当我们放弃不断改进的努力，每当我们由于种族或宗教原因、由于是新移 民，或者由于有人持不受欢迎的意见，而剥夺我们人民的自由，我们的历史就出现最黑暗的时刻。每当我们保护持不受欢迎的意见者的自由，或者将大多数人享受的权利给予以前被剥夺权利的人们，从而实践《独立宣言》和《宪法》的诺言，而不是使其成为一纸空文，我们的历史就出现最光明的时刻。

今天，我们没有谋求将自己的见解强加于人，但我们深信，某种权利具有普遍性，它们不是美国的权利或者欧洲的权利或者是发达国家的权利，而是所有的人们与生俱来的权利。这些权利现在载于《联合国人权宣言》。这些就是待人以尊严、各抒己见、选举领袖、自由结社、自由选择信教或不信教的权利。

《独立宣言》的作者、我国第三任总统托马斯．杰克逊在他一生的最后一封信中写道：“人们正在睁开眼睛关注人权。”在杰克逊写了这句话172年之后，我相信，人们现在终于睁开眼睛关注着世界各地男男女女应享受的人权。

过去20年以来，一个高涨的自由浪潮解放了成千上百万的生灵，扫除了前苏联和中欧那种失败的独裁统治，结束了拉美国家军事政变和内战的恶性循环，使更多的非洲人民有机会享受来之不易的独立。从菲律宾到南朝鲜，从泰国到蒙古，自由之浪已冲到亚洲的海岸，给发展和生产力注入了动力。

经济保障也应该是自由的要素。这在《联合国经济社会文化权益公约》中获得承认。在中国，你们为培育这种自由已迈出了大步，保证不遭受匮乏，并成为贵国人民的力量源泉。中国人的收入提高了，贫困现象减轻了；人们有了更多的选择就业的机会和外出旅游的机会，有了创造更好生活的机会。但真正的自由不仅仅是经济的自由。我们美国人民认为这是一个不可分割的概念。

在过去的四天中，我在中国看到了自由的许多表现形式。我在贵国内地的一个村庄看到民主的萌芽正在迸发。我访问了一个自由选举村委领导的村庄。我也看到了大哥大电话、录象机和带来全世界观念、信息和图象的传真机。我听到人们抒发自己的想法，我还同当地的人们一起为我选择的宗教信仰祈祷。在所有这些方面，我感觉到自由的微风在吹拂。

但人们不禁要问，我们的发展方向是什么？我们怎样相互合作走上历史的正确一面？贵校伟大的政治思想家之

一、胡适教授在50多年前说过：“有些人对我说，为了国家的自由你必须牺牲自己的个人自由。但我回答，为了个人自由而奋斗就是为了国家的自由而奋斗。为了个性而奋斗就是为了国民性而奋斗。”

我们美国人认为胡适是对的。我们相信，并且我们的经验表明，自由加强稳 定，自由有助于国家的变革。

我国的一位开国先贤本杰明．富兰克林曾经说过：“我们的批评者是我们的朋友，因为他们指出我们的缺点。”如果这话正确，在美国很多时候，总统的朋友比其他任何人都多。

(笑声。)但确实如此。

在我们生活的世界，全球性的信息时代、不断的改进和变革是增加经济机会和国力的必要条件。因此，让信息、观念和看法最自由地流通，更多地尊重不同的政治和宗教信仰，实际上将增加实力，推动稳定。

因此，为了贵国和世界的根本利益，中国的年轻人必须享有心灵上的自由，以便最充分地开发自己的潜力。这是我们时代的信息，也是新的世纪和新的千年的要求。

我希望中国能更充分地赞同这个要求。尽管贵国历史上有过辉煌的功绩，我认为，贵国最伟大的时光仍在前头。中国不仅顶着20世纪的种种艰难险阻生存了下 来，而且正在迅速向前迈进。

其它的古老文化消亡了，因为他们没有进行变革。中国始终显示出变革和成长的能力。你们必须重新想象新世纪的中国，你们这一代必然处于中国复兴的中心。

我们即将进入新世纪。我们所有的目光瞄向未来。即使贵国以千年计算历史，即使美国以百年计算历史，贵国的历史也更加悠久。然而，今天的中国和任何一个国家一样年轻。新世纪将是新的中国的黎明，贵国为其在历史上的伟大而自豪，为你们进行的事业而自豪，为明天的到来更加自豪。在新世纪中，世界可能再次转向中国寻求她文化的活力、思想的新颖、人类尊严的升华，这在中国的成就中已显而易见。在新世纪中，最古老的国家有可能帮助建设一个新世界。

美国希望与贵国合作，使那个时刻成为现实。

感谢大家。(掌声。)

北大学生的提问及克林顿总统的回答

1问：总统先生, 能够第一个提问, 我感到很荣幸。正如您在演说中提到的那样, 中美两国人民应当携手并进。在这一进程中，最重要的是我们进行更多的交流。

我们认为，由于中国正在改革中实行开放，我们对美国的文化、历史和文学有了更好的了解，我们也从传记中对您有了很多了解。我们也对许多任美国总统有了很多了解。我们也看过了《泰坦尼克号》这部电影。但是美国人民对中国人民的了解似乎不如中国人民对美国人民的了解。可能他们只是从几部描写文革或农村生活的电影中认识中国。

因此，我要问的是，作为10年来第一个访华的总统，您计划做些什么事情，来加强我们两国人民之间的真正了解和尊重？谢谢。

总统：首先，我认为这一点提得很好。我来到这里的原因之一就是试图—你们可以见到，新闻界有些人与我同行—我希望我的访问能够帮助美国全面和平衡地认识现代中国，我来到这里后，就能够鼓励其他人也来到这里，鼓励其他人体验中国的生活。

昨天我在听众中见到一个年轻人，他自我介绍说他是第一个到中国攻读法学院的美国人。因此我希望，将会有更多的美国人到这里来学习，更多的美国人到这里来旅游，更多的美国人到这里来经商。今天上午，第一夫人和国务卿参加了一个法律项目会议。我们正在共同进行许多合作项目，帮助中国人促进法治。这应当能够促使更多的人到这里来。

我认为你的问题不容易回答。这就是我们应当努力的地方。我们需要更多的人参加，需要更多种类的联络。我们在这方面做得越多越好。

还有人提问吗？

2问：总统先生，作为一个中国人，我对祖国的统一非常关心。从1972年以来，在台湾问题上取得了进展，但是我们看到美国人一再向台湾出售先进武器。我们感到愤怒的是，我们看到美国和日本延续了美—日安全条约。据某些日本官员说，这项条约甚至涵盖中国台湾省。因此我要问，如果中国在夏威夷派驻海军设施，如果中国与其他国家签署安全条约对付美国的一个部分，美国是否会同意这种行为；美国人民是否会同意这种行为？(掌声)

总统：首先，美国的政策并不是中国和台湾和平统一的障碍。三项公报和《与台湾关系法》体现了我们的政策。我国在将近20年前就承认中国，并实行一个中国的政策。我在同江主席的会谈中重申了我们的一个中国政策。

美国和中国达成了协议，就是我们实行的是一个中国政策，同时我们也达成了协议，就是将通过和平手段实现统一，我们鼓励海峡两岸进行对话，以实现这一目标。因此，我们的政策是，向台湾出售的任何武器只能用于防御目的，国家不得认为—中国不得认为我们会试图以任何一种方式破坏我们自身的一个中国政策。这是我们的政策。但是我们认为应当能够实现—任何统一都应当能够和平实现。

关于日本，如果你们阅读我们同日本签署的安全协议，我认为协议的条款明确显示了协议的目的不是用来对付任何国家，而是支持亚洲的稳定。我们在南朝鲜驻扎了军队，目的是防止两个朝鲜越过分界线恢复朝鲜战争。我们在日本驻军的目 的，主要是帮助我们在紧急情况下促进亚太地区的稳定。但是我认为，说日本或美国具有旨在遏制中国的安全关系，这是不公平的。实际上，两国都希望在二十一世纪与中国拥有安全伙伴关系。

例如，你们提过北约—我们在欧洲扩大了北约，但是我们也签署了一项条约，就是北约与俄国之间的一项协议，以证明我们不再对付俄国。过去五年来，北约所做的最重要的事情，就是与俄国并肩合作，结束波斯尼亚的战争。我向你们预测，你们现在见到的事情，就是我们与中国合作，努力限制印度和巴基斯坦的核试验造成的紧张局势，你们今后还会见到很多很多这样的事情。我认为，在这一领域里，你们将见到很多安全方面的合作。我们不能用昨天的冲突作为镜子来看待今天的协议。

3问：总统先生，我很高兴有机会向您提问。您带着友好的微笑，踏上了中国的土地，并来到北大校园，因此，您的光临使我们非常激动和荣幸，因为中国人民真正渴望中国和美国在平等的基础上建立友谊。据我所知，在您离开美国之前，您说您访华的原因，是因为中国太重要了，接触胜过遏制。

我想问您这句话是不是您为这次访问所作出的一种承诺，还是在您的微笑之后是不是还隐藏了其他什么话。您是不是有什么遏制中国的其他企图？(笑声和掌声)

总统：我要是有的话，就不会把它藏在微笑后面。(笑声。)但是我没有。这就是说，我说的就是这个意思。我们必须作出一项决定—我们所有人都是如此，但是势力强大的大国人民必须决定如何定义自己的伟大。

苏联跨台的时候，俄国必须决定如何定义自己的伟大。他们是试图开发俄国人民的力量，与邻国合作实现更伟大的未来呢，还是记住自己在过去200年来的不幸 遭遇，并认为要使自己伟大的唯一方式，就是在军事上主宰邻国呢？他们选择了向前迈进的方针。世界变得更加美好。

中国也是如此。你们会决定从贵国的国内外政策方面来说，中国将在二十一世纪成为一个强国具有什么意义？这是不是意味着你们在经济上会取得巨大的成功？这是不是意味着你们在文化方面会拥有巨大的影响力？这是不是意味着你们将能够在解决世界问题方面发挥很大的作用？或者这是不是意味着你们将能够以某种形式或方式，主宰你们的邻国，而不管邻国是不是愿意？这是每一个伟大的国家都必须作出的决定。

