TED演讲：越有钱越无情(中英对照版)解析

第一篇：TED演讲：越有钱越无情(中英对照版)解析

越有钱越无情

It's amazing what a rigged game of Monopoly can reveal.In this entertaining but sobering talk, social psychologist Paul Piff shares his research into how people behave when they feel wealthy.(Hint: badly.)But while the problem of inequality is a complex and daunting challenge, there's good news too.(Filmed at TEDx Marin.)

一个被操纵的大富翁游戏能告诉我们的东西竟然有那么多！在这个有趣且发人深省的演讲中，社会心理学家保罗-皮夫分享了他对于“人感到富有时如何表现”的研究结果（暗示：很坏）。在面对异常复杂、异常严峻的不平等问题的同时，我们也听到了好的消息。（摄于TEDx加州马林县）

Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups.Why you should listen: Paul Piff is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine.In particular, he studies how wealth(having it or not having it)can affect interpersonal relationships.His surprising studies include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking how those who drive expensive cars behave versus those driving less expensive vehicles and even determining that rich people are literally more likely to take candy from children than the less well-off.The results often don't paint a pretty picture about the motivating forces of wealth.He writes, “specifically, I have been finding that increased wealth and status in society lead to increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased compassion, altruism, and ethical behavior.” What others say: “When was the last time, as Piff puts it, that you prioritized your own interests above the interests of other people? Was it yesterday, when you barked at the waitress for not delivering your cappuccino with sufficient promptness? Perhaps it was last week, when, late to work, you zoomed past a mom struggling with a stroller on the subway stairs and justified your heedlessness with a ruthless but inarguable arithmetic: Today, the 9 a.m.meeting has got to come first;that lady’s stroller can’t be my problem.Piff is one of a new generation of scientists—psychologists, economists, marketing professors, and neurobiologists—who are exploiting this moment of unprecedented income inequality to explore behaviors like those.” — Lisa Miller, New York Magazine

演讲稿正文

I want you to, for a moment, think about playing a game of Monopoly, except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck that help earn you success in games, as in life, has been rendered irrelevant, because this game's been rigged, and you've got the upper hand.You've got more money, more opportunities to move around the board, and more access to resources.And as you think about that experience, I want you to ask yourself, how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player? 我想让大家花一点时间，想想一下自己正在玩大富翁游戏。只不过在这个游戏里面，那些帮助你赢的游戏的因素，比如技巧、才能和运气在此无关紧要，就像对于人生一样，因为这个游戏被操纵了，而你已经占了上风，你有更多的钱，有更多在棋盘上移动的机会以及更对获得资源的机会。在你想象这一经历的过程中，我想让大家问一下自己，一个被操纵的游戏里面作为优势玩家的经历会如何改变你思考自己和对待对手的方式？

So we ran a study on the U.C.Berkeley campus to look at exactly that question.We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game.They got two times as much money.When they passed Go, they collected twice the salary, and they got to roll both dice instead of one, so they got to move around the board a lot more.(Laughter)And over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through hidden cameras what happened.And what I want to do today, for the first time, is show you a little bit of what we saw.You're going to have to pardon the sound quality, in some cases, because again, these were hidden cameras.So we've provided subtitles.在加州大学伯克利分校，我们做了一个试验来研究这个问题。我们招募了100多对陌生人到实验室，通过投掷硬币的方式随机选中一对中的一个作为这个游戏中占上风的玩家。他们拿到了两倍的钱。当他们途径起点的时候，他们拿到两倍的工资，而且他们可以同时掷两个骰子而不是一个，所以他们可以在棋盘上移动更多。在接下来的15分钟内，我们通过隐藏的摄像头观察了现场情况。今天是第一次我想和大家分享一下我们观察到的，有的时候音质可能不太好，还请大家原谅，因为毕竟是用隐藏的摄像头，所以我们加上了字幕。

Rich Player: How many 500s did you have? 富玩家：你有多少张500块？ Poor Player: Just one.穷玩家：就一张。

Rich Player: Are you serious.富玩家：真的吗？ Poor Player: Yeah.穷玩家：是的。

Rich Player: I have three.(Laughs)I don't know why they gave me so much.富玩家：我有三张。（笑声）不知道为什么他们给了我这么多。Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up.One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person, and yet, as the game unfolded, we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players.The rich player started to move around the board louder, literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around.We were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power and celebration among the rich players.保罗.皮夫：所以，玩家们很快就意识到这个游戏明显有点奇怪。一个玩家比另一个玩家明显有更多的钱。随着游戏慢慢展开，我们观察到两个玩家开始有一些明显不同的表现。富的玩家明显在棋盘上移动的声音更大，移动的时候几乎是在狠狠砸棋盘。我们看到富玩家们“霸主”信号、肢体动作，权力的显示以及相互庆祝。

We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side.It's on the bottom right corner there.That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior.So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat.我们在旁边放了一碗椒盐卷饼，就在右下角，这使得我们可以观察玩家吃椒盐卷饼的行为。我们就是看看玩家吃了多少椒盐卷饼。

Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick? 富玩家：这些椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻吗？ Poor Player: I don't know.穷玩家：不知道啊。

Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us.They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place.One even asks, like you just saw, is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick? And yet, despite that, the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate, and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.保罗·皮夫：好吧，不出所料，大家觉得有问题。起先他们好奇那一碗椒盐卷饼为什么会在那里。就像你刚才看到的，其中有一个甚至问：这碗椒盐卷饼与什么猫腻吗？但尽管如此，整个现场的主导形势还是不可避免的。那些富的玩家开始吃更多的椒盐卷饼。Rich Player: I love pretzels.富玩家：我爱椒盐卷饼。

(Laughter)（笑声）

And as the game went on, one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person, less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor players, and more and more demonstrative of their material success, more likely to showcase how well they're doing.保罗·皮夫：游戏继续进行，我们发现了一个很明显的有趣现象，就是富玩家开始对另一个玩家表现得不友好，对那些可怜玩家的贫穷困境越来越不敏感，开始越来越频繁的炫富，更喜欢展示他们正在做的一切。

Rich Player: I have money for everything.富玩家：我什么都买得起。

Poor Player: How much is that? 穷玩家：你有多少钱？

Rich Player: You owe me 24 dollars.You're going to lose all your money soon.I'll buy it.I have so much money.I have so much money, it takes me forever.富玩家：你还欠我24块。你很快就要输光了。我要买它，我太多钱了那么多花都花不完的钱。

Rich Player 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.富玩家2：我要把整个棋盘都买下来。Rich Player 3：You're going to run out of money soon.I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.富玩家3：你很快就要没钱了。我已经差不多不可战胜了。Okay, and here's what I think was really, really interesting, is that at the end of the 15 minutes, we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game.And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of Monopoly--(Laughter)— they talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place.And that's a really, really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage.保罗·皮夫：下面是我觉得一个非常非常有有意思的现象。在15分钟要结束的时候，我们请玩家谈论他们在游戏中的经历。当玩家谈论他们在这个被操纵的游戏里面为什么必胜的时候（笑声）他们提到了自己为了买到不同地产和赢得游戏所作的努力而他们忽略了这个游戏一开始的不同形势也就是投掷硬币随即决定了他们哪一个获得优势，而这对我们理解大脑如何看待优势提供了非常好的启发。Now this game of Monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status, and a lot of people don't.They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources.And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.What we've been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a person's levels of wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and empathy go down, and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness, and their ideology of self-interest increases.In surveys, we found that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral.Now what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self-interest, talk about why we should care about those implications, and end with what might be done.我们可以用这个大富翁的游戏作比喻来理解我们的社会以及社会分层，也就是有的人有大量的社会财富和地位而很多人没有，他们仅有很少的财富和地位以及很少获得宝贵资源的机会。我和我的同事在过去的7年里一直在做的就是研究这些不同层次的影响。全国范围内的大量研究都表明，当一个人的财富增加时，他们的同情心和同理心下降，而他们的优越感增加，也更注重个人利益。在调查中，我们发现，富有的人更可能把贪婪定义为好的，把对个人利益的追求定义为有利的，道德的。今天我想谈的就是这种个人利益思维的影响，谈谈为什么我们应该关注这些影响以及我们能做些什么。

