第一篇:中西方酒文化比较
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论文题目:中西方酒文化比较
系 别:
班 级: 姓 名: 指 导 教 师:
2014年
7月 Comparison of the Wine Culture between
China and the West
中西方酒文化比较
摘 要
酒是人类生活中的主要饮料之一。在人类文化的历史长河中,它不仅是一种客观的物质存在,而且是一种文化象征,即酒神精神的象征。酒文化源远流长,品种繁多,是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异,酒文化也是一样。本文通过比较中西方酒的源头、酿酒原料与酒的种类的差异,酒器,饮酒礼俗和饮酒目的等方面的不同来分析和比较中西方酒文化差异,从而进一步阐述中西方文化差异,特别是价值观方面的差异。最后是中西方酒文化的交流及发展趋势,展现了相互融合的一面。
关键词:中国 西方 酒文化 比较
Comparison of the Wine Culture between
China and the West
Abstract ’s daily life, in the long history of human culture, it is not only an objective physical existence but also a cultural symbol.That is the symbol of wine culture.Wine culture is long standing and well established.Wine culture is one of the irreplaceable parts of a country’s historic development and cultural sediment.Chinese and western values are basically different, and so is the wine culture.Though comparing the origin and the material and category of wine-making, drinking customs, the communicative functions and drinking culture between China and the West, this paper studies the differences between Chinese wine culture and the Western wine culture.Thus further to compare the difference between China and the western culture, especially the value.Key words: China the west wine culture comparison
目 录
1引言................................................................1 2中西方酒文化的起源..................................................2 2.1中国酿酒的起源.................................................2 2.2西方国家酿酒的起源.............................................2 3中西方酒文化的差异..................................................3 3.1酿酒原料与酒的种类的差异.............................................3
3.1.1酿酒原料的差异...........................................3 3.1.2酒的种类的差异...........................................3 3.2酒器的差异............................................................3 3.3饮酒礼俗的差异........................................................4 3.4饮酒目的的差异........................................................4 4.中西方酒文化之间的交流及发展趋势....................................6 4.1中西方酒文化的交流.............................................6 4.2中西方酒文化交流的发展趋势..............................................6
5结语................................................................8 注释..................................................................9 参考文献.............................................................10
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1引言
文化是一个国家的灵魂,是一个民族凝聚力形成的关键,是落叶归根的根源。文化的差异导致中外风俗习惯的不同,引起中外人们思维方式的差异。无论是东方还是西方,酒在人们的日常生活中占有重要的地位。酒的历史漫长,随之形成的酒文化也就源远流长。酒就象血液一样,在每个民族文化里流淌。然而源于中西方不同的文化背景,中西方酒文化亦显现出不同的特征。在中国文化中,酒都是作为一种文化消费,亲朋聚会,浅尝小酌可以营造气氛、增进感情。《圣经》记载道,耶稣基督在最后的晚餐下把葡萄酒分给门徒,并告诉他们,葡萄酒是自己的血,让人们记住他是为了替人们赎罪而死的。在西方人眼中,酒是特殊的艺术品,拥有魅力和生命。面对这个充满魅力和生命的神圣艺术品,西方人自然会热爱它、饮用它,并且用心去欣赏和玩味。可以说,古今中外,酒已经渗透到了包括政治、经济、文学、艺术、饮食、养生等各方面在内的社会生活中。由此可见,在人类文化的历史长河中,酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在,更是一种文化象征。它伴随着人类文明的发展,不断形成了自身独特的文化——酒文化。酒作为文化的一种载体,与文化一样,由于历史背景、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和思维模式等的不同,在中西方呈现出其风格迥异的民族特性
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2中西方酒文化的起源
2.1中国酿酒的起源
谷物酿酒的两个先决条件是原料和酿酒容器,以下的新石器文化时期的情况对酿酒的起源有一定的参考作用。
(1)裴李岗文化时期(公元前6000——5000年)(2)河姆渡文化时期(公元前5000——4000年)上述两个时期均有陶器和农作物遗存,具备酿酒的物质条件(3)磁山文化时期
磁山文化时期距今7235——7355年,有发达的农业经济,据考古发现,在遗址中发现了形状类似于后世酒器的陶器。有人认为,磁山文化时期谷物酿酒的可能性很大。
(4)山东陵阴和大汶口文化墓葬(5)三星堆遗址(6)安徽尉迟遗址
以上考古资料都证实了在古代传说中的黄帝时期、夏禹时代确定存在着酿酒这一行业。
2.2西方国家酿酒的起源
在古希腊时代,亚里士多德曾经写道:“通过蒸馏,先使水变成蒸汽继而使之变成液体状,可使海水变成可饮用水。”这说明当时人们发现了蒸馏的原理,古埃及曾用蒸馏术制造香料。在中世纪早期,阿拉伯人发明了酒的蒸馏。国外已经有证据表明,大约在12世纪,人们第一次制造成了蒸馏酒。据说当时蒸馏得到的烈性酒不是用来饮用的,而是用来引起燃烧的。
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3中西方酒文化的差异
3.1酿酒原料与酒的种类的差异
3.1.1酿酒原料的差异
在酒的酿造工艺上,中国主要以粮食为原料,讲究料、水、曲三者统一,采用固态与半固态、复式发酵方法,在中国流传着这样的俗语:料为酒之肉,水为酒之血,曲为酒之骨。人们在长期的实践中逐渐发现,五谷杂粮与旧的品类、质量密切相关,如用糯米酿造的黄酒味醇厚、品质最好,用高粱酿造的白酒味很香,且酒精度和出酒率都比较高;而在白酒中,用玉米酿的甜,大米酿的净,大麦酿的冲。“美酒必有佳泉”,水的质量直接关系到旧的品质、风格等,为此人们特别注意识水性、知水味、选好水。关键之三是酒曲。它含有大量的活性微生物与酶类,不仅是糖化发酵剂,而且能赋予酒特殊的风味和品质,是中国酿酒的重要而精妙之处。
西方主要以葡萄为原料,则重在讲究料为核心、桶和窖为保障,采用液态、单式发酵方法。西方人常说,好酒出自好葡萄。葡萄的品种和质量,决定着葡萄酒的品质、特色和主要香型。在西方国家,可以酿酒的葡萄数以千计,但真正能酿造出顶级、名贵葡萄酒的葡萄,只有十余种而已,著名的有赤霞珠、黑品诺、席拉夏多内等。其中,赤霞珠是酿造高贵红酒的葡萄之王,黑品诺是酿造名贵红酒的葡萄皇后。
3.1.2酒的种类的差异
中国幅员辽阔,丰富的地理气候环境有利于粮食作物的种植与生长。因此,勤劳的中国人民多用粮食酿酒。中国本土的酒主要分为两种:白酒和黄酒。从酿造工艺角度看白酒:蒸馏酒;黄酒:发酵酒;从酿造原料白酒原料:几乎各种粮食都可以,比如中国著名的五粮液就是以小麦,大米,玉米,高粱,糯米为原料;黄酒原料:一般糯米、大米、粳米。从酒精浓度看白酒酒度:一般28-68度;黄酒:一般25度以下。从色泽看白酒色泽:无色;黄酒:微黄、黄色、红色都有。营养价值:白酒较小;黄酒较高。
西方文明的诞生地希腊地处巴尔干半岛,其地理和气候环境不利于粮食作物的生长,更利于葡萄的种植,所以西方的酒主要是果酒,尤以葡萄酒为典型代表。现在法国的葡萄酒举世闻名。除了葡萄酒,啤酒也是西方国家对酒的一种创造发明。资料显示,啤酒由公元前3000年的日耳曼人及凯尔特人部落带到整个欧洲,当时主要是家庭作坊酿造;工业革命开始后,啤酒的生产开始从家庭手工酿造转至工业化生产,工业化生产在19世纪开始占主导地位,从20世纪初,啤酒传入中国,啤酒的原料为大麦、酿造用水、酒花、酵母以及淀粉质辅助原料(玉米、大米、大麦、小麦等)和糖类辅助原料。
3.2酒器的差异
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中国古代酒器以青铜器、漆器和瓷器闻名。中国酒器以形象优美,装饰众多著称。而且中国古代酒器大多是成套出现,其中最典型的就是商周时期的青铜器。青铜酒器中煮酒器、盛酒器、饮酒器、贮酒器、礼器一应俱全。就像现在的茶具一样。后来的漆器、瓷器上面的花纹也是十分动人。另有一些很奇特的酒器,如:夜光杯、倒流壶、鸳鸯转香壶、九龙公道壶、渎山大玉海等。但现在大多数家庭使用的酒具都是西洋酒器。
西方酒器多是玻璃制品,讲究透明。这样才能观察出酒的档次高低。西方酒器轻巧方便,现以被大多数中国家庭所接受。西方人注重喝什么酒应用什么酒具。所以他们有葡萄酒杯、白酒杯、红酒杯、白兰地酒杯等。
在酒杯方面中西两方差别较大。而西方酒器现在占明显优势。中国的传统酒器在普通家庭中已十分罕见。
3.3饮酒礼俗的差异
中国饮酒体现的是对饮酒人的尊重,是维系家庭成员亲情,维系朋友友情,是建立人脉的一种交际手段和润滑剂。中国的酒文化受到中国尊卑长幼传统的伦理文化影响深刻,正式场合普遍饮用白酒,敬酒分主次,分顺序的。敬酒时要等主人先开始敬酒,主人敬酒完毕,其他客人才有资格敬酒;敬酒的对象一定从最尊贵的客人开始,敬酒人一定要满杯,杯沿要低于客人的杯沿,表示谦虚和敬意;晚辈要主动对长辈,下级要主动对上级敬酒,敬酒讲究先干为敬,客人可以随意。同辈人之间讲究劝酒,行酒令,划拳等助兴的节目使喝酒的气氛浓烈而热闹,中国人喝酒讲究的就是一种气氛,体现了一种热情和好客,酒就是感情深厚的体现,喝醉了就说明喝高兴了。
西方社会饮用葡萄酒体现的是对酒的尊重,饮酒只是聚会的附属品,不会通过饮酒来建立人际交往关系。饮葡萄酒前期的品鉴也很考究。葡萄酒不会满杯的斟满,而是斟的很少量,以便在饮酒前晃动酒杯,用眼观其色,用鼻闻其香,用舌品其味,最后用耳听碰杯的清脆声音,调动各种感官享受美酒。正因为如此才有了各种对应的酒具产生。西方国家强调民主和自由,从不干涉和强迫别人,所以他们饮酒不会出现互相敬酒,劝酒的场面,一般是各自品尝各自杯中酒。无论喝酒的对象时谁,喝酒与否,喝的多少,全由自己决定,不需要客气和客套,所以,一般很难得看到喝醉酒失礼于人前的场面。在正式的社交场合,碰杯也不会代表满饮杯中酒,而只是一种礼节性的,只会小饮一口。
3.4饮酒目的的差异
在中国,酒常常被当做一种工具。所谓醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也。山水之乐,得知心而寓之酒。[1]人们更多的依靠饮酒而追求酒之外的东西。青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄;杯莫停的将进酒,为的是与尔同消万古愁;竹林里狂歌的XX 学 院 学 年 论 文
七贤,为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具,所以在中国的酒文化中缺乏对于酒本身进行科学而系统的理论分析和品评,更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。
在西方,饮酒的目的往往很简单,为了欣赏酒而饮酒,为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然,在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能,但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。
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4.中西方酒文化之间的交流及发展趋势
4.1中西方酒文化的交流
由于语言中反映出的隐蔽文化面广大,所以我们能比较容易地从某一民族的语言宝库中寻找到该民族的隐蔽文化层。下面从中西方酒文化的词语形态来探究其之间的交流。