你们问我，我是不是真的希望遏制中国？我的回答是不。美国人民对中国总是怀有非常浓厚的感情，每当我们遇到问题，这种感情会不时受到干扰。但是，如果你们回顾我国的历史，我国人民始终感到，我们应当同中国人民具有密切的关系。我认为，如果二十一世纪时美国人民以平等和尊重的态度与中国保持伙伴关系，而不是由于对在我们的国界以外发生的事情持不同意见，而花费大量的时间和金钱试图遏制中国，那就会要好得多。因此我不希望那样做。我希望建立伙伴关系。我并没有在微笑后面隐藏企图，这是我的真实信念。(掌声)

因为我认为这对美国人民有利，我的工作就是做对美国人民有利的事情。对美国人民有利的事情就是同贵国保持良好的关系。

4问：总统先生，我将在今年毕业，到中国银行工作。总统先生，刚才听到总统对中美两国青年一代对未来的国际安全还有环境保护以及金融稳定所具有的责任对我很受鼓舞，并且我也知道，青年一代如要想担负起责任首先应受到良好的教育。我知道，总统先生，您很爱自己的女儿，她现在斯坦福大学读书。那么，我请问总统先生两个问题，第一个问题是，多年前，总统先生曾经提出了知识型经济的概 念，您认为高等教育在今后的知识型经济发展中将起到什么样的作用？第二个问题是，总统先生对我们青年一代，包括中美两国的青年有什么具体的希望？

总统：让我首先回答你的知识型经济问题。我在回答问题时要告诉你我在美国努力做的事情。我试图在美国建立一种局面，将大专院校的大门向每个学业成绩足够的年轻人敞开，并消除任何种类的经济负担。我们还没有完全实现这一点，但是我们已经取得了很大的进展。

我为什么要这样做呢？因为我认为，经济越先进，提高受过大学教育者的比例就越重要。让我来告诉你们这在美国有多重要。我们进行人口普查—我们每隔十年进行一次普查，清点美国的人口数字，并获得有关美国人民的各种信息。1990年的普查表明，年轻的美国人如果有大学学位，则绝大多数都能够找到好工作，收入也会增长。年轻的美国人如果受过两年或两年以上的大学教育，就能够找到好工作，收入也会增长。年轻的美国人如果没有上过大学，他们就是找到工作，收入也会下降，他们失业的可能性也高得多。

中国的经济越先进，这一规律就越适用于中国—你们就更加需要许多人获得大学和科技教育。因此我认为这非常非常重要。

现在我要说说我对美国和中国的年轻一代的期望，这个期望与经济没有关系。一个由源远流长的仇恨而非现代问题主宰的世界，是对你们的未来的最大威胁之 一。只要观察世界各地，就能看到人们因为种族或宗教或民族上的差异彼此不喜欢而引起的大量麻烦—不论是波斯尼亚、印巴冲突，中东还是非洲大陆的部落都是如此。

只要观察世界各地，就能看到这类问题。年轻人更容易接受有差异的人，对有差异的人更感兴趣。我希望受过良好教育的中国的年轻人和美国的年轻人能够在世界上鲜明地表达自己的观点，反对只是因为他人有差异，就去仇恨他人或者去轻视他人。

谢谢。(掌声)

5问：总统先生，关于民主、自由和人权的问题，实际上这是中国人民和美国人民都非常关心的问题。但是，老实说，在这方面我们两个国家有不少的分歧。您刚才在演讲中对美国建设民主，自由的历史进行了一个比较自豪的回顾，而且对中国也发表了一些建议性的意见。对于真诚的意见，我们当然非常欢迎。但是我同时又想起了一句老话，我想中国人民和世界人民都应当把它当作是行动的准则，那就是批评和自我批评同在。

因此，我想问您一个问题。美国近些年，美国当前在人权与民主等方面是不是也存在着一些问题呢？您能不能给我们讲一下，您的国家在这方面有哪些不足？您的政府在近期内有哪些政策？有什么效果？(掌声)

总统：我认为有，首先，我要说，在任何其他国家，而不仅仅是在中国，我在提出这个问题时，都会首先承认我国在这方面曾经有过严重的问题—各位记住，美国合法实行奴隶制有许多年— 我们现在也不是完美的。我总是这样说，因为我认 为，任何人都不应当声称自己在一个完美的国家生活。我们都在为了争取更美好的生活这一理想而奋斗。因此我同意你提出的要点。

我要提出两个范例。在美国仍然存在着某些歧视的事例—由于种族原因在住房或就业方面的歧视。我们设立了一套制度对付这种事情，但是我们没有完全消除这种现象。去年，我一直就这个问题与美国人民进行对话，我们努力明确政府能够做到的事情，明确美国人民应当通过地方政府或其他组织做到的事情，并明确态度，即应当改变美国人民的心态。这是一个范例。

我再提出另一个范例。我们有—1992年，我在竞选总统时，在纽约市的一家旅馆，一个来自希腊的美国移民来找我，他说，我儿子10岁，他在学校里学习选举，他说我应当投您的票。但是他说，如果我投您的票，我希望您给我儿子自由，因为他没有真正的自由。因此我问这个人，你是什么意思？他说，在我那个区犯罪率非常高，枪支和帮派太多，我儿子感觉不到—我不能让他自己走到学校去，也不能让他到街对面的公园去玩。因此，如果我投您的票，我希望您给我儿子自由。

我认为这很重要，因为大家知道，在美国，我们趋向于认为自由就是不受政府的虐待或者不受政府的控制。这是我们的传统。我们的开国先贤来到这里，是为了躲避英国的君主制。但是，自由有时要求政府采取平权步骤，赋予每个人平等的机会，接受教育，过上像样的生活，并维护守法的环境。因此，我努力工作以促使美国的犯罪率减低，现在犯罪率在25年来最低，这就是说，我们有更多的儿童获得了自由。但是犯罪率仍然很高；暴力现象仍然太严重。

因此，我们美国人要关心的不仅仅是维护我们珍视的自由，而且要建立一个环境，让人民建立真正美满和自由的生活。

这个问题问得很好。(掌声。)

6问：总统先生，欢迎您光临北大。刚才您曾提到过胡适说，不要为了国家的自由而牺牲自己的自由。但是我们的前任校长蔡元培先生还说过这样一句话，他说：道并行而不相悖，万物并育而不相害。我并不认为，国家的自由和自己的自由有什么冲突，不是说为了国家的自由就一定要牺牲自己的自由。我认为自由是自己一种主动的选择，认为是最好的最适合自己的情况。象中国现在的繁荣发展正是我国人民自由的选择，主动贡献他们的力量的结果。我想自由的定义应该是，为了真理和正义选择那些最适合自己情况的道路，不知道您是否同意我的观点。另外我想最后说一句，只有真正懂得自由的人才会更加尊重别人的自由。谢谢。(掌声)

总统：首先，如果你信仰自由，就必须尊重他人作出其他选择的自由。即使是对个人自由持激进看法的社会，在自由干涉到对他人权利的维护时也承认应当限制这一自由。

例如，在我国的著名法院判例中，有一个判例规定，我们虽然有言论自由，但是如果没有发生火灾，任何人都不能自由地在拥挤的电影院里高喊“失火了，”从而造成人们互相践踏。另外还有一个著名的法院判例，规定我的自由以他人的鼻子为界限，意思是说任何人都没有殴打他人的自由。

因此我同意这一点。人们有选择的自由，你必须尊重他人的自由，他们有权作出与你不同的决定。各国的制度、文化和选择永远也不可能完全相同。正是由于这些事情，生活才变得有意思。

7问：总统先生，我有两个问题。第一个问题是，美国的经济 8 个月以来一直持 续高速增长，我想请问总统先生，这除了您个人对美国所作的贡献之外，还有那些方面是美国经济成功的主要因素？或许这对中国也是一个很好的借鉴。

第二个问题是，我想请问总统先生，江泽民主席去年访问哈佛大学时，礼堂外有很多学生在游行，今天您到北大来，如果外面也有北大学生在游行，您会有什么感想？

总统：首先，关于美国经济，我认为，从我就任总统以来，政府政策的主要作用，就是处理我国政府的庞大赤字—我国过去每年的开支都有巨大的赤字—我们控制住了赤字。30年以来，我们将第一次有收支平衡的预算。这使得利率下降，腾出大量资金用于在私营部门创造就业机会。我们做的第二件事情，就是大幅度扩大贸易，因此我们开始在世界各地大量增加销售额。我们做的第三件事情，就是试图增加人才投资—投资于研究、开发、技术和教育。

除了这些以外，美国人民本身也有很大功劳。我们的商业界非常精明；他们投资于新科技，投资于新市场和人才培训。在我们的环境中，人们创业非常容易，可能这个领域对中国最有借鉴作用。

我知道我的夫人在全世界各地的村庄中做了许多工作，她努力推进对村民们的信贷，使他们能够通过贷款自行创业，努力利用自己现有的技能。即使在最贫困的非洲和拉丁美洲地区，我们也见到这种制度的效用，在那里机会大量地产生。

因此，在美国，我们努力为人们创业、扩大企业和经营企业提供便利。然后，我们作出非常非常刻苦的努力，在以前没有机会的领域里提供机会。所有这些事情组合在一起—但是我特别认为，大部分功劳应当归于美国人民。毕竟处于我这个地位，我们应当实行正确的政策，以便我们能够建立一个大环境，让美国人民在其中创造未来。我认为基本上这已经实现了。

你问的问题很有意思。实际上，在美国我碰到过多次示威。江泽民主席在美国时，我对他说，他们向他示威我很高兴，这样我就不会感到那么寂寞了。（笑声和 掌声。）

言归正传。如果外面有很多人向我示威，假如他们是因为第一位先生问我的问题而示威。假如他们说，啊，克林顿总统正在试图干涉中国和台湾的和平统一，他不应当向台湾出售任何武器。那么，我就会试图了解他们示威的原因，然后询问东道主我是否能够去跟他们谈谈，或者让示威者团体派一两个代表来见我，他们说出自己的心里话，让我来回答。

记得我刚才说过的本杰明·富兰克林的话吗：我们的批评者是我们的朋友，因为他们指出我们的缺点。你们今天向我提出了一些很好的问题，这些问题中有批评的成份。这些问题对我有很大帮助。这些问题帮助我了解不仅是在中国，而且在全世界其他人如何看待我说的话，并帮助我在担任美国人民的总统并维护我们的信仰时，注重如何提高总统的效用。