Some of the first studies that we ran in this area looked at helping behavior, something social psychologists call pro-social behavior.And we were really interested in who's more likely to offer help to another person, someone who's rich or someone who's poor.In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor members of the community into the lab and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.We told the participants that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves, or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to, with a stranger who is totally anonymous.They'll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them.And we just monitor how much people give.Individuals who made 25,000 sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year, gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger than did individuals making 150,000 or 200,000 dollars a year.我们在这一领域最初做的一些研究，观察了助人行为，社会心理学家称之为亲社会行为。我们很想知道什么人更倾向于给其他人提供帮助，富人还是穷人。其中一个研究，我们把一个社区的富人和穷人都带到了实验室，给了每个人十美元。我们告诉他们，他们可以把这十块钱给自己用，也可以把其中一部分拿出来分享。如果他们愿意的话，跟一个陌生人分享，一个永远不会再相见的陌生人。我们观察人们给了多少。那下年收入为25000甚至低于15000美元的人，而那些收入为15万甚至20万的人比起来多给了44%。We've had people play games to see who's more or less likely to cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize.In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer so that die rolls over a certain score were impossible.You couldn't get above 12 in this game, and yet, the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize, sometimes by three to four times as much.我们还让人们玩游戏，看看什么人更可能为了赢得一个奖品而作弊。其中一个游戏，我们其实操纵了电脑使得某些数字不可能出现。这个游戏里面你不可能超过12。然而，越富有的人，越有可能在这个游戏中作弊去争取那个最终能够赢取50美元现金的分数，可能性甚至高达3到4倍。

We ran another study where we looked at whether people would be inclined to take candy from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified as being reserved for children--(Laughter)— participating--I'm not kidding.I know it sounds like I'm making a joke.We explicitly told participants this jar of candy's for children participating in a developmental lab nearby.They're in studies.This is for them.And we just monitored how much candy participants took.Participants who felt rich took two times as much candy as participants who felt poor.我们还做了另一个实验，观察人们是否会从糖罐里面拿糖。糖罐上清楚地写着：给小朋友预留......（笑声）我是认真的，我知道这听上去像我在讲笑话，我们明确的告诉了参与者，这一罐糖是给隔壁发展中心的小朋友准备的，他们在实验中，这是给他们的。然后我们观察这些参与者拿了多少糖果，那些感觉富有的参与者多拿了两倍的糖果。

We've even studied cars, not just any cars, but whether drivers of different kinds of cars are more or less inclined to break the law.In one of these studies, we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.Now in California, as you all know, because I'm sure we all do this, it's the law to stop for a pedestrian who's waiting to cross.So here's an example of how we did it.That's our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian.He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.In typical California fashion, it's overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.(Laughter)Now here's an example of a more expensive car, a Prius, driving through, and a BMW doing the same.So we did this for hundreds of vehicles on several days, just tracking who stops and who doesn't.What we found was that as the expensiveness of a car increased, the driver's tendencies to break the law increased as well.None of the cars, none of the cars in our least expensive car category broke the law.Close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category broke the law.We've run other studies finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations, to endorse unethical behavior at work like stealing cash from the cash register, taking bribes, lying to customers.我们还研究了汽车，不只是汽车，而是不同类型汽车的司机谁更倾向于做一些违法的事情。其中一个实验，我们观察了，司机在碰到行人（我们安排的）过马路时的停车行为。在加州，大家都知道，因为我相信我们都有这样做，法律规定碰到行人要过马路，我们必须停车。下面我告诉大家我们是怎样做的，左侧是我们的研究人员装作一个行人，她正要过马路，这时候红色的卡车停了下来，当然这是在加州。很快一辆巴士呼啸而过，差点要撞到我们的行人——（笑声）——这是一辆比较贵的车，一辆普锐斯开过来，一辆宝马车也一样。几天内，我们测试了几百辆车记录谁停了谁没有停。我们发现，随着车价的增加司机违法的倾向也增加了。而在我们的廉价车系里，没有一辆车作出违法行为。而在我们的昂贵车系里，有接近50%的车都违法了。我们还做了其他研究并发现，越有钱的人越有可能在谈判中说谎，赞同工作中的不道德行为。比如从收银台偷现金，受贿，忽悠顾客等。Now I don't mean to suggest that it's only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior.Not at all.In fact, I think that we all, in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives, struggle with these competing motivations of when, or if, to put our own interests above the interests of other people.And that's understandable because the American dream is an idea in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard, and a piece of that means that sometimes, you need to put your own interests above the interests and well-being of other people around you.But what we're finding is that, the wealthier you are, the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success, of achievement and accomplishment, to the detriment of others around you.Here I've plotted for you the mean household income received by each fifth and top five percent of the population over the last 20 years.In 1993, the differences between the different quintiles of the population, in terms of income, are fairly egregious.It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.But over the last 20 years, that significant difference has become a grand canyon of sorts between those at the top and everyone else.我并不是说只是有钱人会表现出类似的行为，完全不是。事实上，我觉得我们每个人在我们日常的分分秒秒中都要跟这些动机作斗争。什么时候以及是否把我们的利益置于他人的利益之上。这很容易理解，因为美国梦告诉我们每个人都有同等的机会可以成功，发达，只要我们足够努力。而这也意味着有的时候字需要把自己的利益置于你周边人的利益和幸福之上。但我们发现的是，你越有钱，则越有可能一种个人的成功。个人的成果和成就，这可能是建立在对旁人的损害之上。这里我为大家画出了在过去20年里，每个15和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入。1993年，每个15之间的收入差距还是相当大的，我们不难看出其中的差别。但是在过去的20年里面，这种巨大差距最终成为了顶层人群与其他所有人之间的鸿沟。

In fact, the top 20 percent of our population own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country.We're at unprecedented levels of economic inequality.What that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of a select group of individuals, but the American dream is becoming increasingly unattainable for an increasing majority of us.And if it's the case, as we've been finding, that the wealthier you are, the more entitled you feel to that wealth, and the more likely you are to prioritize your own interests above the interests of other people, and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest, well then there's no reason to think that those patterns will change.In fact, there's every reason to think that they'll only get worse, and that's what it would look like if things just stayed the same, at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.事实是，顶层20%的人口拥有整个国家接近90%的财富。我们正在经历史无前例的经济上的不平等，而这不仅意味着财富更多的聚集在为数很少的一群人手里，还意味着美国梦对越来越多的人来说都变得越来越遥远。如果事实果真如我们发现的那样，你越有钱就越发觉得这些财富是你应得的，越会把自己的利益置于他人的利益之上，越会做那些利己的事情。那里没有理由可以相信这个现状会有所改变。事实上，我们有更多的理由认为情况会变得更糟糕。这时在接下来的20年内保持和原来一样、相同现行速率的情况。

Now, inequality, economic inequality, is something we should all be concerned about, and not just because of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy, but because individuals and groups with lots of economic inequality do worse, not just the people at the bottom, everyone.There's a lot of really compelling research coming out from top labs all over the world showcasing the range of things that are undermined as economic inequality gets worse.Social mobility, things we really care about, physical health, social trust, all go down as inequality goes up.Similarly, negative things in social collectives and societies, things like obesity, and violence, imprisonment, and punishment, are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.Again, these are outcomes not just experienced by a few, but that resound across all strata of society.Even people at the top experience these outcomes.不平等，经济上的不平等，是我们每个人都要关心的问题，不仅是因为社会底层的人，而是因为经济不平等会让个人和集体都变得糟糕。不仅仅是底层的人，是每一个人。有很多来自世界各地的顶级实验室的非常有说服力的研究，展示了日益增加的经济不平等造成的影响范围。社会流动性，那些我们非常关心的东西，如身体健康、社会信任，都会随着不平等的增加而削弱。同样的，社会中消极的东西，比如肥胖、暴力、徒刑和惩罚都会随着经济不平等的增加而加剧。而这些后果，不是少数人所经历的而是会影响社会的各个阶层。即使是在顶层的人也要遭受这些后果。So what do we do? This cascade of self-perpetuating, pernicious, negative effects could seem like something that's spun out of control, and there's nothing we can do about it, certainly nothing we as individuals could do.But in fact, we've been finding in our own laboratory research that small psychological interventions, small changes to people's values, small nudges in certain directions, can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.For instance, reminding people of the benefits of cooperation, or the advantages of community, cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian as poor people.In one study, we had people watch a brief video, just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty that served as a reminder of the needs of others in the world around them, and after watching that, we looked at how willing people were to offer up their own time to a stranger presented to them in the lab who was in distress.After watching this video, an hour later, rich people became just as generous of their own time to help out this other person, a stranger, as someone who's poor, suggesting that these differences are not innate or categorical, but are so malleable to slight changes in people's values, and little nudges of compassion and bumps of empathy.那我们该怎么办呢？这些带有延续性的，有害的消极影响看上去是什么东西失控了，而我们无能为力特别是作为个人更是无能为力。但是事实上，我们发现在我们自己的实验室研究中，小小的心理干预，价值观的小小改变，某些特定的微小暗示就可以将平等和同理心恢复。比如，提醒人们合作的好处或者社区的优点，就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等。其中一个实验中，我们让参与者看一短片，46秒，关于儿童贫困，以此提醒大家周围人的需要。看过这个视频后，我们观察了他们为实验中一个压抑的陌生人提供帮助的积极性。看完这个视频一个小时后，富人变得和穷人一样大方，他们愿意花时间帮助别人，帮助那些陌生人。这意味着这些差别不是与生俱来或者一成不变的。它们很容易改变，只是需要价值观的微小变化。同情心的一点点推动，和同理心的轻微触碰。