当面对生活的不如意时,人们习惯用酒精麻醉自己,以此“借酒消愁”。在此观点上,中国和西方有相近的人生观。但不同的是,汉语中的“借酒消愁”常含有“愁上加愁”的隐身含义。如诗仙(酒仙)李白的名句“抽刀断水水更流,举杯消愁愁更愁。”英语中“wine”却不会令人“愁上加愁”,相反,它能令人忘记烦恼。《圣经》中就有喝酒忘记烦恼的说法:“Give strong drink to him who is perishing, and wine to those who are bitter to heart.Let him drink and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.”(proverbs, 31:6-7,The Old Testament)汉语中有“旧瓶装新酒”的说法,它源自英语谚语“to put new wine in old bottles”,但两者的与已有很大的差别。英语中的“to put new wine in old bottles”来自《圣经》,常用来指:“把一些新的原则强加于太老或者不适合的人或事物,以至于使之承受不了”。而汉语中的“旧瓶装新酒”则出现在“五四”新文化运动兴起之后,用来比喻文言文与新思想内容的格格不入[2]。随着时间的推移,“旧瓶装新酒”的含义发生了根本性的转变,多数情况下用作褒义,比喻用旧形式来表现新内容。
在中西方文化交流过程中,中西方酒文化也得到进一步融合:青岛的啤酒节,水井坊中法酒文化交流,张裕葡萄酒的成立,国酒茅台走向了世界,西方酒如白兰地、威尼斯的洋酒名字在中国的出现,近年来中国市场上出现了越来越多的酒吧,甚至有些中国人家里还出现了西方家庭式的酒柜,这些现象都是中西酒文化交流的结果。随着商品经济的发展,中西方酒都成了商品。在中国的市场上我们可以看到不少洋酒店,里面有来自西方各国的酒:Scotch whisky-royal, French champagne-Remy Martin and French Martell;当然中国的茅台,水井坊,张裕葡萄酒也远销西方。
3.2中西方酒文化交流的发展趋势
葡萄酒是西方国家的主要酒种,西方人经过长期的不断探索,逐渐形成了一套享受葡萄酒的饮酒礼仪。如注重酒杯与葡萄酒的搭配、葡萄酒种与菜肴的搭配;讲究在恰当的温度范围内饮用香槟酒,干红,干白等各种葡萄酒。另外,他们在斟酒,倒酒,品尝,菜肴的搭配等各方面都有近乎严格的要求。而中国本土的葡萄酒文化并没有得到全面的发展,多数停留在简单的论述及人们的饮酒逸事上,没有发展出如白酒类似的酒礼酒俗,没有让中国人遵循的一种行为规范。因此,中国人在引用
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葡萄酒时,会受到西方葡萄酒文化的引导。另一方面,在中国传统文化的影响下,葡萄酒的消费又会受到中国人固有观念和习惯的影响。目前,葡萄酒消费在中国还受到许多因素的制约,如葡萄酒的同质化、不讲究与饮食的搭配、价高质低等,这些都不利于葡萄酒文化的形成与传播。可喜的是,中国人在探索中国本土的葡萄酒文化的同时,也在逐渐吸收西方葡萄酒文化的精华,如进行博大精深的中国菜肴与葡萄酒搭配的探索,提倡用健康的方式饮酒等。相信随着葡萄酒在中国的普及,国人的葡萄酒消费心理和方式会越来越成熟,并逐渐形成具有中国特色的葡萄酒文化。
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5结语
酒是上帝给与的一份最美好的礼物。
在中国,酒常常被当做一种工具。所谓醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也。山水之乐,得知心而寓之酒,人们更多的依靠饮酒而追求酒之外的东西。青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄;杯莫停的将进酒,为的是与尔同消万古愁;竹林里狂歌的七贤,为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具,更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。而在西方,饮酒的目的往往很简单,为了欣赏酒而饮酒,为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然,在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能,但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。
酒是一种客观存在的物质,是一种文化。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,渗透到社会生活的各个领域,在聚会中酒是必需品,中西方对于这种必需品有其不同的解读。以往的差别性探究主要倾向于酒文化的物质层面以及与古代诗歌、古代政治、酒令和饮酒礼仪的不同进行讨论。而分析和比较中西方酒文化的差异更有助于我们了解酒文化背后所隐藏的风格迥异、丰富多彩的文化和民族意义,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际和文化交流,更好地为英汉国家的文化交流起到积极的促进作用,最终更有利于整个世界人民的和谐和发展
XX 学 院 学 年 论 文
注释
[1] 王守国.酒文化与艺术精神[M].郑州:河南大学出版社, 2006 [2] 韩胜宝.姑苏酒文化[M].苏州:古吴轩出版社, 2000.
XX 学 院 学 年 论 文
参考文献
[1] 王守国.酒文化与艺术精神[M].郑州:河南大学出版社, 2006. [2] 铁流.中华酒文化大观[M].北京:当代中国出版社, 2000.
[3] 张爱敬.酒文化[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 1999.
[4] 张长兴.酒文化[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社, 2003.
[5] 赵荣光.中国传统酒人形象的历史异变[M].香港:饮食文化研究出版社, 2002.
[6] 蒋雁峰.中国酒文化研究[M].长沙:湖南师范大学出版社, 2000.
[7] 朱迪.带一只酒杯去巴黎[M].北京:团结出版社, 2005.
[8] Thomas Karlauf.突然想喝酒,微醺[M].上海外文出版社, 2003.
[9] 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M].台北:台湾新生报出版社, 2001.
[10] 韩胜宝.姑苏酒文化[M].苏州:古吴轩出版社, 2000.
[11]贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997:65 [12]蒋雁峰.中国酒文化研究[M].长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,2006 [13]杜莉.中西酒文化比较[J].扬州大学烹饪学报,2004(1):1-4
[14]杨利.酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[J].邵阳学院学报:社会科学版,2005(4):82-83 [15]万晓艳.从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化[J].甘肃科技纵横,2009(3):160
第二篇:中西方酒文化比较
课程论文
题目中西方酒文化比较
学生姓名学号院系 专业
二O一零十一月二十日
中西方酒文化的比较
摘要:中国和西方的酒文化有较明显的差异:在酒的用料与品类上,中国最具特色、最著名的是用粮食酿造的粮食酒;西方则是用麦类和葡萄酿的啤酒和葡萄酒。在酿造工艺上,中国讲究料、水、曲三者统一,采用固态、复式发酵法;西方以料为核心,采用液态、单式发酵法。在酒文化的核心上,中国视酒为工具,意不在酒;西方视酒为艺术品,意就在酒。造成这些差异的原因在于地理环境、物产、原料和生产方式、文化传统等的不同。
关键词:酒文化;文化差异;中西文化比较
在人类生活史上,无论东方还是西方,酒一直占有重要的地位。酒从诞生的那天起,就在饮食中存在,更代表着一种文化出现。由于生活环境、历史背景、传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式和社会规范等的不同,东西方的酒文化呈现出风格迥异、丰富多彩的民族特性。对东西方酒文化特性进行比较研究,颇有意义。
一、酒的起源
说到酒的起源,最先想起来的必然是传说神话了。神话传说本就是一个时代文化的折射,在传说中,中国酒的起源是人们无意间变废为宝的一个过程,而西方则倾向于就是酒神赐予人们的礼物,也是丰收的象征。
中国古酒可分为两类,一为果酒,二位米酒。酒的起源也有很多种,历史文献记载的说法有几种。
①猿猴造酒说:唐陆柞蕃著《粤西偶记》关于果实花木之酒,有如下记载:(广西)平乐等府深山中,猿猴极多,善采百花酿酒。樵子入山,得其巢穴者,其酒多至数石,饮之香美异常,名猿酒。明代文人李日华在他的著述中,也有过类似的记载:“黄山多猿猱,春夏采花果于石洼中,酝酿成酒,香气溢发,闻数百步”。酒是一种由发酵所得的食品,是由一咱叫酵母菌的微生物分解糖类产生的。酵母菌是一种分布极其广泛的菌类,在广袤的大自然原野中,尤其在一些含糖分较高的水果中,这种酵母菌更容易繁衍滋长。山林中野生的水果,是猿猴的重要食物。猿猴在水果成熟的季节,收贮大量水果于“石洼中”,堆积的水果受到自然界中酵母菌的作用而发酵,在石洼中将一种被后人称为“酒”的液体析出,因此,猿猴在不自觉中“造”出酒来,是合乎逻辑与情理的。
②仪狄造酒说:史籍中有多处提到仪狄“作酒而美”、“始作酒醪”的记载。一种说法
叫“仪狄作酒拨,杜康作秣酒”。由字面看,是讲他们在作不同的酒。“拨”,是一种糯米经过发酵加工而成的“酪糟儿”。性温软,其味甜,多座于江浙一带。现在的不少家庭中,仍自制醒糟儿。醋糟儿洁白细腻,稠状的糟糊可当主食,上面的清亮汁液颇近于酒。“林”,高梁的别称。杜康作林酒,指的是杜康造酒所使用的原料是高梁。由此看来,仪狄是黄酒的创始人,而杜康可能是高梁酒创始人。
③杜康造酒说 :相传杜康是位牧羊人,于放牧中不慎丢失装有小米粥的竹筒,半月后竹筒复得,竟意外发现小米粥发酵而成为醇香扑鼻的琼浆。杜康于是弃鞭停牧,创酒坊,酿美酒,开酒肆,售佳酿,一举成为天下闻名的酒圣。而“杜康”也成为酒的代名词。古书中说杜康“有饭不尽,委之空桑,郁结成味,久蓄气芳,本出于代,不由奇方。”杜康因此成为酿酒的鼻祖。
西方关于酒的起源也有许多,大都把酒解释为神造的产物,是属于人类的神赐的礼物。古埃及认为酒是由死者的庇护神奥里西斯发明的,而希腊人认为酒是由酒神狄奥尼索斯(Dionysus)带到人间来的,是酒神赐给人们的礼物,也是人们丰收的象征。相传狄奥尼索斯是从神之父宙斯与底比斯公主西姆莱所生,长大后流浪于小亚细亚色雷斯和希腊,到处传授种植葡萄和酿酒的技术,酒便在欧洲在陆上渐渐盛行起来。酒神带着他的随从四处流浪,所到之处便飘起了酒香。
二、酿酒的原料与品类
料与品类上,中国最具特色、最著名的是以粮食为原料酿造的黄酒、白酒,习惯上称作粮食酒;西方最具特色、最著名的是以葡萄为原料酿造的葡萄酒、白兰地以及以麦类酿造的啤酒。中西方酿酒原料及品种差异主要原因是地域及气候差异以及社会经济体系不同造成的,这些差异在文化全球化的现代才互相交流而传播开来。
中国地域辽阔,气候温和,有良田沃土万顷,极适宜农作物的耕种,农业发展迅速,很早就成为农业大国,五谷类粮食产量大、品种多,人们便大量用粮食酿造出很有中国特色的白酒、黄酒。宋代以前,中国的政治、经济、文化中心在黄河流域,酿酒原料主要取用北方所产的小麦、高粱和粟等;从宋代开始,南方经济快速发展,中国的政治、经济中心南移,酿酒原料则主要取用江南等地大量出产的稻谷。
与之不同的是,西方文明的起源中,主要的农作物是麦类,众多考古发现表明,早在远
古时代,巴比伦人就已用小麦制成啤酒,远古埃及人也有如何酿造啤酒的记载,且西方国家大多以畜牧业或者商业为主、农业为辅,许多地方的气和土壤等不适宜大多数农作物的生长,却对葡萄的生长非常有利,因而,在西方国家葡萄的产量和品质都首屈一指。在这样的条件下,西方的人们可以大量地用葡萄酿制并享用葡萄酒,所以古代西方盛行“啤酒和葡萄酒文 化”。
三、酿造工艺
在酒酿造工艺上中国主要以粮食为原料,讲究料、水、曲三者统一,采用固态与半固态、复式发酵方法;西方主要以葡萄为原料,则重在讲究料为核心、桶和窖为保障,采用液态、单式发酵方法。
五谷 杂 粮 是固体物质,不能直接发酵,必须通过对粮食的浸渍、蒸煮、加入水和酒曲等,使淀粉糊化后再进行糖化、发酵而制成酒。在中国流传着这样的俗语:料为酒之肉,水为酒之血,曲为酒之骨。它形象地说明了酿造粮食酒的三个关键:
其一 是 原 料。人们在长期的实践中逐渐发现,五谷杂粮与酒的品类、质量密切相关,如用糯米酿造的黄酒味醇厚、品质最好,用高粱酿造的白酒味很香,且酒精度和出酒率都比较高;而在白酒中,用玉米酿的甜,大米酿的净,大麦酿的冲。此外,人们还注意到,选用独具特色的土特产原料,对酿造风味独特的名酒至关重要。如四川古蔺的郎酒,最理想的原料是当地出产的古蔺高粱,因为它皮薄壳少、颗粒饱满、淀粉含量大,能酿出高品质的郎酒。关键 之 二 是水。“美酒必有佳泉”,水的质量直接关系到酒的品质、风格等,为此人们特别注意识水性、知水味、选好水。如绍兴黄酒,常常用运水船到鉴湖中心取湖心水来酿造,因为这种水的水质清澈、硬度适宜、含适量盐类,是优质酿造用水。茅台、郎酒、沪州老窖则离不开赤水河及河边甘甜、清冽的泉水。
关键 之 三 是酒曲。它含有大量的活性微生物与酶类,不仅是糖化发酵剂,而且能赋予酒特殊的风味和品质,是中国酿酒的重要而精妙之处。《齐民要术》记载道:制曲要选择七月甲寅日,让儿童穿着青衣来和曲、团曲,摊放酒曲的地方要画上吁陌街巷、摆上用面粉捏的曲人和曲王,摊完酒曲后要给曲王供酒脯等食品,并读三遍《祝曲文》。
有了 这 三 个关键因素作为基础,还需要酿酒师的妙手点化才能酿成酒。早在两千多年前的周代,人们就已经系统地总结出酿酒的6条原则:“林稻必齐,曲聚必时,湛炽必洁,水泉必香,陶器必良,火齐必得,兼用六物,大酋监之,无有差忒。”即原料要充足、酒曲供应、制作要适时,浸泡、蒸煮要清洁,水质要清冽、无杂质,酿造器具要精良,蒸煮时的火力要适当。中国的酿酒技艺高超而精湛,巧夺天工,各种名酒各得其妙。
西方葡萄酒的酿造过程中,与中国酒三个关键一样,葡萄酒的酿造也有三个很关键的地方,即葡萄品种的选择,橡木桶的培养及酒窖的存放和酿酒师的技术。
葡萄的品种和质量,决定着葡萄酒的品质、特色和主要香型。在西方国家,可以酿酒的葡萄数以千计,但真正能酿造出顶级、名贵葡萄酒的葡萄,只有十余种而已,著名的有赤霞珠、黑品诺、梅辘辄等。和中国选原料一样,原料的产地对葡萄酒的品质影响也很大。也就是说酿酒时对葡萄的选择,除了品种,还要看产地和年份,这意味着土壤、气候、产量等方面同样存在差异。
在完成了对葡萄的精心选择后,葡萄酒的酿造大多进人葡萄去梗破皮、压榨、发酵、培养、装瓶等阶段,而起重要作用的是橡木桶、酒窖和酿酒师的技术。橡木桶是发酵和培养葡萄酒的最经典容器。其木材多孔,外界的氧气缓缓渗人,包括酒精在内的挥发物质部分蒸发,使酒变得更加细腻、芳香;橡木释放出的辛香和单宁酸,给葡萄酒增添华美复合的润饰,使酒质不断成熟、稳定。
