机械类英文翻译（推荐五篇）

第一篇：机械类英文翻译

STUDY ON SLIPPERS FOR RAW WATER HYDRAULIC AXIAL

PISTON PUMPS AND MOTORS' 1.Abstract

As concerns for environmental compatibility, safetyand hygienic requirements, hydraulic systems using rawwater as pressure medium become more and moreattractive.A raw water hydraulic system has many advantages over conventional oil hydraulic systems,such as: environmentally compatibility, no pollution and no fire hazard, elimination of expensive oils with the associated problems of contamination, maintenance,storage, handling, elimination of the return hose, and elimination of health hazards, etc.But as a hydraulic medium, raw water has also drawbacks, such as very low viscosity, high vapor pressure, lack of lubrication and chemically active nature, etc., that all tend to promote problems of corrosion, wear, cavitation erosion, leakage, and so on, those problems must be overcome in the design and development of the raw water hydraulic components, especially the selection of materials and design of structure for the friction pairs in raw water hydraulic pumps and motors.The slipper/swashplate pair is one of the very important friction pairs in axial piston pumps and motors.Under the lubrication of raw water.materials for slipper/swashplate combination should have superior mechanical strength, low friction, resistance to corrosion, abrasion, cavitation erosion and sliding wear, and the structure of the slipper should be suitable for the characteristics of raw water and materials used

Based on authois researches, a new slipper foraxial piston pumps and motors is introduced in this paper.From tests with the slipper/swashplate lest rig, it shows that the new type slipper combined with appropriate swashplate has good tribological characteristics.This slipper can operate with raw water, even sea water.The successful study on slippers will provide good helps for design and development of raw water hydraulic axial piston pumps and motors with higher performance.2.Introduction The use of water as hydraulic fluid is not new.The first hydraulic machine as a means of transmitting not only energy but also control signals is raw water hydraulic press that manufactured by Joseph Bramah in 1795, which marks the beginning of the age of modern applied hydraulics.After that almost 100 years raw water was used as hydraulic medium, until the beginning of 20th century the mineral oil began to take the place of raw water.Because of the much better lubrication and anti-corrosi on properbes of mineral oil as compared with raw water and the development of oil resistant sealing materials, oil hydraulics boosted quickly and raw water hydraulics was left behind, gradually acquiring the image of an obsolete technology.As concerns over safe or environmental issues a number of other hydraulic fluids have been developed over the past decades, such as synthetic base fluids, water base fluids, and vegetable oil base fluids, etc.These fluids have their own advantages and a certain range of applications.For a given application, engineers can make the hydraulic system have satisfactory performance by careful hydraulic fluid choice and system design.However, these hydraulic fluids also have its own shortcomings,so me shortcomings of these fluids are inherent and fatal.No one of these hydraulic fluids can meet the requirements of fire resistance and environmentally protection at the same time, and most of these fluids are very expensive.The re-emergence of using raw water as hydraulic fluid is mainly because of the following reasons.(1)Environmental Protection Requirement

Without strict adherence to specific control techniques, it is nearly impossible to eliminate the threat of leakage in hydraulic systems.Industry observers believe that as much as 85% of all hydraulic fluids eventually leave their systems through slow leaks, catastrophic line breaks, or failures of fittings and seals.The leakage of hydraulic fluids with some toxic chemical additives not only make working conditions messy and unsafe, but also can not be biodegradable and have potential threat to the environment.Raw water has very good environmental compatibility and no pollution;water in the event of leakage eventually evaporates without leaving greasy or dirty residuals needs of applications for water hydraulics.The need of new applications is the intrinsic force of re-emergence and development of water hydraulics(2)Requirement of Safety

Mineral oil are flammable, its leakage or spilling from systems may be result in a fire when in or near heat sources.Water is not flammable and does not present a fire hazard.In some areas, such as steel and glass production, iron making and foundry, injection molding, die casting, nuclear power, coal mining, etc.the requirement of safety is prime, so raw water hydraulics may be the best choice in the near future(3)Hygienic Requirement

In some fields, such as gold mining, food and medicine processing, water supply industry, etc , where escaping of oil or chemical additives from hydraulic systems can smear the product and damage the quality of manufactured product.Under these conditions, raw water is an ideal pressure medium.(4)Economy Requirement

