英语演讲主题+口语表达(模版)

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第一篇:英语演讲主题+口语表达(模版)

小学英语教师素养大赛口语知识问答测试题

1.Animals are our good friends.They can bring us happiness and help us do many things.Which animal do you like best? Why? 2.There are so many hobbies to choose.Some people enjoy collecting coins or stamps.Others choose to spend their time on sports or music.Can you talk about your hobby? 3.Flowers can make the environment beautiful and make us happy.Can you talk about your favorite flower? 4.People said “The whole year’s work depends on a good start in spring.” Spring is a very wonderful season.Do you like spring? Why? 5.Family has a great influence on our personal development.We can get warmth, help, comfort and strength from it.Can you introduce your family? 6.Fathers are our best teacher.We all grow up on their shoulders.They do their best to work for the whole family.Can you introduce your father? 7.Singers play very important role in our life.They influence a lot people, especially the youth.Can you introduce you favorite singer? 8.Fruit is good for our health.We should eat three or four kinds of fruit.They all contain many kinds of vitamin.Then what kind of fruit do you like best? Why? 9.Mothers are the most important person in our life.They take care of us all the time.They give us love、happiness and help.I think your mother is the best in your heart.So can you talk about your mother?

10.Tour is more and more popular in our life.It is one of the best ways to relax.Do you like to trip?Why? 11.Childhood is nice and wonderful for most of us.Maybe there are lots of unforgettable things.Can you talk about one of them? 12.Beijing is the capital of our country.Many people like to go there.Do you want to go? Why? 13.School is the important place which we study and work.We spend most of our time in it.Do you like your school? Why? 14.Friends play the important role in our life.Nobody can live happily without them.Can you explain the proverb “Friends and wines improve with age.”? 15.Water is the sauce of life.Nobody can live without it.But many places lack of it in our country.Can you talk about how to save the water? 16.Watching TV is one of the best ways to relax at home.But there are so many TV programs.Which kind of programs do you like? Talk about it.17.Dogs are people’s best friend.Most of us like them because they are lovely、loyal and helpful.Do you like dogs? Why? 18.Reading books is the good way to learn for us.But there are so many books to choose.What kind of books do you like Why ? 19.Fall is cool and windy but isn't hot and cold.So many people like it? Do you like it? Why? 20.Sports help everyone to keep healthy, happy, and efficient.So we should pay special attention to games.Which sport do you like best?

21.Failure is what often happens.It is everywhere in our life.Then how do you think about failure? 22.Everyone has his ideals.A businessman wishes to make greater profit;a farmer expects bumper harvests;a student tries to learn more and better.Can you talk about your ideal? 23.Everybody wants to get wealth.In today’s material world, making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person’s success and capability.How do you think of money? 24.Summer is the hottest season.We can go swimming、go hiking and go fishing.Do you like summer? Why? 25.Competition makes people original and creative.It very necessary to compete if human society wants to advance.Do you think so? Why? 26.As the saying goes, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it and you don’t know what health is until you are ill.Can you talk about health and life? 27.The computer is widely used in all fields of society.Today, wherever you go, you will find computers being used.How do you think about it? 28.Today the quality of our natural environment has become an important issue.Can you talk about how to protect the environment? 29.In modern times, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force is of primary importance.Do you think so?

30.Nowadays, more and more people are exchanging a great variety of information by using electronic mails instead of traditional ways of mailing letters.How do you think about it?] 31.There are lots of people who are convinced that good numbers bring good luck and bad numbers bring disasters.Do you have a lucky number? Talk about it.32.China is called the “kingdom of bicycles”, because there are thousands of millions of bicycles in China and bicycles are the most important means of transport in China.Do you think so? 33.In the modern times, there are many ways for people to communicate, among which are telephone calls and writing letters.Which one would you like to choose? Why? 34.Smoking is harmful.This has been proved by scientific experiments.However, many young people are still getting into the habit of smoking.Can you talk about your idea? 35.Winter is a cold season.The snowflakes fly in the sky like the fairies.All the things are clean and shining.Do you like winter? Why? 36.The relationship between a teacher and the student can be good or bad, helpful or harmful.How do you think about it? 37.Physical exercise is a necessary part of our life.However, still some people do not like to attend sports activities.Do you think so? Why? 38.In my life I have met a great many people who are really worth recalling.Can you talk you unforgettable;39.With the rapid development of our national economy, private cars have become in large number.Do you want to have a car? Why?

40.Green food is good for our health nowadays.People all like healthy food.do you like? Why? 41.As the holidays arrive it is easy to become distracted by our desire for perfection.How about your holiday? Can you talk about it? 42.There are so many colors which make the world much more wonderful.Which color do you like best? Why? 43.Nowadays more and more parents are eager to send their children to study abroad before they finish high school by whatever means and at whatever cost.How do you think about it? 44.Teaching is the most brilliance career under the sun.So we should be proud of ourselves.Do you like teaching? Why? 45.As a teacher, the first class is very unforgettable.Maybe you can experience a special experience.Can you tell us? 46.A famous American poet says well,Life is short,art is long。Everyone should work hard and study well.Never waste any time.How you think of the time? 47.Lantern Festival is a China‘s traditional festival.It is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar year.Do you like it? Why? 48.What does it mean to relax? Despite hearing this term thousands of times during the course of our lives, very few people have deeply considered what it's really about.Can you tell us how to relax yourself? 49.Fast food is becoming more and more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Do you like it? Why? 50.English has been getting more and more popular in the last decade.Many countries have made English taught as the second language in schools.But why do students need English

第二篇:英语演讲口语训练

英语演讲口语训练(发音)

英语口语完美发音的10个窍门

每个人都知道使用英语是真正改善发音的唯一办法。但是如果你每天不能和英语母语人士交谈的话,那该怎么办呢?别担心!还有很多提高口语能力的方法。

1.Listen to yourself.如果你听不到自己的发音问题,要纠正就很难了。试着把你将的话录下来并和英语为母语人士将的对比一下。应对雅思口语非常有效。

2.Slow down!

很多英语学习者常说语速太快容易养成他们的坏习惯。由于太快而模糊不清是口语考试的大忌。所以我们要accuracy 然后才是fluency,每天操练一些基本语言以单音节开始,然后单词,把几个词连在一起,组成句子。这样你就能慢慢开始表达自己的思想了。

3.Picture it...闭上你的眼睛并在说出口之前想一想如何发这个音。想象出口型和脸部动作。这个可以配合看电影来做,留意Hollywood的明星是怎么样一字一句的说出那些令人神魂颠倒的话语的。

4.Get physical!

发音是个形体动作。要学会嘴巴的发声方法和移动肌肉的方式。每天集中训练几个音。你发this, thank, they,和little, wool等单词困难吗?试试发‘th’,将你的舌头放在齿间(不要咬住)并从口中吐气。感受气流从你的舌间吹过。

5.Watch yourself.站在镜子前查看当你发某些固定音时的嘴型,唇型和舌头的位置。和你看到的native speaker的发音对比!平时还可以把自己的发音模样录成video,仔细观察比较。

6.Copy the experts.绝对没有取代从专家-英语母语人士处学习发音的方式。因此仔细听!听英语广播节目并看英语的电视节目和电影。尽量不要念字幕!模仿你所听到的-就算你还不肯定他们说的话。

7.Practice makes perfect.发音的问题迟迟不能解决就是因为我们害怕犯错。-第一次见面,在饭店点菜,询问方向-然后你自己表演出对话内容。别害羞!启德雅思每周都举行免费的口语练习,不少同学来到广州图书馆practice,特别是考前的机经特训,对真题的模拟大有裨益。

8.Find a language buddy.从其他人处获得反馈是非常重要的。找一个对提高英语水平同样感兴趣的朋友。试着更换录音资料这样你就可以互相听对方的发音。记住录完要重新听听,找出错误和闪光点啊。

9.Be poetic.好的发音不仅是掌握单独的音节。还是对intonation(声音的升降调)和 stress(对单词中一些音节和句子中的一些单词更大声更清晰的发音)的理解。大声念一些诗歌,演讲,歌曲,集中练习单词的重音和音调。

10.Sing a song!

学习一些英语流行歌曲的歌词并跟着唱。唱歌帮助你放松并能让这些词说出来,同时帮助改进你的语音和语调。

第三篇:听力常用口语表达

常用的口语词组和表达

************************ 听力中具有否定意义的结构 ************************(1)包含否定性的关键词

W:What kind of fruit would you like, apple or orange? M:Neither.Actually, I prefer banana to any other fruit.Q: What did the man mean?