酒成熟以后就必须离桶、装瓶,但无论装瓶前的培养阶段还是装瓶后的贮藏期间,只要没有饮用,酒窖都是葡萄酒最好的栖身之所,决定着葡萄酒的最终品质。任何好酒都需要经过较长时间的藏酿,葡萄酒在橡木桶中的陈化不是全部过程,要达到最佳饮用状态,更需要继续贮存、陈化。酒窖的理想温度是IO`C-151C,湿度是70%左右,要求背光、阴凉、通风良好等,因此常常显得阴暗、潮湿。置身于酒窖中的葡萄酒,常用软橡木做瓶塞,瓶口稍微向下、横放在酒架上,以防止瓶塞干燥开裂,影响葡萄酒的品质。在整个酿酒过程中,酿酒师的技术贯穿始终,其高超技艺主要体现在对原料演变过程中的最佳时机把握上。当葡萄成熟时,必须看准时间尽快采摘、精心挑选,然后压榨和取汁、使其直接发酵;而当发酵过的酒装人橡木桶培养以后,要定时、准确查看桶中酒质的变化,不能出现丝毫闪失;一旦发现葡萄酒在桶中培养成熟,就要立即装瓶、小心贮藏,同时密切注意酒窖的状况,为葡萄酒创造最好的贮藏环境。
四、酒文化核心差异
中国:醉翁之意不在酒。许多中国人认为, 酒是一种供人使用的工具,中国人虽然十分热爱它、经常使用它,但很少注重酒本身,缺少对美酒进行科学而系统的理性分析和品评、鉴别,更在意的是使用它以后产生的美妙作用,在于“味外之味”,就像欧阳修说的那样,“醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也”,“山水之乐,得之心而寓之酒也”,即使是现在,网络上常有人
说“哥喝的不是酒是寂寞”,因此中国酒,喝的不是它本身风貌,而是这个清醒到微醺过程里的韵味趣事。人们借酒只是为了或抒发自己清醒时不能或不敢抒发的情感,或忘却现世的烦恼,或抒发自己的怀才不遇,或抒发自己的理想抱负。再者中国的礼教也不允许人们饮酒采取豪饮、“牛饮”的方式,而是主张浅斟低酌,适可而止。
西方:醉翁之意就在酒,在他们的文化里有“葡萄酒——充满魅力和生命的神圣艺术品。”在不少西方人眼里,酒是一种特殊的艺术品,拥有魅力和生命,而葡萄酒更是其中的代表。对于西方人而言,醉翁之意就在酒,在酒的“味内之味”。仅以葡萄酒为例,他们把酿造葡萄酒看成是在制造艺术品,把饮用葡萄酒看成是欣赏艺术品,认为每一种葡萄酒都有自己的温度、味道和与其搭配饮用的杯子、菜肴,只有相互间完美的搭配,只有仔细地观色、闻香、品味,才无愧于美妙的葡萄酒。受酒神文化的影响西方人喝酒方式往往是牛饮,追求的是速醉、醉昏,一种生命的狂欢与纵欲。
与中国的借酒忘欲不同,西方人更多的是借酒纵欲。这种酒文化差异折射东方人委婉含蓄的性格,而西方人则爽朗直接的性格。这就让人想起了有国外留学生说听不懂中国人说得话,就一句你累不累呀就整出几个意思。
综上所述,文化是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,中国和西方的酒文化差异,包括酒的起源、酿造原料、品种类别、酿造工艺和酒文化的核心等的差异,都可以归结为物质和精神两大类。造成这些差异的原因是多方面的,不仅有地理环境、物产和原料特点等因素的不同,而且有生产方式、文化传统等因素的不同,但是也不外乎客观和主观两个方面。在中西方文化不断交流,各方面都趋于全球化的今天,中西方的酒文化也在不断地相互融合渗透,了解中西方酒文化的差异,能够更恰当地使酒这一媒介更好地为我们服务。需要承认的是,虽然中西方酒文化有着巨大差异,但也都具有各自的内涵与特色,在世界文化史上都如璀璨的明星,光彩熠熠,源远流长。了解而这酒文化的差异及酒文化折射出的东西方言谈思维的差异能够促进东西方文化交流,能更好的将中华文化传播开来,彼此文化交流能加深世界各族人民的感情纽带,促进世界文化和谐发展。
第三篇:中西方酒文化的对比
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二、原创论文参考题目
1、(英语毕业论文)跨文化交际中的中美幽默的比较(开题报告+论文+文献综述)
2、(英语毕业论文)浅析王尔德《快乐王子》中基督教救赎的表现形式
3、(英语毕业论文)凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德《苍蝇》反映的人性创伤分析
4、(英语毕业论文)会话含义理论在英文广告中的应用
5、(英语毕业论文)《雾都孤儿》中的童话模式解读(开题报告+论文)
6、(英语毕业论文)对比研究中西家庭观
7、(英语毕业论文)顺应理论视角下《红楼梦》中社交指示语的英译研究
8、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我
9、(英语毕业论文)多媒体技术在早期英语教育中的应用
10、(英语毕业论文)从市场营销的角度论哈利•波特的成功
11、(英语毕业论文)基于《生活大爆炸》研究合作原则的违反12、13、14、15、16、述)17、18、19、20、(英语毕业论文)文化视角下的品牌名翻译研究
(英语毕业论文)《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《牡丹亭》中女性主义意识的对比研究(英语毕业论文)威廉•麦克佩斯•萨克雷《名利场》的道德研究
(英语毕业论文)Saussure’s Five Contributions to Linguistic Study and Its Modern(英语毕业论文)论《红字》中海斯特的抗争与命运(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)从女性主义角度浅析《诺桑觉寺》(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)从玛氏公司看英美文化对广告的影响
(英语毕业论文)An Analysis of Racism in Of Mice and Men(开题报告+论文+文献综Applications21、22、23、24、(英语毕业论文)从生态女性主义角度解读朱厄特的《白苍鹭》(英语毕业论文)从审美视角分析中国古典诗词的英译(英语毕业论文)家庭教育对保罗的影响:品读《儿子与情人》
(英语毕业论文)任务型教学模式在初中英语课堂教学中的现状分析--以xx学校初一学生为例(开题报告+论文)25、26、27、(英语毕业论文)模因论指导下的英语习语汉译
(英语毕业论文)从语体学论《一九八四》中的反极权主义
(英语毕业论文)从《道连•格雷的画像》透析王尔德的艺术人生观(开题报告+论文+文献综述)
28、述)
29、(英语毕业论文)A Comparative Study of Feminism in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights(英语毕业论文)论艾略特《荒原》中的宗教信仰与价值观(开题报告+论文+文献综(开题报告+论文+文献综述)30、31、(英语毕业论文)法国大革命对《西风颂》创作的影响
(英语毕业论文)A Study of Angel Clare’s Multiple Personalities in Tess of the D’Urbervilles(开题报告+论文+文献综述)32、33、34、(英语毕业论文)论狄更斯《雾都孤儿》中南希的人物性格
(英语毕业论文)Effects of First Person Narration on Thematic Expression in Araby(英语毕业论文)Differences Between English and Chinese Euphemisms and Influences on Cross-cultural Communication
35、(英语毕业论文)超越和世俗——对《月亮和六便士》中Strickland和Stroeve的对比分析(开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译)
36、(英语毕业论文)顺应论视角中电影字幕汉英翻译研究——以李安电影作品字幕翻译为例(开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译)37、38、综述)
39、(英语毕业论文)The Weakness of Human Nature in Gulliver’s Travels(开题报告+论文(英语毕业论文)中学英语任务型教学理论研究及应用现状评述
(英语毕业论文)《永别了武器》中战争对人类所造成的毁灭(开题报告+论文+文献+文献综述)40、(英语毕业论文)中西方餐桌礼仪的文化对比分析(开题报告+论文)41、42、论文)
43、(英语毕业论文)从文本类型角度看企业外宣材料的翻译(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)从目的论角度看外宣翻译—以年《政府工作报告》为例(开题报告+(英语毕业论文)《恋爱中的女人》欧秀拉和古迪兰的性格对其爱情观的影响(开题报告+论文)44、45、46、(英语毕业论文)辩证论视域下神似与形似的相互关系研究(英语毕业论文)中美婚姻价值观对比(开题报告+论文)
(英语毕业论文)On the Aesthetic Connotation of the Death in For Whom the Bell Tolls by Hemingway(开题报告+论文)47、48、49、50、述)
51、(英语毕业论文)A Comparative Study of Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers and(英语毕业论文)从《刮痧》看中美家庭文化差异
(英语毕业论文)《抽彩》和《蝇王》的艺术魅力比较(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《嘉莉妹妹》中女主人公的服饰所反映的女性意识
(英语毕业论文)浅析王尔德《莎乐美》的唯美主义和成因(开题报告+论文+文献综Thunderstorm(开题报告+论文+文献综述)52、53、54、55、(英语毕业论文)文化差异对习语翻译的影响(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《红字》中女权主义意识探析(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)对《斯佳丽》中生态女权主义的解读(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)A General Analysis of Mr.Xu Yuanzhong’s Translation Art of Language Variation in Classic Poems56、57、(英语毕业论文)论《紫色》的叙事现代性分析(开题报告+论文)
(英语毕业论文)从弗洛伊德的精神分析法分析《麦田里的守望者》霍尔顿•考尔菲德的成长58、59、60、61、62、63、(英语毕业论文)从构式视野下对英语图式习语的解读
(英语毕业论文)英汉习语翻译中文化意象的转换(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)英汉礼貌用语对比研究
(英语毕业论文)场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)用目的论理论研究英汉电影名翻译(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)从基因学的角度看多义词的词义关系(开题报告+论文+文献综述+
外文翻译)64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、(英语毕业论文)大学英语电影教学现状及对策分析(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)论英语教学中交际法应用的困境及其解决之道
(英语毕业论文)《紫色》中“家”的解读(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)浅析《远大前程》中皮普的个人抱负与自我完善
(英语毕业论文)The Developments of Marriage View over Three Periods in the West(英语毕业论文)Euphemism in English advertisements(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我
(英语毕业论文)《简爱》和《藻海无边》的女主人公的对比研究(开题报告+论文+文献综述)72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、(英语毕业论文)从女性主义角度解读《灶神之妻》(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)商务英语中的缩略词研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《隐形人》中格里芬的心理剖析(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies(英语毕业论文)解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)从数字的联想意义研究中西文化的差异(英语毕业论文)《茶馆》英译本的翻译对比研究(英语毕业论文)《双城记》中的象征手法分析
(英语毕业论文)从《肖申克的救赎》看体制化对个人的影响
(英语毕业论文)问题类型对TEM阅读成绩影响的实证研究(开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译)82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)《儿子与情人》中扭曲的爱(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)自然主义在《野性的呼唤》中的体现(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)城市公共标识翻译技巧及问题分析
(英语毕业论文)Strategies of Translating Chinese Proper Nouns in Tourism Texts(英语毕业论文)Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray(英语毕业论文)浅谈英语俚语(开题报告+论文+文献综述)
(英语毕业论文)《分期付款》中英语长句的分译策略(开题报告+论文+文献综述+
外文翻译)91、92、(英语毕业论文)Analysis on Humors in Short Stories by Mark Twain(英语毕业论文)论奥斯卡•王尔德的矛盾性——从传记角度解读《奥斯卡•王尔德童话集》(开题报告+论)93、(英语毕业论文)Sino-US Cultural Differences——Through Comparison Between APPLE and OPPO 94、95、(英语毕业论文)论中西方思维方式的差异(开题报告+论文+文献综述)