因此，我很高兴我们进行了这次交流。就我个人而言，提出的问题比我的讲演要重要得多— 如果只是我一个人讲话，我就永远也学不到东西，我只有在倾听他人时才能学到东西。

多谢各位。谢谢。(掌声。)

11月16日奥巴马上海答问

[现场提问一]我叫程熙，我是复旦大学的学生，上海和芝加哥从1985年开始就是姐妹城市，这两个城市进行过各种经贸、文化、政治交流，你现在在采取什么措施来加深美国和中国城市之间的关系。世博会明年将在上海举行，你是否准备参加世博会呢

这是个小女生提的问题，也是第一个问题，简单些友好些无可厚非，——总不能当头就给人来一棒子吧。可是问人家“采取什么措施来加深美国和中国城市之间的关系”，这就没道理了。人家是总统，美国某城市与与中国某城市之间建立友好关系，姐妹城市也好，友好城市也好，那是两市之间的交流，有市长呢，他当总统的操那心干啥玩意儿。

正因为这是个伪命题，没法正面回答，因此小奥只好啰嗦了半天两国城市之间交流和学习的重要性和必要性，含混过去了。

[现场提问二]总统先生，我是上海交通大学的学生。我的问题是，您来中国的第一印象是什么？你给中国带来什么？又想从中国带走什么？[ 11-16 13:25]

奥巴马昨夜11点半才下飞机，黑咕隆咚地，又赶上雨天，能看见啥耶，问他对上海夜景，对下榻酒店有何印象还差不多，问他对中国有什么第一印象，那不是胡扯吗？他时差还没倒过来呢，今天上午也肯定在宾馆休息，哪儿都没去。

问人家“给中国带来什么，又想从中国带走什么”？太没品味没修养了，农民工也不见得问出这么丑陋的问题。

[现场提问三]我是同济大学黄立赫（音）。首先我想引用“有朋自远方来不亦乐乎”这句话来欢迎您，在《论语＆＃8226;子路》中有一句话叫和而不同，我们中国人民的理想就是在世界构建一个文化多元化的和谐世界。我们知道美国文化本身是在历史沉淀当中由不同的文化元素所积淀而成的多元混合型文化，请问在您的这届go-vern-ment中会采取哪些措施来共同构建这个世界向着文化多元化发展？在您的外交政策中会有哪些措施去尊重各国的不同的历史文化？我们中美两国在此方面会有哪些合作？谢谢您。[ 11-16 13:31]

这个学生一上来就之乎者也的，象个老夫子似的，令人生厌。近年来，我们的教育提倡读经，领导上台讲话也动辄引用几句古语，以彰显自己有文化，成了一种风气。现在祸及大学生了。

“首先我想引用„有朋自远方来不亦乐乎‟这句话来欢迎您”，人家校长已经代表大家欢迎过了，大家也都鼓过掌了，你又何必多此一举，真摆不正位置。再说，你要寻章摘句，也应该从美国的名言警句里找啊，那样才能拉近距离，且显得你博学，用的好了，甚至能起到以其人之道还治其人之身的作用。为什么非引用《论语》之类呢，引就引了，还要注明是《子路》篇，显摆什么呀。奥巴马不可能熟悉这东西，你和他讲这个是对牛弹琴，同胞们听你讲这个也会感到做作。

这位同学提的问题很大，也很空，也很奴才相。问一国总统采取哪些措施来“共同构建这个世界向着文化多元化发展”，等于承认了人家在世界的领袖地位。问人家采取哪些外交措施“去尊重各国的不同的历史文化”，一点逻辑性都没有，让人一头雾水。

[现场提问四]总统先生，您好。我们非常荣幸来到这儿，我叫张新（音），来自于上海外国语大学。我想找一个网上的问题，这个问题是来自于台湾的一位同胞。他说我来自于台湾，现在我在大陆做生意，现在两岸关系在近年来不断地改善，我现在在大陆的生意做得很好。当有人在美国说，美国想向台湾售武的时候我们非常担心，因为这样的话会破坏两岸关系。总统先生，我想知道您是否支持改善两岸关系。当然，这个问题是来自于一位商人。但是其实对于所有的年轻中国人来说，其实都非常关心这个问题，所以我们特别希望听下您的看法。谢谢。[ 11-16 13:36]

“我们非常荣幸来到这儿”，受宠若惊，以至于都忘了谁是主人了。道“非常荣幸来到这儿”的应该是奥巴马一行。提的问题也相当没水平，感觉是仰人鼻息，一副奴才相。大可以单刀直入：“请问总统先生，美方向来承诺奉行一个中国立场，为什么要向台湾售武？”，看他怎么答。

[现场提问五]谢谢。总统先生，我是来自于上海交通大学的一位学生。我想问一个您得诺贝尔和平奖的一个问题。您是如何看待您得奖的？您得了奖对您来说是不是意味着更多的压力和责任？您有更多的责任去推动世界和平。同时，这会不会影响你解决世界问题的一些态度？[ 11-16 13:40]

这个问题问得也是相当没劲。奥巴马得知自己获奖后，当即就表示自己受之有愧，地球人都听说了也都同意他的态度，你还问明知故问不纯属多余吗。“您得了奖对您来说是不是意味着更多的压力和责任？”，大家听听，这问题是不是太小儿科了？

[洪博培代网民提问]第一，有这么多互联网使用者的国家，有6000万写博客的人，你知道防火墙的事情吗？第二，我们是不是应该自由的使用TWITTER?[ 11-16 13:46]

这个问题还有些价值，奥巴马也作了精彩而坦诚的回答。可惜还是网民提的。

[现场提问六]我想说我非常荣幸，站在这里向您提问，我认为我很幸运，我也感谢这个机会，您的演讲非常清楚。我是周元天（音），复旦大学管理学院的学生，我想问一问，现在已经有人问您得诺贝尔奖的问题了，那么我不会以同样的角度问您，我想问的是从另外一个角度来看，因为您很难才能得到这个奖，所以我在想您是怎么得到这个奖的？还有您的大学教育怎么样使您得到这个奖项？我们很好奇，想请您给我们分享一下您的校园经历，如何才能走上成功的道路？[ 11-16 13:53]

最愚蠢最不堪最丢人的就是这个问题了。诚惶诚恐语无伦次啰嗦了半天，表达能力之差，还不如中学生。“您是怎么得到这个奖的？还有您的大学教育怎么样使您得到这个奖项？”，我的天，哪儿跟哪儿呀，驴唇不对马嘴的。难怪奥巴马不无讽刺地回答：“首先我要说的是，我也不知道有什么课程学了之后可以得到诺贝尔和平奖，这是不能担保的”。

[北京网民提问]总统先生，很荣幸问最后一个问题。我是复旦大学的学生，今天我也是中国的青年网民代表。这个问题是北京的一位网民问的，他非常关注您的阿富汗政策。他想知道，KB主义是否仍然是美国最大的安全威胁？您如何看待在阿富汗的行动是否会升级成另外一场阿富汗战争？[ 11-16 13:56]

这个问题提的好，可惜又是网民提的。

好了，交流结束了，上海的大学生们提了那么多问题，最后给奥巴马留下了什么印象呢？

[奥巴马]今天我过得非常愉快，非常感谢各位，首先我想说我对大家的英文印象很深刻，很明显你们是很用功的学习。……

唯一给他深刻印象的竟然是大家的英文水平。叫什么事儿呀。同学们，你们为什么不用母语来提问呢？是为了显示英文水平高，还是为了讨好人家？我国领导人到国外，与洋学生们交流，他们会特意用汉语提问吗？

从给奥巴马提的这些问题看，这些来自上海名校的大学生们，无论是语言表达能力，逻辑思维能力，对事物的洞察力，还是政治敏锐性都有待提高。犹可悲者，一些同学短短几句提问，崇洋媚外之态就溢于言表，实在给国人丢脸。那么多人，为什么没有一个问奥巴马支持疆独藏独的问题？为什么不问问他为什么要执意会见**喇嘛？为什么不问问这个鼓吹自由贸易的国家为什么说一套做一套，大搞贸易保护主义？我们这些同学的爱国心和民族自尊心哪儿去了，莫非都给普世价值普过去了？——这是不是和我们的教育有关？

当然，也可能和杨校长开场定的调子（杨：“今天我们将用一种非常轻松、自由的方式，而且我相信也将会是愉快的方式，奥巴马总统将和大家一起讨论中美关系问题，……”）有关。此外，对话时间有限，好多有思想的同学可能没来得及提问。作为一个有着“狭隘民族主义”情结的“左左”，我希望有关方面能亡羊补牢，把奥巴马请到我们猫扑来，让他接接我们的招，尝尝我们的厉害，别以为中国人民都那么没骨气，没智慧

第二篇：美国克林顿总统在北京大学的演讲稿

美国克林顿总统在北京大学的演讲稿

PRESIDENT CLINTON:

Thank you.Thank you, President Chen, Chairmen Ren, Vice President Chi, Vice Minister Wei.We are delighted to be here today with a very large American delegation, including the First Lady and our daughter, who is a student at Stanford, one of the schools with which Beijing University has a relationship.We have six members of the United States Congress;the Secretary of State;Secretary of Commerce;the Secretary of Agriculture;the Chairman of our Council of Economic Advisors;Senator Sasser, our Ambassador;the National Security Advisor and my Chief of Staff, among others.I say that to illustrate the importance that the United States places on our relationship with China.I would like to begin by congratulating all of you, the students, the faculty, the administrators, on celebrating the centennial year of your university.Gongxi, Beida.(Applause.)

As I'm sure all of you know, this campus was once home to Yenching University which was founded by American missionaries.Many of its wonderful buildings were designed by an American architect.Thousands of Americans students and professors have come here to study and teach.We feel a special kinship with you.I am, however, grateful that this day is different in one important respect from another important occasion 79 years ago.In June of 1919, the first president of Yenching University, John Leighton Stuart, was set to deliver the very first commencement address on these very grounds.At the appointed hour, he appeared, but no students appeared.They were all out leading the May 4th Movement for China's political and cultural renewal.When I read this, I hoped that when I walked into the auditorium today, someone would be sitting here.And I thank you for being here, very much.(Applause.)

