第一篇：欧洲文学史(成考答案)
一、填空题 10分
1、莎士比亚的四大悲剧
答案：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《麦克白》、《李尔王》。
2、文体形式的多样.小说：书信体（《新爱伊丝》）
3、清教徒文学 ：约翰·班扬 《天路历程》 约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》、《复乐园》《斗士参孙》
4、文艺复兴文学传统中人文主义观念：拉伯雷《巨人传》、塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》
5、“狂飙突进运动”青年歌德和席勒都参加了这场运动。
6、《神曲》是但丁的代表作
7、《伊利昂纪》（《伊利亚特》）与《奥德修纪》（《奥德赛》）合起来称为《荷马史诗》
8、“两希”文学传统是指 “古希腊文学传统” 和“希伯来（Hebrew）－基督教文学传统”
9、《伊利昂纪》（《伊利亚特》）与《奥德修纪》（《奥德赛》）合起来称为《荷马史诗》
10、埃斯库罗斯的剧作《俄瑞斯忒斯》
11、《伊利昂纪》（《伊利亚特》）与《奥德修纪》（《奥德赛》）合起来称为《荷马史诗》盲诗人荷马创作。
12、古希腊悲剧的三大悲剧家：①埃斯库罗斯、②索福克勒斯、③欧里庇得斯
二、名字解释
1、“两希”文学传统
答案：“两希”文学传统是指古希腊文学传统和希伯莱——基督教文学传统；古希腊文学强调人的原欲和敏感的文学传统：《荷马史诗》，古希腊神话与古希腊戏剧（悲、喜）；希伯莱-基督教文学是重灵魂、群体、来世的理性文学传统：《圣经》。
2、城市市民文学
答案：城市文学由称市民文学，它是12世纪以后随着工商业中心城市的兴起而产生的反应市民思想感情的世俗文学。取材于现实生活，充满乐观精神。主要内容是揭露、抨击封建主、僧侣的愚蠢和专横，赞美市民的勇敢、机智、美德以及聪敏；在艺术多采用讽刺手法、风格活泼。代表作是《列那狐的故事》。
3、《新生》
答案：但丁的《新生》创作于1292—1293年，为死去的女友贝阿德里采而作，风格清新真挚。（“当爱情激动我的时候，我根据它在内心发出的指示写下来。）”
4、《神曲》
答案：《神曲》是但丁的代表作，又名《神圣的喜剧》，从1307年开始，大约用十多年的时间完成。
（1）《神曲》的结构：地狱、炼狱、天堂各三层，共各九层。
（2）《神曲》的主题：①抨击封建专权和教会统治。②对现实世界的歌颂。③反对蒙昧主义，提倡文化。（3）《神曲》的艺术特征：①对中世纪游历梦幻文学传统的发扬。②作品结构上的设计的精巧合理。③人物形象的寓意象征上有其独特内涵。
5、“七星诗社”
答案：龙萨；具有浓重的贵族倾向，风格典雅；但肯定生活，歌颂自然和爱情，反对禁欲主义，追求民族诗歌的建立。
6、“狂飙突进运动”
答案：德国启蒙主义文学开始于18世纪20至40年代。在70-80年代的“狂飙突进运动”（名词解释）中得到迅猛发展。青年歌德和席勒都参加了这场运动。在这场运动中，他们大力鼓吹文学的民族性、个性、天才和自然性，主张向古代的荷马、莎士比亚以及民歌学习，主张建立合乎“自然人性”的理想社会，歌颂大自然、儿童和淳朴的普通人民。
7、《荷马史诗》
答案：该书创作于公元前8世纪左右，相传是由名叫荷马的诗人根据真正的战争历史整理而成的，分为两个部分，《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》合起来称为《荷马史诗》。《荷马史诗》的内容包括两个：《伊利昂纪》写的是公元前12世纪希腊人围攻特洛伊城的故事；《奥德修纪》写的是希腊英雄奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后还乡的故事。
三、简答题
1、请复述埃斯库罗斯的剧作《俄瑞斯忒斯》的故事情节。
答案：《俄瑞斯忒亚》是流传至今的唯一一部完整的古希腊三连剧，包括《阿伽门农》、《奠酒人》、《报仇神》。故事以阿耳戈斯国王阿特柔斯家族的世仇为背景。《阿伽门农》以探哨的瞭望开场，歌队讲述了阿特柔斯之子阿伽门农献祭女儿的经过。阿伽门农在荡平特洛伊后返回家乡，被王后克吕泰墨斯特拉所杀。《奠酒人》描写阿伽门农之子俄瑞斯忒斯回国，遵照阿波罗的谕令，先杀埃吉斯托斯，经犹豫复杀母亲，在复仇女神追踪下逃离。《报仇神》描写俄瑞斯忒斯按照太阳神的指令前往雅典，求雅典娜帮助。当俄瑞斯忒斯被复仇女神指控后，经法庭审判，定罪票与赦罪票持平，雅典娜最终投票赦免被告。这个三部曲的基本主题反映了父权制对母权制的斗争和胜利。
2、请复述欧里庇得斯的剧作《美狄亚》的故事情节。
答案：在希腊神话中，她是科奇斯岛会施法术的公主，也是太阳神赫利俄斯的后裔。她集美貌、智慧、强势于一身，与来到岛上寻找金羊毛的伊阿宋王子一见钟情。为了帮助伊阿宋取得金羊毛，美狄亚用自己的法术帮助伊阿宋完成了自己父亲定下的不可能任务。取得金羊毛后，美狄亚和伊阿宋一起踏上返回希腊的旅程。
美狄亚的父亲听到她逃走的消息，派她的弟弟前往追回她。为了捍卫自己的爱情，美狄亚杀死了自己的弟弟，并将弟弟的尸体切开，分割成碎段，抛在山上各处，让父亲和追赶的差役忙于收尸，以此拖延时间和伊阿宋一行人离开。
伊阿宋回国后，美狄亚用计杀死了篡夺王位的伊阿宋的叔叔帮助伊阿宋取回王位。从此二人拥有过度并过上了幸福的生活。
10年的时光过去了，伊阿宋一方面畏惧美狄亚的魔法会伤及自己，另一方面厌倦了美狄亚的容貌爱上了邻国的公主。为此，由爱生恨的美狄亚实施了她的复仇计划：用下了毒的衣服杀死了伊阿宋的新欢，同事包括她的两个孩子。爱恨交错，美狄亚用她极端的方式来维护了她极端的爱情，用极端的方式来诠释了她信仰的忠诚与背叛。
3、请简述文艺复兴文学传统中人文主义观念的发展。
答案：（1）14世纪初－15世纪中叶，人文主义文学发展的早期，主要是以人的“欲望（desire）”张扬来抨击神权的不合理。主要成就在意大利与英国。薄伽丘《十日谈》、乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》。
（2）15世纪下半叶－16世纪上半叶，人文主义文学发展的中期，主要是展示“巨人（Giant）” 风采。主要成就在法国。拉伯雷《巨人传》。