(英语毕业论文)从文化翻译学行为论看汉语国俗语的英译过程——对林语堂和《吾国吾民》的个案考察(开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译)96、97、98、99、(英语毕业论文)《德伯家的苔丝》中的意象分析(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)目的论下英语广告仿拟格的汉译(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)艾伦金斯堡及其《嚎叫》之于二十世纪六十年代美国文化的影响(开题报告+论文)100、101、(英语毕业论文)《傲慢与偏见》与《劝导》中婚姻模式的对比研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)汉语茶文化特色词的英译研究——以《茶经》和《续茶经》为例(开题报告+论文)102、103、综述)104、(英语毕业论文)福克纳笔下的“南方淑女”--从互文视角解析凯蒂和艾米莉的边(英语毕业论文)简爱和林黛玉的反叛性格对比分析
(英语毕业论文)在归隐中相遇—论梭罗与陶渊明的诗意人生(开题报告+论文+文献缘化形象特征(开题报告+论文+文献综述)105、106、107、108、109、110、综述)111、(英语毕业论文)颜色词的英汉翻译研究(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我
(英语毕业论文)战争隐喻在体育新闻报道中的运用(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)从《绝望主妇》看美国人的婚姻观(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)目的论视角下新闻标题汉译英研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)从语域理论角度分析商务发盘函的翻译策略
(英语毕业论文)浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中的苔丝悲剧的成因(开题报告+论文+文献
112、(英语毕业论文)不伦,还是不朽?--从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》(开题报告+论)113、(英语毕业论文)解读罗伯特•彭斯的爱情观——以《一朵红红的玫瑰》和《约翰•安德生,我的爱人》为例 114、115、116、117、118、119、(英语毕业论文)浅析英语体育新闻的汉译策略(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)文化视角下的英汉习语对译(开题报告+论文+)
(英语毕业论文)师生关系与学生英语学习积极性之关联性探析(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《人性的污点》中主要人物的悲剧命运与社会原因的分析(英语毕业论文)A Study of Beauty in Sound, Form and Meaning Displayed in Zhang Peiji’s Prose Translation 120、(英语毕业论文)托妮•莫里森《宠儿》中的主角赛丝的女性形象研究(开题报告+论文+文献综述)121、122、123、124、125、126、127、128、129、130、论文)131、+论文)132、133、(英语毕业论文)试析《旅游巴士》中的犹太文化内涵(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)Western and Chinese Marriage Differences in Cross-cultural(英语毕业论文)从浪漫主义角度剖析《海上钢琴师》在中国流行的原因(开题报告(英语毕业论文)论《围城》的幽默语翻译(英语毕业论文)Advertising and Its Application(英语毕业论文)中美电影文化营销的比较研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)浅析英语广播新闻的语言特色
(英语毕业论文)A Cultural Analysis of English and Chinese Names(英语毕业论文)论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻选择的经济动因(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)哥特元素在《宠儿》中的运用(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)小学英语课堂互动式教学研究(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)论《老人与海》中圣地亚哥性格的双重性
(英语毕业论文)文化杂糅背景下的身份诉求——解读奈保尔的《半生》(开题报告+Communication 134、(英语毕业论文)《绝望的主妇》中的中产阶级女性独立意识的研究(开题报告+论
文)135、136、述)137、综述)138、(英语毕业论文)从《无名的裘德》看哈代的现代性意识(开题报告+论文+文献综述(英语毕业论文)浅析《愤怒的葡萄》中主要人物的性格特征(开题报告+论文+文献(英语毕业论文)学习动机对大学生英语学习的影响(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)从美国总统就职演说看美国文化价值观(开题报告+论文+文献综+外文翻译)139、140、141、142、例 143、(英语毕业论文)英语系动词语义属性及句法行为研究(开题报告+论文+文献综述+(英语毕业论文)从好莱坞电影看美国的文化霸权
(英语毕业论文)化学专业学生英语阅读策略研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)论童话《小王子》的象征创作(开题报告+论文)
(英语毕业论文)从动态对等角度分析中国旅游景点名称英译——以中国庐山网为外文翻译)144、(英语毕业论文)《嘉莉妹妹》和《名利场》中的女性的性格及命运对比分析(开题报告+论文)145、述)146、(英语毕业论文)简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度(开题报(英语毕业论文)浅析《乞力马扎罗的雪》的现代主义特征(开题报告+论文+文献综告+论文+文献综述)147、148、(英语毕业论文)Grammatical Analysis of Academic Writing(英语毕业论文)解读奥斯卡•王尔德的《莎乐美》中的女性意识(开题报告+论文+文献综述)149、150、151、152、(英语毕业论文)论关联理论在商业广告翻译中的运用(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)探析《老人与海》的主题(英语毕业论文)从关联理论看电影字幕的翻译
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第四篇:中西方酒文化的对比
中西方酒文化的对比
摘 要
本文通过比较中西方酒的文化的源头、酿酒原料、酒文化和饮酒方式等方面的不同来分析和比较中西方酒文化差异.本文不同于其他的调研,我主要着重于通过学习英语而了解酒文化的重要性。本文第一部分是引言,接下来两部分是对比中西酒文化,第四部分是关于酒的创新技术,最后结束在一段总结中。通过这个论文,新鲜的着重点和方法为英语学习者提供了不一样的文化观点。酒文化源远流长,品种繁多,是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异酒文化也是一样。通过这一对比,从而进一步阐述中西方文化差异特别是价值观方面的差异。关键词:国家,西方,酒文化,比较
Abstract
This paper studies the differences between Chinese wine culture and the Western wine culture.Different from previous research, this paper, wants to emphasize the importance of wine culture through studying English language.There are five parts in this paper.We start with a brief introduction to the background and objective of the course.Then we expound on the two parts of the comparison, and the fourth part is about innovation.We end this paper with a summary of the paper.The fresh focuses and methods will help some English learners with some points that they have not fully realized.Wine culture is one of the irreplaceable parts of a country’s historic development and cultural sediment.Through comparing the origin and the material and category of wine-making, drinking customs, the communicative functions and drinking culture between China and the West, this paper further compares the differences between Chinese and the western cultures, especially the value.Key Words: country, wine culture, compare
1.引言
文化是一个国家的灵魂,是一个民族凝聚力形成的关键,是落叶归根的根源。文化的差异导致中外风俗习惯的不同,引起中外人们思维方式的差异。无论是东方还是西方,酒在人们的日常生活中占有重要的地位。酒的历史漫长,随之形成的酒文化也就源远流长。酒就象血液一样,在每个民族文化里流淌。然而源于中西方不同的文化背景,中西方酒文化亦显现出不同的特征。在中国文化中,酒都是作为一种文化消费,亲朋聚会,浅尝小酌可以营造气氛、增进感情。《圣经》记载道,耶稣基督在最后的晚餐下把葡萄酒分给门徒,并告诉他们,葡萄酒是自己的血,让人们记住他是为了替人们赎罪而死的。在西方人眼中,酒是特殊的艺术品,拥有魅力和生命。面对这个充满魅力和生命的神圣艺术品,西方人自然会热爱它、饮用它,并且用心去欣赏和玩味。可以说,古今中外,酒已经渗透到了包括政治、经济、文学、艺术、饮食、养生等各方面在内的社会生活中。由此可见,在人类文化的历史长河中,酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在,更是一种文化象征。它伴随着人类文明的发展,不断形成了自身独特的文化——酒文化。酒作为文化的一种载体,与文化一样,由于历史背景、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和思维模式等的不同,在中西方呈现出其风格迥异的民族特性。2.中西酒文化的共同点 2.1美好的历史渊源
尽管中国和西方的国家有很多的不同之处,但我们不能忽略这其中的相同点。中国和西方国家在酒的起源方面都有着一个美丽的传说。在中国,酒有5000年以上的历史,在龙山文化时期(约5000年)就出现了,一些人都认为杜康用引进的新酿酒技术,是就占据了4000多年的历史。当然,也有些人为仪狄是酿酒第一人。但不管怎样,对于酿酒的历史,我们都是有着很清楚详细的记录。在西方,尽管他们没有太多详细的记录着关于酒的历史,但关于酒的起源仍有一个美丽的传说流传下来。古埃及认为酒是由死者的庇护神奥里西斯发明 的,希腊人则认为酒是由狄奥尼索斯带到人间来的。在这些传说中流传最为广泛的是“酒神造酒”说。酒神狄奥尼索斯是希腊神话中的神,相传是众神之父宙斯与底比斯公主塞密莉所生。天后赫拉出于嫉妒烧死塞密莉。宙斯把狄奥尼索斯救出缝在他的大腿里,使他获得第二次诞生。后由女神伊诺及山林仙女们抚养长大,流浪于小亚细亚色雷斯和希腊,到处传授种植葡萄和酿酒的技巧。2.2酒所象征的精神 酒是一种艺术,它以其水的外形,火的性格,渗透在人类生活的每一个角落、人类文化的每一个方面。它在世界文化中也有着惊人的相似之处。在文学和艺术的领域,酒的精神无处不在,并且深深影响着文学人士在各方面的造诣,是自由,艺术和美丽相结合。毫无疑问,酒在中国人的生活和文化中占据了重要的位置。酒与大对数中国文人有着密不可分的联系,它也是普通国人生活中密不可分的一部分。古代帝王的宴会也离不开酒作为招待,各种各类的酒也成为祭祀物品中的一个重要部分。当然,中国很多知名的诗人或艺术家都会在酒后创造出很多杰作。例如:唐代诗人李白,他很是爱饮酒,并因此写出很多不朽的诗。早期的作家都爱好饮酒,认为饮酒是消磨时间的雅致方法。除此之外,品酒也是饮酒的一部分。人们发明多种游戏来进行一系列的饮酒活动,包括历史知识,文学,音乐和诗歌。在古代打战前,将军会用酒和肉来宴请自己的士兵。如果赢得了战役,会被奖赏上等好酒。如果有战士战死沙场,同僚会把酒洒在那一片土地上,以此作为祭奠。最后,思想意识形态上流传下来的相似之处催生出浪漫主义,并发展为主流思想。在西方,神人用神酒来对抗着文明世界。他厌恶文明世界的产物,在他看来,文明世界里的人都渴望与沉醉在肉体和精神里。美国西部的人认为,一个人最大的成功包括沉醉。谨慎与热情的冲突贯穿于西方的历史,正如美国人对于酒的敬仰。西方浪漫主义哲学也由此产生。在美国东部,酒文化对浪漫主义产生很大的影响,尽管浪漫主义没有太多理论上的哲学立据,但是他们主张要随时保持现实的态度。3.中西酒文化的不同点 3.1中国酒文化 3.1.1祭祀与酒
由于酒是一种特殊的饮料,它能使人兴奋,使人麻醉,饮酒就成为有别于其他饮食行为的特殊行为。饮酒行为必然受到政治、经济、习俗、道德等特定条件的制约,并表现出人类精神活动的特点,如风俗习惯、伦理道德、审美情趣等。因此,酒文化现象往往是人类精神生活的反映。酒文化的产生与发展,受到许多因素的影响,是一个历史的过程。如农业发展在酒文化演进中的基础作用、科技进步对酿酒工艺的促进、手工业发展对酒具质地和形成的制约、自然地理条件对酿酒业的微妙作用等等,都反映出酒文化是人类历史的一部分,它受到其他文化的影响,并与它们相互交融。
人类对神的信仰,也显示了对神灵所代表的自然力的崇拜。祭祀,是人们向神祗祈福求做的重大仪式。随着社会的发展和文明的进步,祭祀的政治意义日益加强,帝王的祭祀仪式作为朝廷大典。成为国家重要政治活动。不论是郊祀,还是宗庙里德祭祀,都是王朝的的大事,礼仪十分隆重。酒在祭祀活动中,起着独一无二的作用。酒以成礼,因此,凡是祭祀,除要供献牛羊等牲畜及五谷瓜果外,还要敬献酒鬯。