Over the last 100 years, this university has grown to more than 20,000 students.Your graduates are spread throughout China and around the world.You have built the largest university library in all of Asia.Last year, 20 percent of your graduates went abroad to study, including half of your math and science majors.And in this anniversary year, more than a million people in China, Asia, and beyond have logged on to your web site.At the dawn of a new century, this university is leading China into the future.I come here today to talk to you, the next generation of China's leaders, about the critical importance to your future of building a strong partnership between China and the United States.The American people deeply admire China for its thousands of years of contributions to culture and religion, to philosophy and the arts, to science and technology.We remember well our strong partnership in World War II.Now we see China at a moment in history when your glorious past is matched by your present sweeping transformation and the even greater promise of your future.Just three decades ago, China was virtually shut off from the world.Now, China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations--enterprises that affect everything from air travel to agricultural development.You have opened your nation to trade and investment on a large scale.Today, 40,000 young Chinese study in the United States, with hundreds of thousands more learning in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America.Your social and economic transformation has been even more remarkable, moving from a closed command economic system to a driving, increasingly market-based and driven economy, generating two decades of unprecedented growth, giving people greater freedom to travel within and outside China, to vote in village elections, to own a home, choose a job, attend a better school.As a result you have lifted literally hundreds of millions of people from poverty.Per capita income has more than doubled in the last decade.Most Chinese people are leading lives they could not have imagined just 20 years ago.Of course, these changes have also brought disruptions in settled patterns of life and work, and have imposed enormous strains on your environment.Once every urban Chinese was guaranteed employment in a state enterprise.Now you must compete in a job market.Once a Chinese worker had only to meet the demands of a central planner in Beijing.Now the global economy means all must match the quality and creativity of the rest of the world.For those who lack the right training and skills and support, this new world can be daunting.In the short-term, good, hardworking people--some, at least will find themselves unemployed.And, as all of you can see, there have been enormous environmental and economic and health care costs to the development pattern and the energy use pattern of the last 20 years--from air pollution to deforestation to acid rain and water shortage.In the face of these challenges new systems of training and social security will have to be devised, and new environmental policies and technologies will have to be introduced with the goal of growing your economy while improving the environment.Everything I know about the intelligence, the ingenuity, the enterprise of the Chinese people and everything I have heard these last few days in my discussions with President Jiang, Prime Minister Zhu and others give me confidence that you will succeed.As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you.We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.I know there are those in China and the United States who question whether closer relations between our countries is a good thing.But everything all of us know about the way the world is changing and the challenges your generation will face tell us that our two nations will be far better off working together than apart.The late Deng Xiaoping counseled us to seek truth from facts.At the dawn of the new century, the facts are clear.The distance between our two nations, indeed, between any nations, is shrinking.Where once an American clipper ship took months to cross from China to the United States.Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.From laptops to lasers, from microchips to megabytes, an information revolution is lighting the landscape of human knowledge, bringing us all closer together.Ideas, information, and money cross the planet at the stroke of a computer key, bringing with them extraordinary opportunities to create wealth, to prevent and conquer disease, to foster greater understanding among peoples of different histories and different cultures.But we also know that this greater openness and faster change mean that problems which start beyond one nations borders can quickly move inside them--the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the threats of organized crime and drug trafficking, of environmental degradation, and severe economic dislocation.No nation can isolate itself from these problems, and no nation can solve them alone.We, especially the younger generations of China and the United States, must make common cause of our common challenges, so that we can, together, shape a new century of brilliant possibilities.In the 21st century--your century--China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.On the Korean Peninsula, where once we were adversaries, today we are working together for a permanent peace and a future freer of nuclear weapons.On the Indian subcontinent, just as most of the rest of the world is moving away from nuclear danger, India and Pakistan risk sparking a new arms race.We are now pursuing a common strategy to move India and Pakistan away from further testing and toward a dialogue to resolve their differences.In the 21st century, your generation must face the challenge of stopping the spread of deadlier nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.In the wrong hands or the wrong places, these weapons can threaten the peace of nations large and small.Increasingly, China and the United States agree on the importance of stopping proliferation.That is why we are beginning to act in concert to control the worlds most dangerous weapons.In the 21st century, your generation will have to reverse the international tide of crime and drugs.Around the world, organized crime robs people of billions of dollars every year and undermines trust in government.America knows all about the devastation and despair that drugs can bring to schools and neighborhoods.With borders on more than a dozen countries, China has become a crossroad for smugglers of all kinds.Last year, President Jiang and I asked senior Chinese and American law enforcement officials to step up our cooperation against these predators, to stop money from being laundered, to stop aliens from being cruelly smuggled, to stop currencies from being undermined by counterfeiting.Just this month, our drug enforcement agency opened an office in Beijing, and soon Chinese counternarcotics experts will be working out of Washington.In the 21st century, your generation must make it your mission to ensure that today's progress does not come at tomorrow's expense.China's remarkable growth in the last two decades has come with a toxic cost, pollutants that foul the water you drink and the air you breathe--the cost is not only environmental, it is also serious in terms of the health consequences of your people and in terms of the drag on economic growth.Environmental problems are also increasingly global as well as national.For example, in the near future, if present energy use patterns persist, China will overtake the United States as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the gases which are the principal cause of global warming.If the nations of the world do not reduce the gases which are causing global warming, sometime in the next century there is a serious risk of dramatic changes in climate which will change the way we live and the way we work, which could literally bury some island nations under mountains of water and undermine the economic and social fabric of nations.We must work together.We Americans know from our own experience that it is possible to grow an economy while improving the environment.We must do that together for ourselves and for the world.Building on the work that our Vice President, Al Gore, has done previously with the Chinese government, President Jiang and I are working together on ways to bring American clean energy technology to help improve air quality and grow the Chinese economy at the same time.But I will say this again--this is not on my remarks--your generation must do more about this.This is a huge challenge for you, for the American people and for the future of the world.And it must be addressed at the university level, because political leaders will never be willing to adopt environmental measures if they believe it will lead to large-scale unemployment or more poverty.The evidence is clear that does not have to happen.You will actually have more rapid economic growth and better paying jobs, leading to higher levels of education and technology if we do this in the proper way.But you and the university, communities in China, the United States and throughout the world will have to lead the way.(Applause.)

In the 21st century your generation must also lead the challenge of an international financial system that has no respect for national borders.When stock markets fall in Hong Kong or Jakarta, the effects are no longer local;they are global.The vibrant growth of your own economy is tied closely, therefore, to the restoration of stability and growth in the Asia Pacific region.China has steadfastly shouldered its responsibilities to the region and the world in this latest financial crisis--helping to prevent another cycle of dangerous devaluations.We must continue to work together to counter this threat to the global financial system and to the growth and prosperity which should be embracing all of this region.In the 21st century, your generation will have a remarkable opportunity to bring together the talents of our scientists, doctors, engineers into a shared quest for progress.Already the breakthroughs we have achieved in our areas of joint cooperation--in challenges from dealing with spina bifida to dealing with extreme weather conditions and earthquakes--have proved what we can do together to change the lives of millions of people in China and the United States and around the world.Expanding our cooperation in science and technology can be one of our greatest gifts to the future.In each of these vital areas that I have mentioned, we can clearly accomplish so much more by walking together rather than standing apart.That is why we should work to see that the productive relationship we now enjoy blossoms into a fuller partnership in the new century.If that is to happen, it is very important that we understand each other better, that we understand both our common interest and our shared aspirations and our honest differences.I believe the kind of open, direct exchange that President Jiang and I had on Saturday at our press conference--which I know many of you watched on television--can both clarify and narrow our differences, and, more important, by allowing people to understand and debate and discuss these things can give a greater sense of confidence to our people that we can make a better future.From the windows of the White House, where I live in Washington, D.C., the monument to our first President, George Washington, dominates the skyline.It is a very tall obelisk.But very near this large monument there is a small stone which contains these words: The United States neither established titles of nobility and royalty, nor created a hereditary system.State affairs are put to the vote of public opinion.This created a new political situation, unprecedented from ancient times to the present.How wonderful it is.Those words were not written by an American.They were written by Xu Jiyu, governor of Fujian Province, inscribed as a gift from the government of China to our nation in 1853.I am very grateful for that gift from China.It goes to the heart of who we are as a people--the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the freedom to debate, to dissent, to associate, to worship without interference from the state.These are the ideals that were at the core of our founding over 220 years ago.These are the ideas that led us across our continent and onto the world stage.These are the ideals that Americans cherish today.As I said in my press conference with President Jiang, we have an ongoing quest ourselves to live up to those ideals.The people who framed our Constitution understood that we would never achieve perfection.They said that the mission of America would always be “to form a more perfect union”--in other words, that we would never be perfect, but we had to keep trying to do better.The darkest moments in our history have come when we abandoned the effort to do better, when we denied freedom to our people because of their race or their religion, because there were new immigrants or because they held unpopular opinions.The best moments in our history have come when we protected the freedom of people who held unpopular opinion, or extended rights enjoyed by the many to the few who had previously been denied them, making, therefore, the promises of our Declaration of Independence and Constitution more than faded words on old parchment.Today we do not seek to impose our vision on others, but we are convinced that certain rights are universal--not American rights or European rights or rights for developed nations, but the birthrights of people everywhere, now enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights--the right to be treated with dignity;the right to express one's opinions, to choose one's own leaders, to associate freely with others, and to worship, or not, freely, however one chooses.In the last letter of his life, the author of our Declaration of Independence and our third President, Thomas Jefferson, said then that “all eyes are opening to the rights of man.” I believe that in this time, at long last, 172 years after Jefferson wrote those words, all eyes are opening to the rights of men and women everywhere.Over the past two decades, a rising tide of freedom has lifted the lives of millions around the world, sweeping away failed dictatorial systems in the Former Soviet Union, throughout Central Europe;ending a vicious cycle of military coups and civil wars in Latin America;giving more people in Africa the chance to make the most of their hard-won independence.And from the Philippines to South Korea, from Thailand to Mongolia, freedom has reached Asia's shores, powering a surge of growth and productivity.Economic security also can be an essential element of freedom.It is recognized in the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.In China, you have made extraordinary strides in nurturing that liberty, and spreading freedom from want, to be a source of strength to your people.Incomes are up, poverty is down;people do have more choices of jobs, and the ability to travel--the ability to make a better life.But true freedom includes more than economic freedom.In America, we believe it is a concept which is indivisible.Over the past four days, I have seen freedom in many manifestations in China.I have seen the fresh shoots of democracy growing in the villages of your heartland.I have visited a village that chose its own leaders in free elections.I have also seen the cell phones, the video players, the fax machines carrying ideas, information and images from all over the world.I've heard people speak their minds and I have joined people in prayer in the faith of my own choosing.In all these ways I felt a steady breeze of freedom.The question is, where do we go from here? How do we work together to be on the right side of history together? More than 50 years ago, Hu Shi, one of your great political thinkers and a teacher at this university, said these words: “Now some people say to me you must sacrifice your individual freedom so that the nation may be free.But I reply, the struggle for individual freedom is the struggle for the nation's freedom.The struggle for your own character is the struggle for the nation's character.”