（3）16世纪下半叶－17世纪初，人文主义文学发展的晚期，对人性缺陷或者恶的展现与探讨。主要成就在西班牙与英国。塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》、莎士比亚的戏剧。
四、论述题
1、请结合作品分析莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中“哈姆雷特”这一人物形象的性格物征。
答案：（1）人类自信的象征（快乐王子）：“人类是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！” “朝臣的眼睛、学者的辩舌、军人的利剑、国家所瞩望的一朵娇花；时流的明镜、人伦的雅范、举世注目的中心，这样无可挽回地殒落了！
（2）人性复杂的象征（延宕王子）：“仿佛负载万物的大地，这一座美好的框架，只是一个不毛的荒岛；这个覆盖众生的苍穹，这一顶壮丽的帐幕，这个金黄色的火球点缀着的庄严的屋宇，只是一大堆污浊的瘴气的集合。”哈姆雷特的犹豫和延宕是对人之局限性、内在复杂性的展示。
（3）人性完整的象征：人性的自信；人性的缺陷（复仇、彷徨）；人性的内省；圆形人物。
2、请复述索福克勒斯的剧作《俄底浦斯王》的故事情节。
答案：（公元前431）是索福克勒斯(Sophocles)的代表作。它取材于希腊神话传说中关于俄狄浦斯杀父娶母的故事
俄狄浦斯是忒拜王拉伊奥斯的儿子，拉伊奥斯预知自己的儿子会杀父娶母，因此，俄狄浦斯一出生就被他父亲让牧人把他抛弃，但是，科林斯王发现了他，把他收为养子。俄狄浦斯长大成人后，知道自己可怕的命运，便逃了出去，可事不凑巧，他恰好来到了忒拜，在那里当了国王，还娶了前王的妻子。后来，忒拜城里发生了瘟疫，死了很多人，弄得人心慌慌。神说只有找出杀害前王的凶手，瘟疫才能停止。而当地的预言家说凶手就是俄底浦斯，俄底浦斯不信，认为是有人陷害他。王后告诉他前王是在一个三叉路口被人杀害的，俄狄浦斯怀疑前王是自己所害，因为他确实在一个三叉路口杀害过一个老人。后来，经过调查，找到了当年的牧人，事情的真相大白，应了神的预言，俄底浦斯受到命运的惩罚。俄底浦斯刺瞎了自己的双眼离开的忒拜王国流放自己......3、请复述《伪君子》的故事情节。名著《伪君子》---作者莫里哀，共为五幕剧 《伪君子》写伪装圣洁的教会骗子答尔丢夫混进商人奥尔恭家，图谋勾引其妻子并夺取其家财，最后真相败露，锒镗入狱。剧作深刻揭露了教会的虚伪和丑恶，答尔丢夫也成为“伪君子”的代名词。其剧作在许多方面突破古典主义的陈规旧套，结构严谨，人物性格和矛盾冲突鲜明突出，语言机智生动，手法夸张滑稽，风格泼辣尖利，对世界喜剧艺术的发展有深远的影响。
4、请复述《十日谈》中“绮思梦达的故事”的情节。
答案：这是一篇爱情故事，故事突出描写了一位新时代新女性绮思梦达的形象。年轻漂亮的绮思梦达早年丧夫，成了寡妇，但真性情的她却从来没有丧失对真爱的追寻。可是他的父亲唐克烈国王封建保守，过多疼爱女儿也不愿女儿再嫁。父亲身边有一个叫纪斯卡多的侍卫，品德高尚、气宇轩昂，绮思梦达勇敢爱上了他，随后二人陷入爱河，使用各种方法秘密约会，但是纸包不住火，唐克烈国王有一天发现了绮思梦达与纪斯卡多的私情，对此非常恼火。唐克烈国王责怪女儿不应该跟如此低贱身份的人来往，绮思梦达无畏地向父亲表露真情，并不断地夸赞纪斯卡多各种优点以及自己宁死不屈的决心。唐克烈国王不听女儿的任何劝阻，强权之下杀了纪斯卡多，并把纪斯卡多的心脏装入金杯当做礼物送给绮思梦达，绮思梦达泪如雨下亲吻了那颗心脏，随后把早已准备好的毒草汁一饮而下，当场殉情而忙。唐克烈国王得知女儿自杀的消息他追悔莫及。大结局他随了女儿临终前的愿望把绮思梦达和纪斯卡多合葬在一起，并举行了隆重的葬礼。整个故事完整地展现了绮思梦达勇敢而爱与命运抗争、与父亲抗争、与时代抗争的新时代女性情怀。
第二篇：《欧洲文学史》读书笔记
绪言
古希腊文学，重点：荷马史诗，希腊悲剧，柏拉图《对话录》，亚里士多德《诗学》，他们是欧洲文学传统中最根本的理论和实践的基础。
中世纪欧洲文学，重点，法国。法兰西文学吸收了日耳曼民族文学和凯尔特民族文学的精华。《罗兰之歌》亚瑟王的故事《玫瑰传奇》《列那狐传奇》
中世纪过渡到文艺复兴，重点《神曲》
文艺复兴：英国代表，莎士比亚的戏剧和诗歌。法国拉伯雷《巨人传》反应文艺复兴时期人文主义精神和教育改革要求，西班牙《堂吉诃德》最早的一部欧洲现代小说
启蒙运动时期，法国文学，法：雨果，德：莱辛，歌德，席勒，英：华兹华斯，拜伦，雪莱，欧洲近代史的积极意义，斯本格勒（Oswald Spengler）《西方的衰落》西方历史分为三个时期：
一、古代，阿波罗精神（the Apollonian Soul），二、中世纪，“东方贤人精神”（the Magian Soul），三、近代，“浮士德精神”（the Faustain Soul）。歌德晚年将浪漫主义和古典主义融合在一起，是他以前欧洲文学传统的集大成者。
欧洲文学传统中最突出的特点就是作品的思想性和艺术性的统一。第一章，古希腊文学 第一节，概述
欧洲古代文学主要指公元前9世纪到前1世纪产生在欧洲本土上的文学，最具代表性的是希罗。
古希腊文学产生的历史文化背景：一是欧洲本土的上古文化，二是埃及、亚细亚文化。上古文化：克里特—迈锡尼文化（前30-12世纪），即爱琴文化
前30世纪后期，克里特岛进入青铜时代，前16世纪中叶全盛，线形文字A，前14世纪毁灭，火山地震
迈锡尼，前20世纪中叶，亚该亚人所创，他们与前20南迁，征服土著，线形文字B，前12-11世纪，北方多里安人（多利斯人）南下摧毁之。
前11-8世纪，荷马时代/英雄时代，欧洲上古文化从此让位于古希腊文化 第二节，希腊神话
两部分：神的故事，英雄传说
神的故事：关于开天辟地、神的产生、神的谱系、天上的改朝换代、人类的起源和神的日常活动。万物都是神的身影，万事取决于神的意志。古希腊人常在神话中嘲笑神的邪恶，指责神的不公正。荷马史诗：“神给可怜的人以恐惧和痛苦，神自己则幸福而无忧地生活着。”
英雄传说：对于远古的历史、社会生活和人与自然做斗争等事件的回忆。英雄传说以不同的家族为中心形成了许多系统：赫拉克勒斯的12件大功，忒修斯的为民除害，伊阿宋取金羊毛，特洛伊战争等。
神话中包括一部分关于生产知识的传说。
神话是古希腊文学的土壤，此后的诗歌、悲剧等都以神话和英雄传说为题材。第三节，荷马史诗
荷马年代无定论，约前10至前8、9之间。