而饮酒之风的盛行,刺激了酿酒业的发展,但若饮酒漫无节制,则不仅有害于饮酒者一己之身,而且会带来许多社会问题。古人对此早有认识,因此禁酒的历史与造酒和饮酒的历史一样悠久。历代王朝禁酒,不外乎三个原因,一是以国君为代表的统治集团,因纵酒可能会导致统治腐败,君臣之间会因酒失礼,大臣之间会因酒失和,从而危及政权的巩固,也害怕庶民百姓酗酒滋事,引发争讼殴斗,不利于社会安定,影响统治秩序。二是古代农迁业生产常因频繁的天灾人祸而遭致破坏,粮食骤然减产是常有的事,而酿酒要消耗大量的粮食,特别是遇到饥荒之年,政局不稳,若把粮食消费于造酒,就会加剧政局的不稳定。三是为了防止百姓造酒卖酒获取厚利,而由官府专卖,保以使国家垄断造酒的利润。我国历史上的魏晋时代,是个既动荡不安又自由潇洒的时代。与人一般不同的是,魏晋文人中不少人则是以畅饮,豪饮以至狂饮,酗酒,从狂饮,酗酒直至将命搭上。3.1.2酒器和酒的种类
中国酒文化包罗万象,丰富多彩,主要包括以下内容∶一,中国酒品种的形成和发展。按照经营上的习惯,中国的酒分为黄酒、白酒、果酒、露酒啤酒和葡萄酒六大类。其中每一大类又可以根据产地、原料、工艺特点、酒色、酒味、酒曲等区分为更多的种类。例如,白酒可以根据香型区出五种∶酱香型、清香型、浓香型、米香型、其他香型。而且,同一香型的酒,由于产地自然条件的差异、工艺操作细节的不同、其香气和风味会各有特色。中国的酒文化渊远流长,虽然历史最长的当属黄酒,但最能代表中国酒的莫过于白酒了,从某种角度可以说中国的酒文化酒是白酒文化。因为在中国的诸多酒种中,她历史悠久、工艺成熟、至今为止仍是世界上产量最大的蒸馏酒。中华文明产生在黄河流域,这里土壤肥沃、气候温和,很早成为农业大国。中国五谷类粮食产量大、品种多,粮食在满足了人们食用的功能,还有剩余,这为粮食酿酒奠定了基础。而被称为西方文明摇篮的希腊地处巴尔干半岛,三面环海,境内遍布群山和岛屿,土壤相对贫瘠,属于典型的地中海式气候。不利于粮食作物的生长,谷类作物产量低,仅能满足食用,很难有富余的用来酿酒。而更喜欢沙砾土壤的葡萄,以其耐旱性和对地中海式气候的适应性而在希腊广泛种植,葡萄酒满足了西方人对酒类的需求。中国人历来就十分重视酒器的使用,“就其用途而言,可分为贮酒器、盛酒器、卖酒器和饮酒器四大类”。在远古时代,由于生产力发展水平比较低,人们所用来饮酒的器具主要是一些天然的材料,并非特制而成,比如兽角、葫芦等。随着生产力的不断提高及酿酒业的逐步发展,酒器的材料和种类也繁多起来,像陶制酒器、青铜制酒器、漆制酒器、玉制酒器以及后来的金银酒器、玻璃酒器和不锈钢酒器等等,每一种酒器都有其不同的类型,比如青铜制酒器中就有尊、壶、皿、鉴、瓿等。有些酒器甚至是不同的动物形状,像羊、虎、牛、兔等;也有些酒器上绘有人物、山水、故事等,其种类繁多,造型各异。让人眼花缭乱。当然,这些形状各异、色彩缤纷的酒器使人们在饮酒的同时也能得到美的享受,同时也反映出了中国艺术文化的独特魅力。2.1.3中国的特色酒
说道中国的特色酒,就必定会联想到青稞酒,因为青稞酒是藏族的男女老少都喜欢饮用的一种传统饮料。在藏语中,婚礼就叫“喝青稞酒”,这同汉族人管婚礼叫“吃喜酒”意义是相似的。
一般人到藏民家去作客,热情的主人都会在你一进门就递上一满杯青稞酒,让客人先喝上一口,随即再添满,再喝一口,连续添三次,最后要满杯喝完。藏族将此称为“三口一杯”。客人完成这“三口一杯”。主人会非常高兴。客人不喝,那是不礼貌的,主人会以为小看他们。假如客人确实是因为不会喝酒而没有喝成这“三口一杯”,就可用无名指蘸点酒,将酒弹向右上方三下,主人仍会高兴地接受。“三口一杯”后,客人就可随意。与主人告别时,按藏族习俗,还得干上一满杯青稞酒。
据记载,青稞酒的酿制技术,还是唐朝时文成公主进藏带去的。青稞(一种高原生长的麦子)煮熟后,拌入酒曲,装入陶罐或木桶中,封严发酵,几天后加入水,再放一两天后就可饮用。青稞酒酒精含量约10度,属低度酒,颜色清淡,味道酸中带甜,人称“西藏啤酒”。3.2西方酒文化 3.2.1酒的种类和酒器
纵观各类酒品不难发现,东方以酿造米酒为主,而西方则以啤酒和葡萄酒为主。在西方文明的起源中,主要的农作物是麦类,众多考古发现表明,早在远古时代,巴比伦人就已用小麦制成啤酒,远古埃及人也有如何酿造啤酒的记载。在西方国家葡萄的产量和品质都首屈一指。在这样的条件下,西方的人们可以大量地用葡萄酿制并享用葡萄酒,所以古代西方盛行“啤酒和葡萄酒文化”。
西方的酒器虽然没有中国这么丰富,但也有其特色,而且,西方人讲究在不同的场合,饮用不同的酒,要选用不同的洒杯,像葡萄酒杯、白酒杯、白兰地酒杯及香槟酒杯等。此外,西方酒杯的制作讲究轻薄透明,因此其酒器多为玻璃和水晶制品,以便于欣赏酒的色泽,进而判断出酒的档次高低。西方人喝酒时习惯玩弄酒杯,让酒在杯中回旋,因此,西方酒杯的外形大都是窄口宽肚,不仅美观大方,而且轻巧实用,在保留酒香的同时还避免酒的溢出。由此可见,中国的酒器形象、优美;西方的酒器轻巧、方便,虽然差别比较明显,但各有其文化特色。现如今,随着社会的不断发展,中国传统的酒器已经少见,西方的酒器开始在中国受到欢迎,这也是我们提倡的文化融合的一种体现。3.2.2西方的酒吧文化
Bar多指美式的具有一定主题元素的酒吧,如体育吧。而Pub和tavern多指英式的以酒为主的酒吧。它最早起源于美国西部大开发时期,最初,在美国西部,牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来,所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木,用来拴马。后来,汽车取代了马车,骑马的人逐渐减少,这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木,便把它拆下来放在柜台下面,没想到却成了顾客们垫腚的好地方们,受到顾客的喜爱了。
据说,当时美国中西部的人骑马出行时,路过街边的小店,就把马拴在门口的一根椐木上,进去喝一杯酒顺便休息一下,然后继续上路。这样的小店就被称之为BAR。它们为城市中辛苦工作一天的人们提供一个放松身心和朋友聚会的场所。在这种酒吧中最重要的就是电视机,经常播放新闻节目、电视连续剧以及像棒球和足球这类体育节目。许多酒吧会放置一台大荧幕的电视机,用他们招揽顾客。它是一种大众闲暇消费的活动空间,也是一种欣欣向荣的文化新景观,更是泡吧者释放压力的港湾。
酒吧是一个自由的地方,西方人喜欢一群人边喝酒边高谈阔论,一边喝着,一边聊着,人与人之间都是平等、自由地进行交流和沟通,他们相互尊重彼此的看法。酒吧文化实质上是西方文化的重要表现形式,酒吧就是其文化表现力的标准模式,它属于一种新型的娱乐文化。欧洲人说:要找人,不在办公室或家里,到酒吧去;不在酒吧,肯定在去酒吧的路上。这句话听起来夸张了点,但确实体现出酒吧在西方人生活中的重要地位。西方绝大部分人都把酒吧当成社交、娱乐和饮食的场所。西方人的交往联系,往往是在酒吧里进行的,而不像中国人喜欢把朋友带到自己的家里。西方人士的许多重要的聚会,如生日聚会、结婚纪念聚会等都是在酒吧举行。在英国,在以冷漠著称于世的英国社会里,酒吧文化的形成被看作是为了促进社会交往。因为,人们在排队的时候,可以和身边同样等待买酒的人交谈。而想要了解英国生活和文化核心,酒吧是必不可少的。所有的邻里交往、朋友相聚基本上都是在酒吧中进行的,在酒吧喝啤酒也是溶入社会的一个简单易行的方式,平常克制保守的英国人在酒吧里表现另一个张扬,并且表现得淋漓尽致。而美国酒吧是用餐或者和朋友们喝一杯的好地方。他们通常会提供一份包罗了汉堡、牛排、沙拉和各种小吃的内容全面的菜单。许多酒吧还会以提供各种进口的葡萄酒、啤酒以及装在附带龙头的酒桶里的地方啤酒等广泛选择为特色。在白天,如果电视里正在播放一场体育比赛的总决赛,酒吧里会十分吵闹。在晚间,酒吧会播放生动的音乐,可以跳舞或者只是作为背景音乐。4.中西酒的创新 4.1酒器
伴随着酿酒业的发展和社会生产力的进步,酒器也有陶器、青铜器、木器,发展到金银器、瓷器、种类日益丰富,技术不断进步,成为我国酒文化的重要组成部分。在春秋战国时期,青铜冶铸的发展,出现了一些新的酒器,其用途也逐步摆脱作为礼器的雍容华贵,而向较为实用的日常生活用具的方向发展。及至现代,除了陶瓷酒具外,还有玻璃、金属、塑料等质地的酒器,具有贮酒、盛酒、温酒、饮酒等不同用途,不仅造型上风格多样,大小型号上也是千差万别,以满足人们饮酒的需要。
我国酒器的发展演变,不仅反映出我国手工业技术的发展历程,也反映出我国酿酒业的进步和饮酒习惯额的演变。酒器本身,又把雕塑、工艺、美术集于一体,达到了审美与实用的统一,因而一些酒器成为超绝的工艺精品和罕世的艺术瑰宝,在中华民族的文化之园中,闪烁着特有的光彩。正如好马要配以好鞍,才能体现一匹坐骑的完美一样。自古以来,人们饮酒时都喜欢用上好的酒具。在他们看来只有好的酒具才能配得上这人间的琼浆玉液。也许在每个人的心里,追求完美才是最真实的感觉,所以才会有“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的千古名句。
在中国封建社会,上好的酒具不但是财富的象征,更是身份和社会地位的象征,因此我们今天能够看到的那些上好的古代酒具,几乎都是那个时代的有钱人和王公将相所使用的。明代,瓷制品的生产技术持续发展,所以这时的酒器便以青花,斗彩,祭红最具特色。而到了清代,在瓷器酒器中具有清代特色的,如珐琅彩,素三彩,青花玲珑瓷及各种仿古瓷都十分著名。从明清时期到新中国成立,锡制酒器在民间被广为使用,这种锡制的酒具主要是用作温酒的器具。酒具的发展演变史,也是中国酒文化的一个缩影,纵观酒具的发展演变,便可看到中国酒文化在其中的点点渗透。
酒器的选择,让饮者对酒充分享受。选择让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒充分舒展的滗酒器、乃至为葡萄酒温度而专门设计的温度计,无不表现出西方人对酒的尊轻,他们的饮酒礼仪都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。4.2酿酒技术
酒是一种客观存在的物质,中西方酒文化差别在物质层面下的表现:在酒的用料与品类下,中国最具特色、最著名的是用粮食酿造的粮食酒,西方则是用葡萄酿的葡萄酒;在酿造工艺下,中国讲究料、水、曲三者统一,采用固态、复式发酵法,西方以料为核心,采用液态、单式发酵法。
法国葡萄公厂区蒙彼利埃和波尔多,为了改进红葡萄酒质量,采用了一个新设备,在葡萄破碎前进行全部热处理的新方法。这一工艺有三个优点葡萄经过热处理,可浸出葡萄皮上的色素和香气葡萄通过热处理,可破坏多酚氧化酶葡萄通过热处理,可去掉葡萄上的尘土和一部分果胶。但通过热处理的葡萄必须立刻冷却,进行发酵。在正常的年景,这个葡萄热处理方法可明显地改进葡萄酒的质量和色泽。4.3品酒
饮酒要观色、闻香、品味,调动各种感官享受美酒;品饮顺序,从较淡的酒到浓郁的酒。在一般情况下,无论什么酒,其酒的香气与酒液都是融合的,所以喝起来会给人一种浑然一体的感觉。如果把酒液直接暴露在空气当中,过一些时候,酒的香气就会有所散失,这时留下来的酒液便会让人感觉寡味难饮。由此看来,尽管饮者对酒的口味会有不同的感觉与选择,但一些鉴别好酒的基本标准,大体上应该是一致的。
一般来说,鉴别酒的好坏。主要是从酒的色,香,味三大指标来加以评定。
葡萄酒,不但在全球流传较广,也是果酒中最为常见的一种。不同品种的葡萄酒其风格也各不相同。白葡萄酒的颜色虽然一般说来近似于无色,但由于果肉原料的颜色差别,也使得白葡萄酒在颜色上具有浅黄,麦秆黄,浅黄略带微绿,金黄等不同的颜色差别。由此说来,深黄和褐黄颜色的葡萄酒并非优良的白葡萄酒。那么同样道理,由于葡萄酒品种的关系,红葡萄酒的颜色也分为自然地深宝石红,宝石红,石榴红,洋葱皮红,紫红等不同的颜色,而其中酒色清新润泽的一定是上品,除此之外,干白葡萄酒以酒液澄清透明为佳,干红葡萄酒则以色泽红亮为上,说到葡萄酒的口味,应该是洁净舒顺,和谐完整而爽口清快的。白葡萄酒清新纯柔;而甜葡萄酒还应该兼备甘甜,柔软和滋润等特点以及酸甜适口的风味;干白葡萄酒酸味突出而甜味不显;半干葡萄酒则必然略带甜味;干白葡萄酒入口新鲜柔和且清淡爽口,既有水果的清香又有陈酒的醇香;干红葡萄酒,则酒味浓而不烈,醇和协调,不涩不燥,且无刺舌之邪味,富有浓郁的酒香。
一杯好的酒向我们传达了这样的生活态度---乐于分享并努力追求丰富的生活,这无疑是最令人向往的人生体验,对奢华的孜孜追求,会使那些能够切实感受并分享它的人们,或为它所表达的意义中不可或缺的一部分。而名酒在给予我们味觉、视觉、嗅觉诸多美好感受的同时,也让我们领略到奢华最为强烈的直观体验,一次完美的奢华体验。往往会将人们的生活浓缩成一份美好的记忆。而人们将用那些体验奢华的片段来纪念和珍藏生命中最重要的时光,这也将成为岁月巅峰的铭记而被留在历史中。5.结语
酒是上帝给与的一份最美好的礼物。
在中国,酒常常被当做一种工具。所谓醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也。山水之乐,得知心而寓之酒,人们更多的依靠饮酒而追求酒之外的东西。青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄;杯莫停的将进酒,为的是与尔同消万古愁;竹林里狂歌的七贤,为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具,更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。而在西方,饮酒的目的往往很简单,为了欣赏酒而饮酒,为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然,在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能,但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。
酒是一种客观存在的物质,是一种文化。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式,渗透到社会生活的各个领域,在聚会中酒是必需品,中西方对于这种必需品有其不同的解读。以往的差别性探究主要倾向于酒文化的物质层面以及与古代诗歌、古代政治、酒令和饮酒礼仪的不同进行讨论。而分析和比较中西方酒文化的差异更有助于我们了解酒文化背后所隐藏的风格迥异、丰富多彩的文化和民族意义,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际和文化交流,更好地为英汉国家的文化交流起到积极的促进作用,最终更有利于整个世界人民的和谐和发展。参考文献
Patrick Matthews.2000.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley.Patrick McGovern.2000.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University.康明官,2003,《酒文化问答》。北京:化学工业出版社。