We Americans believe Hu Shi was right.We believe and our experience demonstrates that freedom strengthens stability and helps nations to change.One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said, “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.” Now, if that is true, there are many days in the United States when the President has more friends than anyone else in America.(Laughter.)But it is so.In the world we live in, this global information age, constant improvement and change is necessary to economic opportunity and to national strength.Therefore, the freest possible flow of information, ideas, and opinions, and a greater respect for divergent political and religious convictions will actually breed strength and stability going forward.It is, therefore, profoundly in your interest, and the world's, that young Chinese minds be free to reach the fullness of their potential.That is the message of our time and the mandate of the new century and the new millennium.I hope China will more fully embrace this mandate.For all the grandeur of your history, I believe your greatest days are still ahead.Against great odds in the 20th century China has not only survived, it is moving forward dramatically.Other ancient cultures failed because they failed to change.China has constantly proven the capacity to change and grow.Now, you must re-imagine China again for a new century, and your generation must be at the heart of China's regeneration.The new century is upon us.All our sights are turned toward the future.Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries.Today, however, China is as young as any nation on Earth.This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come.It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of human dignity that is apparent in its works.It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.The United States wants to work with you to make that time a reality.Thank you very much.(Applause.)

第三篇：美国克林顿总统在北京大学的演讲稿

pRESIDENT CLINTON:

Thank you.Thank you, president Chen, Chairmen Ren, Vice president Chi, Vice Minister Wei.We are delighted to be here today with a very large American delegation, including the First Lady and our daughter, who is a student at Stanford, one of the schools with which Beijing University has a relationship.We have six members of the United States Congress;the Secretary of State;Secretary of Commerce;the Secretary of Agriculture;the Chairman of our Council of Economic Advisors;Senator Sasser, our Ambassador;the National Security Advisor and my Chief of Staff, among others.I say that to illustrate the importance that the United States places on our relationship with China.I would like to begin by congratulating all of you, the students, the faculty, the administrators, on celebrating the centennial year of your university.Gongxi, Beida.(Applause.)

As I'm sure all of you know, this campus was once home to Yenching University which was founded by American missionaries.Many of its wonderful buildings were designed by an American architect.Thousands of Americans students and professors have come here to study and teach.We feel a special kinship with you.I am, however, grateful that this day is different in one important respect from another important occasion 79 years ago.In June of 1919, the first president of Yenching University, John Leighton Stuart, was set to deliver the very first commencement address on these very grounds.At the appointed hour, he appeared, but no students appeared.They were all out leading the May 4th Movement for China's political and cultural renewal.When I read this, I hoped that when I walked into the auditorium today, someone would be sitting here.And I thank you for being here, very much.(Applause.)

Over the last 100 years, this university has grown to more than 20,000 students.Your graduates are spread throughout China and around the world.You have built the largest university library in all of Asia.Last year, 20 percent of your graduates went abroad to study, including half of your math and science majors.And in this anniversary year, more than a million people in China, Asia, and beyond have logged on to your web site.At the dawn of a new century, this university is leading China into the future.I come here today to talk to you, the next generation of China's leaders, about the critical im

portance to your future of building a strong partnership between China and the United States.The American people deeply admire China for its thousands of years of contributions to culture and religion, to philosophy and the arts, to science and technology.We remember well our strong partnership in World War II.Now we see China at a moment in history when your glorious past is matched by your present sweeping transformation and the even greater promise of your future.Just three decades ago, China was virtually shut off from the world.Now, China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations--enterprises that affect everything from air travel to agricultural development.You have opened your nation to trade and investment on a large scale.Today, 40,000 young Chinese study in the United States, with hundreds of thousands more learning in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America.Your social and economic transformation has been even more remarkable, moving from a closed command economic system to a driving, increasingly market-based and driven economy, generating two decades of unprecedented growth, giving people greater freedom to travel within and outside China, to vote in village elections, to own a home, choose a job, attend a better school.As a result you have lifted literally hundreds of millions of people from poverty.per capita income has more than doubled in the last decade.Most Chinese people are leading lives they could not have imagined just 20 years ago.Of course, these changes have also brought disruptions in settled patterns of life and work, and have imposed enormous strains on your environment.Once every urban Chinese was guaranteed employment in a state enterprise.Now you must compete in a job market.Once a Chinese worker had only to meet the demands of a central planner in Beijing.Now the global economy means all must match the quality and creativity of the rest of the world.For those who lack the right training and skills and support, this new world can be daunting.In the short-term, good, hardworking people--some, at least will find themselves unemployed.And, as all of you can see, there have been enormous environmental and economic and health care costs to the development pattern and the energy use pattern of the last 20 years--from air pollution to deforestation to acid rain and water shortage.In the face of these challenges new systems of training and social se

curity will have to be devised, and new environmental policies and technologies will have to be introduced with the goal of growing your economy while improving the environment.Everything I know about the intelligence, the ingenuity, the enterprise of the Chinese people and everything I have heard these last few days in my discussions with president Jiang, prime Minister Zhu and others give me confidence that you will succeed.As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you.We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.I know there are those in China and the United States who question whether closer relations between our countries is a good thing.But everything all of us know about the way the world is changing and the challenges your generation will face tell us that our two nations will be far better off working together than apart.The late Deng Xiaoping counseled us to seek truth from facts.At the dawn of the new century, the facts are clear.The distance between our two nations, indeed, between any nations, is shrinking.Where once an American clipper ship took months to cross from China to the United States.Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.From laptops to lasers, from microchips to megabytes, an information revolution is lighting the landscape of human knowledge, bringing us all closer together.Ideas, information, and money cross the planet at the stroke of a computer key, bringing with them extraordinary opportunities to create wealth, to prevent and conquer disease, to foster greater understanding among peoples of different histories and different cultures.But we also know that this greater openness and faster change mean that problems which start beyond one nations borders can quickly move inside them--the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the threats of organized crime and drug trafficking, of environmental degradation, and severe economic dislocation.No nation can isolate itself from these problems, and no nation can solve them alone.We, especially the younger generations of China and the United States, must make common cause of our common challenges, so that we can, together, shape a new century of brilliant possibilities.In the 21st century--your century--China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.On the Korean peninsula, where once we were adversaries, toda

y we are working together for a permanent peace and a future freer of nuclear weapons.On the Indian subcontinent, just as most of the rest of the world is moving away from nuclear danger, India and pakistan risk sparking a new arms race.We are now pursuing a common strategy to move India and pakistan away from further testing and toward a dialogue to resolve their differences.In the 21st century, your generation must face the challenge of stopping the spread of deadlier nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.In the wrong hands or the wrong places, these weapons can threaten the peace of nations large and small.Increasingly, China and the United States agree on the importance of stopping proliferation.That is why we are beginning to act in concert to control the worlds most dangerous weapons.In the 21st century, your generation will have to reverse the international tide of crime and drugs.Around the world, organized crime robs people of billions of dollars every year and undermines trust in government.America knows all about the devastation and despair that drugs can bring to schools and neighborhoods.With borders on more than a dozen countries, China has become a crossroad for smugglers of all kinds.Last year, president Jiang and I asked senior Chinese and American law enforcement officials to step up our cooperation against these predators, to stop money from being laundered, to stop aliens from being cruelly smuggled, to stop currencies from being undermined by counterfeiting.Just this month, our drug enforcement agency opened an office in Beijing, and soon Chinese counternarcotics experts will be working out of Washington.In the 21st century, your generation must make it your mission to ensure that today's progress does not come at tomorrow's expense.China's remarkable growth in the last two decades has come with a toxic cost, pollutants that foul the water you drink and the air you breathe--the cost is not only environmental, it is also serious in terms of the health consequences of your people and in terms of the drag on economic growth.Environmental problems are also increasingly global as well as national.For example, in the near future, if present energy use patterns persist, China will overtake the United States as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the gases which are the principal cause of global warming.If the nations of the world do not reduce the gases which are ca

cooperation--in challenges from dealing with spina bifida to dealing with extreme weather conditions and earthquakes--have proved what we can do together to change the lives of millions of people in China and the United States and around the world.Expanding our cooperation in science and technology can be one of our greatest gifts to the future.In each of these vital areas that I have mentioned, we can clearly accomplish so much more by walking together rather than standing apart.That is why we should work to see that the productive relationship we now enjoy blossoms into a fuller partnership in the new century.If that is to happen, it is very important that we understand each other better, that we understand both our common interest and our shared aspirations and our honest differences.I believe the kind of open, direct exchange that president Jiang and I had on Saturday at our press conference--which I know many of you watched on television--can both clarify and narrow our differences, and, more important, by allowing people to understand and debate and discuss these things can give a greater sense of confidence to our people that we can make a better future.From the windows of the White House, where I live in Washington, D.C., the monument to our first president, George Washington, dominates the skyline.It is a very tall obelisk.But very near this large monument there is a small stone which contains these words: The United States neither established titles of nobility and royalty, nor created a hereditary system.State affairs are put to the vote of public opinion.This created a new political situation, unprecedented from ancient times to the present.How wonderful it is.Those words were not written by an American.They were written by Xu Jiyu, governor of Fujian province, inscribed as a gift from the government of China to our nation in 1853.I am very grateful for that gift from China.It goes to the heart of who we are as a people--the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the freedom to debate, to dissent, to associate, to worship without interference from the state.These are the ideals that were at the core of our founding over 220 years ago.These are the ideas that led us across our continent and onto the world stage.These are the ideals that Americans cherish today.As I said in my press conference with president Jiang, we have an ongoing quest ourselves to live up

eople.Incomes are up, poverty is down;people do have more choices of jobs, and the ability to travel--the ability to make a better life.But true freedom includes more than economic freedom.In America, we believe it is a concept which is indivisible.Over the past four days, I have seen freedom in many manifestations in China.I have seen the fresh shoots of democracy growing in the villages of your heartland.I have visited a village that chose its own leaders in free elections.I have also seen the cell phones, the video players, the fax machines carrying ideas, information and images from all over the world.I've heard people speak their minds and I have joined people in prayer in the faith of my own choosing.In all these ways I felt a steady breeze of freedom.The question is, where do we go from here? How do we work together to be on the right side of history together? More than 50 years ago, Hu Shi, one of your great political thinkers and a teacher at this university, said these words: “Now some people say to me you must sacrifice your individual freedom so that the nation may be free.But I reply, the struggle for individual freedom is the struggle for the nation's freedom.The struggle for your own character is the struggle for the nation's character.”