Water is available everywhere, needing no purchase, transport, storage, maintenance and disposal costs, so using water instead of mineral oil and other hydraulic fluids may offer tremendous economy.In ambient water environment, the system using raw water as hydraulic fluid can be designed as an open circuit.That means the return lines and water reservoir can be eliminated, further more the heater and the cooler of system are no longer needed, so the volume and weight of hydraulic equipment will reduced and the efficiency of system increased.If used underwater, such as in marine engineering, ocean exploration engineering, subsea equipment, underwater operation tools and robots, etc., water hydraulics can automatically counterbalance the water hydrostatic head, this is very important for improving the efficiency and performance of the hydraulic systems.(5)Need of New Applications

Along with the developments of modern science and technologies, many areas with special requirements provide many new opportunities of applications for water hydraulics.Such as fusion reactor equipment in nuclear power engineering, marine equipment and robots in ocean exploration engineering, etc，where the fire resistance, hygienic requirement, economy and environmental protection are all considered.Because of higher power density and smaller size of hydraulics than that of other power transmissions, there have urgent needs of applications for water hydraulics.The need of new applications is the intrinsic force of re-emergence and development of water hydraulics.3.Material Selection The slipper/swashplate pair is one of the very important friction pairs in axial piston pumps and motors.Under the lubrication of raw water,ingenious material selection is necessary.In a typical axial swashplate is stationary piston pump or motor, the swashplate is stationary;the swashplate angle with the shaft centerline determines the length of the piston stroke(see Fig.1)

When using raw water as lubricant,according to rawwater's chemically active nature, low viscositylubrication and high vapor pressure,more problem should be considered.Firstly, raw water especially seawater is more aggressive , a large number of ions in seawater result in that seawater have much higher electric conductivity and may lead to electrochemistry erosion.The materials used for slipper and swashplate inevitably suffer aggressive corrosion from raw water , and the materials used for traditional oil hydraulic components will not be suitable here.Secondly, the kinematic viscosity of water at 50℃ is approximately 0.55cs ,which is less than 1/30 of the viscosity of a typical mineral oil fluid.The very low viscosity must increase the difficulty of developing hydrodynamic film between slipper and swashplate,and the very small change of water’s viscosity with pressure means that elastohydrodynamic lubrication with hard materials is unlikely to occur.Hydraulic fluids with additives that aid in the boundary lubrication of contacting surface permit metal-on-metal contact without large amounts of surface damage or wear.Raw water contains on such additives and its lubrication is very poor.The poor lubrication of water is clearly one of its major dtawbacks, and will lead to increase contact fraction and possibly wear of contacting conponents.Indeed it is well documented that wear was the greatest problem experienced by the early users of water based fluids in axial piston pumps.Researches indicate that the elastohydrodynamic film of water is about 0.1μm thick at 3m/s and 20-60℃, the elastohydtodynamic film of HWBF is about 0.15μm thick at 0.19~1.27m/s and 23.5℃.So there are risks as high dry friction and strong wear between slipper and swashplate under the lubrication of raw water.Thirdly, the vapor pressure of water is much higher than that of mineral oil, which means that water boils or vaporizes much easier.Due to water’s high vapor pressure and high velocity flow caused be water’s low viscosity, the slipper and swashplate will be exposed to strong and fast cavitation erosion.So material selection for slipper/swashplate pair should depend on the operation conditions and the special properties of raw water.Materials for slipper/swashplate combination should have superior mechanical strength, low friction, resistance to aggressive corrosion, cavitation erosion,abrasion,and sliding wear, and should be easy available and cost low.4.Structure Design

The structure design of slipper is very important as well as the material selection.The use of polymers as the material of slipper will derive a new problem-how to make the slipper wrap on the ball-shaped head of piston.Probably the solution is to use corrosion resistant metals combined with polymers.The slipper can be divided into two parts.One is slipper pad made of polymer, directly contact on the swashplate, its main function is making the slipper have good tribological properties.The other is shoe made of corrosion resistant alloy, its main function is making the slipper wrap on the ball-shaped head of piston.This structure can take the advantages of both metal’s ductility and polymer’s good tribological property(see Fig.2).The main static forces exerted on slipper are show in Fig.3.The force F acted on slipper from piston head includes hydrostatic force Fp on the piston end, spring force Fs, inertia force Fa of piston and slipper, and friction force Ff between piston and cylinder bore as formula:

The reaction force N from swashplate can be divided into two components, component Nh of hydrostatic bearing force and component Nm of mechanical surface pressure,as following:

N=Nh+Nm

The relationship of N and F is:

F=N·cosα 5.Conclusions

Based on author’s researches, some conclusions about material selection and structure design of slipper under lubrication of raw water can be summarized as following:(1)Slipper made of polymers combined with swashplate made of corrosion resistant alloys has superior tribological properties.(2)Cotton fiber-filled phenolics can be used to manufacture slipper for a certain application range of operation pressure below 14MPa.(3)The spring force exerted on slipper should be strong enough to keep about 0.1~0.2MPa contacting pressuer on the surfaces of slipper and swashplate.Farther tests are underway, and ceramics with good toughness will be introduced to manufacture slipper and swashplate.The experiences of study on slippers will provide good helps for design and development of raw water hydraulic axial piston pumps and motors.References [1] Joseph L.Foszcz, Hydraulic Fluid Choices, Plant Engineering,(8),1996,68.[2]Li Zhuangyun, et al, Development of Hydraulic Pump to Operate with Raw water, Proceedings of ASME Fluid Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Washington DC, USA, June 21-25,1998.关于自然水液压轴向活塞泵和电动机的滑动部分的研究

1.摘要

基于环境和谐、安全和卫生需要的考虑，液压系统使用自然水作为压力介质这种现象变得越来越广泛。一个自然水液压系统相对于普通的油液压系统有很多优点，例如：环境和谐，没有污染，没有火的危害，与昂贵的油相关的危害、维护、贮存、管理问题的消除，返回塑料管的消除和健康危害的消除等等。但是作为液压系统的介质，自然水也有一些缺点，例如非常低的粘性，很高的水蒸气压力，缺少润滑和化学性自然等等，都加剧了腐蚀、磨损、气蚀侵蚀、泄露等问题，这些问题必须在设计和自然水液压元件的发展，尤其是材料和自然水液压泵和电动机的摩擦部分的结构设计中被克服。

滑动部分/旋转罗盘部分是轴向活塞泵和电动机中的重要摩擦部分。在自然水的润滑下，滑动部分和旋转罗盘结合部分的材料应该较好的机械强度、低摩擦力、腐蚀的抵抗性、磨损、气蚀侵蚀和滑动摩擦，并且滑动部分的结构应该对于自然水和使用材料的特性是适合的。

根据作者的研究，一种新型的用于轴向活塞泵和电动机上的滑块会在这篇文章中介绍。从滑块/旋转罗盘部分试验中表明这种新型的与合适旋转罗盘结合的滑块有着非常好的摩擦特性。这种滑块能够用自然水润滑，甚至是海水也可以。这个关于滑块的研究将会为自然水液压轴向活塞泵和电动机的更好发展提供好的帮助。2.介绍

水用来作为液压流体已经不是新技术了。作为转换能源和控制信号的一种方式，第一台液压机器就是自然水液体压力，并且在1795年由杰瑟夫大量生产，同时也标志着现代液压时代的开始。在那之后几乎100年自然水被用作液压介质，直到20世纪的初期，油介质开始取代水介质。和自然水相比，油介质有更好的润滑和矿物油的抗腐蚀性，并且油抗性密封材料，油液压装置发展的很快，自然水液压装置就落后了，渐渐成为一种过时的技术了。

基于在安全和环境问题方面的考虑，许多其他液压流体已经在过去的几十年发展了，例如合成来源液体、水来源液体和蔬菜油来源液体等等。这些液体有着它们各自的优点和确定的用途。对于一种给定的用途，工程师能够通过合理的液压流体选择和系统设计来使液压系统满足这个条件。然而，这些液压流体也存在着自身的缺点，其中的某些缺点是内在的并且是重大的。这些液压流体中没有一种能同时满足防火性和环保性的要求，同时大部分液体是很昂贵的。

使用自然水作为液压流体主要由于以下几个原因：（1）环境保护的需要

如果对于特殊控制技术没有严格的遵守，评估液压系统中的泄露威胁是不可能的。工业观察员相信所有液压流体中85%的流体最后都是通过缓慢泄露、严重的连接破损或者设备和密封的故障而离开液压系统的。液压流体和一些有毒的化学添加剂的泄露不仅使工作条件混乱和不安全，同时也不能生物降解和对环境存在潜在的危害。自然水拥有很好的环境适应性并且没有污染；水在泄露后也会消失而没有油腻和脏的残留物。（2）安全的需要