A)He didn't like any fruit.B)He wanted other kinds of fruit.C)He liked banana more than any other fruit.D)He liked all sorts of fruit except for apple and orange.本句中neither是一个关键词,出这个词可知,男方既不喜欢苹果也不喜欢桔子,再配合后一句话可知,他只爱香蕉。因此选C为正确答案。否定形式的关键词主要有以下类型:

表示否定意义的副词和形容词,如 hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never 等。表示否定意义的代词和连词,如:nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。

由否定前缀或否定后缀构成的词。常见否定前缀有im-,un-,dis-,non-;常见否定后缀有-less等。

表示否定意义的动词、动词短语或介词短语,如:fail, miss, avoid, deny, hate, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。

从所表达的否定的意义上来讲可分为:

1.全部否定 用完全否定词no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, not等表示。

2.部分否定 常用半否定词seldom, rarely, few, hardly, little等来否定其中一部分。此外,还可用not与always, all, entirely, both, every连用,表示部分否定。3.双重否定 双重否定通常表示肯定意义,往往是加强语气。

4.强调否定 常见的否定词或短语有:never, little, barely, seldom, in no way, by no means, under no circumstances, on no account, 且为倒装语序。5.含否定意思的动词、动词短语,介词、介词词组等 如deny, without, too„to, anything but, miss, fail, rather than, instead of等。(2)否定式句法结构

常用的否定结构有too„to结构,强调否定式结构,如以 never, little, rarely等词开头的倒装句,以及双重否定式结构,如not uncommon, not impossible, No one can deny„, not careless等。这类否定较为常见,要求考生敏感地觉察出句子的否定意味,否则就会造成判断错误。如:

W: I heard the student bus was overturned in a traffic accident M: Yes, and what is more, no one on the bus was not injured.Q: How many were injured in the accident? A)No one on the bus was injured.B)More than one student on the bus was injured.C)Every one on the bus was injured.D)Only one student on the bus was injured.如果听出男方话中的双重否定结构,就不难选出正确答案C〉但如果未听出双重否定结构,漏听一个或两个not,那么就极可能选出A或D。(3)对一方观点的委婉否定

这种现象也比较常见。英美人否定他人观点一般不直接表述,而采取十分委婉的方式,显得礼貌和尊重对方,因此要特别注意。如:

M: You have been in London for several months.How do you like the city? W: The only thing is the sun never shines.It's always gray and gloomy.Q: What doesn't the woman seem to like about London?

A)The unsmiling faces B)The weather C)The Londoners D)The sun

由女方的话中不难体会出,这位女士除了抱怨伦敦整天雾气蒙蒙,难见艳阳之外,别的方面还算过得去。因此,答案是B。

************************************************ 英语口语特点实例分析及常见口语表达方式

************************************************

1、英语口语表达方法

英语口语表达主要是靠一些口语常用的单词、短语及习惯表达法来实现的。而且口语中使用的单词大都是音节较少的词。如单音节或双音节词,这些词往往都是学生很熟悉的,如work, make, fix, pick等。在听力测试中,学生大都能听清楚这些词的发音,但却不能揣摩出整个句子的含义,因为他们往往是在书面语的语境里掌握这些词的,殊不知在口语中,这些词的意思发生了变化。

例如:A: You have 15 minutes to get your train.B: All right, I guess I can make it.译文

A:你只有一刻钟的时间去赶乘这班火车了。B:没关系,我想我赶得上。

W: I hear there's a good Japanese restaurant nearby.Would you like to go there for lunch? M: Yes, but it's my treat this time.Q: What does the man mean?

译文

W:我听说附近有一家不错的日本餐馆,你愿意去那里吃午饭吗? M:行,不过这次该我请了。Q:这位男士的话是什么意思?

2(1)do进展,进行(作为不及物动词)

How are you doing on your paper? 你的论文进展顺利吗? How did you do in the examination? 你考得怎么样?(2)dead不动,失灵

The car is totally dead.这辆车完全开不动了。

(3)fix修理,确定,准备

I'm going to fix the bicycle myself.我打算自己修理自行车。

We have to fix a date for the next meeting.我们应确定下一次会议的日期。She's fixing breakfast for three of us.她正在为我们三人准备早餐。(4)check(凭客票)托运(用于美国英语)

We checked two trunks to Chicago.我们把两个箱子托运到芝加哥。(5)work out产生结果,成功

The plan worked out badly.计划执行得很不成功。

(6)agree with(食物、气候等)适合某人

The climate here doesn't agree with me.我不适应这里的气候。

(7)pick up顺便去买,把„„载上车

Don't forget to pick up bananas on your way home.回家途中别忘了顺便买些香蕉。Shall I pick you up at the station? 要我开车到车站支接你吗?(8)go Dutch 各人付各人的帐

let's go Dutch.咱们各付各的帐。

(9)be around 露面,被见到

He'll be around this afternoon.今天下午可以见到他。

(10)call on sb.请某人回答问题/讲话

The chairman called on me to speak at the meeting.会议主席要我在会上发言。(11)How are you going?你好吗? 其实这一表达法类似于“How are you?”,也是常用于口语中的问题候语。类似的表达法还有: How are things going?近来好吗? How is everything?一切都好吗? How are you getting on/along?你过得好吗?(12)I can't agree with you more.我完全同意你的想法。

这是一句典型的形式否定而意思肯定的句子,这种句子在口语中出现得较多。又如: I couldn't be more sure.我再肯定不过了。

学生若不熟悉这种口语表达法,对听到的句子所表示的肯定意义就无法做出正确判断。

2、英语口语表达方式 ****************** 常见口语表达方式 *******************

下面节选了听力测试中常用的,并且在意义上容易弄错的一些短语、习语和惯用法等。供考生学习参考:

absence of mind 心不在焉;发呆 apply one's mind to 专心于(某事)as good as gold(小孩)很乖

as right as rain

非常健康、很好的 at sb's back 支持某人

at the top of the ladder/tree 名列前茅 babe in the woods 天真而缺宪法经验的人 bear watching 有希望;有前途

beat aroundabout the bush 旁敲侧击;转弯抹角 back out 食言;变卦

back up sb./sth.支持;援助(某人)beyone(all)question 毫无疑问:无可争辨

bird in the bush 未到手的东西;未定局的事情 bird in the hand 已到手的东西;已定局的事情 blow hot and cold 摇摆不定;反复无常

booked up 没空;有约会;(戏票等)已被预订一空 burn the midnight oil 开夜车;工作到深夜

bury/hide/have/put oneself 不愿接受或正视现实;采取鸵鸟政策 cannot help doing sth.不禁要(做某事)check in 登记;报到 check out 付帐后离开

check off/over/out sth.检验;复核

close/shut one's eye to 无视;对„置之不理 call it a day 今天就这样算了;就干这里为止 come up with 赶上;提出

come off with flying colours 凯旋;太功告成 come about 发生

come to 总计;苏醒;复原

count for little/nothing 无足轻重;微不足道 count for much 非常重要;关系重大 count on/upon 依靠,指望

do sb.a favour 帮(某人)一个忙

do sb.'s heart good 上某人当;受某人欺骗 do the business 起作用;奏效;可以满足要求 do sth up brown 把(某事)彻底做好 a dog's age 很久,长久

down on one's luck 倒霉;不走运 draw(a)blank 失败;落空

draw the/a line 拒绝做某事;对某事有节制 draw one's time(被迫地)辞去工作 dying for 渴望,非常想 dying of „„得要死

eat one's heart out 忧伤过度

have other fish to fry 另外有事要做,别有要事 have the game in one's hand 稳操胜券

keep/have/one's feet on the ground 讲究实际 keep one's nose clean 安分守已

lay sth.at sb's door 把(责任等)推给(某人)lead sb.a dance 给(某人)带来不少麻烦 leave that to sb.由某人决定

let the cat out of the bag 泄露秘密 lose one's heart to 爱上了;非常喜欢

make a point of doing sth.坚持做某事;决心做某事 make believe 装作;假装 man of his word 守信用的人 man of iron 意志坚强的人

man of the world 深通世敌的人,阅历丰富的人 miss the boat/bus 错过机会;坐失良机 move heaven and earth 竭尽全力;全力以赴 nine times out of ten 十有八九;通常;多半 not in the same street with 无法与„相比 not know sb.from Adam 不认识某人

off the top of one's head 不加思索地;不清楚 on the top of the world 对一切都满意

out of the question 不能考虑的,完全不可能的 out of the swim 不了解情况,不熟悉内情 out of tune(with„)(与„)不一致,不协调 out of lunch 注意力不集中;心不在焉 pay lip-service to 只说不做;唱高调

eat one's words 收回前言;认错道歉(不是“食言”)face the lousic 毅然面对困难;勇于承担后果 fall behind 落后;跟不上

fall on one's face 彻底失败;惨败 fall over each other 争先恐后

far be it from me 我决不认为;我决不想要 fill in/fill out/fill up 把(表格等)填好 fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼;趁火打动 for the time being 暂时;眼下

get along 设法生活下去;相处;进展;离开;上(年纪)get into hot water 陷入困境

get off the ground 开始很顺利;取得时展 give sb.a/the glad hand 热烈欢迎(某人)give sth.a miss 避开(某物);略去(某物)give/ lend an ear to 倾听;注意

give sb.the green light 允许(某人)做某事 go to bed with the chickens 很早就寝

good, bad and indifferent 好的、坏的和一般的 hand it to sb.赞扬某人;承认某人的长处 hand in the air 未决定;悬搁着

hardly/scarcely„when„ „刚„就;一„就 have an eye for 对„有眼力;对„有识别力 have/get cold feet 害怕起珲;胆怯起来

have one's heart in the right place 好心好意 too clever by half(讽刺用)过分聪明

cannot see the wood for the trees 见树不见林 under lock and key 妥善保管 up the pole 处于困境;进退两难 up the wall 十分烦燥;非常恼火 wash one's handds 不管;不过问

wet behind the ears 乳臭未干的;不成熟的 what's what 具体情况;直相 while away 混时间;浪费时间

with open arms 热烈地、亲切地(表示欢迎)write home about 大书特书

penny wise and pound foolish 小处精明,大处糊涂(浪费)play one't best card 使出绝招 polish the apple 逢迎;拍马 pocket one't dignity 放下架子

pull out all the stops 全力以赴;千主百计

put all one's eggs in one basket 孤注一掷;寄希望于某人(某事)put one's back into sht.尽最大努力去做(某事)put one's foot in one's mouth 说错话;做错事

put one's hand in one's pocket 准备花钱;准备解囊捐款 put sb.on his honour 信任某人

ring a bell 使想起(某事);听起来觉得耳熟 sleep like a log/top 睡得很熟;酣睡 song and dance 枯燥元味的废话

sweep sth.under the carpet 隐瞒某事不让别人知道 take a short-cut 走捷径 take French leave 不告而别

take his words with a grain of salt 不全信某人的话 think on one's feet 思想敏捷;反应快

throw away/out the baby with the bathwater 弃沙抛金 throw cold water on 对„泼冷水;不赞成 throw up one's hand 放弃努力;认输

turn/give the cold shoulder on/to sb.疏远某人;冷淡某人 ************************************* 显示对话发生地点、人物关系的信号词 *************************************