We Americans believe Hu Shi was right.We believe and our experience demonstrates that freedom strengthens stability and helps nations to change.One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said, “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.” Now, if that is true, there are many days in the United States when the president has more friends than anyone else in America.(Laughter.)But it is so.In the world we live in, this global information age, constant improvement and change is necessary to economic opportunity and to national strength.Therefore, the freest possible flow of information, ideas, and opinions, and a greater respect for divergent political and religious convictions will actually breed strength and stability going forward.It is, therefore, profoundly in your interest, and the world's, that young Chinese minds be free to reach the fullness of their potential.That is the message of our time and the mandate of the new century and the new millennium.I hope China will more fully embrace this mandate.For all the grandeur of your history, I believe your greatest days are still ahead.Against great odds in the 2

0th century China has not only survived, it is moving forward dramatically.Other ancient cultures failed because they failed to change.China has constantly proven the capacity to change and grow.Now, you must re-imagine China again for a new century, and your generation must be at the heart of China's regeneration.The new century is upon us.All our sights are turned toward the future.Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries.Today, however, China is as young as any nation on Earth.This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come.It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of human dignity that is apparent in its works.It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.The United States wants to work with you to make that time a reality.Thank you very much.(Applause.)

美国克林顿总统在北京大学的演讲稿一文由www.xiexiebang.com搜集整理，版权归作者所有,转载请注明出处!

第四篇：美国前总统克林顿在哈佛大学2007年毕业纪念日上的演讲

June 6, 2007

Remarks of former U.S.President Bill Clinton Harvard College Class Day 2007, Harvard Yard Thank you very much, Samantha, Stephanie, Chris, all the marshals, all the student speakers.Thanks for the gags and the jokes, and you know, when I got invited to do this, it was humbling in some ways.They asked Bill Gates to be the Commencement speaker.He's got more money than I do [LAUGHTER] and he went to Harvard.And I brought my friend Glenn Hutchins here with me, who's at his 30th reunion and he had something to do with overseeing the endowment and he explained that Gates was really, really, really rich and I was just rich [LAUGHTER].And then I thought, well, the students asked me and that's good and besides, I don't have to wear a robe.But I couldn’t figure out why on what is supposed to be a festive and informal day, you would pick a gray-haired 60-year-old to speak.Following the great tradition of Al Franken, Will Ferrell [LAUGHTER], Borat or Ali G or whoever he was that day [LAUGHTER].Conan O'Brien, that Family Guy person.What a tradition.So I did like Talladega Nights, however.Then I was reading all I could find out about the class and I thought well, they don't have any fun today.They already had fun.They had this class-wide Risk tournament around exam time [LAUGHTER].And I understood when I heard the followership speech, I understood why you had that.Now you can all run for president.You played Risk.It's an eight-year Risk tournament.Then I thought well, maybe it's because you're about to name Drew Faust your next president, and I think women should run everything now [LAUGHTER].And then I figure maybe it's just because Robin Williams and Billy Crystal turned you down [LAUGHTER].But for whatever reason, we're here and I have had a really good time [LAUGHTER].You've already heard most of what you need to hear today, I think.But I want to focus for a minute on the fact that these graduating classes since 1968 have invited a few non-comedians.First was Martin Luther King [APPLAUSE], who was killed in April before.I remember that very well because it was my senior year at Georgetown.He was killed in April, before he could come and give the speech.And Coretta came and gave the speech for him here.And you’ve had Mother Teresa and you've had Bono.What do they all have in common? They are symbols of our common humanity and a rebuke even to humorists' cynicism.Martin Luther King basically said he lived the way he did because we were all caught in what he called an inescapable web of mutuality.Nelson Mandela, the world's greatest living example of that, I believe, comes from a tribe in South Africa, the Xhosa, who call it ubuntu.In English, I am because you are.That led Mother Teresa from Albania to spend her life with the poorest people on earth in Calcutta.It led Bono from his rock stage to worry about innocent babies dying of AIDS, and poor people with good minds who never got a chance to follow their dreams.This is a really fascinating time to be a college senior.I was looking at all of you, wishing I could start over again and thinking I'd let you be president if you let me be 21 [LAUGHTER].I'd take a chance on making it all over again if I could do it again.But I think, just think what an exciting time it is.All this explosion of knowledge.Just in the last couple of weeks before I came here, I read that thanks to the sequencing of the human genome, the ongoing research has identified two markers which seem to be high predictors of diabetes, which, as you heard, is a very important thing to me because it's now predicted that one in three children born in the United States in this decade will develop diabetes.We run the risk that we could be raising a first generation of kids to live shorter lives than their parents.Not because we're hungry, but because we don't eat the right things and we don't exercise.But this is a big deal.Then right after that, I saw that through our powerful telescopes we have identified a planet orbiting one of the hundred stars closest to our solar system, that appears to have the atmospheric conditions so similar to ours that life could actually be possible there.Alas, even though it's close to us in terms of the great universe, it's still 20 million light-years away.Unreachable in the lifetime of any young person.So unless there's a budding astrophysicist in the class that wants to get married in a hurry and then commit three generations and take another couple with him, we'll have to wait for them to come to us.It's an exciting time.It's also exciting because of all the diversity.If you look around this audience, I was thinking, I wonder how different this crowd would have looked if someone like me had been giving this speech 30 years ago.And how much more interesting it is for all of us.It’s a frustrating time, because for all the opportunity, there’s a lot of inequality.There’s a lot of insecurity and there’s a lot of instability and unsustainability.Half the world’s people still live on less than two bucks a day.A billion on less than a dollar a day.A billion people go to bed hungry tonight.A billion people won’t get a clean glass of water today or any day in their lives.One in four of all the people who die this year will die from AIDS, TB, malaria and infections related to dirty water.Nobody in America dies of any of that except people whose AIDS medicine doesn’t work anymore, or people who decline to follow the prescribed regime.In the United States in the last decade, we have had six years of economic growth, an all-time high in the stock market, a 40-year high in corporate profits.Workers are doing better every year with productivity, but median wages are stagnant.And there’s actually been in all this so-called recovery a 4 percent increase in the percentage of people working full-time falling below the poverty line, and a 4 percent increase in the percentage of people working, who with their families, have lost their health insurance.It’s an unequal time.It’s an uncertain, insecure time because we’re all vulnerable to terror, to weapons of mass destruction, to global pandemics like avian influenza.We all make fun of the modern media and culture all the time, but I thought it was interesting in my little house in Chappaqua, where I stay home alone rooting for the candidate [LAUGHTER], I watch the evening news in the last few months, and it’s interesting.Somehow, clawing its way through the stories of the latest crime endeavor in our neighborhood and whether Britney Spears’ hair has grown out or not, I have learned that there were chickens in Romania, India and Indonesia identified with avian influenza and that every chicken within three square miles, those unfortunate ones, was eradicated.On the evening news, competing with Britney Spears and crime.Why? That’s a good thing because of the shared insecurity we feel.You all saw it this week in all of the stories about the terrorist attack being thwarted in Kennedy airport.Now remember a few months ago, everybody I knew was shaking their head when we found out that there was a plot in London to put explosive chemicals in a baby bottle to make it look like formula to evade the airport inspection.And every time I ask somebody, I said did you feel a chill go up and down your spine, they said yeah, they did.Because they can imagine being on the airplane, or in my case, I could imagine my daughter, who has to travel a lot on her job, being on the airplane.But here’s what I want to tell you about that.The inequality is fixable and the insecurity is manageable.We’re going to really have to go some in the 21st century to see political violence claim as many innocent lives as it did in the 20th century.Keep in mind you had what, 12 million people killed in World War I, somewhere between 15 and 20 million in World War II, six million in the Holocaust, six million Jews, three million others.Twenty million in the political purges in the former Soviet Union between the two world wars and one afterward.Two million in Cambodia alone.Millions in tribal wars in Africa.An untold but large number in the Chinese Cultural Revolution.I mean, we’re going to have to really get after it, if you expect your generation to claim as many innocents from political violence as was claimed in the 20th century.The difference is you think it could be you this time.Because of the interdependence of the world.So yes, it’s insecure but it’s manageable.It’s also an unsustainable world because of climate change, resource depletion, and the fact that between now and 2050, the world’s supposed to grow from six and a half to nine billion people, with most of the growth in the countries least able to handle it, under today’s conditions, never mind those.That’s all fixable, too.So is climate change a problem? Is resource depletion a problem? Is poverty and the fact that 130 million kids never go to school and all this disease that I work on a problem? You bet it is.But I believe the most important problem is the way people think about it and each other, and themselves.The world is awash today in political, religious, almost psychological conflicts, which require us to divide up and demonize people who aren’t us.And every one of them in one way or the other is premised on a very simple idea.That our differences are more important than our common humanity.I would argue that Mother Teresa was asked here, Bono was asked here, and Martin Luther King was asked here because this class believed that they were people who thought our common