荷马是盲人的说法相当流行，因为古希腊卖唱者“行吟诗人”多半是盲人。
两个时期：口头流传时期，文字流传时期。史诗最初形成在前12-9前后，前6世纪，僭主庇西特拉图命人用文字记录下来，前3-2世纪，由亚历山德里亚学者编订，每部各分为20卷。
产生过程：小歌说，核心说，统一说
小歌说：荷马史诗是由若干各自成篇的“小歌”连缀而成，并非荷马个人成果。[德]沃尔夫：荷马史诗中有若干前后矛盾、重复之处，很像是若干民间口头创作的短歌集合体。
核心说：承认荷马史诗的基础很可能由若干短诗构成，但又进一步指出荷马及其门徒并未停留在这一基础之上，而是由此将短篇有机地建构，加工成长篇巨制。集体创作+和人修改补充。
统一说：荷马的两部史诗具有统一的艺术结构，只可能出自一人手笔。因此作者就是荷马。
《伊利亚特》较早，24卷，15693行，背景：阿喀琉斯父母婚礼，不和女神厄里斯，特洛伊王子帕里斯，阿弗洛狄忒，斯巴达国王墨涅拉俄斯，海伦，迈锡尼王阿伽门农，十万大军战舰千艘，特洛伊王子赫克托耳，帕里斯之弟，战争第十年，阿喀琉斯拒绝参战，是为楔子，讲述51天。帕忒洛克罗斯，普里阿摩斯（老国王），葬礼。
《奥德赛》波塞冬，第十年，斯刻里亚岛，艾菲克斯人，阿尔喀诺俄斯，忘忧果之乡，独眼巨人库克罗普斯，爱奥里亚，风神之袋，变猪女巫岛，冥界，塞壬妖女岛，太阳神岛，神女卡吕浦索，奥吉吉亚岛，七年，宙斯雅典娜等天神，四天造小船，斯刻里亚岛，求婚者，佩涅洛佩。
荷马史诗的主题是歌颂希腊全民的光荣史迹，赞美勇敢正义无私勤劳等美德，讴歌乐观主义精神，肯定人与生活的价值。许多英雄人物同时是劳动能手，劳动不是卑贱之事。荷马史诗把人的命运归于神的意志，充满了浓厚的宿命论思想，人的斗争常常是神的斗争的缩影。荷马史诗极为生动丰富地展现了古希腊英雄们的战斗生活及种种历史场面。反映了政治军事制度，反映经济生活、社会生活，阶级、私有制和奴隶劳动制。为父系家长制社会提供了丰富例证。荷马史诗是古希腊人生活的百科全书，体现了古希腊人对天文、地理、历史、宗教、社会、哲学、艺术、神话一切知识。
荷马史诗不做价值判断，是一种对人本身的歌颂。人物形象主次分明，详略有度，褒贬客观，毁誉得当，栩栩如生。
阿喀琉斯，两次发怒。“阿喀琉斯的愤怒是我的主题” 赫克托耳，成熟的悲剧英雄：1.预知特洛伊及其整个民族、家庭的毁灭，依然肩负大任，抗争命运。2.富于正义感，却为了民族利益违心地义不容辞地战斗。强烈的责任感和刚柔相济的善良人性。
奥德修斯，荷马史诗及整个欧洲文学的中心形象。聪明的领导者，劳动能手，勇敢的战士，受人爱戴的奴隶主，好丈夫。
荷马史诗的结构：重点突出，繁简分明。开场颇具匠心（《伊利亚特》以矛盾开场，有戏剧性）。细节描写方面非常出色。语言艺术为人称道（善用比喻，不用连接词的排比，固定形容词绰号，现实主义浪漫主义交相辉映）。
缺点：失实描写，文风枝蔓，渲染过重，陈词滥调（古典作品难以避免的现象）。第四节：古希腊诗歌和伊索寓言
赫希俄德，前8末7初，祖籍小亚细亚，荷马之后第一为伟大的诗人。教谕诗《农作与时日》《神谱》。与其前辈大相异趣，但还是属于传统派。
《农作与时日》828行，六音步诗行。弟弟珀耳塞斯。具有史诗的体裁，可以看做道德格言集和农业历书。两种竞争：自食其力勤劳刻苦/奸诈或暴力。劝告弟弟做事要公正，不要从事充斥于市场和法庭的那种竞争。神话故事：普罗米修斯盗天火，潘多拉打开装满邪恶的罐子，诸神本和凡人同根。人类发展史是一部在道德上不断堕落的历史，黄金白银青铜黑铁。古希腊文学中第一个动物寓言：鹰教训夜莺不要愚蠢地和强者竞争。全诗以相当篇幅咏唱农夫的年历，较详细记载了种种宗教祭日和从事不同工作时的黄道吉日。《农作与时日》是古希腊流传下来的第一首以现实生活为题材的诗作，风格清新自然，平易简洁；后来成为古罗马诗人维吉尔《农事诗》范本。古希腊抒情诗：双行体诗，讽刺诗，琴歌，牧歌。琴歌分为独唱琴歌、合唱琴歌。双行体（芦管诗体）抒情诗中最早的诗体。最早的诗人，卡里诺斯（前7上半叶，以弗利所人）。最擅长者，西摩尼得斯（前6中叶-前5中叶）。前7下半叶的提耳泰俄斯（政治）、明涅尔摩斯（爱情）、梭伦（前640-558）
讽刺诗，源于民间的口头嘲讽。阿尔喀罗科斯，最著名，尖锐有力。前6世纪之后，讽刺诗一蹶不振，逐渐衰落。
琴歌，龟壳琴伴奏。独唱琴歌，各节音步节奏相同。合唱：首节次节末节。独唱琴歌著名诗人：萨福（女），阿尔凯奥斯，阿那克里翁
萨福（前612-？），莱斯博斯岛，古希腊最杰出的抒情女诗人，在民主派反对贵族的政治斗争中曾被迫流亡国外，后来在故乡办音乐学校，教授音乐、诗歌。九卷诗，两卷比较完整。大都描写爱情，词句艳丽无比，情调感伤，感情真挚。《致阿克纳托里亚》。同性恋。1703诗作于罗马、君士坦丁堡公开焚毁，罪名是有伤风化。诗国女荷马，柏拉图称之为“名列第十的缪斯”。因失恋而跳岩自杀。
阿尔凯奥斯（前620？-570？）莱斯博斯岛，米蒂利尼城贵族，萨福之友，卷入政治斗争，被放逐，戎马一生。作品多为应酬答和诗、政治诗、战争诗、饮酒诗、情诗。饮酒诗最具体色，最有名，称“轮唱体”，后成为一种固定的诗体。其诗总体上洋溢着乐观的战斗精神和年轻人的朝气，不时流露出忧国忧民，缅怀故土的情思。行文流畅，自然优雅，音调和谐，他和萨福使古希腊抒情诗达到登峰造极的地步。
阿那克里翁（前550？-465？）忒俄斯岛，声名不佳。传世六卷诗，歌唱醇酒、爱情，被后世模仿，称“阿那克里翁体”
合唱琴歌题材较为广泛：颂神歌、日神颂、酒神颂、酒歌、少女歌、婚歌、葬歌、赞美歌和胜利歌（颂扬竞技活动中胜利者）
品达罗斯（前518-前442/438），17卷，4卷胜利歌（共计45首诗）。早期成名作《皮托竞技胜利者颂》第10首（前498）。品达罗斯的诗富丽堂皇，辞藻华丽，形式完美，影响后世。17世纪古典主义时期被奉为“崇高的诗歌”的典范，影响弥尔顿、歌德等人。
牧歌主要兴盛于亚历山德里亚时期。史诗体、双行体。忒奥克里托斯，最有名。前3世纪上半期的比翁、中期的摩斯科斯曾模仿过。
《伊索寓言》前6上半叶伊索所作，现在的伊索寓言是前4-公元2世纪收集整理的，其中2世纪古希腊作家巴布里乌斯用格律诗改写120余则伊索寓言很有名。动物寓言，短小生动。狮子与老鼠，狐狸与仙鹤，兔子与乌龟，狐狸和葡萄，披着羊皮的狼，牧羊人和狼。
第五节古希腊戏剧
公元前5世纪初，希波战争胜利，战后雅典控制提洛海上同盟，古希腊文学迎来黄金时代。前5世纪登峰造极，前4世纪衰落。