Airport: arrival/departure time, booking office, ticket agent, take off, board, land, flight, airways, airlines, flight number, by air Library: borrow, lend, latest issue, card, catalogue, call number, due, over due, fine, novel, renew, fiction, magazine, bookshelf Hotel: reception, receptionist, vacant beds, single room, double room, book a room, bath, lavatory, occupy a room, full, front desk, porter, tip, room key, room number, suit Meeting: for, against, proposal, report, speech, suggest, disagree, agree, decide, point out, argue, chairman, conclusion Post office: mail, post, postage, stamp, parcel, telegram, urgent cable, airmail, registered letter, money order, ordinary mail, oversea mail Restaurant: reservation, bar, order, soft drink, dessert, salad, soup, menu, bread, potato, tomato, toast beef, meat, mutton, chicken, fry, pic, cake, I'm full, bill, waiter, waitress, go Dutch Store: size, color, style, price, cost, cheap, What can I do for you? How much does it cost? Fashion, expensive, counter, department, check out, brand, fresh, cash, pay, shop girl, assistant, counter, fashion School: department, Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Doctor's degree, campus, lecture, dormitory, semester, term, playground, dining-hall, swimming pool, course, foreign language, gym, midterm exam, final exam, clinic, professor, assistant, lecturer, lab, test, required courses, elective courses, credit

Bank: draw on one's account, pay interest on..., open account, interest rate, fixed deposit, current account, bank clerk Barber's: haircut, hairstyle, hairdresser, shave, moustache, beard, spray, shampoo The Customs House: pay duty on..., duty free, free of charge, fill in the form

Dance: disco, dance with, have a ball, party, May I have the pleasure of next dance? Hospital: pain, cough, fever, vomit, headache, stomachache, temperature, heart, lung, blood-pressure, take medicine, pills, tablets, insomnia, indigestion, physician, surgeon, wards, operating room, pharmacy ******************************** 如何准备对话地点及人物关系题(一)********************************

在英语四级听力测试中,经常会出现对特定的场所、人物的关系、身份或职业进行提问的题目,我们把它们归纳为场所关系类(Place & Relationship)题型。常见的提问形式有:

1.Where is the conversation most probably taking place? 2.Where is the man/woman probably going? 3.What most probably is the man? 4.What is the probable relationship between the speakers? 5.Who is the man/woman? 另外,职业身份题的提问一般是:

1.What's the man(woman)? 2.Who's the man(woman)? 3.What does the man(woman)do? 4.What's the man's(woman's)job? 要做好这类考题,首先要养成预期(prediction)的习惯。这类考题有一个很明显的共同点,即看过几个选项后,很容易判断出将要提出的问题。这样,可以做到心中有数,以便集中精力注意重要信息。这是平时训练中要充分重视的技能。

其次,要提高判断能力。我们在上面列出的五个问题句中,四个问句里有“probable”或“probably”。也就是说,要根据提供的信息进行合理的推断。要做到判断正确,关键词必须 抓住。如对话中出“cash the check”“open an account” 等,就很可能是银行里的扬景。如出现“menu”“table”“order” 之类的词,也许就是饭馆的场景。另外,要做到判断正确,还必须积累一定的文化背景知识。如1993年6月国家四级英语考试中有这样一题:

M: Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.W: I am not going to any store.I'm going to see Aunt Mary, but I will get them for you at the gas station.Q: Where will the woman stop on her way? A)At a cigarette store.B)At a bus station.C)At a gas station.D)At Aunt Mary's.本题答案为选项C。有许多同学选错了,是因为没弄清Aunt Mary's 是女士的目的地,而不是中途停车之外。当然,也与不太清楚gas station(加油站)在美国也兼卖一些日用杂货有关。

******************** 地点、人物关系(二)********************

对于这种考查地点、人物关系,职业身份的题,考生可以通过抓关键的特征词来判断。四级听力中常见的人物关系及其常用特征用语和词组有:

Teacher and student(老师与学生)

examination, midterm, exam, test, quiz, homework, assignment, pass, arts courses, engineering courses, school campus, teachin building, teacher's office Librarian and student(图书馆工作人员与学生)

borrow, return, renew, on time, magazine, reference book, author, writer, shelves, check out, loan desk, library/card, cash or charge? Are you done? Shop-assistant and customer(店员与顾客)

Can I help you? but, sell, expensive, cheap, department, store, Lady's department, coat, shoes, hat, jacket, sweater, sale price, on sale, price, cut down, discount, cashier, auction, high-heeled shoes underwears, leather, plastic fabric, silk, jeans, pajama(睡衣)

Doctor and patient(医生和病人)

What's the matter with you? a sore throat headache, flu, fever, what's your trouble, take one's temperature, give sb.an injection, take medicine, surgery Waiter(Waitress)and customer(侍者与顾客)

Anything to drink? What kind of wine do you want? Is that all? Finished? Anything else? order, menu, brandy, whisky, check, dessert, sandwiches

第四篇:听力常用口语表达

************************ 听力中具有否定意义的结构 ************************(1)包含否定性的关键词

W:What kind of fruit would you like, apple or orange? M:Neither.Actually, I prefer banana to any other fruit.Q: What did the man mean?

A)He didn't like any fruit.B)He wanted other kinds of fruit.C)He liked banana more than any other fruit.D)He liked all sorts of fruit except for apple and orange.本句中neither是一个关键词,出这个词可知,男方既不喜欢苹果也不喜欢桔子,再配合后一句话可知,他只爱香蕉。因此选C为正确答案。

否定形式的关键词主要有以下类型:

表示否定意义的副词和形容词,如 hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never 等。

表示否定意义的代词和连词,如:nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。由否定前缀或否定后缀构成的词。常见否定前缀有im-,un-,dis-,non-;常见否定后缀有-less等。表示否定意义的动词、动词短语或介词短语,如:fail, miss, avoid, deny, hate, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。

从所表达的否定的意义上来讲可分为:

1.全部否定 用完全否定词no,none,nobody,no one, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, not等表示。

2.部分否定 常用半否定词seldom, rarely, few, hardly, little等来否定其中一部分。此外,还可用not与always, all, entirely, both, every连用,表示部分否定。

3.双重否定 双重否定通常表示肯定意义,往往是加强语气。

4.强调否定 常见的否定词或短语有:never, little, barely, seldom, in no way, by no means, under no circumstances, on no account, 且为倒装语序。5.含否定意思的动词、动词短语,介词、介词词组等 如deny, without, too„to, anything but, miss, fail, rather than, instead of等。

(2)否定式句法结构

常用的否定结构有too„to结构,强调否定式结构,如以 never, little, rarely等词开头的倒装句,以及双重否定式结构,如not uncommon, not impossible, No one can deny„, not careless等。这类否定较为常见,要求考生敏感地觉察出句子的否定意味,否则就会造成判断错误。如:

W: I heard the student bus was overturned in a traffic accident M: Yes, and what is more, no one on the bus was not injured.Q: How many were injured in the accident? A)No one on the bus was injured.B)More than one student on the bus was injured.C)Every one on the bus was injured.D)Only one student on the bus was injured.如果听出男方话中的双重否定结构,就不难选出正确答案C〉但如果未听出双重否定结构,漏听一个或两个not,那么就极可能选出A或D。

(3)对一方观点的委婉否定

这种现象也比较常见。英美人否定他人观点一般不直接表述,而采取十分委婉的方式,显得礼貌和尊重对方,因此要特别注意。如:

M: You have been in London for several months.How do you like the city? W: The only thing is the sun never shines.It's always gray and gloomy.Q: What doesn't the woman seem to like about London?