矿物油是可燃的，当周围有热源的时候它的泄露可能会导致起火。水是不可燃的，所以不会存在起火隐患。在一些区域，例如钢铁和玻璃生产，钢铁制造和铸造，注射模具，拉模铸造，核动力，采煤等等，对于安全的要求是主要的，因此自然水液压可能会成为将来的最好选择。

（3）液压的需要

在一些领域，例如金矿开采，事物和药品生产，水提供工业等等，这些由于油或者化学添加剂从液压系统中泄露而弄脏产品或是损害大批产品的质量，在这些条件下，自然水是一种理想的压力介质。（4）经济的需要

水在很多地方都是存在的，不需要购买、运输、贮存、保持和清理成本，因此使用水代替矿物油和其他液压流体可以提供极大的经济性。在包围的水环境中，系统使用自然水作为液压流体能够被设计成开式循环。那意味着返回线和水储藏可以消除，加热和冷却系统也不再需要了，因此液压设备的容积和重量也会减少而系统的效率会增加。如果水下作业，例如在海运的工程上，海洋探索工程，海底设备，水下操作工具和机器人等等，水液压能够自动的抵消水静力的前端，这对于提高效率和液压系统的性能是很重要的。（5）新应用的需要

随着现代科学和技术的发展，许多有着特殊需求的领域为水液压提供了很多运用的机遇。例如在核电工程中的核聚变反应装置，在海洋探索工程中的海运设备和机器人等等，这些地方需要考虑抗燃性，清洁的设备，经济性和环保等方面。和其它的能源转换相比，由于液压系统有较高的力密度和较小的尺寸，所以对于水液压的应用是迫切需要的。新应用的需要是水液压的出现和发展的内在反应。3．材料选择

滑动部分/旋转罗盘部分是轴向活塞泵和电动机中的重要摩擦部分。在自然水的润滑下，巧妙地选择材料是有必要的。

在一个典型的轴向活塞泵或电动机中，旋转罗盘固定不动的，旋转罗盘与轴线的角度决定了活塞盘的长度。

当使用自然水作为润滑剂时，由于自然水的化学活性自然，低粘性，润滑性差和较高的蒸汽压力，所以需要考虑很多问题。

首先，自然水，尤其海水是活性的，海水中的大量离子导致海水有很强的导电性并且会导致电化学腐蚀。用在滑块和旋转罗盘上的材料会不可避免地遭到自然水的活性腐蚀，并且用于传统油液压器件也不适合用在这里。

第二点，水的运动粘性在50℃时接近0.55cs，少于典型矿物油液体粘性的1/30。过低的粘性一定会增加发展滑块和旋转罗盘之间水力薄层的困难程度，并且水的粘性伴随着压力的很小变化意味着硬质材料的流体动力润滑是不容易发生的。带有添加剂的液压流体使得金属与金属表面之间没有大量表面破坏或是磨损。自然水不包含如此多的添加剂并且它的润滑性是很差的。水的润滑性差很明显是它的一个主要缺点，并且会导致接触、破碎、和接触器件之间摩擦的加剧。事实上摩擦是早期用水作为轴向活塞泵的流体的使用者遇到的最大问题。研究表明水的流体弹性动力薄层在3m/s和20~60℃时大约是0.1μm厚，HWBF的流体弹性动力薄层在0.19~1.27m/s和23.5℃时大约是0.15μm厚。因此在自然水润滑下，滑块和旋转罗盘之间有干摩擦和强烈摩擦时会存在危险。

第三点，水的蒸汽压力要比矿物油的高很多，这意味着水沸腾或是蒸发会更加容易。由于水的高蒸汽压力和高速流动性由水的粘性地决定的，所以滑块和旋转罗盘会受到强烈和快速的气穴气蚀损害。

因此，对于滑块和旋转罗盘部分材料的选择应该依据工作条件和自然水的特殊性质。滑块和旋转罗盘之间的连接部分应该有很好的机械强度、低摩擦、抗腐蚀性、和气穴气蚀、磨损和滑动摩擦，并且应该有很好的实用性和低成本。