And beyond the walls of our lab, we're even beginning to see signs of change in society.Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals, in his Harvard commencement speech, talked about the problem facing society of inequality as being the most daunting challenge, and talked about what must be done to combat it, saying, “Humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveries, but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.” And there's the Giving Pledge, in which more than 100 of our nation's wealthiest individuals are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.And there's the emergence of dozens of grassroots movements, like We are the One Percent, the Resource Generation, or Wealth for Common Good, in which the most privileged members of the population, members of the one percent and elsewhere, people who are wealthy, are using their own economic resources, adults and youth alike, that's what's most striking to me, leveraging their own privilege, their own economic resources, to combat inequality by advocating for social policies, changes in social values, and changes in people's behavior, that work against their own economic interests but that may ultimately restore the American dream.在实验室之外，我们也开始看到社会上的改变。比尔-盖茨，我们国家的富豪之一，在哈佛的开学典礼演讲中说到这个社会所面临的问题，他说不平等是我们目前面临的严峻挑战，他谈论了我们应该如何战胜它。他说：“人类最伟大的进步不在于它的各种发现，而在于如何将这些发现用于削弱不平等。“还有捐赠承诺，我们国家100多个最富有的人正在承诺将他们一半的财产捐赠给慈善事业，还有许多草根运动的出现。比如”我们是那百分之一“、”资源一代“、”共同的财富“等。在这些组织中，那些最有优势的成员，那些1%的人和其他有钱的人，其中有成人有青少年，这是最让我震惊的。他们正在利用自己的优势，利用自己的经济资源与不平等抗争，通过倡导社会政策、社会价值的改变、人类行为的改变，这有悖于他们自身的经济利益，但却会最终重建美国梦！

Thank you.谢谢！

第二篇：越有钱越焦虑美文

每个人生活在这世界上，都背负着一堆纸枷锁。我上大学的时候读过一篇很有意思的文章，谈到男人的使命：第一男人要是一个开拓者或冒险家，充满胆识和魄力；第二是士兵，很强壮的人，保护弱者，主持公道；第三是技术专家，小到换灯泡，大到修汽车，卷起袖子就能干；第四是提供面包的人，能挣钱养家；第五还得是上帝，帮助他人脱离苦海。

其实，女同胞也有纸枷锁：从小玩着芭比娃娃长大，要求自己胸多大、臀多宽、腰多细，如果不符合标准，照镜子就不能接受自己。

和外国人相比，中国人的枷锁又甚之。在我认识的中国人中，纸枷锁相对少的人不多，张朝阳是其中一个，他从小喜欢挑战现有制度。在卡拉OK包房，我们唱歌，他在一旁跳着自创的舞，极其投入，不在乎别人怎么看，自己高兴就行。

也许有人会说，如果他不是“成功人士”，还能如此随性吗？也许不能。不过换个角度看，究竟是因为成功才随性，还是因为随性才成功，这是一个值得探究的问题。

在北京，我的一些很富有的朋友，希望跟我一起去纽约，看看那里的“成功人士”如何生活。我给他们讲起美国富商格兰的故事，他曾请我去他家度周末，那是位于纽约郊区的一座从洛克·菲勒后人手中买下的庄园，有山川、湖泊、网球场，养着马、百年老龟和大块头的火鸡，一派宁静素朴的田园牧歌，他们追求自然，注重环保，不穿PRADA，也不戴劳力士。兴致好的时候，他们会买几头牛，从阿根廷运过来，让它们在庄园里闲散地走一走，然后打电话呼朋引伴：“我们家的牛到了！”大家都来欣赏这道“移动的风景”。

可惜我所接触的大部分新富起来的中国人，都还停留在对奢侈品顶礼膜拜的阶段，财富为他们带来了体面，同时为他们套上了枷锁。我有一位老大哥是很有钱的商人，长期焦虑失眠，看见床就恐惧，后来只好去印度一家瑜伽学院学睡觉。英文中用“婴儿般的睡眠”形容一个人睡得香，折腾了半生，反而不如婴儿时期睡得好，这是人生的悖论。

年轻姑娘们也早早给自己套上了枷锁，目标是嫁给有钱人。譬如港台地区那些“德艺双馨的女艺术家”，不嫁入豪门便没法向公众交代，更没法向自己交代，实在进不了豪门，就嫁给外国人。对外国人的评价要纳入另一套体系——城市户口还是农村户口，处级干部还是科级干部，住的是别墅还是公寓，做的是上市公司还是小本买卖，好像都不再那么重要，因此不失为一条很体面的退路。

我见过这个世界上最有钱的人，他们用钱买不到快乐。有一个经济学术语叫做“边际效应”，通俗地解释，就是吃第一块红烧肉感觉特别香，第二块、第三块感觉还行，吃到第五块就腻了，物质带给人的“边际效应”是极其有限的，快感迅速递减，相当靠不住，层次越高，能够实现的满足感越小。今天开拖拉机，明天开宝马，感觉太好了。连开一个月就审美疲劳，最后只有开飞机了，但是开多了也就那么回事。

第三篇：为啥越花钱的人越有钱

为啥越花钱的人越有钱，越舍不得花钱的人越贫穷……

“认真看看你周围的人，那些从小就大手大脚地请朋友吃饭或者花钱的人，到现在依然有条件大手大脚地花钱，而那些每次一到了付钱的时候就自行车锁不上或者就是没有带钱包的人多少年之后，依然过着拮据的生活！”

在大半年前一次在听国学大师翟洪生讲国学的课上，听到这话对我触动很深，认认真真地从小时候的童年到现今的朋友中发现，确实如此，似乎越花钱的人越有钱，越舍不得花钱的朋友却越穷！

这让我不想不要紧，一想真的是吓一大跳。怎么可能？我们自古以来都是在教育着：只有节约才能省下来，越节俭才能越攒的下钱；不管赚多少，只有省下来的才是自己赚的等等的理念难道都是错误的吗？

这个疑问开始困扰着我，迫使着我开始认认真真地体察这个结论，也开始看大量的关于财富的秘密、犹太人金钱观等等关于钱得书籍，来考核这一结论————越能花钱的人越有钱，越舍不得花钱的人越贫穷是否正确，最近终于得到了解答，现分享出来。

一个朋友给我讲了这样一个困惑他的故事：

他以前有一个同事，极其的节俭，节俭到了什么地步呢？早晨几乎从来不买早点，能从同事那蹭到就蹭，蹭不到就不吃，是一个抽烟者，几乎从来都不会带烟的，就是看怎么能从同事那里抽到，借钱呢，又不还，照这个样子，应该是典型的“节约型”的过生活致富的人吧，照一贯的理，节约可以走向富裕的道路的，也就是说他应该能致富，生活可以积攒很多钱的啊，然而，几年之后，他的儿子得了病，自此，他所有积攒的没有舍得花的钱，全部花完，朋友亲戚们能借的几乎借遍了，犹豫以前的作风，愿意借给他钱的也只有亲戚们，朋友们自然没有几个愿意借的，最遗憾的是，欠了一屁股的债不说，最后儿子依然还是去世了。

而他的生活呢？从此也依然更加的需要节俭，而且内心承受更大的负担压力。真的是，什么样的心境，什么样的花钱风格就吸引了什么样的外在环境来与之相匹配，似乎真的是越舍不得花钱的越穷。

在北京，由于一些关系，可以经常的出入一些聚会，自然也结识了很多的身家都至少上亿的朋友，自然也经常的一起吃饭，当然由于我刚起步，所以几乎都是朋友们请客。在北京的这近一年的时间里，北京高档的消费场所可以说去了不少。比如说，北京饭店、深圳大厦之类的，韩式、日式各个特色店的，朋友们郊外自己的豪华山庄等等，喝的酒也是就说茅台、五粮液，从大众、顶级的、珍藏版的、限量发行的太多太多的动辄一瓶都是大几百，上千几千的甚至很多都是没法买到的内部酒，每一次消费都是大几千，大几万的，奢侈吗？当然，有人会说？这也叫奢侈？你还没有见过更奢侈的呢？是，我承认，当然，哪些更奢侈的，是我日后一定回去享受的生活。我举次些例子也不是为了叙家常事，只是为了说明一些事情，有一点我相信大家都认同，就是这些生活至少比一般的节俭型、安稳过日子的人在外面吃一顿也就是一二百元的花费要铺张很多很多倍吧?