A)The unsmiling faces B)The weather C)The londoners D)The sun

由女方的话中不难体会出,这位女士除了抱怨伦敦整天雾气蒙蒙,难见艳阳之外,别的方面还算过得去。因此,答案是B。

************************************************ 英语口语特点实例分析及常见口语表达方式

************************************************

英美人在真实生活中口语表达和学生在课堂里学到的书面表达并不完全一致。而学生所接触的英语口语表达又极为有限。因此要突破四级考试的听力难关,除了平时多听多练之外,还需要英语口语表达方法和表达方式上下功夫。

1、英语口语表达方法

英语口语表达主要是靠一些口语常用的单词、短语及习惯表达法来实现的。而且口语中使用的单词大都是音节较少的词。如单音节或双音节词,这些词往往都是学生很熟悉的,如mork, make, fix, pick等。在听力测试中,学生大都能听清楚这些词的发音,但却不能揣摩出整个句子的含义,因为他们往往是在书面语的语境里掌握这些词的,殊不知在口语中,这些词的意思发生了变化。例如: A: You have 15 minutes to get your train.B: All right, I guess I can make it.译文

A:你只有一刻钟的时间去赶乘这班火车了。B:没关系,我想我赶得上。

在这个对话中,一些学生就因为不明白make it的意思,而不能理解对话的准确含义。其实make ti在英语口语中使用得很频繁,表示“办成功”,“做到”,“赶到”。它在书面语中很少出现,因此学生对它感到陌生也不奇怪。

又如在1995年6月的四级听力测试中,有一道听力题:

W: I hear there's a good Japanese restaurant nearby.Would you like to go there for lunch? M: Yes, but it's my treat this time.Q: What does the man mean?

译文

W:我听说附近有一家不错的日本餐馆,你愿意去那里吃午饭吗? M:行,不过这次该我请了。Q:这位男士的话是什么意思?

本题有超过半数的考生未能答对,其原因显然是对treat这一词的掌握不够全面。因此考生应熟记一些口语中常出现而和书面语中用法不同的单词,短语及表达方法,以下各例例举的是在四级英语听力测试中曾出现过的学生易理解错的部分单词、短语及表达法。

(1)do进展,进行(作为不及物动词)

例如:

How are you doing on your paper? 你的论文进展顺利吗? How did you do in the examination? 你考得怎么样?(2)dean不动,失灵

例如:

The car is totally dead.这辆车完全开不动了。

(3)fix修理,确定,准备

例如:

I'm going to fix the bicycle myself.我打算自己修理自行车。

We have to fix a date for the next meeting.我们应确定下一次会议的日期。She's fixing breakfast for three of us.她正在为我们三人准备早餐。(4)check(凭客票)托运(用于美国英语)

例如:

We checked two trunks to Chicago.我们把两个箱子托运到芝加哥。

(5)work out产生结果,成功

例如:

The plan worked out badly.计划执行得很不成功。

(6)agree with(食物、气候等)适合某人

例如:

The climate here doesn't agree with me.我不适应这里的气候。

(7)pick up顺便去买,把„„载上车

例如:

Don't forget to pick up bananas on your way home.回家途中别忘了顺便买些香蕉。

Shall I pick you up at the station? 要我开车到车站支接你吗?(8)go Dutch 各人付各人的帐

例如:

let's go Dutch.咱们各付各的帐。

(9)be around 露面,被见到

例如:

He'll be around this afternoon.今天下午可以见到他。

(10)call on sb.请某人回答问题/讲话

例如:

The chairman called on me to speak at the meeting.会议主席要我在会上发言。

(11)How are you going?你好吗?

其实这一表达法类似于“How are you?”,也是常用于口语中的问题候语。类似的表达法还有:

How are things going?近来好吗? How is everything?一切都好吗? How are you getting on/along?你过得好吗? 然而学生往往只熟悉“How are you?”,因此在听力测试中就不能正确理解其它类似的表达法。

(12)I can't agree with you more.我完全同意你的想法。

这是一句典型的形式否定而意思肯定的句子,这种句子在口语中出现得较多。又如:

I couldn't be more sure.我再肯定不过了。学生若不熟悉这种口语表达法,对听到的句子所表示的肯定意义就无法做出正确判断。

由此可见英语口语中一些常用的词、词组或表达法和书面语确有差别,学生应该不断积累这些语言知识,才会为提高自己的听力水平打下基础。

2、英语口语表达方式

熟悉英语口语表达方式对于提高学生英语听力水平也起着至关键重要的作用。用的口语表达只是一种直接的信息交流。如1998年1月的四级听力测试中有一题:

W: I'd love to see a different type of movie for a change.I'm tired of movies about romantic stories.M: I agree.Let's go and see a nwe movie at the Royal Theatre.I hear it's a real story of two prison breakers.Q: What kind of movie does the woman find boring?

对于这种听力题,学生只要掌握了基本的口语词汇及表达方式,并进行适当的听力训练,就能很容易抓住主要信息,然后做出正确判断。

然而,在英美人的真实生活中,他们常常不是坦率地说出自己想说的话,而往往通过某种方式间接地去表达自己。这种“转变抹角”的语言使用现象就是语言的间接性,间接地使用语言是英语语言交流的一个普遍现象。如果英语学习者不熟悉英语语言表达方式上的间接性,就会导致听力测试中无法正确理解说话人的真正意图。

例如在1993年6月的四级听力测试中有一题:

W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.M: I'm sorry to hear it, but you can always rent one if you have a license.Q: What does the man mean? A)She can use his car.B)She can borrow someone else's car.C)She must get her car fixed.D)She can't borrow his car.正确答案为D。有近三分之二的考生未选对此题,他们将女士的话语理解成一个纯粹的事实陈述,而不是间接的请求,而将男士的话语理解成一个建议而不是委婉的拒绝。如果将对话中隐含的部分加以补充,双方的真实意图就容易把握些。例如:

W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.(May I borrow yours?)

M: I'm sorry to hear it,(but you can't borrow mine.)You can always rent one if you have a license.由于礼貌相待是社会生活中起码的准则,因此为了避免冒昧、唐突,甚至盛气凌人,人们通常总要回避这种直截了当的请求和拒绝。在近几年的四级听力对话测试中,这种谈话双方间接表达自己的真实意图的测试题目逐渐增多。不少考生认为自己听懂了对话内容,但却没有能选出正确答案。其主要原因之一就是他们对会话内容的理解只停留在字面意思上,而没能理解会话语言的话语意义,即说话人的真实意图。因此通过各种途径(如多听多读)来接触英语会话显得尤为必要。

******************* 常见口语表达方式 *******************

下面节选了听力测试中常用的,并且在意义上容易弄错的一些短语、习语和惯用法等。供考生学习参考:

absence of mind 心不在焉;发呆 apply one's mind to 专心于(某事)as good as gold(小孩)很乖 as right as rain 非常健康、很好的 at sb's back 支持某人

at the top of the ladder/tree 名列前茅 babe in the woods 天真而缺宪法经验的人 bear watching 有希望;有前途

beat aroundabout the bush 旁敲侧击;转弯抹角 back out 食言;变卦

back up sb./sth.支持;援助(某人)beyone(all)question 毫无疑问:无可争辨

bird in the bush 未到手的东西;未定局的事情 bird in the hand 已到手的东西;已定局的事情 blow hot and cold 摇摆不定;反复无常

booked up 没空;有约会;(戏票等)已被预订一空 burn the midnight oil 开夜车;工作到深夜

bury/hide/have/put oneself 不愿接受或正视现实;采取鸵鸟政策 cannot help doing sth.不禁要(做某事)check in 登记;报到 check out 付帐后离开

check off/over/out sth.检验;复核

close/shut one's eye to 无视;对„置之不理 call it a day 今天就这样算了;就干这里为止 come up with 赶上;提出

come off with flying colours 凯旋;太功告成 come about 发生

come to 总计;苏醒;复原

count for little/nothing 无足轻重;微不足道 count for much 非常重要;关系重大 count on/upon 依靠,指望

do sb.a favour 帮(某人)一个忙

do sb.'s heart good 上某人当;受某人欺骗 do the business 起作用;奏效;可以满足要求 do sth up brown 把(某事)彻底做好 a dog's age 很久,长久

down on one's luck 倒霉;不走运 draw(a)blank 失败;落空

draw the/a line 拒绝做某事;对某事有节制 draw one's time(被迫地)辞去工作 dying for 渴望,非常想 dying of „„得要死

eat one's heart out 忧伤过度

have other fish to fry 另外有事要做,别有要事 have the game in one's hand 稳操胜券

keep/have/one's feet on the ground 讲究实际 keep one's nose clean 安分守已

lay sth.at sb's door 把(责任等)推给(某人)lead sb.a dance 给(某人)带来不少麻烦 leave that to sb.由某人决定

let the cat out of the bag 泄露秘密 lose one's heart to 爱上了;非常喜欢

make a point of doing sth.坚持做某事;决心做某事 make believe 装作;假装 man of his word 守信用的人 man of iron 意志坚强的人

man of the world 深通世敌的人,阅历丰富的人 miss the boat/bus 错过机会;坐失良机 move heaven and earth 竭尽全力;全力以赴 nine times out of ten 十有八九;通常;多半 not in the same street with 无法与„相比 not know sb.from Adam 不认识某人

off the top of one's head 不加思索地;不清楚 on the top of the world 对一切都满意 out of the question 不能考虑的,完全不可能的 out of the swim 不了解情况,不熟悉内情 out of tune(with„)(与„)不一致,不协调 out of lunch 注意力不集中;心不在焉 pay lip-service to 只说不做;唱高调

eat one's words 收回前言;认错道歉(不是“食言”)face the lousic 毅然面对困难;勇于承担后果 fall behind 落后;跟不上

fall on one's face 彻底失败;惨败 fall over each other 争先恐后

far be it from me 我决不认为;我决不想要 fill in/fill out/fill up 把(表格等)填好 fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼;趁火打动 for the time being 暂时;眼下

get along 设法生活下去;相处;进展;离开;上(年纪)get into hot water 陷入困境

get off the ground 开始很顺利;取得时展 give sb.a/the glad hand 热烈欢迎(某人)give sth.a miss 避开(某物);略去(某物)give/ lend an ear to 倾听;注意