古希腊悲剧，狄奥尼索斯，山羊之歌。
古希腊悲剧的变化：首先，在演出形式方面，古希腊悲剧脱胎于民间歌舞，因此最初的歌舞气氛特别浓厚，尤其是合唱歌队，在悲剧中占有重要地位。其次，演出者的角色作用变化。最初酒神颂歌队提问，作者口占作答。前534年，特斯庇斯首次采用一个演员与歌队对话，并使他轮流扮演几个角色。“戏剧之父”。
古希腊悲剧大都取材于神话、英雄传说和史诗，反映的事件和情调都很严肃。亚里士多德认为悲剧的目的是要引起观众对剧中人物的怜悯和对变幻无常的命运的恐惧，由此使感情得到净化（宣泄陶冶升华）。严格地说，希腊戏剧所产生的悲剧效果不是悲，二十一中具有人生哲理意义的困惑与恐惧之情，一种对戏剧中人物遭受苦难的深刻同情。命运变幻莫测、报应屡试不爽，神秘主义因素。布局简单、人物精炼、性格鲜明、语言质朴、风格雅致，诗人具有具足轻重的地位。埃斯库罗斯（前525-前456）古希腊最伟大的悲剧作家。第一个采用故事连贯的“三联剧”，有内在联系又独立成篇，唯一流传的三联剧《俄瑞斯忒斯》（血亲复仇代之以法律）。使用具有异域风格和恐怖的服装和面具，创造舞台效果。“悲剧之父”。七部传世之作：《俄瑞斯忒斯》三联剧《阿伽门农》《奠酒人》《复仇女神》，《乞援人》（血亲通婚制的瓦解），《波斯人》（反应希波战争，现存其唯一以现实为题材的悲剧），《七将攻忒拜》（内容与形式高度完美结合，第一演员第二演员合唱队的关系显出一种必然性的命运关系，古希腊悲剧中唯一做此种艺术处理的剧本），《（被缚的）普罗米修斯》（影响最大，主题崇高，风格雄伟庄严）。他是古希腊悲剧的真正创始者。增加了第二演员，戏剧性增强。歌队的重要地位：一推动情节发展，二自始至终保持浓厚的抒情气氛。诗句庄严、雄浑，夸张；语言优美，词汇丰富，比喻奇特，偶尔堆砌。直到19世纪才受到广泛重视。
索福克勒斯（前496-前406）雅典奴隶民主国家全盛时期。“生前完满，身后无憾。”肯定民主，反对僭主。120-130部剧作，仅流传7部。《埃阿斯》《安提涅戈》《俄狄浦斯王》《厄勒克特拉》《特刺喀斯少女》《菲罗克特忒斯》《俄狄浦斯在科罗诺斯》。《俄狄浦斯王》《安提涅戈》两部最有名，前者高超的结构技巧。“命运悲剧”继埃斯库罗斯之后，彻底把合唱颂歌变成戏剧，侧重写人而非写神，个性遭遇，对照手法，性格鲜明，安排情节，演员增至3人。结构复杂、严密、自然，布局紧凑、完美。前431年，伯罗奔尼撒战争，成为思想的社会背景。
欧里庇得斯（前485-前406）雅典奴隶主民主国家危机时期。三大悲剧作家中反映现实生活最真实最具体的一位。信奉民主，晚年反对战争，反对雅典对联邦的暴政。80-90部戏剧，18部流传下来：《伊翁》《海伦》《赫卡柏》《美狄亚》《圆目巨人》《阿尔刻提斯》《希波吕托斯》《俄瑞斯忒斯》《厄勒克特拉》《安德洛玛克》《酒神的伴侣》《请愿的妇女》《腓尼基妇女》《特洛伊妇女》《疯狂的赫拉克勒斯》《赫拉克勒斯的儿女》《伊菲格涅亚在陶里斯》《伊菲格涅亚在奥利斯》。对政治现实的怀疑否定。《特洛伊妇女》欧洲文学史上第一部反映侵略战争后果的作品。海神：“你们这凡间的人真是愚蠢，你们毁了别人的都城，神的庙宇和死者安眠的坟墓，你们种下了荒凉，日后收获的也就是毁灭啊！”欧里庇得斯另一主题是家庭问题，主要是妇女问题。18个剧本中，12个一妇女为主要人物，其中以《特洛伊妇女》《美狄亚》《希波吕托斯》妇女形象塑造最成功。美狄亚：“在一切有理智、有灵性的生物当中，我们女子算是最不幸的。”《美狄亚》动人的悲剧，情节集中，美狄亚具有典型化特征。接受了诡辩派的怀疑主义，攻击神，描写的不是英雄而是现实的人。他使悲剧接近了生活。创作手法两大贡献：写实手法和心理分析。歌队失去重要性。有的悲剧大团圆结局，有的甚至带有浪漫情调与闹剧气氛。不大注重戏剧结构，有两点遭到指责：1.“开场白”有一个剧中人先说明剧情2.往往用“解救天神”来解决临近剧终的矛盾。
第二章，古罗马文学 第一节，概述
王政时期，前753-前510。共和时期，前510-前27。屋大维执政，前27-14。罗马和平时期，前27-193。公元2世纪，早期基督教流传。395，罗马分裂。746，西罗马灭亡。
前3世纪，安德罗尼库斯（前280-前204）希腊俘虏奴隶，将《奥德赛》译成拉丁文，成为第一个罗马诗人，并编译了希腊悲、喜剧。恩尼乌斯（前239-前169），也改编希腊戏剧。
共和国中期，米南德式引人发笑的讽刺世俗的轻松戏剧发达起来。代表作家普劳图斯，泰伦斯，反映罗马现实，墨守希腊陈规。
共和国末期（西塞罗时期）。加图首开演说文创作先河，西塞罗把古代雄辩术推到高峰，凯撒散文。诗人有卢克莱修、卡图鲁斯。屋大维时期，“麦凯纳斯文学集团”，维吉尔、贺拉斯、奥维德。李维（前59-前17），大散文家。奥古斯都时期，缺乏前一时期的哲学探索精神和政治辩论热情，文学风格不及前一时期遒劲豪放，单技巧却更趋成熟。
共和国末期与屋大维时期合称古罗马文学黄金时代。屋大维死后二百年为白银时代。宫廷趣味日趋浓重，2世纪前半叶达到高潮。悲剧作家塞内加，寓言诗人菲德鲁斯，讽刺诗人马希尔、朱文纳尔，传记文学家塔西佗、普鲁塔克，希腊语散文家琉善。文艺理论作品《论崇高》作者相传为朗吉努斯。
帝国末期文学创作进一步衰落。著名宗教作家基洛尼姆斯（340-420）、奥古斯丁等。帝国东迁后，形成拜占庭文化，混合希腊传统、基督教和亚洲文化。教会排挤世俗文化，4世纪焚毁亚历山德里亚图书馆。
第二节古罗马戏剧
“黄金时代”成绩寥寥，“白银时代”有所发展。早期喜剧：普劳图斯、泰伦斯，晚期悲剧：塞内加。
普劳图斯（提图斯·玛丘斯·普劳图斯，前254-前184），语言俏皮，风格粗犷。用序幕、尾声解释题材来源、作者情况等，用对话表现手法代替了古希腊的歌队，接近近代喜剧。《吹牛的军人》《孪生兄弟》（莎士比亚《错误的喜剧》取材于此）《俘虏》《一坛金子》（莫里哀《悭吝人》取材于此）《商人》《驴》《蝗虫》。
泰伦斯（普布留斯·泰伦提乌斯·阿非尔，前190-前159）生于迦太基的奴隶六部喜剧《婆母》《两兄弟》《佛尔缪》《安德洛斯的妇女》《自责者》《阉奴》，前三部占有重要位置。站在贵族立场，认为穷人不干坏事是因为没钱，富人有钱，所以免不了要干荒唐事，应该原谅。