按理说，他们这样的花钱，应该是越花越少才对啊，但是事实是，从他们都身家上亿元，甚至有上百亿元的，他们的钱却是越花越多的，似乎，这又印证了：越花钱的人越有钱的结论。

讲到此，相信，肯定会有朋友心里想：废话，我要是身家有个上亿资产，不要说上亿就是上千万我也会那么的消费的。因为我曾经的学生时代确实也是这么想的，将来有钱了之后怎么怎么样？有私人游艇，有个人上千平米的豪华别墅，有凯迪拉克，有奔驰。。然而，现实，究竟是先有铺张的花钱的习惯，思维之后才变得有钱，还是有了钱之后才能适合铺张请客呢？？

如果是后者，那么节俭可以致富就是正确的了，因为，我们也只有靠自己的大力节俭来才能攒下更多的钱，我们也应该更加的少花钱，那样，我们也才能早日的富裕；但是如果结论是前者的话，那么，我们是不是就说一贯的节俭就是错误的呢？或者有其他的奥秘在里面呢？接下来我们就来深入的思考下。

如果是后者，我们社会上节俭的人太多太多，80%以上的人，都是在不断的节俭着，把能省的都省下，能少开支就少开支，能存银行就存银行，存银行的钱，可以说占到了自己财富的80%以上，（当然由于这两年股市的火爆，有些激进的想在股票上改变命运的朋友也许已经把所有积蓄都炒股而亏损完或者套住，而我要告诉你的是，不管你的钱是在证券所还是银行，其实有些本质都是相似的，想请你就假设你的钱都是存在银行里的，因为今天我们的课题不是来说明为什么他们的本质是一样的，至少两年以前你没有炒股以前存款是占到80%以上的）而对于富人呢？我今天要告诉你的是，富人们几乎银行里的存款也可能就是几十万左右，（这里的富人是指身家上亿的，占到自己的财富1%都不到），而这些钱也就是为了自己近一段时间铺张花费的开销，其他的钱，绝对不会放在银行里，不但不会放在银行里，反而会想方设法的从银行里贷款出去周转，银行是什么？“银行就是一个把不喜欢花钱的人的钱聚集起来，给那些喜欢花钱的朋友花的地方。”，这是我一个银行副总裁朋友给我分享的，然而现实也是如此，所有80%主张节俭，少花钱的人的钱，都是被哪些“大手大脚”喜欢“大手大脚花钱”的人所花着，而最可恶的是，这些人却越花还越多？

呵呵，看到了吧？如果，你不喜欢花钱，那么，结果就只有一个，那就是你的钱让别人来帮你花。而为什么：越花钱的人越有钱，而越不喜欢花钱的人越贫穷呢? 本质就是思维的角度不同：节俭的人的思维模式，永远都是：买东西的时候总是想，能便宜就便宜，攒下钱还有其他的用呢，等以后钱攒多了再买。如：买衣服的时候，看到一件几千元的衣服，感慨：哇，这么好的衣服，这么漂亮，质量还这么好，转念一想，算了，等我以后有钱的时候再买吧，想买鞋的时候亦如此，想买一辆车的时候，算了，我的钱不够，买了之后小孩上学就有麻烦了，等等。。总之，想的都是等有钱了以后怎么怎么样。

而那富人怎么样想呢？他们对他们喜欢的东西，永远考虑的都是，我如何做才能够买到它呢？我如何才能赚到那么多的钱呢？大家发现了吗？由于他们想的是如何才能赚到钱，而不是想：“有钱了之后才怎么怎么样？”就这一个差距，使得富人的赚钱的点子，路子，方法越来越多，而这种路子方法都是伴随着自己的欲望，伴随着自己的野心而成长着，今天赚的钱开上了桑塔纳，明天喜欢上了别克，就开始想着现在转的钱太少了，怎么才能赚更多的钱呢？迅速调整自己的工作，调整自己的事业，进而来把自己喜欢的东西买到，进而过着别人不可思议的生活。

另外，我们从宇宙的能量的角度来考虑，我们发现，我们内心长久的向往什么，能量就会来实现什么，正如有些人所感觉的：为什么我刚前段时间的念头，今天就变成现实了呢？这就是宇宙的吸引力法则。心想事成！认真的反思自己的生活，真的是你以前一致所思考的样子，所思考的结果，我们的今天是我们过去思考的结果，那么，明天的结果，也必然是今天思考的结果！现在就请认真的来再回味下：越花钱的人越有钱，越舍不得花钱的人越贫穷的结论吧。

让我们再来总结一下为什么会这样?早在好莱坞巨头之

一、同样白手起家的刘易斯赛尔茨尼克告诫其子大卫（电影《飘》的制片人）：过奢侈的生活！大手大脚的花钱！始终记住，不要按照你的收入来过日子，这样能使你自信！

想象如果你现在穿着你喜欢的衣服，喜欢的鞋子，挎着自己喜欢的包包，是什么感觉？至少肯定比现在自信很多倍！而自信带来的价值呢？是你的能力成很多倍的增加，因为自信的力量是最大的，人一旦有了自信，就会干成别人认为不能做的事情，人一旦有了自信就会干成自己不自信的时候认为做不成的事情。自信，可以让一个人更乐于与人交往，更乐于表现自己，进而有更好的心态，有更好的外在积极的环境，进而就会有更多人的朋友愿意与你交往，愿意拿好项目，好的赚钱事情与你分享，进而就会有更好的收入，如此的进入到良心循环当中。

人突破习惯是很难的，尤其是突破几十年根深蒂固的思维，但是我相信，如果你已经把此篇文章看到这里了，那么说明你绝对是一个向往高品质的收入向往改变自己的生活的朋友，那么，我要告诉你的是，改变吧，立刻改掉以前舍不得花钱的习惯，现在就以如何做才能赚到钱实现你的欲望的思维来思考问题，去商场买下，你一直想买的服装，配件等，但是以前都舍不得买（当然这里让你买的是你可以承受的了的东西），就向我的一个朋友穿的鞋三千元左右，但是却已经穿了三年了，二三年里，如果你回忆下，估计买的鞋子也已经不止 这个数字了的，更何况的是，他穿了三年多的鞋子丝毫没有变型，就像刚穿了一个月左右的鞋子，什么感觉呢？买好东西，高质量，耐用的不仅享受，而且却也是最好的节约方式，记得，我是一再的倡导花钱，敢于突破自己来一步步的过上富足美满，自己所向往的生活，而没有倡导大家去浪费钱，赚钱是为了花的，而不是用来浪费的，而花钱也是有艺术的，至于应该怎么花？富人们就这个理念：钱只要不浪费，所有花的都是合理的，举个例子：为了一个项目吃一顿饭五万元，打个麻将输个几十上百万心情很愉悦，去欧洲、埃及旅游一次消费个几十万也很逍遥。但是，就像上面，买高品质的鞋子一旦舒服，就会穿上几年也不换，当然买之前出发点相信除了可以提升自己内心的自信和社会地位之外也是为了耐用，因为这是一种投资观念；我有一个喜欢书法的朋友，坐着近二百万的车子，和他一起出去的时候，我们两个住最豪华的套房。然而每次练习书法时，一张不到一毛钱的练习纸可以成几十遍的反复利用，为什么，不浪费！把握，感悟透了这一点，对于越花钱越有钱，越舍不得花钱越没钱的理念，相信会有透彻的认识的。

再接下来，想象自己都有哪些可以给自己带来惊喜的朋友，很长时间没有吃饭了，大大方方痛痛快快的请他们吃顿饭吧。

小故事大道理，记得，无数你身边 的事实已经证明：越舍不得花钱的人越贫穷，即吝啬导致贫穷，所以千万不要吝啬，该花钱的时候一定要大气的来花钱，如果连大方的对待他人的心胸都没有，如何能赚到大钱呢？一个人的格局、心胸是靠修出来的，也许以前没有注意上好这堂课，那么现在就做一个全新的自己吧，相信会赚钱的你从此刻开始已经走上更加五彩富饶的生活的道路上了。