give sb.the green light 允许(某人)做某事 go to bed with the chickens 很早就寝

good, bad and indifferent 好的、坏的和一般的 hand it to sb.赞扬某人;承认某人的长处 hand in the air 未决定;悬搁着

hardly/scarcely„when„ „刚„就;一„就 have an eye for 对„有眼力;对„有识别力 have/get cold feet 害怕起珲;胆怯起来

have one's heart in the right place 好心好意 too clever by half(讽刺用)过分聪明

cannot see the wood for the trees 见树不见林 under lock and key 妥善保管 up the pole 处于困境;进退两难 up the wall 十分烦燥;非常恼火 wash one's handds 不管;不过问

wet behind the ears 乳臭未干的;不成熟的 what's what 具体情况;直相 while away 混时间;浪费时间

with open arms 热烈地、亲切地(表示欢迎)write home about 大书特书

penny wise and pound foolish 小处精明,大处糊涂(浪费)play one't best card 使出绝招 polish the apple 逢迎;拍马 pocket one't dignity 放下架子 pull out all the stops 全力以赴;千主百计

put all one's eggs in one basket 孤注一掷;寄希望于某人(某事)put one's back into sht.尽最大努力去做(某事)put one's foot in one's mouth 说错话;做错事

put one's hand in one's pocket 准备花钱;准备解囊捐款 put sb.on his honour 信任某人

ring a bell 使想起(某事);听起来觉得耳熟 sleep like a log/top 睡得很熟;酣睡 song and dance 枯燥元味的废话

sweep sth.under the carpet 隐瞒某事不让别人知道 take a short-cut 走捷径 take French leave 不告而别

take his words with a grain of salt 不全信某人的话 think on one's feet 思想敏捷;反应快

throw away/out the baby with the bathwater 弃沙抛金 throw cold water on 对„泼冷水;不赞成 throw up one's hand 放弃努力;认输

turn/give the cold shoulder on/to sb.疏远某人;冷淡某人

************************************* 显示对话发生地点、人物关系的信号词 *************************************

Airport:arrival/departure time, booking office, ticket agent, take off, board, land, flight, airways, airlines, flight number, by air Library:borrow, lend, latest issue, card, catalogue, call number, due, over due,fine, novel, renew, fiction, magazine, bookshelf Hotel:teception, receptionist, vacant beds, single room, double room, book a room, bath, lavatory, occupy a room, full, front desk, porter, tip, room key, roomnumber, suit Meeting:for, against, proposal, report, speech, suggest, disagree, agree, decide, point out, argue, chairman, conclusion Post office:mail, post, postage, stamp, parcel, telegram, urgent cable, airmail,registered letter, money order, ordinary mail, oversea mail Restaurant: reservation, bar, order, soft drink, dessert, salad, soup, menu, bread, potato, tomato, toast beef, meat, mutton, chicken, fry, pic, cake, I'm full,bill, waiter, waitress, go Dutch Store:size, color, style, price, cost, cheap, What can I do for you? How much does it cost? Fashion, expensive, counter, department, check out, brand, fresh, cash, pay, shop girl, assistant, counter, fashion School:department, Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Doctor's degree, campus, lecture, dormitory, semester, term, playground, dining-hall, swimming pool, course, foreign language, gym, midterm exam, final exam, clinic, professor, assistant, lecturer, lab, test, required courses, elective courses, credit

Bank:draw on one's account, pay interest on..., open account, interest rate, fixed deposit, current account, bank clerk Barber's: haircut, hairstyle, hairdresser, shave, moustache, beard, spray, shampoo The Customs House:pay duty on..., duty free, free of charge, fill in the form

Dance:disco, dance with, have a ball, party, May I have the pleasure of next dance? Hospital:pain, cough, fever, vomit, headache, stomachache, temperature, heart, lung, blood-pressure, take medicine, pills, tablets, insomnia, indigestion, physician, surgeon, wards, operating room, pharmacy *********************

三、基本的听力技能

*********************

在理解有声语言的过程中,学生除了依靠所掌握的语言知识和文化背景知识之外,还必须求助于必要的听力技能,例如要善于捕捉重要信息、进行正确推理、通过综合归纳抓住讲话的中心思想等。

在听力测试放音之前,考生实际上就应该开始进入做题状态。这时考生应该利用题目来播放之前及题目与题目之间的有限空隙时间,以试卷上所给的选项和文字为基础,在听的过程中对可题提出的问题或可能出的信息做出预测性判断。这样有助于大脑快速综合组织起有意识的思维,做到有的放矢。

参见:如何运用预测技巧 1.捕捉重要信息

这是听力理解的首要任务,遗漏了重要信息就不可能听清讲话的基本含义。要辩认重要信息又必须聚精会神听清每一句话的主要意思,同时要边听边思考,切忌主次不分,顾此失彼。有时重要信息出现在段首或段未。听者往往受故事情节的干扰而忽略了带关键性的第一句或最后一句。如4GSH2卷中有一段短文,一开妈就表明一家人尚未决定今夏去何处度假,接着详述了前一年去黄石公园看熊的不同寻常的经历。当问到“他们今年将去何处度假”时,大部分考生的回答是“去黄石公园看熊”。显然忽略了短文的第一句。又如同一试卷中另一段短文,大意是某人去旧金山找Jordan先生谈生意。结果由于种种原因,几经周折仍未找到。但最后他还是表示在旧金山的观光旅游确实是件东事,深感不虚此行。当问到“他对旧金山之行感觉如何”时,结果有30%的考生未能答对,其中一部分答了“大失所望”,而正确答案应是:“虽然生意没有谈成,但他在旧金山玩得很开心。”听力理解的一项重要能力是要跟上说话人思维的展开,理解话语中的前因后果,不能只注意片言只语,这种能力在听力训练中要着重培养。

另外,还可以利用转折信号词获取重要信息在实际,人们除了通过语调变化以及重读某些词或短语来引起听者注意外,还经常利用信号词为听者把握讲话者的思路、观点。在四级听力考试中,利用转折信号词来设计题目的现象十分普遍。通常一方提出话题,另一方说“Yes”或“I'd like/love to„”,表示肯定的意思或赞同对方的观点,但紧接着又说到“but„”或“however,„”等来表明自己的真实想法,而后者往往是选择答案的关键,测试题也多围绕着后半部分来设计。这类转折信号词或短语常见的有:but,however, otherwise, although, on the contrary等。******************* 如何运用预测技巧

*******************

对Section A中题目的预测,实际上是在录音播放之前,根据每道题的四个选项对第三个说话者可能提出的问题进行的预测。

1.预测地点或场所

当四个选项无数为表示地点或场所的介词短语时,对话中第三个说话者提出的问题肯定是问地点或场所的。这类对话中一般不直接给出地点,而是用最能反映或代表该地点的一个或数个关键词来予以暗示。

例(CET-4)2001年 6月)

W: Oh, dear, I'm starving, I can't walk any further.M: Let's go to the restaurant across the street and get something to eat.Q: Where are the two people?

A)At home.B)In a restaurant.C)In a car.D)On the street.对话中的can't walk any further等词暗示了他们既不可能在家里或在车里,也不可能在餐馆里,选项D)On the street.才是他们所处的场所。2.预测时间

当四个选项均为表示时间的词时,提问肯定与时间有关。答案往往是以对话中提到的第一个时间为基准,加上或减去后面提到的一个变动的时间然后得出的时间。但当对话中提到多个时间时应另当别论。

M: I wonder if Sue will be here by 5 o'clock.W: Her husband said she left home at half past four.She should be here at ten after five, and q quarter past five at the latest.Q: What time did Sue leave home?

A)5:15 B)5:10 C)4:30 D)5:00

词题目中出现多个时间,听的时候应特别留意与各个时间有关的关键词。本题的关键词是left home,答案为C)4:30。

3.预测职业或身份

当四个选项中均为表示职业或身份的名词时,提问肯定与职业或身份有关。听的时候,首先将注意力放在第一个说话者讲话中的关键词上,然后用第二个说话者的讲话加以补充和证实,答案也就迎刃而解了。

例(CET-4 1997年6月)

M: How about the food I ordered? I've been waiting for twenty minutes already.W: Very sorry, sir.I'll be back with your order in a minute.Q: What's the woman's job? A)A shop assistant.B)A telephone operator.C)A waitress.D)A clerk.听本题时,要注意捕捉关键词the fod I ordered, 也就不难确定C)A waitress.为答案了。

4.预测人物关系

当四个选项中出现四种不同的人物关系时,提问往往是要针对对话中的人物关系来进行。这时,应把注意力放在关键词上,并且也要注意第二个说话者的讲话内容。

例:(CET-4 1997年1月)M: I've just brought your ladder back.Thanks for lending it to me.Where shall I leave it? W: Just leave it against the wall there.Use the ladder again any time.Q: What's the probable relationship between these two speakers?

A)Relatives.B)Roommates.C)Colleagues.D)Neighbours.该试题难度较大,ladder和 lending是关键词,但也不容忽视第二个说话者的最后一句话。依据常理,借还梯子之类的事情通常应当发生在邻里之间,故答案为D)Neighbours.5.预测行为或活动

当四个选项都以动词开头时,往往可以预测提问将围绕“做什么”而进行,听的时候要特别注意对话中的动词或与动作有关的词。

例:(CET-4 1999年6月)

W: If I buy some plants for the bouse, will you water them for me while I am away? M: Sure, I will, if you water mine while I'm on vocation.Q: What will the man do for the woman?