4.结构设计

滑块的结构设计和材料的选择是同样重要的。

用在滑块上的高分子材料会产生一个新的问题，就是怎样使滑块包围住活塞前端的球形部分。其中一个解决办法就是使用抗腐蚀材料与高分子材料连接。滑块可以分成两部分。一部分就是由高分子材料制成的滑块垫，直接与旋转罗盘相连，他的主要的功能就是使滑块有很好的摩擦性能。另一部分是由抗腐蚀的合金材料制成的鞋，它的主要功能是使滑块在活塞的球形头上摩擦。这个结构能够很好的利用金属的展延性和高分子材料的摩擦性。（见图2）

在滑块上的主要的静力在图3中有表示。滑块上的力F来自活塞头，包括活塞尾端的液体压力Fp，反弹力Fs, 活塞和滑块的惯性力Fa,还有活塞与圆孔之间的摩擦力Ff。

来自旋转罗盘的反作用力N能够被分成两部分液压轴承力Nh和机械表面压力Nm，如下所示：N=Nh+Nm

N和F的关系是：F=N·cosα 5.结论

根据作者的研究，一些关于滑块在自然水润滑下的材料选择和结构设计结论可以总结为如下几条：

（1）用高分子材料制作成的滑块与用抗腐蚀性合金制成的旋转罗盘结合有很好的摩擦性。

（2）在滑块的大量制造中棉布纤维填充的酚醛塑料被使用，目的是使工作压力低于14MPa。

（3）在滑块上的反弹力应该足够强以确保滑块和旋转罗盘表面上的连接压力在0.1~0.2MPa。

除此之外还有一些实验需要进行，并且拥有良好韧性的陶瓷材料也会被引进用来大量制造滑块和旋转罗盘。在滑块研究上的经验将会为自然水液压轴向活塞泵和电动机的设计和发展提供很大的帮助。参考文献：

[1] Joseph L.Foszcz, Hydraulic Fluid Choices, Plant Engineering,(8),1996,68.[2]Li Zhuangyun, et al, Development of Hydraulic Pump to Operate with Raw water, Proceedings of ASME Fluid Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Washington DC, USA, June 21-25,1998.

第二篇：机械类-英文翻译

NC Technology

1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc.of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely.The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious.Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market(EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A.of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation

Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc..Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc.research and develop new lathe variety constantly.（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine tooling In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already.And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedly A、elligent research of the numerical control system Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically;Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc.of the electrical machinery parameter;There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc..B、The numerical control system melts and studies open Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction.System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm , disposing the norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument ,etc.are the core of present research to pass through.C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.2、Classification of the machining center（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up.Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round(turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece.Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage(the 4th axle)of axle process the spiral part at workingbench.The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces.Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.(2)Classify by craft use Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into.Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.(3)Classify by special function Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, suchapplication of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control.Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.（1）.The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality.At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system.Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation.Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically.Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc..At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.（2）.Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization(a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above)automatically to furnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc.to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different position of part at the same time.The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe , realize so-called “ the front desk processes , the backstage supporter is an editor ”.In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.（3）.Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time.Diagnose by oneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time.While breaking down , adopt the measure of shutting down etc.immediately , carry on the fault alarm, brief on position , reason to break down ,etc..Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically , put through reserve module , so as to ensure nobody demand of working environment.For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.（4）.Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control.It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM.With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great difference their programming necessary processing technology parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly.（5）.The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time.The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability.Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on..Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc.automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system.Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time;Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part “ redundantly ”, in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself;Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc.at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.（6）.Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole.Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale.And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further.So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.本文出自：Shigley J E.Mechanical Engineering Design.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998

数控技术

1、当前世界NC机床的研究现状

世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。机床工业有世界经济相互促进和发展，进入21世界知识机警时代，人们的知识所起的作用更加突出，而机床工业作为机器制造业的基础，其重点地位与战略意义也更加明显。在1991—1994年间，世界经济衰退，昂贵的FMS，CIMS降温，1995—2000年间，世界经济在低速增长，根据当前世界市场各方面用户为提高生产率对NC机床的要求以及世界四大国际机床展（欧洲的EMO、美国的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中国的CIMT）上展品的分析，当前世界NC机床的技术研究主要有以下几点：（1）、更加重视新技术和创新