塞内加（鲁齐乌斯·安奈乌斯·塞内加，前4-65），罗马最重要的悲剧家。做过一任元老，公元41年因为同情共和理想被流放科西嘉岛八年，期间致力于斯多葛派哲学（劝导人们用内心的宁静克服生活中的痛苦）研究，表现了帝国时期罗马贵族的柔弱与悲观。其作品充满了悲怆的绝望情绪和令人畏惧的恐怖场面，作者注重表现人物内心的痛苦，常常采用鬼魂和巫术渲染悲剧气氛。塞内加的剧作不仅诗的格律严格，而且模仿一些希腊剧，把剧情的时间限制在24小时之内，把地点限制在一个地方。影响了后来英法古典戏剧家倡导的“三一律”。《变瓜记》《特洛伊妇女》（诗体写成，不分幕，宣扬斯多葛派哲学，女人们虽然命运悲惨，但却是精神上的胜利者）。
第三节古罗马散文
后三头：屋大维、安东尼、雷必达。
古罗马散文发源于加图（前234-前149）的演说文，繁荣于黄金时代。
西塞罗（马尔库斯·图留斯·西塞罗，前106-前43）主张元老派的“贤人政治”，恢复共和政体。哲学上的折中主义，综合希腊田园学派、斯多葛学派、伊壁鸠鲁学派，并加以通俗化，对希腊哲学在欧非亚的传播做出贡献。主要成就是演说词和书信。900封信，58篇演说词（法庭演说、政治演说）。其演说注重材料程式组织，句法考究，词汇丰富，段落对称，音调铿锵，称为“西塞罗句法”。善于通过设问、驳对等手段调动感情，增加说服力和鼓动力。演说主要是打动听众情绪而非诉诸理性判断。西塞罗使拉丁散文达到极高艺术水平，确立了拉丁文“准确、流畅、清新、雄浑”的原则，成为欧洲散文的楷模。凯撒：“你的功绩高于军事将领，扩大知识领域比之于扩大罗马帝国的版图，在意义上更为可贵。”
凯撒（盖尤斯·裘里斯·凯撒，前102？-前44）《高卢战记》七卷《内战记》三卷。凝练简洁朴实无华，是与西塞罗判然有别的另一种拉丁文散文典范。
琉善（鲁齐阿努斯，125-200）约80篇，希腊语，《诸神的对话》《死者的对话》《伯列格林努斯之死》《一个真实的故事》。讽刺宗教、哲学流派、希腊诸神。欧洲古代文学最后一位重要作家。风格轻快，机智，引用古希腊，雕琢。
第四节，古罗马史诗
古罗马文学成就最高的是诗歌。
卢克莱修（提图斯·卢克莱提乌斯·喀鲁斯，前99-前55）共和国末期。《物性论》六卷，每卷千余行，1473年出土。“无物能由无中生，无物能归于无”，宇宙一切皆由原子构成，基本的唯物论观点。史诗，哲理诗。词语新颖，比喻生动，规模宏大，风格崇高。
维吉尔（普布留斯·维吉留斯·马罗，前70-前19）“麦凯纳斯文学集团”。30多岁《牧歌》一举成名，打开了通往奥古斯都周围上层社会的大门。前26左右，受奥古斯都建议，为罗马创作史诗。《农事诗》。
《埃涅阿斯纪》最后杰作，12卷，近万行，成于诗人最后的11年。歌颂罗马祖先建国的功绩和罗马的光荣，埃涅阿斯的儿子尤鲁斯是凯撒和屋大维的祖先，确定新统治者出身“神统”，“遵命文学”。从《埃涅阿斯纪》开始，欧洲文学出现了所谓爱情与责任相冲突的主题。流露出哀伤的情绪，同情失败者。
模仿荷马史诗，但有不同：1.情调不同，前者乐观勇武蓬勃向上乃至凶狠，后者严肃哀婉悲天悯人乃至多愁善感；2.创作方式和形式特点，后者是世界文学史上第一部“文人史诗”，六步音英雄体，流畅简练，音节响亮；3.前者注重英雄毛冒险本身，后者重在写英雄的使命感、责任感，是“遵命文学”典范；4.前者人物形象生动鲜明，个性显著，后者缺乏个性和生气。5.语言特色，艺术手法，前者语言朴实，后者辞藻华丽，前者富戏剧性，有叙事技巧，后者平铺直叙，略显呆板，但首创运用梦幻、象征、暗示、讽刺等手法，重视心理刻画。
包罗万象，注重细节，修辞韵律，影响巨大。《神曲》中地狱和炼狱的向导。斯宾塞《仙后》弥尔顿《失乐园》模仿他。
伊泰利克斯（25-101）白银时代。《布匿战争》17卷12000行，第二次布匿战争，拉丁文学中最长的史诗。
第三篇：欧洲文学史必读书目
古希腊罗马
斯威布：《希腊神话和传说》（上、下），楚图南译，人民文学出版社，1978 年 ﹡ 《荷马史诗·伊利亚特》罗念生译，人民文学出版社，1994。
﹡《荷马史诗·奥德赛》，王焕生译，人民文学出版社，1997 年
《伊索寓言全集》，李汝仪等译，译林出版社，2002 年
﹡ 索福克勒斯：《俄狄浦斯王》，载《索福克勒斯悲剧二种》，罗念生译，人民文学出版，1961 年
维吉尔：《埃涅阿斯记》，杨周翰译，人民文学出版社，1984 年
法国
《罗兰之歌·特利斯当与伊瑟·列那狐的故事》，杨宪益、罗新璋译，人民文学出版社，2000年
薄伽丘：《十日谈》，方平、王科一译，上海译文出版社，1980 年
拉伯雷：《巨人传》，成钰亭译，上海译文出版社，1981 年
﹡莫里哀：《伪君子》，载《莫里哀喜剧全集》，李健吾译，湖南文艺出版社，1993 年 孟德斯鸠：《波斯人信札》，罗大冈译，人民文学出版社，1984 年
《伏尔泰小说选》，傅雷译，人民文学出版社，1980 年
卢梭：《忏悔录》，周士良译 , 商务印书馆，1963 年
﹡雨果：《巴黎圣母院》，陈敬容译，人民文学出版社，1982 年
﹡雨果：《悲惨世界》，李丹、方于译 , 人民文学出版社，1992 年
﹡斯汤达：《红与黑》，郭宏安译，译林出版社，1999年
﹡巴尔扎克：《欧也妮·葛朗台》，傅雷译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
《高老头》，傅雷译，人民文学出版社，1963 年
﹡福楼拜：《包法利夫人》，许渊冲译，译林出版社，1992 年
左拉：《萌芽》，黎柯译，人民文学出版社，1982 年
﹡莫泊桑：《羊脂球》、《项链》，载《莫泊桑中短篇小说选》，李青崖译 , 上海译文出版社，1978 年
莫泊桑：《俊友》，李青崖译，上海译文出版社，1980 年
﹡罗曼·罗兰：《约翰·克利斯朵夫》，傅雷译，人民文学出版社，1957 年
波德莱尔：《恶之花》，郭宏安译，漓江出版社，1992 年
普鲁斯特：《追忆似水年华》，李恒基、徐继曾译 , 译林出版社，1995 年
﹡萨特：《间隔》，李恒基译，载《萨特研究》，中国社会科学出版社，1981 年 ﹡尤奈斯库：《秃头歌女》，史亦译，《西方现代派作品选》，上海师范大学出版社，1985 年意大利
﹡但丁：《神曲》，黄雯婕译，花城出版社，2000年
西班牙
﹡塞万提斯：《堂·吉诃德》，杨绛译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
英国