A)Clean her house while she is away.B)Buy her some plants and take care of them.C)Water her plants while she is away.D)Water her plants when he is not at work.本题的关键词是动词water,问题又是围绕着男士是否愿意为女士water her plants而进行的,故选项C)Water her plants while she is away.为正确答案。

例:(CET-4 1998年1月)

M: It's such a beautiful day.Why not sit out in the backyard for a while and enjoy it? W: I'd love to.But there's a lot of laundry to do.Q: What will the woman probably do? A)Do her homework.B)Clean the backyard.C)Wash clothes.D)Enjoy the beautiful day

本题的关键词是laundry, 虽然laundry为名词,但在对话中却明示了那位女士要做的事情,因此选C)Wash clothes.为正确答案。6.预测话题

当四个选项的内容各不相干时,一般可以预测提问将围绕其中的一个选项来展开话题,问题通常是What are they talking about/complaining about?等。这时首先要特别留意四个选项中的关键词,然后的时候努力去抓取与选项有关联的词语或内容。

例:(CET-4 1998年6月)

M: It's so hot today.I simply can't work.I wish therewere a fanin this room.W: So do I.I'll fall asleep if I stay here any longer.Q: What are they complaining about? A)The size of the room.B)Long working hours.C)The hot weather.D)The fan in the room.本题的第一句话 it's so hot today.非常关键,由此可以预测话题与气候有关,继续听下文,使可断定他们在抱怨的是炎热的天气,故选项C)The hot weather.为正确答案。

除了对 Section A 中对话可以进行预测以外,对Section B中的短文也可以在听力测试过程中进行预测。

7.预测主题

任何一篇短文都会有一个主题。在听到录音之前,可根据每篇短文的三到四组选项,对短文的主题进行初步预测,因为选项中出现频率较高的词往往可能暗示出短文的主题。此外,英美人说话喜欢直截了当、开门见山,故起始句往往可能是整篇短文的主题句。请看下到 三组选项(短文略):

例:(CET-4 1998年6月)

14.A)The number of students they take in is limited.B)They receive little or no support from public taxes.C)They are only open to children from rich families.D)They have to pay more taxes.15.A)Private schools admit more students.B)Private schools charge less than religious C)Private schools run a variety of programs.D)Private schools allow wtudents to enjoy more freedom.16.A)The churches.B)The program designers.C)The local authorities.D)The state government.根据这三组选项不难预测出,这是一篇以学校为主题的短文,因为在选项中多次出现了schools, students等词。这样,听的时候便有了一定的针对性,从而有助于有效地理解全文做出正确选择。

8.预测问题

短文听力测试往往是先听短文,然后才出现问题。但在听短文之前,可以根据选项所提供的信息,大致预测出后面将可牟提出什么样的问题,并可用自己认为最简练、易懂的方式在每组选项的前面或后面做一些记号,如:who, what, when, where等,以便有助于在听的过程中捕捉信息。请看下列四组选项(短文略):

例:(CET-4 2000年1月)

11.A)A car outside the supermarket.B)A car at the bottom of the hill.C)Paul's car D)The sports car.12.A)Inside the car.B)At the foot of the hill.C)In the garage.D)In the supermarket.13.A)The driver of the sports car.B)The two girls inside the car.C)The man standing nearby.D)The salesman from London.14.A)Nobody.B)The two girls.C)The bus driver.D)Paul.在以上四组选项中,预测难度最大的是第11组,尽管针对各个选项可能出现不同的预测,但Which car„?或what„?可能才是四个选项均可适用的提问方式?第12组的四个选项均为表示地点的介词短语,由此可预测出该题目将用Where„?提问。第13组与第14组的选项均为表示与人有关的名词或代词,故可预测针对这两组题目将用Who...?提问。通过这样的预测,在听的过程中就可以有所侧重、有的放矢。

以上只是对听力测试中常用的预测技巧进行了简单地分析与归纳,希望对广大考生有所启示或帮助。但要指出的是,预测仅仅只是听力测试中的一项技巧而已,它并非万能,在实际测试中,还有许多题目是不易或不可预测的,而坚实的语言基础,丰富的语言文化背景知识,以及通过基本功的综合训练所获得的必要的听力技能,才是保证听力测试取得成功的根本途径。

2.作出正确判断

1)推测言外之意

在对话中说话人常常出于某种考虑不直接表示是或否,而用迂回的方式间接回答,听话人则必须从间接回答中迅速领悟说话的人的确切含意,如上文提到过的这个例子:

W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.M: I'm sorry to hear it, but you can always rent one if you have a licence.Q: What does the man mean?

A)She can use his car.B)She can borrow someone else's car.C)She must get her car fixed.D)She can't borrow his car.本题答案为选项D。本题具有一定的难度,只有不到1/3成绩最好的考生答对本题,题中有两处是关键所在:首先,rent表示“出租”或“租用”,而borrow则表示“借用”,将近半数的考生不能区别这两个词的含义,因而误选了B项;其次„but you can always rent one if you have a licence在这里实际上是用迂回的方式拒绝借车,部分考生没有听懂这句话的言外之意,缺少这方面的训练,因此误选了A项或C项。

2)正确理解委婉的表达方法

例如:

I hope these apples are as good as they look.其言外之意是“恐怕这些苹果不如它们看上去那么好吧”。这是对事物表示疑虑时的一种委婉的说法。正确理解各种委婉的表达方法也是一项重要的听力技能。参见:听力中常见比较句题型听力中具有否定意义的结构

3.归纲总结、抓住中心思想

试看一组对话:

W: Did you want a day course or an evening course? M: Well, it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day.当问到“他们在谈什么时”,有1/4的考生未能答对,他们分别误选了 a day course和an evening course。说明这些考生只抓住了一鳞半斤爪,而未能把对话的内容归纳为 the choice of courses(选课)。

综合归纳是一项很有用的听力技能,但不容易掌握,必须经过反复训练才能见效。

4.根据不同题型特点,有针对性的练习。

参见:1.如何准备数字计算题

2.如何准备对话地点及人物关系题 3.如何准备复合式听写 4.有关短文部分的听力技巧 ******************** 如何准备数字计算题 ********************

在历年四级统考的听力理解中,数字计算类题型每次都占有一定比例,一般为三题左右,这类题大多数是有关时间(年、月、日、时)、年龄、价格、倍数、路程或距离、房号、街道或楼层编号及电话号码等。因此,考生在做这类题时,应掌握以下解题技巧:

1.首先要听懂数词。尤其要分辨清十几与几十(重音区别),基数词与序数词,分数与小数的读法。

2.听到数字时要尽可能快地在心里重复,并用阿拉伯数字写下来,以便记准这些数字。

3.从所给的选项中预测主要信息。如: A)Fifteen.B)Twenty-nine C)Sixeteen.D)Sixty.从本题的选项来看,C)与D)都是以six为词根的近音词,因此答案有可能从C)、D)中选

择,故six后的音应为注意的重点。录音稿为:

M: How many students will take the exam? W: Sixty have registered.We'll have sixteen from Asia, fifteen from Latin America and twenty-nine from Europe.Q: How many students does the woman will take the exam?(答案为D,分析基本正确)

4.对于听需通过运算才能得出答案的题目,首先要做简单的笔记,其次要注意表示数字间关系的词。如表示快慢(fast, slow),前后(before, after),多少(more, less),迟早(late, early),以及一些表示倍数、分数、百分数等意义的词,如half, double, twice, quarter, couple, pair, per cent, one third/fourth, dozen, century, fortnight,decade, discount, by the hour/day等。此外,英语中还有一些特殊的量词表示法:如one in ten(1/10), one in nine(1/9),nine out of the(9/10),four feet by eight(长八英尺宽四英尺)等也须注意。

英语中还有一些数字的代用词,其实也在传达数字信息,如:half hour(半小时),quarter(一刻钟,四分之一,季度),a dozen(一打,十二个),score(二十),monthly(一月一次),daily(一日一次),weekly(每周一次),decade(十年),century(世纪,百年),millenium(千年)等。

英中常用的暗示运算的词有:more, less, fast, slow, late, early, before, after, half, twice, three times, double, triple, quarter, one third, pair等。

5.考生要掌握好各种形式的数字读法,以便有意识地进行4至5位数字听力的反应练习,从而达到敏捷准确地获取数与量的信息。

6.考生应掌握常考的计算内容,把握主要信息及规律,以达到准确计算的目的。如购物和买票。购物一般有折价,还需注意买单价和双份价格的差异;买票时一般儿童为半价,学生有时也是。经常提问成人票价+孩子票价的总和,所以要注意提出的问题,避免近音词的干扰。

******************************** 如何准备对话地点及人物关系题(一)********************************

在英语四级听力测试中,经常会出现对特定的场所、人物的关系、身份或职业进行提问的题目,我们把它们归纳为场所关系类(Place & Relationship)题型。常见的提问形式有: 1.Where is the conversation most probably taking place? 2.Where is the man/woman probably going? 3.What most probably is the man? 4.What is the probable relationship between the speakers? 5.Who is the man/woman? 另外,职业身份题的提问一般是: 1.What's the man(woman)? 2.Who's the man(woman)? 3.What does the man(woman)do? 4.What's the man's(woman's)job? 要做好这类考题,首先要养成预期(prediction)的习惯。这类考题有一个很明显的共同点,即看过几个选项后,很容易判断出将要提出的问题。这样,可以做到心中有数,以便集中精力注意重要信息。这是平时训练中要充分重视的技能。

其次,要提高判断能力。我们在上面列出的五个问题句中,四个问句里有“probable”或“probably”。也就是说,要根据提供的信息进行合理的推断。要做到判断正确,关键词必须抓住。如对话中出“cash the check”“open an account” 等,就很可能是银行里的扬景。如出现“menu”“table”“order” 之类的词,也许就是饭馆的场景。另外,要做到判断正确,还必须积累一定的文化背景知识。如1993年6月国家四级英语考试中有这样一题:

M: Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.W: I am not going to any store.I'm going to see Aunt Mary, but I will get them for you at the gas station.Q: Where will the woman stop on her way?