最后以一个小故事来结束今天的课题：

一天美国一个数学家在逛一家人满为患的大超市时，在咖啡厅休息的时候，看到附近坐着一个抽雪茄的人，由于看此雪茄独特，再加上自己对数字敏感，于是顺口就问了下那个人，你抽的雪茄多少钱呢？那人回答道：：“一只80美元”。

此人迅速坐姿笔挺：“什么？一只80美元？哪你一天抽几根呢？”

“看情况的，平均每天至少也要五只吧。”

“ 那你这样的雪茄一共抽了多少年了呢？”

“抽了三十年了吧。”

听完这些后，此数学家本能的开始计算了，片刻之后，此数学家看似感慨的对此抽雪茄的人说道：“我初步计算了下，如果你这三十年没有抽这种雪茄的话，就把抽雪茄的钱省下来，足以可以买下这个大型超市了，哎！”

这位数学家甚是感慨，但是只见这位抽雪茄的人却微微的发出了一丝笑容，并看着这位数学家，说道：“正是因为我抽了这样的雪茄，所以现在这家大型的超市才是我自己开得。”

第四篇：邹越演讲

在生活当中,经常会忽略了轻重,在前年的苏州,有一位小姑娘 跟自己的母亲吵架,妈妈告诉她:“孩子,你都上高中了,妈妈每天 给人打工,妈妈下岗给人做清洁工,一个月才 800 块钱,你考试考 这么少的成绩,你妈妈多难过!”女儿说:“妈妈,我不是故意的,我 马虎了吗!”“孩子!如果妈妈马虎了,人家一分钱都不给呀!”可她这 个女儿把门一摔,离家出走了!多么小的一件事情,十几年的养育之恩哪,就这么轻轻一摔就 可以放弃.妈妈发动所有的人去找,找不到这孩子,晚上八九点钟, 小姑娘一个人在街头,走在江边,她又冷又饿,流着眼泪恨着自己的 妈妈,当走到一个大排档的前面,看着人家吃东西,眼泪汪汪的站在 那里,酒店的老板,端着一碗面条,递到了小姑娘的手里:“孩子, 是不是跟家里吵架了,把这碗面条吃了,是不是饿了,赶快吃掉回家 吧!”小姑娘接过面条,狼吞虎咽的吃下去,突然扑通一下给那老板 跪下了:“老板啊,你是我的恩人,我要感谢你,你比我妈妈好多了!” 老板听过以后说:“孩子,就凭你这句话,这碗面我都不该给你吃呀, 我们俩素不相识,你连我姓什么叫什么都不知道,我就给了你一碗面 条你就这样的感谢我,你妈妈把你从小养这么大,吃了那么多的辛 苦,你怎么不感谢你的母亲啊!”孩子恍然大悟的跑回家里,看到妈 妈晕倒在床上,正所谓儿行千里母担忧,母行万里儿不愁啊!同学 们,你们要好好对待父母亲,不要让别人说,可怜天下父母心啊!就在这次汶川大地震中,当我们的救援队员来到北川,大家惊 讶的发现,这里最严重的地方不是汶川而是北川,战士们在这里巡 回,突然听到在废墟里发出微弱的声音:“救我!谁来救我!”救援人 员把那废墟搬开,用千斤顶把预制板掀开,发现里面有一个不到 3 岁 的小女孩,她们已经被压了一天一夜,天就要亮了,战士们把那孩子 拉了出来,小姑娘奄奄一息:“叔叔,快去救我的爸爸妈妈,解放军 叔叔来了!”战士们听到以后,把预制板再撬起后发现,下面躺着的 是孩子的父亲,母亲,而那一目让所有的战士流泪,孩子的父母已经 离开了人世,妈妈面朝上,支撑那块预制板,父亲背朝下,像俯卧撑 一样,背上压着一块预制板,就在父亲母亲手臂交叉的中间,那个小 小的空隙里,那位小姑娘幸存了,那是父母亲对女儿最后的呵护!现场的同学们:请您拉着家长的手,家长也把手伸出来给他 们,没有不好意思,同学们,听我给你算笔账,你现在是高中生呀, 再过三年,你考上大学,你现在能和父母在一起,吃吃饭,有的同学 住校,只能周末回去一次,等你考上大学了,每年只有两次假期,才 能回家看到父母亲,将来工作,就剩下春节了,所以你和父母在一起 的时间,没有多长啊,好好的珍惜今天下午在这里,不要等

到有一天, 父母离去的时候,你才恍然大悟,喊着说爸爸妈妈对不起,那已经来 不及了,妈妈为你辛苦,为你付出,为的是你有一个美好的明天!同学们:在接下来的时刻里,我让每一位同学,完成人生一个 伟大的作业,而这个作业,在国外,连小孩都做过,我们中国人有多 少人没有做过!请现场的家长,坐在那里不要动,请身边有家长的同 学站起来,每位同学面朝自己的家长站好,站直了,请我告诉你,在

这个世界上,有多少不孝敬父母的人,一辈子都没有正眼看过自己的 爹妈,所以第一件事,请你把头低下来,看一看你的父母亲,看一看 父母亲的头上增添了多少白发!再看一看穿的衣服,看一看这些为你 而操劳的妈妈,一个年轻美丽的母亲呀,只打你来到这个世界之后, 你妈妈就放弃了她所有的爱好,妈妈没有再去唱过歌,也没有再去跳 过舞,妈妈上班的路上想着你,下班的路上也想着你,孩子:你小时 候生病上医院,你妈妈抱着你给医生都跪下了,为了你,你妈妈从来 没要过面子,可是你怎么做的?妈妈在冬天用冷水洗菜,手冻的通 红,你都没有说一声,妈!你辛苦了!这么多年,妈妈为你做了那么 多,你从来没有在你妈最难的时候说一声:妈!我爱你!因为你不好 意思.看一看你的父亲,一个刚强的男人,爸爸像一座山,支撑着这 个家,爱着你和妈妈,没有爸爸的辛苦,就没有家里的幸福,可是你 怎么做的,你经常抱怨你的父亲,你为什么不是老板,你为什么不是 当官的,为什么我的爸爸没有别人的爸爸强,孩子们,当你这样说话 的时候,我告诉你,我们当爸爸的,还希望我们的孩子,比别人的孩 子强呢!你做到了吗?孩子,爸爸很不容易,爸爸太辛苦了,爸爸在 家里呀,非常的难,他在家里给你的笑,那是最真诚的笑,现在的男 人在市场竞争的环境里,经受着多大的压力?他们要去忍受挣钱的压 力,工作的压力,但是无论多大的压力,在孩子面前,从来都表现出 那种快乐和自豪,你还没有在你爸爸最难的时候说过一声,爸!你辛 苦了!你还没有在你爸最累的时候,问候一声,爸爸!我爱你!在座的还有白发苍苍的爷爷奶奶,外公外婆,有多少同学我要 批评你,你们在家里对老人是什么态度?你们现在使用不花钱的佣 人,你给我做饭,你给我拿书包,你给我洗衣服,孩子们,那是你爸 爸妈妈的爸爸和妈妈,可在他们年轻的时候,吃没吃到什么,穿没穿 到什么,好不容易把孩子养大了,今天替孩子看孩子,可是那孩子, 连个礼貌都没有,给你做吃的,连声谢谢都没有,全是应该的!所以 我说同学们!今天学会爱的表达,学会真正的长大,每个同学把头抬 起来,仰视天空,没有羞涩,没有不好意思,做一个优秀的人,大声 的跟着我喊出来,用最大的音量喊出来:妈妈!你辛苦了!妈妈

妈我爱 你!爸爸!你辛苦了!爸爸!我爱你!爷爷奶奶辛苦了!外公外婆 辛苦了!我爱你们!亲爱的同学们,在接下来的时间里,你把刚才学过的话,轻轻 的告诉你的家长,你可以用你喜欢的方式,带着中华儿女的习惯,给 父母跪下都没什么丢人的,你可以去拥抱,你可以跪给你的家长,把 刚才的话告诉他,至少三分钟,“妈妈你辛苦了……,”“爸爸你辛苦 了……,”“我爱你们……!” 在这个话题结束之前,每一位有父母亲的同学,把我们最心底 的爱化作最热烈的掌声,送给全天下,最辛劳的父亲!母亲!请同学们坐直,擦干你的眼泪,人生不能光溜溜的来,再光溜 溜的走,人的一生总要做点什么,才会实现人生的最大价值,应该在 生活中学会不抛弃,不放弃,做有意义的事,今天有很多大学生,拿

着文凭找不到工作,今天有很多人在进入社会以后,遇到很多的困 难,在这里,老师告诉你,什么叫爱自己,一个人应该有目标有规划, 创造人生最大的价值,那才叫爱自己,让你周围的人因为你的存在而 感到自豪,以你为荣那才叫爱自己,如果你没有规划,虚度年华,那 叫糟蹋自己,一个真正爱自己的人,应该爱周围所有的人,当你需要 别人帮助的时候,先学会帮助他人,那才是最优秀的!你们还有很长 一段学习时间,一定要练好自己的文笔,不娇气,不怕困难,学会抗 压的能力,在困难到来的时候,能闯过关口.要好好想一想,自己将 来做什么?最喜欢做什么?应该给自己一个未来的计划,努力学习, 考上最适合自己的大学,不要只为了文凭,做自己不喜欢的事情.要 好好珍惜时间,珍惜自己的爱,爱自己的父母,爱自己的老师,爱自 己的家,爱自己的祖国.祝愿所有的家长,望子成龙,望女成凤,祝愿所有的同学,好 好学习,天天向上,成为最优秀的人!