万晓艳,2009,从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化,《甘肃科技纵横》。
王宇,2009,论酒神狄奥尼索斯对西方文化的影响,《辽宁师范大学学报》,第32卷第1期。
朱迪,2005,《带一只酒杯去巴黎》
第五篇:中西方酒文化的比较研究
中西方酒文化的比较研究
A Comparative Study on Alcohol Culture Between China and Western Countries
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, my appreciation goes to my affectionate parents, and the rest of my family.On the process of composing the paper, they have been giving me continuous support, encouragement and understanding.Their love and support encouraged me to pursue progress all the time.And I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years.I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement.Finally, my deepest gratitude and respect go to my supervisor, Lu Li.It is for her constant encouragement, critical instructions, her great care and precious advice and suggestions that this paper appears in the present form.Abstract
Alcohol,which plays an important role in people’s daily life, is familiar to human beings.People’s life becomes colorful with it.As to alcohol culture, differences and similarities co-exist between China and the western countries.A large number of previous researches have been done on specific alcohol culture, whereas few studies focus on the alcohol culture comparison between China and western countries.Systematic and comprehensive researches in this regard are hard to find.Since comparative studies on the similarities and differences of alcohol culture between China and western countries are lacking, this paper attempt to explore the differences from the raw materials and drinking customs and conclude their similarities to introduce the alcohol culture of China and western countries.Key Words:alcohol;cultural difference;China and western countries
摘要
酒是人们非常熟悉的一种饮品,它在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用。酒使人们的生活变的丰富多彩。关于酒文化,中国和西方相似之处与差异共存。前人对特定的酒文化研究较多,而对中西方酒文化的比较都只做了简要的探讨,并未系统、全面的做出总结, 关于中西方酒文化的相似和差异的对比研究还比较欠缺。本文试图在前人研究的基础上,从酿酒的原料和饮酒的习俗等方面探讨中西方酒文化的不同, 并结合它们的相似处,介绍中西方酒文化。
关键词: 酒;文化差异;中国和西方国家
Contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………...1 I.History of alcohol ………………………………...……………........3 1.1 In China ………………...………………………………………....3 1.2 In west countries ………………………………………………......4 II.Alcohol culture in China and western countries ………………....6 2.1 Similarities in alcohol culture …………………………………......6 2.2 Differences in alcohol culture …………………………………......7 III.Intercommunication of alcohol culture …………………………15
3.1 The necessity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture..15 3.2 Suggestions to the intercommunication of alcohol culture …...…..15 Conclusion ………………………………………………………..……16 Bibliography …………………………………………………..….........17
Introduction
The alcohol as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire.It will brighten the bright and fool the fool.People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people and the beggars, all like it since it appeared.Undoubtedly, the alcohol can be said as a riddle.People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking alcohol.They regard drinking alcohol as an indispensable part of life.The formation of alcohol culture is different in different countries.In China, the word for alcohol “jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages.Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing alcoholic beverages.A legend in western countries about the origin of alcohol is also spread.The alcohol culture was gradually formed after the appearing of alcohol.The phrase ”the alcohol culture“ is put forward by the renowned economist professor Li in China.In 1994, Xiao jiacheng said that the alcohol culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center.While we pride ourselves on the long history of alcohol culture, we only to find that we depend excessively on the traditional alcohol culture.As a result we can not make any innovation.There is no development and progress without innovation.In this case, we can learn from the western countries.There are varied types of alcohol with different raw materials, such as Gin, Whisky, Vodka, Rum, and Brandy.Even the cocktail which appeared later is brewed based on some types of the alcoholic beverages.It is generally acknowledged that China is far away from the western countries geographically.As a result, the way to drink is different.Even in China, there is also some difference between nationalities on the way to drink.There are also some similarities of alcohol culture between China and western countries although the difference exists.The development of alcohol spirit accompanied with alcohol culture.While alcohol culture developed to a certain degree, schools of ideology came into being.In order to push the development of alcohol culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the alcohol culture.2 I.History of alcohol
1.1 In China The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars from Jiahu(Jiahu(贾湖 pinyin: Jiǎhú)was the site of a Neolithic Yellow River settlement based in the central plains of ancient China, modern Wuyang, Henan Province)which dated back to about 7000 BC[1:314].This early drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit.A variety of alcoholic beverages was used in China since prehistoric times.Alcohol, known in Chinese as jiǔ was considered a spiritual food rather than a material(physical)food, and extensive documentary evidence attests to the important role it played in the religious life.”In ancient times people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquets[1:314].“
A Chinese imperial edict of about 1116 BC makes it clear that the use of alcohol in moderation was believed to be prescribed by heaven.Whether or not it was prescribed by heaven, it was clearly beneficial to the treasury.At the time of Marco Polo(1254-1324)it was drunk daily and was one of the treasury's biggest sources of income.Alcoholic beverages were widely used in all segments of Chinese society, were used as a source of inspiration, were important for hospitality, were considered an antidote for fatigue, and were sometimes misused.Laws against making alcohol were enacted and repealed forty-one times between 1100 BC and AD 1400.However, a commentator writing around 650 BC asserted that people ”will not do without beer.To prohibit it and secure total abstinence from it is beyond the power even of sages.Hence, therefore, we have warnings on the abuse of it.“ 3 1.2 In west countries In Pre-Columbian American, alcoholic beverages were developed by many Native American civilizations some of which are still produced today.The traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica was pulque or octli which was made from the fermented juice of maguey.Mezcal was obtained by distilling pulque and tequila is a form of mezcal.It is believed to be beer but the main carbohydrate was a complex form of fructose and not starch.[3:178]