A)At a cigarette store.B)At a bus station.C)At a gas station.D)At Aunt Mary's.本题答案为选项C。有许多同学选错了,是因为没弄清Aunt Mary's 是女士的目的地,而不是中途停车之外。当然,也与不太清楚gas station(加油站)在美国也兼卖一些日用杂货有关。

******************** 地点、人物关系(二)********************

对于这种考查地点、人物关系,职业身份的题,考生可以通过抓关键的特征词来判断。四级听力中常见的人物关系及其常用特征用语和词组有: Teacher and student(老师与学生)

examination, midterm, exam, test, quiz, homework, assignment, pass, arts courses, engineering courses, school campus, teachin building, teacher's office Librarian and student(图书馆工作人员与学生)

borrow, return, renew, on time, magazine, reference book, author, writer, shelves, check out, loan desk, library/card, cash or charge? Are you done? Shop-assistant and customer(店员与顾客)

Can I help you? but, sell, expensive, cheap, department, store, Lady's department, coat, shoes, hat, jacket, sweater, sale price, on sale, price, cut down, discount, cashier, auction, high-heeled shoes underwears, leather, plastic fabric, silk, jeans, pajama(睡衣)

Doctor and patient(医生和病人)

What's the matter with you? a sore throat headache, flu, fever, what's your trouble, take one's temperature, give sb.an injection, take medicine, surgery Waiter(Waitress)and customer(侍者与顾客)

Anything to drink? What kind of wine do you want? Is that all? Finished? Anything else? order, menu, brandy, whisky, check, dessert, sandwiches 另外,考生还可以通过对话人的语气、口吻来推测二者的关系,如:

W: This is the third time you've been late this week Robert, you'll have to do better than that, or I might find it necessary to let you go.M: It won't happen again, I assure you.Q: Who spoke to Robert?

A)His advisor B)His teacher C)His partner D)His boss

从说话人的态度和口气来看,带有较明显的威胁的口气,肯定不会是地位同级别的人之间的对话。由let you go可知,这显然是一位老板警告员工别再迟到,否则会炒他鱿鱼。因此,选择D。

对话是在特定场合下的人的行为。场合不同,人们的语言有所差异;人们的身份不同职业不同、关系亲疏不同,说出的话也不同。因此,我们可以根据人们的语言推断其身份、职业、关系对话的特定场合。坚持听力训练,不断积累语言知识和文化背景知识,这类考题是不难应付的。

参考:显示对话发生地点、人物关系的信号词

******************** 如何准备复合式听写 ********************

Compound Dictation.这一部分的复杂性和难度体现在Compound上,它要求考生耳、眼、手并用,以词汇的基本功来构筑起完美的语段。

1、强化单词辨音及拼写能力

单词听写部分主要是测试考生的辨音能力和拼写能力。因此,平时在准备四、六级词汇考试时,一定要掌握单词的读音和正确拼写。另外,单词重音也很重要,重音没有读对,就会产生某个单词见了认识,自己读时也知道,在考题中听到时既感到似曾相识又茫然的现象。例如:

content n.内容

content adj.甘愿的,满意的;

permit n.许可,执照,营业证

permit vt.许可,允许。

再如:

high adj.高的,其名词形式为height [heit],那么在考试时听到这个词准会茫然。

2、存储信息,听写结合

听写要点部分要求考生在听写一个段落后写出空格部分的要点。这一部分要比听完一个段落后做选择题部分难度大得多,也是考生们失分较多的部分发。作者认为,平时在听力训练过程中,应养成记笔记(note-kaking)的好习惯。具体方法如下:①抓主题句。抓主题句类似于精读课堂上老师分析文章篇章结构一样找到主题句(Topic Sentence),以统率全篇。

听的过程也是一样,听出并迅速记下主题句,即捕捉主要信息,不必拘泥于某个细节的理解。一般而言,主题句常出现在段首或段尾,当然个别的时候也有可能在段落的中间。②捕捉关键词。关键词(Key Words)的记录也相当重要,它直接关系到列举要点,有利于问题的解答。记下关键词,回头做题时才有据可依,达到以一词得全句的效果。这个功夫可下在平时,平时复述课文可用这种方法。一个个关键词语组成一个个句子,从而可以复述全文。③学会速记技巧。和汉语速记一样,做英语笔记时同样需要速记技巧,尽量用符号来代替字母的拼写。如:〉(more than);>(less than);+(add/and/plus);-(minus/take away);×(multiplied by/times by)÷(divided by);=(is equal to/equals);%(percent);0(degree);′(minute);″(second)。又如时间、长度、面积、体积、地名等也可用缩写来记录,如:hr(hour);km(kilometer);kg(kilogram);l(litre);sq.m(square meter);NY(New York)。其他一些国际机构、组织名称同样可用缩写词来代替,例如:UN(the U-nited Nations);NATO(the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)等等。这些速记技巧在听新闻时显得尤为重要。

3、巧用试卷,合理预测

与其它听力测试题型不同,复合式听写的一部分内容已经印制在试卷上,考生应充分利用考试时间的间隙迅速浏览一下卷面,通过捕捉卷面文字信息,找出线索,如文章的主题句等。预测短文大意等,这样在听时就会更有针对性,对听懂全文至关重要。

首先,考生可以读出文章的大意,然后按照语篇的行文能够将语段的写作色彩做出比较好的判断。做了这些准备工作,就算完成了一半。大凡空白处都设计在表示状态的形容词以及连接词之外,只要你已经具备了词汇的基本功和上述的准备工作,那么填写单词一定没有问题;填写长句子的时候重点要放在听大意上,不要因为一些只言片语而耽误了对大意的把握。这是由试题的要求决定的,即写出要点即可,而不强求照搬原句。需要注意的是整个听音的过程都要精力集中。

************************

四、正确有效的听音习惯 ************************

正确有效的听音习惯也是提高听力理解的保证。例如:

1.全神贯注,积极思考

有些同学在平时练听力的时候,总是在学习累了,或准备睡觉的时候听英语,结果养成了听英语时注意力无法集中的毛病。练习听力务必选择头脑清醒,兴奋的时候,集中精力练习二、三十分钟即可。每天坚持这样做,可以达到事半功倍的效果。

2.边听边记下要点

3.加强短时记忆(short term memory)能力 4.养成预期(prediction)的习惯。

所谓预期能力是指在听的过程中对可能出现的信息要有所期待。如果新出现的信息与预期信息截然相反,又要善于迅速调整,不断修正已作出的判断。这种能力是重要的听力技能之一,在平时训练中要充分重视。

另外,大家可以在平时尝试通过朗读来提高听力水平。“朗读”是最好的老师。初学英语时,大家都经历过朗读课文而不是默读。现在的学生在学习英语时,由于基本的音标知道得差不多一般就不讲究朗读了,只是默读。因为在默读时便于更加容易地接受信息,即所谓的知识点。自然而然地,优势器官就变成了眼睛。这样造成的明显后果就是:读单词,音不准;读长句子时总感到口腔迟钝。原因就是,不朗读就不能锻炼口腔肌肉,不朗读就不可能辨别、体会出每一个音素的正确发音,就更谈不上什么连读、爆破音了。

与学习汉语时进行对照,听英语的过程实际上可以近似地理解为你自己在实际朗读。如果你在朗读英语时语音基本标准,你就会发现当你在听英语的时候,总有些读法和你读的比较相似。如果你朗读时的英语很地道,就会觉得有些东西与录音中的东西相当吻合。可是因为你的“听力”有点“差”,所以你听不懂那些音节连缀起来是什么意思。这时,问题就不是听而是怎样进行高速的英汉互译。如果你平时“听”英语的时间很少,那么你进行这种英汉互译的训练就很少,达不到条件反射的目的,你也就显得“听力”很弱了。所以在背单词时,希望大家读出声来记忆词音而不单纯记忆词型的原因也就在于这里。短期内如果要提高听力水平可以参考下述步骤。首先,找一套标准化的听力试题,用尽量标准的语音、语速朗读 Tape Script,希望读得很熟。然后在不对照原文的情况下听磁带。这时,你一定会有种“似曾相识燕归来”的感觉。借助着这种方法可以提高听觉器官对英语的敏感度。然后再去听另一套试题,你会听到一些即熟悉又陌生的东西。接下来,就要靠你自己不断地总结经验了。因为语音这个东西是个感觉,是未必可以用语言来描述的。只有实实在在地将这种对语音的感知固化在头脑中,你听英语的能力才会真正有所提高。