第五篇：TED演讲中英对照3

My job is to design, build and study robots that communicate with people.But this story doesn't start with robotics at all, it starts with animation.When I first saw Pixar's “Luxo Jr.,” I was amazed by how much emotion they could put into something as trivial as a desk lamp.I mean, look at them--at the end of this movie, you actually feel something for two pieces of furniture.(Laughter)And I said, I have to learn how to do this.So I made a really bad career decision.And that's what my mom was like when I did it.(Laughter)I left a very cozy tech job in Israel at a nice software company and I moved to New York to study animation.And there I lived in a collapsing apartment building in Harlem with roommates.I'm not using this phrase metaphorically, the ceiling actually collapsed one day in our living room.Whenever they did those news stories about building violations in New York, they would put the report in front of our building.As kind of like a backdrop to show how bad things are.我的工作是设计、构造和研究 那些能够与人交流的机器人。不过这个故事不是从机器人说起，而是要从动画说起。当我第一次看到皮克斯的《顽皮跳跳灯》电影时，我惊呆了，一个如此微不足道的台灯 竟能表现如此多的感情。你看他们啊！电影结尾的时候，你真的开始喜欢上这两件小小的家具了。（笑声）我对自己说，我要学会做这样的东西。所以我做了一个很坏的职业决策，我做出这个决定的时候，我妈妈就是这样的。（笑声）我辞去了在以色列一个软件公司的 一份非常舒服的技术工作，我搬到了纽约 去学习动画。在那，我和我的室友住在 哈莱姆一栋即将坍塌的公寓楼里。我没有夸张，有一天天花板真的塌下来了 就塌在了我们的客厅里。每次报到纽约的违章建筑时，他们都会跑到们的大楼下进行采访。就好像让你看看现场有多糟糕一样。

Anyway, during the day I went to school and at night I would sit and draw frame by frame of pencil animation.And I learned two surprising lessons--one of them was that when you want to arouse emotions, it doesn't matter so much how something looks, it's all in the motion--it's in the timing of how the thing moves.And the second, was something one of our teachers told us.He actually did the weasel in Ice Age.And he said: “As an animator you are not a director, you're an actor.” So, if you want to find the right motion for a character, don't think about it, go use your body to find it--stand in front of a mirror, act it out in front of a camera--whatever you need.And then put it back in your character.言归正传，我上学的日日夜夜，我不停地一幅又一幅地用铅笔画着画。我学到了两个让我惊讶的东西—— 其中一个是： 当你想要唤起某些情感时，外观并不算太重要，关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。第二个是我们的一个老师告诉我们的。他正是电影《冰河世纪》的黄鼠狼。他说： ”作为一个动画制作者，你不是一个导演，而是一个演员。“ 所以如果你要为一个角色找到正确的肢体语言，不要想，用你的身体找到它，站在镜子面前，摄像机前，演出来，无论你需要做什么。然后再把这个动作放在你的角色上。

A year later I found myself at MIT in the robotic life group, it was one of the first groups researching the relationships between humans and robots.And I still had this dream to make an actual, physical Luxo Jr.lamp.But I found that robots didn't move at all in this engaging way that I was used to for my animation studies.Instead, they were all--how should I put it, they were all kind of robotic.(Laughter)And I thought, what if I took whatever I learned in animation school, and used that to design my robotic desk lamp.So I went and designed frame by frame to try to make this robot as graceful and engaging as possible.And here when you see the robot interacting with me on a desktop.And I'm actually redesigning the robot so, unbeknownst to itself, it's kind of digging its own grave by helping me.(Laughter)I wanted it to be less of a mechanical structure giving me light, and more of a helpful, kind of quiet apprentice that's always there when you need it and doesn't really interfere.And when, for example, I'm looking for a battery that I can't find, in a subtle way, it will show me where the battery is.So you can see my confusion here.I'm not an actor.And I want you to notice how the same mechanical structure can at one point, just by the way it moves seem gentle and caring--and in the other case, seem violent and confrontational.And it's the same structure, just the motion is different.Actor: “You want to know something? Well, you want to know something? He was already dead!Just laying there, eyes glazed over!”(Laughter)But, moving in graceful ways is just one building block of this whole structure called human-robot interaction.I was at the time doing my Ph.D., I was working on human robot teamwork;teams of humans and robots working together.I was studying the engineering, the psychology, the philosophy of teamwork.And at the same time I found myself in my own kind of teamwork situation with a good friend of mine who is actually here.And in that situation we can easily imagine robots in the near future being there with us.It was after a Passover seder.We were folding up a lot of folding chairs, and I was amazed at how quickly we found our own rhythm.Everybody did their own part.We didn't have to divide our tasks.We didn't have to communicate verbally about this.It all just happened.And I thought, humans and robots don't look at all like this.When humans and robots interact, it's much more like a chess game.The human does a thing, the robot analyzes whatever the human did, then the robot decides what to do next, plans it and does it.And then the human waits, until it's their turn again.So, it's much more like a chess game and that makes sense because chess is great for mathematicians and computer scientists.It's all about information analysis, decision making and planning.一年以后，我去了麻省理工大学（MIT）的 机器人生命小组，这是最早 开始研究人类和机器人关系的小组之一。我依然怀揣着要造一个 真正的、可触碰的顽皮跳跳灯的梦想。但是我发现机器人完全不是 按照我的动画课程中的那种 引人入胜的方式移动。相反的，他们都—— 该怎么说呢？他们都有点儿机械化。（笑声）我就想，如果我可以把我在动画学校学到的东西 应用于设计我的机器人台灯会怎样？ 因此我设计了一幅又一幅，试图让这个机器人 尽量优雅、有吸引力。这里你可以看到这个桌子上的机器人 在跟我互动，我其实是在重新设计这个机器人，而这个机器人完全不知道，它帮我，其实是在自掘坟墓呢。（笑声）比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，我更想要一个能帮忙的、安静的学徒，随时满足你的需求却不打扰你。比如，当我要找一个我怎么也 找不到的电池时，它可以巧妙地提醒我电池在哪里。你看到我的困惑了吗？ 我不是一个演员。我希望你们注意到，同一个机械如何 在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，下一刻又显得非常暴力，有进攻性。一模一样的结构，改变的仅仅是动作。演员：”你想知道吗？你真的想知道吗？ 他已经死了！他就躺在那里，目光呆滞！“（笑声）但是，以一种优雅的方式移动只是这整个 人类机器人互动结构的一块基石。那时候我正在攻读我的博士学位，我正在研究人类与机器人的团队合作，也就是人类和机器人一起合作。我在学习团队合作的工程学，心理学和哲学。同时，我意识到自己 和我的一个好朋友（他今天也在这里），也碰到了一个团队合作的情境。在那个情境中，我们很容易想象 不久的将来机器人会和我们在一起。那是在一个逾越节家宴结束后，我们要收起大量的折叠椅，我惊讶于我们迅速找到了各自的节奏。每个人都做了自己的那部分，无需分工，无需特意口头沟通。就这样发生了。于是我想，人类和机器人的互动却完全不是这样。当人类和机器人互动的时候，就好像他们在下象棋。人类走一步，机器人对此分析一下，然后机器人决定接下来怎么做，计划好，走下一步。这时候人类就等着，直到轮到他们玩为止。所以，人类和机器人的互动更像下象棋，这很好理解，因为 对数学家和计算机科学家来说，象棋很好，它们都是关于信息分析、决策制定和计划。