South America produced Chicha which is a Spanish word for a variety of traditional fermented beverages.Fruits, maize and manioc root formed the main ingredients of chicha.The Native American populations of Brazil made the traditional alcoholic beverage known as Cauim which was very similar to chicha and made using the same ingredients.A characteristic feature that set cauim apart from other alcoholic drinks was that the starting material is cooked, chewed and then re-cooked before fermentation.The saliva that is present in the ingredients of the cauim break down the starches into fermentable sugars.During the early modern period(1500-1800), Protestant leaders such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, the leaders of the Anglican Church, and even the Puritans did not differ substantially from the teachings of the Catholic Church: alcohol was a gift of God and created to be used in moderation for pleasure, enjoyment and health;drunkenness was viewed as a sin.A beverage that clearly made its debut during the seventeenth century was sparkling champagne.The credit for that development goes primarily to Dom Perignon, the wine-master in a French abbey.Around 1668, he used strong bottles, invented a more efficient cork(and one that could contain the effervescence in those strong bottles), and began developing the technique of blending the contents.However, another century would pass before problems, especially bursting bottles, would be solved and sparkling champagne would become popular.The original grain spirit, whisky and its specific origins are unknown but the distillation of whisky has been performed in Scotland and Ireland for centuries.The first confirmed written record of whisky comes from 1405 in Ireland, the production of whisky from malted barley is first mentioned in Scotland in an entry on the 1494, although both countries could have distilled grain alcohol before this date.Distilled spirit was generally flavored with juniper berries.The resulting beverage was known as jenever, the Dutch word for ”juniper.“ The French changed the name to genievre, which the English changed to ”geneva“ and then modified to ”gin.“ Originally used for medicinal purposes, the use of gin as a social drink did not grow rapidly at first.However, in 1690, England passed ”An Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of Brandy and Spirits from Corn“ and within four years the annual production of distilled spirits, most of which was gin, reached nearly one million gallons.It should be noted that at that time ”corn“ in England meant ”grain“ in general.5 II.Alcohol culture in China and western countries
2.1 Similarities in alcohol culture 2.1.1 Beautiful legends on the origin of alcohol Although there is much difference of alcohol culture between China and western countries, we can not neglect the similarities.In the first place, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of the alcohol.In China, some people think that Du Kang invented the method to make alcohol with a history of 4000 years, while other people think that Yi Di was the first person to brew alcoholic drink.However, there is a basically clear record about the origin of alcohol.In the west, though there is a not clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of alcohol was handed down.It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word ”poison“ to prevent others from eating them.There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to die at that time.She opened it and drunk for a few mouths.She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to die.Then she told the king the matter.A test is unavoidable.This, of course, is a beautiful legend.But the alcohol beverages, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind.2.1.2 Alcohol and literature In the second place, the alcohol culture has the surprising similarities on literature.In the realm of literature and art, the alcohol spirit is everywhere and affects the men of letters and refined scholars deeply in that freeness, art and beauty is united.Freeness reaches art and art produces beauty.To get the free state of art with intoxication is an important channel to get rid of bind and get the ability of creation by the ancient Chinese arts.[6:101] Alcohol, more than any other beverage, had a great impact on men of letters as it seems that many of them produced their peak masterpieces in states of drunkenness.Being drunk, and so being released of inhibition, was and is an important way for men of letters to unleash their artistic and creative talents.After drinking the mysterious liquid, many famous poets, such as Li Bai and Du Fu, excelled in writing and left us surprisingly marvelous poems.[7:54] The famous poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty(AD618-907)is known as the ”Immortal of Wine“ because of his love for alcohol.Guo Moruo, a modern scholar, compiled statistics about Li's poems and found 17 percent of them were about drinking.Alcohol inspired the poet and helped him create many beautiful poems.When Li Bai was happy he wrote: ”People should enjoy drinking as much as possible when they succeed“.When he was sad he wrote: ”I tried to comfort myself with wine but the wine made the sadness even worse“.Not only poetry but also painting and calligraphy were elevated to new heights with the consumption of alcohol.Wang Xizhi, the famous Chinese calligrapher respectfully called the Saint of Calligraphy, tried dozens of times to outdo his most outstanding work, Lantingxu(Orchid Pavilion Prologue), which was finished when he was drunk, but he failed.The original one was the best.The consumption of alcoholic beverages isn't just a coincidentally recurring quirk in the literary world: it's downright traditional.For many famous writers of the past and present, a cocktail glass is as at home in their hand as a pen.Consider what Ernest Hemingway said, “A man does not exist until he is drunk.” or William Faulkner, “Civilization begins with distillation.” and, famously, F.Scott Fitzgerald who spent the majority of his writing career(and life)in a state of perpetual tipsiness, “First you take a drink, then the drink takes a drink, then the drink takes you.”