﹡莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》、《威尼斯商人》、《罗米欧与朱丽叶》、《亨利四世》、《雅典的泰门》、《暴风雨》，载《莎士比亚全集》，朱生豪译，人民文学出版社，1986 年
弥尔顿：《失乐园》，朱维之译，上海译文出版社，1984 年
笛福：《鲁滨逊漂流记》，徐霞村译，人民文学出版社，1982 年
斯威夫特：《格列佛游记》，张健译，人民文学出版社，1979 年
拜伦：《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》，杨熙龄译，新文艺出版社，1958 年
《唐·璜》朱维基译，上海译文出版社，1978 年
《英国湖畔三诗人选集》，顾子欣译，湖南人民出版社，1986 年
﹡狄更斯：《双城记》李德逵译，上海译文出版社，1987 年
萨克雷：《名利场》，杨必译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
简·奥斯丁：《傲慢与偏见》，王科一译，上海译文出版社，1996 年版
﹡夏洛蒂·勃朗特：《简爱》，祝庆英译，上海译文出版社，1980 年
﹡艾米莉·勃朗特：《呼啸山庄》，方平译，上海译文出版社，1995 年
﹡哈代：《德伯家的苔丝》，张谷若译，人民文学出版社，1984 年
劳伦斯：《儿子与情人》，陈良廷、刘文澜译，外国文学出版社，1987 年
艾略特：《情歌·荒原·四重奏》，汤永宽译，上海译文出版社，1994 年
德国
席勒：《阴谋与爱情》，廖辅叔译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
﹡歌德：《浮士德》，载《歌德文集》（第2卷）杨武能译，河北教育出版社，《少年维特之烦恼》，杨武能译，人民文学出版社，1997 年
托马斯·曼：《布登勃洛克一家》，傅惟慈译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
挪威
﹡易卜生：《玩偶之家》，载《易卜生文集》，人民文学出版社，1995 年
俄苏
普希金：《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》，冯春译，上海译文出版社，1982 年
《普希金抒情诗选》，刘湛秋译，湖南人民出版社，1984 年
﹡果戈理：《钦差大臣》，芳信译，上海文艺出版社，1981 年
《死魂灵》，满涛译，人民文学出版社，1983 年
莱蒙托夫：《当代英雄》，翟松年译，作家出版社，1857 年 年1999
﹡屠格涅夫：《父与子》，巴金译，人民文学出版社，1979 年
《屠格涅夫中短篇小说选》黄伟经译，贵州人民出版社，1986 年
车尔尼雪夫斯基：《怎么办？》，蒋路译，人民文学出版社，1982 年
﹡陀思妥耶夫斯基：《罪与罚》，岳麟译 , 上海译文出版社，1996 年
﹡列夫·托尔斯泰：《安娜·卡列尼娜》，周扬译，人民文学出版社，1981 年
《复活》，汝龙译，人民文学出版社，1982 年
《战争与和平》，高植译，上海译文出版社，1981 年
﹡契诃夫：《套中人》、《小公务员之死》、《变色龙》、《万卡》，载《契诃夫小说选》，汝龙译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
高尔基：《母亲》夏衍译，人民文学出版社，1956 年
《童年》，刘辽逸译，载《高尔基文集》第 15 卷，人民文学出版社，1983 年
尼·奥斯特洛夫斯基：《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，梅益译，人民文学出版社，1983 年 阿·托尔斯泰：《苦难的历程》，朱雯译，人民文学出版社，1957 年
﹡肖洛霍夫：《静静的顿河》，金人译，人民文学出版社，1980 年
艾特玛托夫：《一日长于百年》，张会森译，新华出版社，1982 年
布尔加科夫：《大师和玛格丽特》，钱诚译，外国文学出版社，1987 年
阿斯塔菲耶夫：《鱼王》，夏仲翼等译，上海译文出版社，1982 年
美国
惠特曼：《草叶集》，楚图南译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
麦尔维尔：《白鲸》，曹庸译，上海译文出版社，1990 年
斯托夫人：《汤姆大伯的小屋》，黄继忠译，上海译文出版社，1982 年
霍桑：《红字》，胡允恒译，人民文学出版社，1991 年
﹡马克·吐温：《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》，张友松等译，人民文学出版社，1978 年
《汤姆·索亚历险记》，姜若华译，春风文艺出版社，2004 年
《爱默生选集》，张爱玲译，哈尔滨出版社，2003 年
﹡梭罗：《瓦尔登湖》，徐迟译，上海译文出版社，1997 年
欧·亨利：《警察与赞美诗》、《最后一片藤叶》、《麦琪的礼物》，王仲年译，载《欧·亨利短篇小说选》，人民文学出版社，1961 年
《爱伦·坡短篇小说集》，陈良廷等译，外国文学出版社，1982 年
杰克·伦敦：《马丁·伊登》，吴劳译，上海译文出版社，1981 年
德莱塞：《美国的悲剧》，许汝祉译，外国文学出版社，1988 年
﹡海明威：《老人与海》，吴芳译，上海译文出版社，1987 年
《永别了，武器！》，林疑今译，三联书店，1995 年
《丧钟为谁而鸣》，德玮、增瑚译，地质出版社，1982 年
塞林格：《麦田里的守望者》，施咸荣译，译林出版社，2000 年
福克纳：《喧哗与骚动》，李文俊译，上海译文出版社，1984 年
约瑟夫·海勒：《第二十二条军规》，程爱民等译，译林出版社，1997 年
捷克
米兰·昆德拉：《不能承受的生命之轻》，许钧译，上海译文出版社，2003 年
奥地利
《茨威格小说集》，高中南译，百花文艺出版社，1982 年 ﹡卡夫卡：《变形记》，叶廷芳主编：《卡夫卡小说集》，河北教育出版社，2005年 爱尔兰
﹡贝克特：《等待戈多》，施咸荣译，上海文艺出版社，1984 年 ﹡乔伊斯：《尤利西斯》，萧乾、文洁若译，译林出版社，1994 年 拉丁美洲
﹡[阿根廷]博尔赫斯：《交叉小径的花园》，载《博尔赫斯全集》，林一安主编，多人参与翻译，浙江文艺出版社，1999 年
﹡[哥伦比亚]马尔克斯：《百年孤独》，黄锦炎等译，上海译文出版社，1989 年
第四篇：成考-大学英语作业答案!