But I wanted my robot to be less of a chess player, and more like a doer that just clicks and works together.So I made my second horrible career choice: I decided to study acting for a semester.I took off from a Ph.D.I went to acting classes.I actually participated in a play, I hope theres no video of that around still.And I got every book I could find about acting, including one from the 19th century that I got from the library.And I was really amazed because my name was the second name on the list--the previous name was in 1889.(Laughter)And this book was kind of waiting for 100 years to be rediscovered for robotics.And this book shows actors how to move every muscle in the body to match every kind of emotion that they want to express.但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，可以和人类有默契地一起工作。于是我做了我人生中的第二个糟糕的职业决策： 我决定学习一学期的表演课程。我放下了我的博士课程，去上了表演课。我还参与了一个戏剧，希望现在已经找不到那个视频了。我找到了每一本关于表演的书，其中包括一本从图书馆里借来的 19世纪的书。我震惊地发现我的名字是借阅者名单上的第二个，之前的一个名字是1889年。（笑声）这本书已经躺了100年了，只为了借机器人之名被重新发现。这本书教演员 如何调动他们身体上的每块肌肉 来表达他们想要表达的情感。

But the real revelation was when I learned about method acting.It became very popular in the 20th century.And method acting said, you don't have to plan every muscle in your body.Instead you have to use your body to find the right movement.You have to use your sense memory to reconstruct the emotions and kind of think with your body to find the right expression.Improvise, play off yor scene partner.And this came at the same time as I was reading about this trend in cognitive psychology called embodied cognition.Which also talks about the same ideas--We use our bodies to think, we don't just think with our brains and use our bodies to move.but our bodies feed back into our brain to generate the way that we behave.And it was like a lightning bolt.I went back to my office.I wrote this paper--which I never really published called “Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence.” And I even took another month to do what was then the first theater play with a human and a robot acting together.That's what you saw before with the actors.And I thought: How can we make an artificial intelligence model--computer, computational model--that will model some of these ideas of improvisation, of taking risks, of taking chances, even of making mistakes.Maybe it can make for better robotic teammates.So I worked for quite a long time on these models and I implemented them on a number of robots.Here you can see a very early example with the robots trying to use this embodied artificial intelligence, to try to match my movements as closely as possible, sort of like a game.Let's look at it.You can see when I psych it out, it gets fooled.And it's a little bit like what you might see actors do when they try to mirror each other to find the right synchrony between them.And then, I did another experiment, and I got people off the street to use the robotic desk lamp, and try out this idea of embodied artificial intelligence.So, I actually used two kinds of brains for the same robot.The robot is the same lamp that you saw, and I put in it two brains.For one half of the people, I put in a brain that's kind of the traditional, calculated robotic brain.It waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it plans.Let's call it the calculated brain.The other got more the stage actor, risk taker brain.Let's call it the adventurous brain.It sometimes acts without knowing everything it has to know.It sometimes makes mistakes and corrects them.And I had them do this very tedious task that took almost 20 minutes and they had to work together.Somehow simulating like a factory job of repetitively doing the same thing.And what I found was that people actually loved the adventurous robot.And they thought it was more intelligent, more committed, a better member of the team, contributed to the success of the team more.They even called it 'he' and 'she,' whereas people with the calculated brain called it 'it.' And nobody ever called it 'he' or 'she'.When they talked about it after the task with the adventurous brain, they said, “By the end, we were good friends and high-fived mentally.” Whatever that means.(Laughter)Sounds painful.Whereas the people with the calculated brain said it was just like a lazy apprentice.It only did what it was supposed to do and nothing more.Which is almost what people expect robots to do, so I was surprised that people had higher expectations of robots, than what anybody in robotics thought robots should be doing.And in a way, I thought, maybe it's time--just like method acting changed the way people thought about acting in the 19th century, from going from the very calculated, planned way of behaving, to a more intuitive, risk-taking, embodied way of behaving.Maybe it's time for robots to have the same kind of revolution.真正让我受到启示的是 方法演技。它在20世纪的时候非常流行。方法演技指出，你不需要安排你的每一块肌肉，相反，你可以用你的身体找到对的动作。你应该运用你的感觉记忆，去重新建构情感，用你的身体找到对的表情。即兴发挥，根据你的场景搭档即兴表演。这个时候我也正读到 认知心理学关于具身认知的东西，这也谈到同样的观点—— 即我们用我们的身体思考，我们并不是用大脑思考用身体表现，而是我们的身体反馈给大脑 并做出相应的动作，这对我好像一道闪电。我马上回了我的办公室。我写了这篇论文，从来也没发表过，叫做《人工智能的表演课》。我甚至花了一个月的时间 去做当时第一部由人类和机器人 一起主演的戏剧。你之前看到的演员和机器人的表演就是这部戏剧。当时我就想： 我们怎样可以做出这样的人工智能模型—— 计算机、计算机模型等等，它们会即兴发挥、会冒险、甚至会犯错。它可能会是更好的机器人队友。因此我花了很多时间去研究这些模型，我还在几个机器人身上做了试验。这里你可以看到一个早期的例子，这个机器人试图运用具身人工智能 来尽量模仿我的动作，就好像一个游戏。我们来看一下。你可以看到我可以糊弄它。有点像你可能看到的演员们 互相模仿对方 只为了找到他们之间的默契。然后，我又做了另外一个实验，我从大街上拉人来使用这个机器人台灯，试验具身人工智能。其实，同样的机器人我用了两个大脑，机器人就是你看到的这个台灯，我给了它两个大脑。对一半的人，我放入了一个传统的、机械计算的大脑。它会等，会分析，会计划，我们暂且称它为“会计算的大脑”。给另一半人则是那个舞台演员、爱冒险的大脑，我们暂且称它为“爱冒险的大脑”，有的时候它在并不知道所有事情的时候行动，有的时候它会犯错然后去纠正。我让他们完成一项无比乏味的任务，这个任务要花近20分钟，他们必须一起合作完成，有点类似在工厂工作，机械地重复一件事情。我发现人们非常喜欢 那个“爱冒险的机器人”。他们觉得它非常聪明，非常忠心，是一个很好的团队成员，一起帮助团队成功。他们甚至称它为“他”和“她”，而另外那些人称那个“会计算的机器人”为“它”，没有人称它为“他”或“她”。任务完成后，那些与“会冒险的大脑”互动的人说： “最后，我们成了好朋友，还在脑内举手击掌了。” 不管那是啥意思……（笑声）听上去很…（口齿不清）然而，那些与“会计算的大脑”互动的人 则说“它就像一个懒徒弟，只做最基本的。“ 这基本上和同人对机器人期待一样，所以我有些惊讶，比起那些机器人研究专家，人们居然对机器人有更高的期望。但从另一个角度，我又想，也许就像方法演技改变了 19世纪人们思考表演的方式一样，是时间改变这种通过精确计算的 行为方式，而转向一种更直觉的、冒险的、用身体表现的行为方式。也许类似的 机器人革命时间到了。A few years later, I was at my next research job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, and I was working in a group dealing with robotic musicians.And I thought, music, that's the perfect place to look at teamwork, coordination, timing, improvisation--and we just got this robot playing marimba.Marimba, for everybody who was like me, it was this huge, wooden xylophone.And, when I was looking at this, I looked at other works in human-robot improvisation--yes, there are other works in human-robot improvisation--and they were also a little bit like a chess game.The human would play, the robot would analyze what was played, would improvise their own part.So, this is what musicians called a call and response interaction, and it also fits very well, robots and artificial intelligence.But I thought, if I use the same ideas I used in the theater play and in the teamwork studies, maybe I can make the robots jam together like a band.Everybody's riffing off each other, nobody is stopping it for a moment.And so, I tried to do the same things, this time with music, where the robot doesn't really know what it's about to play.It just sort of moves its body and uses opportunities to play, And does what my jazz teacher when I was 17 taught me.She said, when you improvise, sometimes you don't know what you're doing and you're still doing it.And so I tried to make a robot that doesn't actually know what it's doing, but it's still doing it.So let's look at a few seconds from this performance.Where the robot listens to the human musician and improvises.And then, look at how the human musician also responds to what the robot is doing, and picking up from its behavior.And at some point can even be surprised by what the robot came up with.(Music)(Applause)几年后，我在亚特兰大的乔治理工大学做研究，我在一个研究机器人音乐家的 小组工作。我想，音乐是可以很好的 研究团队合作、配合、时间分配和即兴表演的领域，我们有这个玩马林巴的机器人。和我一样对乐器不在行的朋友，马林巴是 一个巨大的木琴。我看着这个，又看了那些其它的人类和机器人的即兴互动，——没错，还有其它人和机器人即兴互动的项目—— 都差不多也是一个个象棋游戏式的互动。人类走一步，机器人对此分析，然后决定下一步。音乐家们称其为 呼叫和应答互动，作为机器人和人工智能，这很合适。但是我想，如果我可以运用 戏剧表演和团队合作中的研究发现，也许我可以让这些机器人 组成一个乐队，每个人都在即兴发挥，没有人需要停下来。于是这次我尝试用音乐做试验，机器人并不知道 它会演奏什么，它就这样移动它的身体，找机会演奏，做着我17岁时候的爵士老师教我的事情。她说，当你即兴表演的时候，有的时候，你并不知道你在做什么，但是你还是继续做。于是我尝试做一个不知道自己在做什么 却仍然继续做的机器人。让我们来看一下这个表演的一个小片段。机器人听人类音乐家演奏 然后即兴发挥。接着，看人类音乐家如何 回应机器人的行为，回应机器人的行为，有时甚至被机器人的表现惊讶。（音乐）（掌声）