在世界范围内，对新工艺、新材料、新结构、新单元、新元件的研究开发工作正在大力开展，如新的刀具材料、新的主轴结构、高速电主轴、高速直线电机等的开发研究。以加工工艺的改进创新为基础，为加工超硬、难切削材料及特殊复合材料及复杂零件、不规则曲面等在不断研究开发新机种。（2）、提高机床加工的精度和研究

为了提高加工中心的加工精度，不断提高机床的刚度、减少振动，消除热变形，降低噪声，提高NC机床的定位精度、重复精度、工作可靠性、稳定性、精度保持性，世界很多国家都在进行机床热误差、机床运动及负载变形误差的软件补偿技术研究，并采取精度补偿、软件补偿等措施加以改善，有的已经可以使此类误差消除60%。并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。（3）、提高机床加工生产率的研究

世界NC机床、加工中心及相应的高速点主轴、直线电机、测量系统、NC系统的开发，均以提高生产率为前提。（4）、许多国家都已经开始对数控系统的智能化、开放化、网络化研究 A、数控系统的智能化的研究

主要表现在：为追求加工效率和加工质量的智能化，对加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成进行研究；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，对反馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等进行研究；还有智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面、智能诊断、智能监控等方面的研究。

B、数控系统开放化研究

主要表现在：数控系统的开发在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终拥护，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控对象），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通行规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。

C、数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式的基础单元。

2、加工中心的分类

（1）按主轴加工时的空间位置分类有：卧式和立式加工中心。

卧式加工中心，是指主轴轴线水平设置的加工中心。卧式加工中心一般具有3—5个运动坐标轴，常见的是三个直线运动坐标轴和一个回转运动坐标轴（回转工作台），它能在工件一次装夹完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余4个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类工件。它与力式加工中心相比，结构复杂，占地面积大，质量大，价格高。

立式加工中心，立式加工中心主轴的轴线为垂直设置，其结构多为固定立柱式，工作台为十字滑台，适合加工盘类零件，一般具有3个直线运动坐标轴，并可在工作台上安置一个水平轴的数控转台（第4轴）来加工螺旋类零件。立式加工中心结构简单，占地面积小，价格低，配备各种附件后，可进行大部分工件的加工。

大型龙门式加工中心，主轴多为垂直设置，尤其使用于大型或形状复杂的工件，像航空、航天工业及大型汽轮机上的某些零件的加工都需要用这类多坐标龙门式加工中心。

五面加工中心，这种加工中心具有立式和卧式加工中心的功能，在工件一次装夹后，能完成除安装面外的所有五个面的加工，这种加工方式可以使工件的形状误差降到最低，省去二次装夹工作，从而提高生产效率，降低加工成本。

（2）按工艺用途分类有：

镗铣加工中心，分为立式樘铣加工中心、卧式樘铣加工中心和龙门樘铣加工中心。其加工工艺以樘铣为主，用于箱体，壳体以及各种复杂零件特殊曲线和曲面轮廓的多工序加工，适合多品种小批量生产。

复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现知道变换。（3）按特殊功能分类有：

单工作台、双工作台加工中心；

单轴、双轴、三轴及可换主轴箱的加工中心； 立式转塔加工中心和卧式转塔加工中心； 刀库加主轴换刀加工中心； 刀库接写手加主轴换刀加工中心； 刀库加机械手加双主轴转塔加工中心。

3、当今数控机床的发展趋势：

目前，世界先进制造技术不断兴起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技术的应用，柔性制造系统的迅速发展和计算机集成系统的不断成熟，对数控加工技术提出了更高的要求。当今数控机床正在朝着以下几个方向发展。

（1）.高速度、高精度化速度和精度是数控机床的两个重要指标，它直接关系到加工效率和产品质量。目前，数控系统采用位数、频率更高的处理器，以提高系统的基本运算速度。同时，采用超大规模的集成电路和多微处理器结构，以提高系统的数据处理能力，即提高插补运算的速度和精度。并采用直线电动机直接驱动机床工作台的直线伺服进给方式，其高速度和动态响应特性相当优越。采用前馈控制技术，使追踪滞后误差大大减小，从而改善拐角切削的加工精度。

为适应超高速加工的要求，数控机床采用主轴电动机与机床主轴合二为一的结构形式，实现了变频电动机与机床主轴一体化，主轴电机的轴承采用磁浮轴承、液体动静压轴承或陶瓷滚动轴承等形式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金刚石涂层刀具已开始得到应用。