humanity was more important than our differences [APPLAUSE].So with this Harvard degree and your incredible minds and your spirits that I’ve gotten a little sense of today, this gives you virtually limitless possibilities.But you have to decide how to think about all this and what to do with your own life in terms of what you really think.I hope that you will share Martin Luther King’s dream, embrace Mandela’s spirit of reconciliation, support Bono’s concern for the poor and follow Mother Teresa’s life into some active service.Ordinary people have more power to do public good than ever before because of the rise of non-governmental organizations, because of the global media culture, because of the Internet, which gives people of modest means the power, if they all agree, to change the world.When former President Bush and I were asked to work on the tsunami, before we did the Katrina work, Americans, many of whom could not find the Maldives or Sri Lanka on a map, gave $1.2 billion to tsunami aid.Thirty percent of our households gave.Half of them gave over the Internet, which means you don’t even have to be rich to change the world if enough people agree with you.But we have to do this.Citizen service is a tradition in our country about as old as Harvard, and certainly older than the government.Benjamin Franklin organized the first volunteer fire department in Philadelphia 40 years before the Constitution was ratified.When de Tocqueville came here in 1835, he talked among other things about how he was amazed that Americans just were always willing to step up and do something, not wait for someone else to do it.Now we have in America a 1,010,000 non-governmental groups.Not counting 355,000 religious groups, most of whom are involved in some sort of work to help other people.India has a million registered, over a half a million active.China has 280,000 registered and twice that many not registered because they don’t want to be confined.Russia has 400,000, so many that President Putin is trying to restrict them.I wish he wouldn’t do that, but it’s a high-class problem.There were no NGOs in Russia or China when I became president in 1993.All over the world we have people who know that they can do things to change, but again, I will say to all of you, there is no challenge we face, no barrier to having your grandchildren here on this beautiful site 50 years from now, more profound than the ideological and emotional divide which continues to demean our common life and undermine our ability to solve our common problems.The simple idea that our differences are more important than our common humanity.When the human genome was sequenced, and the most interesting thing to me as a non-scientist – we finished it in my last year I was president, I really rode herd on this thing and kept throwing more money at it – the most interesting thing to me was the discovery that human beings with their three billion genomes are 99.9 percent identical genetically.So if you look around this vast crowd today, at the military caps and the baseball caps and the cowboy hats and the turbans, if you look at all the different colors of skin, all the heights, all the widths, all the everything, it’s all rooted in one-tenth of one percent of our genetic make-up.Don’t you think it’s interesting that not just people you find appalling, but all the rest of us, spend 90 percent of our lives thinking about that one-tenth of one percent? I mean, don’t we all? How much of the laugh lines in the speeches were about that? At least I didn’t go to Yale, right? [LAUGHTER] That Brown gag was hilarious.[LAUGHTER] But it’s all the same deal, isn’t it? I mean, the intellectual premise is that the only thing that really matters about our lives are the distinctions we can draw.Indeed, one of the crassest elements of modern culture, all these sort of talk shows, and even a lot of political journalism that's sort of focused on this shallow judgmentalism.They try to define everybody down by the worst moment in their lives, and it all is about well, no matter whatever’s wrong with me, I’m not that.And yet, you ask Martin Luther King, Mother Teresa and Bono to come here.Nelson Mandela’s the most admired person in the world.I got tickled the other night.I wound up in a restaurant in New York with a bunch of friends of mine.And I looked over and two tables away, and there was Rush Limbaugh [LAUGHTER], who’s said a few mad things about me.So I went up and shook hands with him and said hello and met his dinner guest.And I came just that close to telling him we were 99.9 percent the same.[LAUGHTER] But I didn’t want to ruin the poor man’s dessert, so I let it go.[LAUGHTER] Now we’re laughing about this but next month, I’m making my annual trek to Africa to see the work of my AIDS and development project, and to celebrate with Nelson Mandela his birthday.He’s 89.Don’t know how many more he’ll have.And when I think that I might be 99.9 percent the same as him, I can’t even fathom it.So I say that to you, do we have all these other problems? Is Darfur a tragedy? Do I wish America would adopt sensible climate change regulation? Do I hate the fact that ideologues in the government doctored scientific reports? Do I disagree with a thousand things that are going on? Absolutely.But it all flows from the idea that we can violate elemental standards of learning and knowledge and reason and even the humanity of our fellow human beings because our differences matter more.That’s what makes you worship power over purpose.Our differences matter more.One of the greatest things that’s happened in the last few years is doing all this work with former President Bush.You know, I ought to be doing this.I’m healthy and not totally antiquated.He’s 82 years old, still jumping out of airplanes and still doing stuff like this.And I love the guy.I’m sorry for all the diehard Democrats in the audience.I just do.[LAUGHTER] And life is all about seeing things new every day.And I’ll just close with two stories, one from Asia, one from Africa.And I’m telling you all the details don’t matter as much as this.After George Bush and I did the tsunami, we got so into this disaster work that Kofi Annan asked him to oversee the UN’s efforts in Pakistan after the earthquake, which you acknowledged today, and asked me to stay on as the tsunami coordinator for two years.So on my next to last trip to Aceh in Indonesia, the by far the hardest hit place, a quarter of a million people killed.I went to one of these refugee camps where in the sweltering heat, several thousand people were still living in tents.Highly uncomfortable.And my job was to go there and basically listen to them complain and figure out what to do about it, and how to get them out of there more quickly.So every one of these camps elected a camp leader and when I appeared, I was introduced to my young interpreter, a young Indonesian woman, and to the guy who was the camp leader, and his wife and his son.And they smiled, said hello, and then I looked down at this little boy, and I literally could not breathe.I think he’s the most beautiful child I ever saw.And I said to my young interpreter, I said, I believe that’s the most beautiful boy I ever saw in my life.She said, yes, he’s very beautiful and before the tsunami he had nine brothers and sisters.And now they’re all gone.So the wife and the son excused themselves.And the father who had lost his nine children proceeded to take me on a two-hour tour of this camp.He had a smile on his face.He never talked about anything but what the people in that camp needed.He gave no hint of what had happened to him and the grief that he bore.We get to the end of the tour.It’s the health clinic in the camp.I look up and there is his wife, a mother who had lost nine of her 10 children, holding a little bitty baby less than a week old, the newest born baby in the camp.And she told me, I’m going to get in trouble for telling this.She told me that in Indonesian culture, when a woman has a baby, she gets to go to bed for 40 days and everyone waits on her hand and foot.[LAUGHTER] She doesn’t get up, nothing happens.And then on the 40th day, the mother gets up out of bed, goes back to work doing her life and they name the baby.So this child was less than a week old.So this mother who had lost her nine children is here holding this baby.And she says to me, this is our newest born baby.And we want you to name him.Little boy.So I looked at her and I said through my interpreter, I said, do you have a name for new beginning? And she explained and the woman said something back and the interpreter said yes, luckily for you, in Indonesian the word for dawn is a boy’s name.And the mother just said to me, we will call this child Dawn and he will symbolize our new beginning.You shouldn’t have to meet people that lose nine of their 10 children, cherish the one they got left, and name a newborn baby Dawn to realize that what we have in common is more important than what divides us.[APPLAUSE] And I leave you with this thought.When Martin Luther King was invited here in 1968, the country was still awash in racism.The next decade it was awash in sexism, and after that in homophobia.And occasionally those things rear their ugly head along the way, but by and large, nobody in this class is going to carry those chains around through life.But nobody gets out for free, and everyone has temptations.The great temptation for all of you is to believe that the one-tenth of one percent of you which is different and which brought you here and which can bring you great riches or whatever else you want, is really the sum of who you are and that you deserve your good fate, and others deserve their bad one.That is the trap into which you must not fall.Warren Buffett's just about to give away 99 percent of his money because he said most of it he made because of where he was born and when he was born.It was a lucky accident.And his work was rewarded in this time and place more richly than the work of teachers and police officers and nurses and doctors and people who cared for those who deserve to be cared for.So he’s just going to give it away.And still with less than one percent left, have more than he could ever spend.Because he realizes that it wasn’t all due to the one-tenth of one percent, and that his common humanity requires him to give money to those for whom it will mean much more.In the central highlands in Africa where I work, when people meet each other walking, nearly nobody rides, and people meet each other walking on the trails, and one person says hello, how are you, good morning, the answer is not I’m fine, how are you.The answer translated into English is this: I see you.Think of that.I see you.How many people do all of us pass every day that we never see? You know, we all haul out of here, somebody’s going to come in here and fold up 20-something thousand chairs.And clean off whatever mess we leave here.And get ready for tomorrow and then after tomorrow, someone will have to fix that.Many of those people feel that no one ever sees them.I would never have seen the people in Aceh in Indonesia if a terrible misfortune had not struck.And so, I leave you with that thought.Be true to the tradition of the great people who have come here.Spend as much of your time and your heart and your spirit as you possibly can thinking about the 99.9 percent.See everyone and realize that everyone needs new beginnings.Enjoy your good fortune.Enjoy your differences, but realize that our common humanity matters much, much more.God bless you and good luck.