Being a musician is not just about making notes, otherwise nobody would ever go see a live show.Musicians also communicate with their bodies, with other band members, with the audience, they use their bodies to express the music.And I thought, we already have a robot musician on stage, why not make it be a full-fledged musician.And I started designing a socially expressive head for the robot.The head does't actually touch the marimba, it just expresses what the music is like.These are some napkin sketches from a bar in Atlanta, that was dangerously located exactly halfway between my lab and my home.(Laughter)So I spent, I would say on average, three to four hours a day there.I think.(Laughter)And I went back to my animation tools and tried to figure out not just what a robotic musician would look like, but especially what a robotic musician would move like.To sort of show that it doesn't like what the other person is playing--and maybe show whatever beat it's feeling at the moment.作为一个音乐家不仅仅是编写音符，否则没有人会去看现场表演了。音乐家也用他们的身体交流，和他们的乐队成员，和观众，他们用他们的身体来表现音乐。于是我想，我们已经有一个在舞台上的机器人音乐家，为什么不把它打造成一个真正的音乐家呢？ 于是我开始为机器人设计一个 可以表现情感的头部。头部并不会碰到马林巴，它只是用来表现音乐是什么样的。这草图的纸巾来自亚特兰大某处一个酒吧，而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）我大概平均 每天有3到4个小时的时间在那里，“大概”…（笑声）我重新拾起了我的动画工具，试图想象 不仅仅一个机器人音乐家的样子，特别是一个机器人音乐家会如何移动它的身体，来告诉人们它不喜欢其他人的演奏，还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。

So we ended up actually getting the money to build this robot, which was nice.I'm going to show you now the same kind of performance, this time with a socially expressive head.And notice one thing--how the robot is really showing us the beat it's picking up from the human.We're also giving the human a sense that the robot knows what it's doing.And also how it changes the way it moves as soon as it starts its own solo.(Music)Now it's looking at me to make sure I'm listening.(Music)And now look at the final chord of the piece again, and this time the robot communicates with its body when it's busy doing its own thing.And when it's ready to coordinate the final chord with me.(Music)(Applause)幸运的是，我们最终还获得了一笔 造这样一个机器人的资金。接下来我给大家看一下同样的表演 换成一个情感表现头的效果。注意一点： 请观察这个机器人如何 根据人类的演奏即兴发挥，也让人类知道，这个机器人知道它在做什么。还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。（音乐）这会儿它正看着我确保我在听。（音乐）我们再看一下这段的最后一部分，现在机器人正在用它的身体进行沟通，当它正忙于做它自己的事情时，忙于准备 跟我一起演奏最后的旋律。（音乐）（掌声）

Thanks.I hope you see how much this totally not--how much this part of the body that doesn't touch the instrument actually helps with the musical performance.And at some point, we are in Atlanta, so obviously some rapper will come into our lab at some point.And we had this rapper come in and do a little jam with the robot.And here you can see the robot basically responding to the beat and--notice two things.One, how irresistible it is to join the robot while it's moving its head.and you kind of want to move your own head when it does it.And second, even though the rapper is really focused on his iPhone, as soon as the robot turns to him, he turns back.So even though it's just in the periphery of his vision--it's just in the corner of his eye--it's very powerful.And the reason is that we can't ignore physical things moving in our environment.We are wired for that.So, if you have a problem with maybe your partners looking at the iPhone too much or their smartphone too much, you might want to have a robot there to get their attention.(Laughter)(Music)(Applause)谢谢。我希望你能看到 它的头部不碰到乐器 其实有助于音乐表演！既然我们在亚特兰大，就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。既然我们在亚特兰大，就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。这个说唱歌手来了之后，我们让他和这个机器人一起表演。这里你可以看到这个机器人 对节奏的回应，请注意两点。第一，当这个机器人在摇头晃脑的时候，你是不是也很想加入其中，和它一起晃动你的头部？ 第二，虽然这个说唱歌手非常专注于它的苹果手机，当机器人转向它的时候，他也马上转回来。虽然仅仅是在他的视线边缘—— 他的眼角的余光里，它仍然非常强大。这就是为什么我们不能忽视 我们周边物体的移动。我们天生会这样做。所以，如果你的搭档 很喜欢看它的苹果手机或智能手机，也许你需要一个机器人 来获得他们的注意力。（笑声）（音乐）（掌声）

Just to introduce the last robot that we've worked on, that came out of something kind of surprising that we found: At some point people didn't care anymore about the robot being so intelligent, and can improvise and listen, and do all these embodied intelligence things that I spent years on developing.They really liked that the robot was enjoying the music.(Laughter)And they didn't say that the robot was moving to the music, they said that the robot was enjoying the music.And we thought, why don't we take this idea, and I designed a new piece of furniture.This time it wasn't a desk lamp;it was a speaker dock.It was one of those things you plug your smartphone in.And I thought, what would happen if your speaker dock didn't just play the music for you, but it would actually enjoy it too.(Laughter)And so again, here are some animation tests from an early stage.(Laughter)And this is what the final product looked like.(“Drop It Like It's Hot”)So, a lot of bobbing head.(Applause)A lot of bobbing heads in the audience, so we can still see robots influence people.And it's not just fun and games.最后再为大家介绍一下 我们最近在打造的一个机器人。说来也奇怪，我们发现 到了某个阶段，人们不再对那些聪明的、会即兴表演、会聆听、会做那些我花了多年研究的身体智能表演的 机器人感兴趣了。他们真的很喜欢那个会享受音乐的机器人。（笑声）他们没有说这个机器人是随着音乐扭动身体，而是说这个机器人在享受音乐。于是我们想，为什么不借用这个想法呢，因此我设计了一件新的小家具。这次不是一个台灯，而是一个扬声器底座，就是你可以把你的智能手机放上去的那种。于是我想，如果这个扬声器底座 不仅可以为你放音乐，还可以享受音乐，会怎样？（笑声）这是早期的一些动画尝试。这是早期的一些动画尝试。这是最终的成品的样子。饶舌音乐 不停的点头……（掌声）观众那里也有很多人在不停点头，因此我们可以看到机器人可以影响人。当然这一切不仅仅只是娱乐和游戏。

I think one of the reasons I care so much about robots that use their body to communicate and use their body to move--and I'm going to let you in on a little secret we roboticists are hiding--is that every one of you is going to be living with a robot at some point in their life.Somewhere in your future there's going to be a robot in your life.And if not in yours, then in your children's lives.And I want these robots to be--to be more fluent, more engaging, more graceful than currently they seem to be.And for that I think that maybe robots need to be less like chess players and more like stage actors and more like musicians.Maybe they should be able to take chances and improvise.And maybe they should be able to anticipate what you're about to do.And maybe they need to be able to make mistakes and correct them, because in the end we are human.And maybe as humans, robots that are a little less than perfect are just perfect for us.Thank you.(Applause)我觉得自己非常热衷研究 那些可以用身体沟通、用身体移动的机器人的一个原因是—— 我告诉你一个只有我们机器人专家知道的秘密—— 我们每一个人在生命的某个阶段 都会需要机器人，你未来的某个阶段会有个机器人。如果不是你的未来，那么你的孩子的未来。我希望这些机器人 比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。因此，我觉得机器人 不应该是像一个象棋玩家，而应该更像一个舞台演员或者音乐家。它们应该可以冒险，会即兴表演，甚至会预料到你接下来会做什么。它们也应该可以犯错 并且改正，因为到头来，我们只是人类。也许对人类而言，不完美的机器人 才是完美的。谢谢！