（2）.多功能化配有自动换刀机构(刀库容量可达100把以上)的各类加工中心，能在同一台机床上同时实现铣削、镗削、钻削、车削、铰孔、扩孔、攻螺纹等多种工序加工，现代数控机床还采用了多主轴、多面体切削，即同时对一个零件的不同部位进行不同方式的切削加工。数控系统由于采用了多CPU结构和分级中断控制方式，即可在一台机床上同时进行零件加工和程序编制，实现所谓的“前台加工，后台编辑”。为了适应柔性制造系统和计算机集成系统的要求，数控系统具有远距离串行接口，甚至可以联网，实现数控机床之间的数据通信，也可以直接对多台数控机床进行控制。

（3）.智能化现代数控机床将引进自适应控制技术，根据切削条件的变化，自动调节工作参数，使加工过程中能保持最佳工作状态，从而得到较高的加工精度和较小的表面粗糙度，同时也能提高刀具的使用寿命和设备的生产效率。具有自诊断、自修复功能，在整个工作状态中，系统随时对CNC系统本身以及与其相连的各种设备进行自诊断、检查。一旦出现故障时，立即采用停机等措施，并进行故障报警，提示发生故障的部位、原因等。还可以自动使故障模块脱机，而接通备用模块，以确保无人化工作环境的要求。为实现更高的故障诊断要求，其发展趋势是采用人工智能专家诊断系统。

（4）.数控编程自动化随着计算机应用技术的发展，目前CAD／CAM图形交互式自动编程已得到较多的应用，是数控技术发展的新趋势。它是利用CAD绘制的零件加工图样，再经计算机内的刀具轨迹数据进行计算和后置处理，从而自动生成NC零件加工程序，以实现CAD与CAM的集成。随着CIMS技术的发展，当前又出现了CAD／CAPP／CAM集成的全自动编程方式，它与CAD／CAM系统编程的最大区别是其编程所需的加工工艺参数不必由人工参与，直接从系统内的CAPP数据库获得。

（5）.可靠性最大化数控机床的可靠性一直是用户最关心的主要指标。数控系统将采用更高集成度的电路芯片，利用大规模或超大规模的专用及混合式集成电路，以减少元器件的数量，来提高可靠性。通过硬件功能软件化，以适应各种控制功能的要求，同时采用硬件结构机床本体的模块化、标准化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生产批量，又便于组织生产和质量把关。还通过自动运行启动诊断、在线诊断、离线诊断等多种诊断程序，实现对系统内硬件、软件和各种外部设备进行故障诊断和报警。利用报警提示，及时排除故障；利用容错技术，对重要部件采用“冗余”设计，以实现故障自恢复；利用各种测试、监控技术，当生产超程、刀损、干扰、断电等各种意外时，自动进行相应的保护。

（6）.控制系统小型化数控系统小型化便于将机、电装置结合为一体。目前主要采用超大规模集成元件、多层印刷电路板，采用三维安装方法，使电子元器件得以高密度安装，较大规模缩小系统的占有空间。而利用新型的彩色液晶薄型显示器替代传统的阴极射线管，将使数控操作系统进一步小型化。这样可以方便地将它安装在机床设备上，更便于对数控机床的操作使用。

第三篇：毕业设计机械类

江西现代职业技术学院

毕业设计任务书

课题

院

系机械分院

专业班级

学生姓名

学

号

指导老师

审

批

任务书下达日期2011年11月28日 任务书完成日期 2011年12月16日

零件分析

零件图：板类零件9

本零件是一个凸台结构，凸台上铣一个环，再钻四个螺纹孔

零件的外形尺寸：100mmx100mm 正方形，材料为45#钢，有直线与圆弧组成。应采用三轴联动数控铣床

此零件之前没有进行粗加工毛坯大小：120mmx120mmx17mm

零件的最大轮廓公差为：±0.1

表面粗糙度其余均为6.3，四个侧面不作要求

2毛坯

尺寸：120mmx120mmx17mm

未经过任何加工，表面粗糙度比较差，先选择铣一个平面，再以这个平面作为基准面

3零件的技术要求

表面粗糙度为3.2，其余6.3

零件的侧面不做要求

第四篇：机械类自荐信

自荐信

尊敬的领导：！

您好!