第五篇：美国前总统比尔·克林顿在2012年9月5日民主党全国代表大会上的演讲

A transcript of former President Bill Clinton's remarks Wednesday night at the Democratic National Convention, as provided by the Democratic Party:

We're here to nominate a president, and I've got one in mind.I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty.A man who ran for president to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election, saw it suffer the biggest collapse since the Great Depression.A man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed their children and keep their hopes alive.I want to nominate a man cool on the outside but burning for America on the inside.A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation and creativity, education and cooperation.A man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama.I want Barack Obama to be the next president of the United States and I proudly nominate him as the standard bearer of the Democratic Party.In Tampa, we heard a lot of talk about how the president and the Democrats don't believe in free enterprise and individual initiative, how we want everyone to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy.The Republican narrative is that all of us who amount to anything are completely self-made.One of our greatest Democratic chairmen, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician wants you to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself, but it ain't so.We Democrats think the country works better with a strong middle class, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote growth and broadly shared prosperity.We think “we're all in this together” is a better philosophy than “you're on your own.”

Who's right? Well, since 1961, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24.In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector jobs.What's the jobs score? Republicans 24 million, Democrats 42 million.It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us.Though I often disagree with Republicans, I never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate President Obama and the Democrats.After all, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little Rock Central High and built the interstate highway system.And as governor, I worked with President Reagan on welfare reform and with President George H.W.Bush on national education goals.I am grateful to President George W.Bush for PEPFAR, which is saving the lives of millions of people in poor countries and to both Presidents Bush for the work we've done together after the South Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and the Haitian earthquake.Through my foundation, in America and around the world, I work with Democrats, Republicans and Independents who are focused on solving problems and seizing opportunities, not fighting each other.When times are tough, constant conflict may be good politics but in the real world, cooperation works better.After all, nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day.All of us are destined to live our lives between those two extremes.Unfortunately, the faction that now dominates the Republican Party doesn't see it that way.They think government is the enemy, and compromise is weakness.One of the main reasons America should re-elect President Obama is that he is still committed to cooperation.He appointed Republican secretaries of defense, the army and transportation.He appointed a vice president who ran against him in 2008, and trusted him to oversee the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation of the recovery act.And Joe Biden did a great job with both.He appointed Cabinet members who supported Hillary in the primaries.Heck, he even appointed Hillary.I'm so proud of her and grateful to our entire national security team for all they've done to make us safer and stronger and to build a world with more partners and fewer enemies.I'm also grateful to the young men and women who serve our country in the military and to Michelle Obama and Jill Biden for supporting military families when their loved ones are overseas and for helping our veterans, when they come home bearing the wounds of war, or needing help with education, housing, and jobs.President Obama's record on national security is a tribute to his strength, and judgment, and to his preference for inclusion and partnership over partisanship.He also tried to work with congressional Republicans on health care, debt reduction, and jobs, but that didn't work out so well.Probably because, as the Senate Republican leader, in a remarkable moment of candor, said two years before the election, their No.1 priority was not to put America back to work, but to put President Obama out of work.Senator, I hate to break it to you, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job.In Tampa, the Republican argument against the president's re-election was pretty simple: we left him a total mess, he hasn't cleaned it up fast enough, so fire him and put us back in.In order to look like an acceptable alternative to President Obama, they couldn't say much about the ideas they have offered over the last two years.You see they want to go back to the same old policies that got us into trouble in the first place: to cut taxes for high income Americans even more than President Bush did;to get rid of those pesky financial regulations designed to prevent another crash and prohibit future bailouts;to increase defense spending $2 trillion more than the Pentagon has requested without saying what they'll spend the money on;to make enormous cuts in the rest of the budget, especially programs that help the middle class and poor kids.As another president once said_ there they go again.I like the argument for President Obama's re-election a lot better.He inherited a deeply damaged economy, put a floor under the crash, began the long hard road to recovery, and laid the foundation for a modern, more well-balanced economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant new businesses, and lots of new wealth for the innovators.Are we where we want to be? No.Is the president satisfied? No.Are we better off than we were when he took office, with an economy in free fall, losing 750,000 jobs a month.The answer is yes.I understand the challenge we face.I know many Americans are still angry and frustrated with the economy.Though employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend and even housing prices are picking up a bit, too many people don't feel it.I experienced the same thing in 1994 and early 1995.Our policies were working and the economy was growing but most people didn't feel it yet.By 1996, the economy was roaring, halfway through the longest peacetime expansion in American history.President Obama started with a much weaker economy than I did.No president_ not me or any of my predecessors could have repaired all the damage in just four years.But conditions are improving and if you'll renew the President's contract you will feel it.I believe that with all my heart.President Obama's approach embodies the values, the ideas, and the direction America must take to build a 21st century version of the American Dream in a nation of shared opportunities, shared prosperity and shared responsibilities.So back to the story.In 2010, as the president's recovery program kicked in, the job losses stopped and things began to turn around.The Recovery Act saved and created millions of jobs and cut taxes for 95 percent of the American people.In the last 29 months the economy has produced about 4.5 million private sector jobs.But last year, the Republicans blocked the president's jobs plan costing the economy more than a million new jobs.So here's another jobs score: President Obama plus 4.5 million, congressional Republicans zero.Over that same period, more than more than 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been created under President Obama_ the first time manufacturing jobs have increased since the 1990s.The auto industry restructuring worked.It saved more than a million jobs, not just at GM, Chrysler and their dealerships, but in auto parts manufacturing all over the country.That's why even auto-makers that weren't part of the deal supported it.They needed to save the suppliers too.Like I said, we're all in this together.Now there are 250,000 more people working in the auto industry than the day the companies were restructured.Gov.Romney opposed the plan to save GM and Chrysler.So here's another jobs score: Obama 250,000, Romney, zero.The agreement the administration made with management, labor and environmental groups to double car mileage over the next few years is another good deal: it will cut your gas bill in half, make us more energy independent, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and add another 500,000 good jobs.President Obama's “all of the above” energy plan is helping too_ the boom in oil and gas production combined with greater energy efficiency has driven oil imports to a near 20 year low and natural gas production to an all-time high.Renewable energy production has also doubled.We do need more new jobs, lots of them, but there are already more than three million jobs open and unfilled in America today, mostly because the applicants don't have the required skills.We have to prepare more Americans for the new jobs that are being created in a world fueled by new technology.That's why investments in our people are more important than ever.The president has supported community colleges and employers in working together to train people for open jobs in their communities.And, after a decade in which exploding college costs have increased the drop-out rate so much that we've fallen to 16th in the world in the percentage of our young adults with college degrees, his student loan reform lowers the cost of federal student loans and even more important, gives students the right to repay the loans as a fixed percentage of their incomes for up to 20 years.That means no one will have to drop-out of college for fear they can't repay their debt, and no one will have to turn down a job, as a teacher, a police officer or a small town doctor because it doesn't pay enough to make the debt payments.This will change the future for young Americans.I know we're better off because President Obama made these decisions.That brings me to health care.The Republicans call it Obamacare and say it's a government takeover of health care that they'll repeal.Are they right? Let's look at what's happened so far.Individuals and businesses have secured more than a billion dollars in refunds from their insurance premiums because the new law requires 80 percent to 85 pecent of your premiums to be spent on health care, not profits or promotion.Other insurance companies have lowered their rates to meet the requirement.More than 3 million young people between 19 and 25 are insured for the first time because their parents can now carry them on family policies.Millions of seniors are receiving preventive care including breast cancer screenings and tests for heart problems.Soon the insurance companies, not the government, will have millions of new customers many of them middle class people with pre-existing conditions.And for the last two years, health care spending has grown under 4 pecent, for the first time in 50 years.So are we all better off because President Obama fought for it and passed it? You bet we are.There were two other attacks on the president in Tampa that deserve an answer.Both Gov.Romney and congressman Ryan attacked the president for allegedly robbing Medicare of $716 billion.Here's what really happened.There were no cuts to benefits.None.What the president did was save money by cutting unwarranted subsidies to providers and insurance companies that weren't making people any healthier.He used the saving to close the donut hole in the Medicare drug program, and to add eight years to the life of the Medicare Trust Fund.It's now solvent until 2024.So President Obama and the Democrats didn't weaken Medicare, they strengthened it.When congressman Ryan looked into the TV camera and attacked President Obama's “biggest coldest power play” in raiding Medicare, I didn't know whether to laugh or cry.You see, that $716 billion is exactly the same amount of Medicare savings congressman Ryan had in his own budget.At least on this one, Gov.Romney's been consistent.He wants to repeal the savings and give the money back to the insurance companies, re-open the donut hole and force seniors to pay more for drugs, and reduce the life of the Medicare Trust Fund by eight years.So now if he's elected and does what he promised Medicare will go broke by 2016.If that happens, you won't have to wait until their voucher program to begins in 2023 to see the end Medicare as we know it.But it gets worse.They also want to block grant Medicaid and cut it by a third over the coming decade.Of course, that will hurt poor kids, but that's not all.Almost two-thirds of Medicaid is spent on nursing home care for seniors and on people with disabilities, including kids from middle class families, with special needs like, Down syndrome or autism.I don't know how those families are going to deal with it.We can't let it happen

Now let's look at the Republican charge that President Obama wants to weaken the work requirements in the welfare reform bill I signed that moved millions of people from welfare to work.Here's what happened.When some Republican governors asked to try new ways to put people on welfare back to work, the Obama administration said they would only do it if they had a credible plan to increase employment by 20 percent.You hear that? More work.So the claim that President Obama weakened welfare reform's work requirement is just not true.But they keep running ads on it.As their campaign pollster said “we're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact checkers.” Now that is true.I couldn't have said it better myself_ I just hope you remember that every time you see the ad.Let's talk about the debt.We have to deal with it or it will deal with us.President Obama has offered a plan with $4 trillion in debt reduction over a decade, with $2 of spending reductions for every $1 of revenue increases, and tight controls on future spending.It's the kind of balanced approach proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission.I think the president's plan is better than the Romney plan, because the Romney plan fails the first test of fiscal responsibility: The numbers don't add up.It's supposed to be a debt reduction plan but it begins with $5 trillion in tax cuts over a 10-year period.That makes the debt hole bigger before they even start to dig out.They say they'll make it up by eliminating loopholes in the tax code.When you ask “which loopholes and how much?” they say, “See me after the election on that.”

People ask me all the time how we delivered four surplus budgets.What new ideas did we bring? I always give a one-word answer: arithmetic.If they stay with a $5 trillion tax cut in a debt reduction plan_ the_ arithmetic tells us that one of three things will happen:

1)they'll have to eliminate so many deductions like the ones for home mortgages and charitable giving that middle class families will see their tax bill go up $2,000 year while people making over $3 million a year get will still get a 250,000 dollar tax cut;or

2)they'll have to cut so much spending that they'll obliterate the budget for our national parks, for ensuring clean air, clean water, safe food, safe air travel;or they'll cut way back on Pell Grants, college loans, early childhood education and other programs that help middle class families and poor children, not to mention cutting investments in roads, bridges, science, technology and medical research;or

3)they'll do what they've been doing for thirty plus years now_ cut taxes more than they cut spending, explode the debt, and weaken the economy.Remember, Republican economic policies quadrupled the debt before I took office and doubled it after I left.We simply can't afford to double-down on trickle-down.President Obama's plan cuts the debt, honors our values, and brightens the future for our children, our families and our nation.My fellow Americans, you have to decide what kind of country you want to live in.If you want a you're on your own, winner take all society you should support the Republican ticket.If you want a country of shared opportunities and shared responsibilities_ a “we're all in it together” society, you should vote for Barack Obama and Joe Biden.If you want every American to vote and you think it's wrong to change voting procedures just to reduce the turnout of younger, poorer, minority and disabled voters, you should support Barack Obama.If you think the president was right to open the doors of American opportunity to young immigrants brought here as children who want to go to college or serve in the military, you should vote for Barack Obama.If you want a future of shared prosperity, where the middle class is growing and poverty is declining, where the American Dream is alive and well, and where the United States remains the leading force for peace and prosperity in a highly competitive world, you should vote for Barack Obama.I love our country_ and I know we're coming back.For more than 200 years, through every crisis, we've always come out stronger than we went in.And we will again as long as we do it together.We champion the cause for which our founders pledged their lives, their fortunes, their sacred honor_ to form a more perfect union.If that's what you believe, if that's what you want, we have to re-elect President Barack Obama.God bless you _ God bless America.