平时的练习是打基础,要在四级听力测试中取得令人满意的成绩,考试时的临场发挥也相当重要。考生要学会精神放松,把考试只当你一次平时练习,在自己的考场坐位上做几次深呼吸,看看考场四周,熟悉熟悉环境,这样可以有助于缓解紧张情绪,全神贯注于听的内容。正式开始做题之后,要严格控制答题时间,根据自己听懂的内容,尽快确定并标出答案。倘若遇到没听懂的地方,不要理会它,以免影响做下一题,尽量余下几秒再次浏览下一题的选项。通过再次浏览,考生基本上可以预测出所提问题的大致方向,从而可使自己在听力测试中处于主动地位。当做上一题余下的几秒钟内看不完下一题的书面选择项时,则应把注意力放在听上,而不要为了看而耽误了听录音的内容,否则会造成题与题之间相互影响的恶生循环。

总之,要对自己有信心,相信自己的能力,坚信只要专心致志,只要尽了最大努力,就一定能发挥出自己的实际水

第五篇:英语演讲与表达

高中英语选修课程设计

课程名称: 英语演讲与表达

适用对象: 普通高中高中二年级

课程说明:本课程是以培养和提高学生当众说话能力为目的的一门选修课程。通过大量的演讲实例的剖析讲解,开阔学生的眼界,引发学生的兴趣,让学生感受演讲的魅力,提高学生对演讲的鉴赏能力,提高学生口语表达水平、人际交往能力和演讲水平;在掌握基本理论和基本技能的同时,全面提高学生素质。要求学生掌握演讲的基本理论、演讲内容的准备、演讲的有声语言和态势语言、演讲者的心理调适以及命题演讲、即兴演讲、辩论的要求与技巧等内容。采用理论讲述和技能训练相结合、课内学习和课外实践相结合、学生亲身时间和观摩评点相结合的方法

课程资源:1.参考书:《演讲心理分析》《青年演讲能力训练教程》《大学生英语演讲训练指导》

2.精彩演讲音频文件:CD3.精彩演讲视频

考核办法: 每个学生都进行三分钟的命题演讲和一到两分钟的即席演讲

教学安排与内容:

第一单元 引言(两个课时)

第一,二课时

教学目标:使学生对演讲及这个课程有个总体的了解

教具:课件

教学内容:对这门课程进行综合的介绍

(一)演讲的必要性

(二)演讲时一般出现的问题(怯场,忘词等)

(三)演讲时需要注意的方面(演讲稿,语音语调,着装举止等)

(四)如何欣赏和评价一场演讲

(五)如何开展这门课程

(六)如何考核

欣赏并讨论分析精彩即席演讲:2005年第十届‚21世纪 外教社杯‛全国英语演讲比赛决赛冠军选手夏鹏的精彩演讲――Walls and Bridges, 比赛中夏鹏以流利完美的口语和激情睿智的风格征服评委和观众,一举夺得‘全场冠军’和‘最受观众喜爱的选手’两项大奖

第二单元 如何写好演讲稿(四个课时)

第三 四课时

教学目标:使学生学会如何拟定一个好题目以及怎样收集,处理材料

教具:课件

教学内容:

(一)介绍好的演讲稿的特点:

1)应切合具体演讲的场合和对象;

2)简短有力没有长句

3)应避免书面语

(二)怎样拟定好的演讲题目

1)全篇内容的结晶

2)好题目应该陌生化

(三)怎样收集和处理材料

1)精心收集材料

2)寻求典型新鲜的材料

3)如何处理数字材料

欣赏并讨论分析精彩演讲:第八届‚21世纪 爱立信杯‛全国英语演讲大赛总决赛冠军的演讲

第五 六课时

教学目标:让学生掌握写好演讲稿的技巧

教具:课件

教学内容:

(一)如何写好精彩的开头――有吸引力,制造悬念

(二)如何结尾――回味无穷,引人深思

(三)如何写好中间部分――编排巧妙,条理清晰

(四)为讲稿润色――善用名言警句

欣赏并讨论分析精彩演讲:2004年4月第九届‚21世纪 外教社杯‛全国英语演讲比赛决赛特等奖及‚最具创意奖‛的演讲――The Doors Are Open To Us, 五分钟。这篇演讲稿最大的特色是 条例清晰以及将事例贯穿全文,这种处理很好的配合了限时演讲的两大特点:在短时间内抓住听众兴趣,且要尽可能陈述完自己的观点

第三单元 演讲中的语言表达(两个课时)

第七 八课时

教学目标:规范学生演讲中的语言表达

教具:课件

教学内容:

一)语言要规范:

1)演讲时的语音要清晰,善用不同的语调

2)演讲时注意音量及说话的速度

3)避免与场合及身份不符的口头禅

二)语言简短通俗――简单易懂

三)尽可能使用常用词――尽量使用单音节词

四)语言表达形式多样化――避免枯燥呆板

五)少用第二人称――如避免用YOU二用WE以拉近距离

六)适当的停顿

欣赏并讨论分析精彩演讲:2004年4月第九届‚21世纪 外教社杯‛全国英语演讲比赛决赛二等奖的演讲――Making Choices,学习其流畅优美的表达能力

第四单元 演讲心理分析(四个课时)

第九 十课时

教学目的:使学生了解演讲时演讲者的一些心理

教具:课件

教学内容:

一)演讲“怯场”分析

1)原因分析:

A.陌生的体验 B.过度的期望 C.自卑的态度D.听众的压力 E.性格特征

2)紧张情绪调节方法:

A.吐纳松弛法-深呼吸 B.自我暗示法-自我安慰鼓励 C.临场熟悉法—演讲前熟悉环境

二)脱稿演讲与“记忆”

1)记忆的基本过程:识记-保持-回忆和再认

2)记忆方法:A 朗读法-大声朗读B 提纲法-列出纲目和重要内容 C 串词法-每部分

定一个中心词

欣赏并讨论分析演讲:第八届‚21世纪 爱立信杯‛全国英语演讲大赛总决赛第三名的演讲

第十一 十二课时

教学目的:促进学生与听众的交流以便更顺利进行演讲

教具:课件

教学内容:

(一)控制演讲时间

1)逆反心理――超过一定限度(时间的长度)时,人对某一对象的兴奋状态会专为抑制

状态,即“超限逆反”。

2)演讲的类型:

A 交际性演讲:尽量简短,几分钟

B 鼓动性演讲:富于情绪性,最好不超过一个半小时

C 传授性演讲:主要是传递信息,最长一个小时左右

D 说服性演讲:富于逻辑和情绪感染力,最好不超过一个半小时

(二)适当的幽默

1)幽默的意义:A 有助于引起注意B 有助于说服人C 有助于调节关系

2)不当或过多的幽默:A 会淡化主题B 有损演讲者的形象 C

3)运用幽默应注意场合:交际性演讲不妨多用,而传授或鼓动性演讲尽量不用或少用

(三)颜色与心理

1)颜色的分类:A 暖色-红 橙 黄B 冷色-兰色 淡绿色C 中性色-绿 紫

2)颜色与场合:A 鼓动性演讲:偏重暖色B 传授性与说服性演讲:偏中性色

3)颜色与年龄:A 听众大部分为青年――适宜较明亮的颜色,使情绪思想活跃

B听众大部分为老年人――适合紫色,庄重且不阻滞思想

(四)非语言沟通

1)表情:有助于表达和理解情绪,特别是微笑

2)眼神:使听众更有效地理解演讲者的思想和情感

欣赏经典演讲:I have a dream(16分钟左右)

第五单元即兴演讲(两个课时)

第十三 十四课时

教学目的:使学生提高即兴演讲的能力

教具:课件

教学内容:

(一)即兴演讲的话题类型

1)永恒话题:例如friendship;health;honesty;success等

2)热门话题:例如 pollution;part-time job等

3)个人话题:例如 my hobby/hometown;an unforegetable

4)临时话题:临时决定的话题或针对演讲而提出的话题

(二)即兴演讲常用的开头方式:

1)通过比较对照引出话题

2)引用名人名言强调主题

3)以设问开头激发听众的兴趣

4)提出矛盾对立的事物

5)以某一社会现象或大众的观点开头

(三)主要部分的构思

1)主题句与关键词: 听到演讲话题时保持冷静,迅速审题和思考从那些方面阐述,而这些方面则以主题句或关键词的方式来体现

2)段落的开展: A 定义B 分类C 例证D 因果关系E 按时间顺序

3)使用过渡性词语:A 使演讲层次分明,连贯,流畅

B 为演讲者赢得思考时间

(四)即兴演讲的结尾方式:A 概括全篇 重申论点

B提出疑问发人深思

C 引经据典 画龙点睛 总结论点

欣赏并讨论分析精彩即席演讲:2005年第十届‚21世纪 外教社杯‛全国英语演讲比赛决赛冠军选手夏鹏的即席演讲――学习其优秀的临时反应能力,语言运用及气氛,时间的掌控能力(三分钟)

第六单元 解决演讲中的实际困难(两个课时)

第十五 十六课时

教学目标:使学生学会如何解决演讲中的实际问题

教具:课件

教学内容:

(一)怎样穿着得体

(二)抽签在第一怎么办

(三)假如最后上场

(四)如何看待前面的选手表现突出

(五)身体不舒服怎么办

欣赏并讨论分析演讲:第八届‚21世纪 爱立信杯‛全国英语演讲大赛总决赛第十一名的演讲 第十七 十八课时:

考核:每个学生都进行三分钟的命题演讲和一到两分钟的即席演讲

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