一名有扎实专业知识，具有团队协作精神，具有坚强意志和充满自信的机械学子——来自山东胜利职业学院的我扎实的专业知识是成功的根本。我深知这一点，充分利用大学三年时间，认真学习，并且取得了良好的成绩。通过大学三年的学习，不仅使我掌握了机械行业的相关理论，而且使我具备了较强的动手能力和设计能力。

随着社会化大生产的发展，社会需要具备多项技能的复合型人才。在学好专业课的同时，我自修了普通话、口语和国际金融等热门知识。在计算机方面，能熟练运用CAD/CAM进行绘图，熟练掌握Windows,word,Office2000等办公软件及网路操作和计算机的简单维修 队协作精神是发挥所学的保证。为了它，我积极参加集体活动，具备较强的协调能力。坚强的意志是成功的必备素质。为了它，我男儿有泪不轻弹。

为了方便您更详细地了解我的情况，请审阅我呈上的简历以及相关材料。

我有知识，我重团队，我自信，我坚信……

给我一次机会，还您一个惊喜！

选择我，没错！

自荐人：宋心凯

2008年10月11日

第五篇：机械类工作总结

工作总结

在过去的一年中，在厂领导车间领导的帮助带领下，经过了工人同事的共同奋斗，和自己的积极努力，做了以下工作:

一． 工作态度，思想工作。

我热衷于本职工作，严以律己，遵守各项厂规制度，严格要求自己，摆正工作位置，时刻保持“谦虚，谨慎，律己”的工作态度，勤奋学习，积极进取，在领导的关心培养和同事们的帮助下，努力提高自我，勤奋工作，认真完成任务，履行好自己的职责。二． 工作情况：

（一）泵的维修

虽然自己在车间设备管理维修中不断的努力，但是设备事故仍不断发生，说明自身对本车间设备了解还不够深刻，设备管理仍有很大漏洞，急需修正设备管理维修的正确方向。通过两个星期的学习与班长工人一起处理设备故障，安装设备，维护保养设备。测绘电机及泵端联轴器尺寸存档为以后工作提供数据资料。上网查找水泵维修相关资料并与班长商讨水泵检修项目，确认水泵安装尺寸联轴器两端间隙一般为4-8mm，水泵与电机的不同轴度，径向位移不应超过0.2mm，滚动轴承径向磨损量一盘不应超过0.3mm。

（二）继电器的维修

液压阀线圈，继电器判断为继电器触电烧蚀氧化，该继电器触点每天正常工作1944次，原因为触电使用时间长触电老化，更换故障继电器故障排除。通过与工人师傅一起处理故障发现液压系统维修方面的不足之处。并到图书馆借阅回相关液压基础书籍，与班长钳工组长一起学习研究，向班组长讲解液压系统液压泵，控制阀原理。(三)DYH—0.6S有轨操作机的设计和安装

DYH—0.6S系列操作机是我们厂上得一个新项目，该产品采用全液压传动各运动系统，皆为无极调速。该产品造型美观、转动灵活、结构紧凑、性能良好，是我国锻造行业最先进的设备之一，可与750kg空气锤、1000—2000kg蒸空两用锤或其它相应吨位的锻锤配套使用，是锻造行业的必配设备。

我和师傅们日夜加班，解决了一个又一个技术上的难题，终于在规定的时间内完成样机试制，达到了各项技术要求。

（四）找毛病，提高设备运转率。

俗话说设备3分用，7分养。设备使用不当养护不及时就会出现使用寿命降低，故障率上升。维修频率多影响生产。上年最后一个月，利用车间早会前时间重点各种钻机的电气控制和液压控制。督促各班组设备点检维护。保证产品出厂前的质量问题。

三、下年工作方向。

下年重点整改自己在设计产品过程中出现的问题，查找钻机系统问题，将已经发现的问题反馈车间及有关领导，多请教车间及有关领导。准备设计一台新型BZC600正反循环钻机和一台非开挖导向钻机。在以后的工作中要弥补不足，吸取教训。

最后，我想说的是，上面只是我工作中取得的一点成绩，这与单位的领导和同事们的帮助是分不开的。我始终坚信一句话“一根火柴再亮，也只有豆大的光。但倘若用一根火柴去点燃一堆火柴，则会熊熊燃烧”。我希望用我亮丽的青春，去点燃周围每个人的激情，感召激励着同事们一起为我们的事业奉献、进取、立功、建业„„

王子萱 2010.10.1