Vocabulary and structure
【70876】 John told us that by the end of the year they _____ together for thirty years.A． would have been living B． would have lived C． would have been lived D． will have been living
答案： A
Vocabulary and structure
【70834】 Little boys are easily _____.A． taken in B． taken away C． taken out D． taken over
答案： A
Vocabulary and structure
【70741】 The medicine the doctor gave him _____ his headaches.A． freed B． refreshed C． released D． relieved
答案： D
Vocabulary and structure
【70930】 Hearing my words, the old man jumped back as if he _____.A． was stung B． had stung C． stung D． had been stung
答案： D
Vocabulary and structure
【70829】 As usual, _____ man was given his individual assignment.A． every B． each C． all D． both
答案： B
Vocabulary and structure
【70754】 When playing basketball he has a（n）_____ over others, for he is extremely tall.A． privilege B． right C． profit D． advantage
答案： D
Vocabulary and structure
【70874】 How long ago _____ playing football? A． had you stopped B． would you stop C． did you stop D． were you stopping
答案： C
Vocabulary and structure
【82926】 Deep into the night, the bus pulled into Howard Johnson's, and everybody got off _____ Vingo.He sat there still.A． except B． except for C． beside D． besides
答案： A
Vocabulary and structure
【70807】 An old person who has always been _____ active has a quicker mind than a young person who has done only _____ work.A． mentally … physically B． mentally … physical C． physically … mentally D． physically … mental
答案： B
Vocabulary and structure
【70804】 Vingo smiled and _____ a swig from the wine bottle.A． made B． picked C． brought D． took
答案： B
Vocabulary and structure
【70691】 Before you left, please _____ all the windows are closed.A． sure B． make sure C． certain D． assure
答案： B
Vocabulary and structure
【70573】 The woman began to sob when Homer was sitting there.He really wanted to get _____ and run.A． off B． out C． down D． up
答案： D
Vocabulary and structure
【70813】--Will you go to the movie with us tonight?--I'm sorry.I have not made up my _____ yet.A． heart B． brain C． mind D． head
答案： C
Vocabulary and structure
【70939】 The young man is swift _____ anger.A． to B． in C． at D． off
答案： A
Vocabulary and structure
【70577】 It is a _____ that the government spends so much money on guns and so little on education.A． difference B． disgrace C． dependence D． disadvantage
答案： B
Mistakes finding
【102965】 “Do you mind getting me some water?” “Certainly don't.”
A
B
C
D
答案： D
Mistakes finding
【102951】 Speak slowly and try to make yourself understand.A
B
C
D
答案： D
Mistakes finding
【102915】 Generally speaking, when a child learns to read, he usually begins from A,B,C.A
B
C
D
答案： D
Mistakes finding
【102985】 Why don't you ask anybody else to help you?
A
B
C
D
答案： C
Mistakes finding
【102943】 There having no buses, we had to walk home.A
B
C
D
答案： B
Cloze
【103259】 I arrived in the classroom, ready to share my knowledge and experience with 75 students who would be my English Literature class.Having taught in
for 17 years, I had no
about my ability to hold their attention and to
on them my admiration for the literature of my mother tongue.I was shocked when the monitor shouted, “ 4!” The entire class rose as I entered the room, and I was somewhat
about how to get them to sit down again, but once that awkwardness（尴尬）was over, I quickly
my calmness and began what I thought was a fact-packed lecture, sure to gain their respect-perhaps
their admiration.I went back to my office with the rosy glow which comes from a sense of achievement.My students
diaries.However, as I read them, the rosy glow was gradually
by a strong sense of sadness.The first diary said, “Our literature teacher didn't teach us anything today.10
her next lecture will be better.” Greatly surprised, I read diary after diary, each expressing a
theme（主题）.“Didn't I teach them anything? I described the entire philosophical（哲学的）framework of Western thought and laid the historical
for all the works we'll study in class,” I complained.“How
they say I didn't teach them anything?” It was a long term, and it
became clear that my ideas about education were not the same as
of my students.I thought a teacher's job was to raise
questions and provide enough background so that students could
their own conclusions.My students thought a teacher's job was to provide
information as directly and clearly as possible.What a difference!, I also learned a lot, and my experience with my Chinese students has made me a American teacher, knowing how to teach in a different culture.1.A．the UK
B．the US
C．China
D．Australia
2.A．worry
B．idea
C．doubt
D．experience
3.A．impress
B．put
C．leave
D．fix
4.A．Attention
B．Look out
C．At ease
D．Stand up
5.A．puzzled
B．sure
C．curious
D．worried
6.A．found
B．returned
C．regained
D．followed
7.A．more
B．even
C．yet
D．still
8.A．passed
B．borrowed
C．kept
D．read
9.A．replaced
B．taken
C．caught
D．moved
10.A．Naturally
B．Perhaps
C．Fortunately D．Reasonably
11.A．different
B．strong
C．similar
D．usual
12.A．happenings B．characters C．development D．background
13.A．should
B．need
C．will
D．must
14.A．immediately B．certainly
C．simply
D．gradually
15.A．that
B．what
C．those
D．ones
16.A．difficult
B．interesting C．ordinary
D．unusual
17.A．draw
B．get
C．decide
D．give
18.A．strange
B．standard
C．exact
D．serious
19.A．Therefore
B．However
C．Besides
D．Though
20.A．normal
B．happy
C．good
D．better
答案： BCADA/CBCAB/CDADC/BACBD
Reading comprehension
【104447】 Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit（学分）which he may count towards a degree.In many American universities the total work for a degree is made up of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester（学期）.A typical course is made up of three classes per week for fifteen weeks；while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester.Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year.It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period.It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is useful for the student to show to prospective（未来的）employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm（热心）.The effective（有效的）work of obeying rules is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities（权威）.Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court.With the great numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve（牵涉，包含）a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in this career.1.Normally a student would at least attend _____ classes each week.A.36
B.12
C.20
D.15
2.According to the first paragraph, an American student is allowed _____.A.to live in a different university
B.to take a particular course in a different university
C.to live at home and drive to classes
D.to get two degrees from two different universities
3.American university students are usually under pressure of work because _____.A.their academic performance will affect their future careers
B.they are heavily involved in student affairs
C.they have to observe university discipline
D.they want to run for positions of authority
4.Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because _____.A.they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study
B.they will then be able to stay longer in the university
C.such positions help them get better jobs
D.such positions are usually well paid
5.The student organizations seem to be effective in _____.A.dealing with the academic affairs of the university
B.ensuring that the students observe university rules
C.evaluating students' performance by bringing them before a court
D.keeping up the students' enthusiasm for social activities
答案： BBACB
Reading comprehension