2.2 Differences in alcohol culture 2.2.1 Different categories of alcohol
China is one of the three ancient countries in the world and has thousands of years of history to brew alcohol.Today, China is also famous for its masterly technology and distinctive style of alcohol and is more renowned for the long history and profound culture.The world people gradually realized the great value of alcohol culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese alcohol since the foundation of China.In China, the word for alcohol ”jiu“ is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, from ”pijiu“(beer)to liquors(just called ”jiu“)to grape alcohol(”putaojiu“).The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China can not be traced definitely.The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century.Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own.[8:59]The alcohol can be generally classified into two types, namely, yellow liquors(huangjiu)or clear(white)liquor(baijiu).The yellow liquor is fermented alcohol that is brewed directly from grains such as rice or wheat.Such liquor contains less than 20% alcohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration.This alcohol is traditionally pasteurized,aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale to consumers.Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu.White liquor(baijiu)are also commonly called shaojiu, which means ”hot liquor“ or ”burned liquor“, either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation.[9:25]There are a great many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored.According to different kinds of material, there are a large number of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us, such as:
Fen Jiu(汾酒)--this liquor was dated back to Northern and Southern Dynasties(5500 A.D.).It is the original Chinese white liquor made from sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 63--65%;Zhu Ye Qing Jiu(竹叶青酒)--this sweet liquor is Fen Jiu brewed with a dozen or more selected Chinese herbal medicine.One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves which give the liquor a yellowish-green color and its name.Its alcohol content ranges between 38 and 46 percent by volume;Mao Tai Jiu(茅台酒)--this liquor has a production history of over 200 years.It is named after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province.It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle.This liquor is famous to the western world when the Chinese government served this in state banquets entertaining the US presidents.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Gao Liang Jiu(高粱酒)--”Gaoliang“, commonly written ”Kaoliang“, is the Chinese word for a specific type of sorghum.Besides sorghum, the brewing process also use barley, wheat etc.The alcohol was originated from Da Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty.Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%;Mei Gui Lu Jiu(玫瑰露酒rose essence wine)--a variety of sorghum with distilling from a special species of rose and crystal sugar.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Wu Jia Pi Jiu(五加皮酒)--a variety of gao liang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine added to the brewing.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Da Gu Jiu(大麴酒)--originated from Sichuan province with 300 years of history.This alcohol is made of sorghum and wheat by fermenting in a unique process for a long period in the cellar.Alcohol content by volume: 52%;Yuk Bing Shiu Jiu(玉冰烧酒)--a rice alcohol with over 100 years history.It is made of steamed rice and stored a long period after distillation.Alcohol content by volume: 30%;Shuang Jing(双蒸酒double distillation)and San Jing(三蒸酒triple distillation)Jiu--two varieties of rice alcohol from the Jiujiang(九江)area by distilling twice and three times respectively.Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38--39% respectively;San Hua(three flowers三花酒)Jiu--a rice alcohol made in Gui Lin with allegedly over a thousand years history.It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition and the use of spring water from Mount Elephant in the region.Alcohol content by volume: 55--57%;Fujian Glutinous Rice Wine(福建糯米酒)--made by adding a long list of expensive Chinese herbal medicine to glutinous rice and a low alcohol rice alcohol distillation.The unique brewing technique uses another alcohol as raw material.The alcohol has an orange red color.Alcohol content by volume: 18%;
Hua Diao Jiu(花雕酒)--a type of yellow alcohol originates from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.It is made of glutinous rice and wheat.Alcohol content by volume: 16%.[11:75-77] This is the raw material of alcohol in China.In western countries, the types of alcohol are divided by the raw material:
Qinjiu(Gin), the first action of a special purpose for the spirits.Sylvius Docter, maker of this alcohol, was a professor of medicine well known in the Netherlands to Dayton University in the 17th century.He knew that the oil of Cadinene strawberry contained an element of diuretic which together with pure ethanol distillation to obtain cheaper diuretic drugs, and he succeeded finally.Not only medicine but it is a new species of alcohol beverages.[3:205] Qinjiu Types: The unique and different formula of Qinjiu used by the distillery.Qinijiu can be divided into 4 types according to brands, types, production.Netherlands Qinjiu(Holland)or(Dutch Gin), the taste is sweet accompanied with hot no matter it is pure to drink or to drink plus some ice.The two cases are both very tasty.It is basically made from malt.The flavor came from gin.It adds ice and a piece of lemon which is the best alternative of dry Martini.London Qinjiu(Tom Gin)or(London Gin): The sweet London Qinjiu is made with malt and grain as raw materials and primary products.Plymouth Qinjiu: It is similar to London Qinjiu although with different flavor.British Qinijiu: This alcohol is not sweet and has not the original savor.The difference British and the United States is an important factor.The British Qinjiu has lower alcohol after distillation but it retains more grain characteristics of low alcohol distillation.Secondly, the water, of course, Britain and the United States are different.Which mutually affect the characteristics of the technique and distilled spirits.Whisky The Characteristics of Whiskey: Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation and distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel.Although any cereal can be used to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, wheat, and barley.[3:206] The Origin of Whiskey: At present, four major producing areas, namely, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States.Most of these areas have produced whiskey named its origin in addition to Bourbon whisky and the United States blending whisky(Blended Scotch)and Light customers(Scotch whiskey)The Types Whiskey: Scotch whisky, American whiskey, Irish whiskey, Tennessee whiskey, Canadian whiskey Brandy Brandy's Character: Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue.Distilled alcohol content is less than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character.[3:206] ”Cognac“ Brandy: Cognac is a kind of Brandy alcohol distilled from alcohol in Cognac, French.It named by the French government law.Lyme alcohol(Rum): Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum alcohol where is abound in sugarcane.Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means excitement.Rum is distilled alcohol made from sugarcane as the raw material.It is different for the difference of producing area and the way to make it.It can be divided into three types according to the tint.It is one of the basic alcohols in confecting cocktail.[3:207] The Origin of Rum: The producing area is mainly in the place where people speak Spanish and English, such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Java along the East Indies.Puerto Rico Rum(Puerto Rico)which is famous for its light alcohol.Demerara Rum rather than Jamaica sales a large amount to the United States.Batavian Run(Batavian)is spicy Java Lime liquor.It is special because of the special flavor of honey, water, and the rice added to it to ferment.Hawaiian Rum(Hawaii)is the lightest available alcohol in the market which is made lately.It is the best beverages with orange juice.With ice and quinine water, Rum is the best beverages in the hot days.At present, ordinary Chinese people have always just used alcohol to help them celebrate the happiness in their lives.In China, a banquet known as ”jiuxi“ means an alcohol banquet and the life of every person, from birth to death, should have pauses for drinking banquets starting a month or 100 days after a baby's birth when the parents invite people in for a drink.When someone builds a new house, marries, starts a business, makes a fortune or lives a long life, he should invite people in for a drinking session.In modern times it is a pity that the games that go with drink are not the elegant ones of the past that involved poetry or music.Today, drinkers just play simple finger guessing games along with a lot of heavy drinking.It also seems today that friendship depends only on the volume of drink being consumed.It is widely said among the drinking fraternity that ”if we are good friends, then bottom up;if not, then just take a sip“.As we know, China has 56 nationalities and a wide range of territory.There is varied drinking custom for different nationalities.2.2.2 Different customs of drinking alcohol Several major Chinese festivals of the year have corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and drinking ”calamus wine“.Double Ninth Festival drink ”chrysanthemum wine“ to ward off evil and to wish their elders good health and longevity.Of course, no wedding ceremony is complete unless the happy couple symbolizes their love for each other by linking their arms to drink to their future happiness(jiaobeijiu), after which they offer a dutiful toast to their parents to thank them for the care they have given to them as children.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and alcohol are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the alcohol with the guests.” liquor of daughter in the south“(女儿酒)According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to brew alcohol when their daughter was born.Then they bury the brewed alcohol underground and keep it until their daughter marries.Then they take the jar up and paint auspicious pictures upon it to give greetings.This kind of alcohol was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu" Another difference exists in the custom of drinking alcohol.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive alcohol and custom of drinking alcohol.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.It there exists buying alcohol culture, that is, today I buy the alcohol for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Alcohol culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Alcohol culture that caused great effect on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of alcohol.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.[4:89]Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of alcohol came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the alcohol was brewed for Yi Di, the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking alcohol by man.The girls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking alcohol in modern times.2.2.3 Different purpose of drinking alcohol In China, alcohol is often used as a tool, the so-called “a tippler's delight lay not in alcohol but in mountains and waters.The delight to enjoy mountains and waters came from the bottom of his heart, and relied on alcohol as well”.People are mostly rely on alcohol to pursue other things rather than alcohol.[13:123] Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero;do not put down your cup in Invitation To Wine(将进酒,Li Bai)is to we may drown the woes age-old;seven sages are sing wildly in bamboo grove, in order to take refuge with alcohol.Alcohol in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's alcohol culture, and alcohol for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, they play more attention on wonderful role of alcohol after drinking it.In the West, the drinking purpose is very simple, in order to appreciate the alcohol to drinking the alcohol, in order to enjoy the alcohol to drinking the alcohol.Of course, alcohol in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of alcohol to enjoy.[5:78]
III.Intercommunication of alcohol culture
3.1 The necessity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture
The development of world alcohol culture depends on the intercommunication
of different nations.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Only by intercommunication people could share different kinds of alcohol culture and make progress quickly.Isolation is bound up with failure.It is a necessity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture
3.2 Suggestions to the intercommunication of alcohol culture
The development of world alcohol culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I’d like to present several suggestions as the following:
Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of alcohol culture.This give professors, experts and people who are interested in alcohol a chance to exchange their ideas and views about alcohol and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development of alcohol culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations and set the suitable rules.As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.Lastly, the innovation is crucial in developing alcohol culture.We couldn’t indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional alcohol culture excessively.We should innovate the alcohol culture to keep the booming vitality of alcohol.Conclusion
The alcohol is the best present that God has given to people.Alcohol culture comes along with the birth of alcohol since alcohol appeared.Due to the difference of alcohol, regions and environment, the faith brought by alcohol culture also has more or less difference.At first, the alcohol in China was the sweet alcohol made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet alcohol either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew alcohol with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the alcohol of China.However, the alcohol in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew alcohol with grape.The alcohol made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to Champagne and Brandy, grape as the raw material.Drinking alcohol in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic alcohol and custom of drinking alcohol.The culture of drinking alcohol has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of alcohol culture.The alcohol can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed alcohol is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing alcohol is vital, which is to make sure the alcohol is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of alcohol culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese alcohol culture will develop along with the development of the world alcohol culture.Bibliography 〔1〕 Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture [M].Princeton University, 2003.〔2〕 Haeger North American Pinot Noir [M].Langman, 2004.〔3〕Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking [M].Mitchell Beazley, 2000.〔4〕 Jeni Port.Crushed by women: women and win [M].Arcadia, 2000.〔5〕 Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook [M].Conran Octopus, 2000.〔6〕 王守国.酒文化与艺术精神[M].郑州:河南大学出版社, 2006. 〔7〕 铁流.中华酒文化大观[M].北京:当代中国出版社, 2000. 〔8〕 张爱敬.酒文化[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 1999. 〔9〕 张长兴.酒文化[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社, 2003.
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