【103107】 To be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor: you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your audience；you must be a clear speaker, with a good, strong, pleasing voice which is fully under your control；and you must be able to act what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning clear.Watch a good teacher, and you will see that he does not sit motionless before his class: he stands the whole time he is teaching；he walks about, using his arms, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express feelings.Listen to him, and you will hear the loudness, the quality and the musical note of his voice always changing according to what he is talking about.The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesn't mean that he will indeed be able to act well on the stage，for there are very important differences between the teacher's work and the actor's．The actor has to speak words which he has learnt by heart；he has to repeat exactly the same words each time he plays certain part，even his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually fixed beforehand．What he has to do is to make all these carefully learnt words and actions seem natural on the stage．
A good teacher works in quite a different way.His audience takes an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don't understand something, they say so.The teacher therefore has to suit his act to the needs of his audience, which is his class.He cannot learn his part by heart, but must invent it as he goes along.I have known many teachers who were fine actors in class but were unable to take part in a stage play because their brains wouldn't keep discipline: they could not keep strictly to what another had written.1.What is the text about? _____
A.How to become a good teacher.B.What a good teacher should do outside the classroom.C.What teachers and actors could learn from each other.D.The similarities and differences between a teacher's work and an actor's.2.In what way is a teacher's work different from an actor's? _____
A.The teacher must learn everything by heart.B.The teacher knows how to control his voice better than an actor.C.The teacher has to deal with unexpected situations.D.The teacher has to use more facial expressions.3.The main difference between students in class and a theatre audience is that _____.A.students can move around in the classroom
B.students must keep silent while theatre audience needn't
C.no memory work is needed for the students
D.the students must take part in their teacher's plays
4.A good teacher's voice _____.A.should be clear and fully under his control
B.should not be too loud or too low
C.should be fixed before he goes to class
D.All of the above．
5.Why does a good teacher make gestures while speaking? _____
A.To make his meaning clearer.B.To draw the attention of his class.C.To express feelings.D.All of the above.答案： DCDAD
Writing
【94976】 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the Chinese outline below.You should write at least 80 words.My Most Favorite Program 1．我最喜爱的电视节目是…… 2．这类节目的内容和特点 3．我喜欢它的原因
答案：略
Dialogues
【74062】--Hello.May I speak to Tim, please?--_____.A． I'm afraid you have the wrong number B． I am sorry C． I don't know him D． There is no one here
答案： A
Dialogues
【71225】--I'd like to book a flight to Beijing, please.--_____.A． No, you can't B． Yes, sir, single or return? C． We are busy.D． Wait
答案： B
Dialogues
【71204】--Could I use your dictionary for a while?--_____.A． It's well B． It doesn't matter C． By all means D． I have no idea
答案： C
Dialogues
【74067】--Thank you for a wonderful meal.--_____ A． It's not good.B． It's just simple meal.C． I'm glad you enjoyed it.D． You are so nice.答案： C
Dialogues
【71224】--Can I help you with the bag?--_____ A． No, thank you.I can take it myself.B． Thank you.C． Sorry, you can't.D． No, I am all right.答案： A
Dialogues
【71207】--I'd better be going.--_____ A． You sure? B． So soon? C． Why not? D． Really?
答案： B
Dialogues
【71228】--Shall we have dinner together tonight?--_____.A． No, I already have plans B． I'd love to but I'm busy tonight C． No, I don't like being with you D． I will think about it
答案： B
Dialogues 【74071】--Do you want me to help you?--_____ A． What did you say? B． Repeat it.C． I'm sorry, but I didn't catch what you said.D． Please say that again.答案： C
70537-----70973
【70537】 This weekly schedule may not _____ all of your problems.A． answer B． resolve C． solve D． deal 答案： C 【70538】 The _____ temperature of the human body is between 36℃ and 37℃.A． normal B． natural C． regular D． formal 答案： A 【70539】 She has decided _____ the date for her trip to Los Angles.A． on B． for C． in D． against 答案： A 【70541】 The Spanish and Portuguese _____ had a profound effect upon the general mentality of Latin America.A． customs B． civilizations C． cultures D． habits 答案： B 【70543】 A bomb destroyed two buildings and _____ several others.A． damaged B． harmed C． hurt D． injured 答案： A 【70544】 It is clear that a（n）_____ student can understand it.A． ordinary B． general C． usual D． average 答案： D 【70545】 Expensive goods are not _____ good.A． surely B． necessarily C． possibly D． doubtfully 答案： B 【70547】 He made a _____ decision when he went into advertising.A． lucky B． fortunate C． fragile D． fortune 答案： B 【70549】 A club is a place to make frequent _____ with friends.A． contrast B． contact C． contract D． content 答案： B 【70550】 _____ in the book is a picture of him.A． Funded B． Founded C． Folded D． Fended 答案： C 【70551】 I don't know how to finish my work in an _____ way.A． affect B． effect C． effective D． efficient 答案： C 【70554】 With _____ fingers she tore the letter from her husband into little bits.A． trembling B． trembled C． tumbling D． tumbled 答案： A 【70555】 When I heard his humorous words, I couldn't help _____.A． trembling B． laugh C． tremble D． laughing 答案： D 【70556】 If you _____ to the proposal, we will take it into consideration.A． adapt B． attach C． stick D． get 答案： C 【70557】 She was _____ to find that no one liked her performance.A． damaged B． injured C． wounded D． hurt 答案： D 【70558】 Sam set out to improve _____ at the shirt factory, but he failed at last.A． efficiency B． sufficiency C． affect D． effect 答案： A 【70561】 Maybe you will ask my mother how I _____ to become an industrial engineer.A． proposed B． happened C． risked D． considered 答案： B 【70562】 She went to the _____ school when she was six years old.A． primary B． principal C． average D． common 答案： A 【70563】 I was amazed that the workers had not gone _____ strike.A． on B． on a C． to D． to a 答案： A 【70566】 Would you please _____ me a favour by lending me your bicycle for a few days? A． make B． do C． have D． help 答案： B 【70567】 The nurse took a（n）_____ of my blood for test.A． sort B． type C． example D． sample 答案： D 【89568】 Peter has two brothers.One of them is a teacher；_____ is a driver.A． another B． the other C． other D． each other 答案： B 【70569】 To celebrate my father's birthday, I _____ a double-decker cake.A． paid B． purchased C． chased D． pursued 答案： B 【70572】 A doctor should be _____ for the lives of the patients.A． suitable B． famous C． responsible D． competent 答案： C 【70575】 There are plans _____ a number of atomic power station in this regions.A． to build B． to be built C． building D． being built 答案： A 【70576】 It was natural for Tom to feel a little nervous this morning because it was the first time for him to _____ a lecture.A． send B． deliver C． speak D． provide 答案： B 【70577】 It is a _____ that the government spends so much money on guns and so little on education.A． difference B． disgrace C． dependence D． disadvantage 答案： B 【70579】 Aristotle, the philosopher of ancient Greece, thought that the _____ was based in the heart.A． head B． brain C． thought D． mind 答案： D 【70580】 We remembered everything that happens _____ us.A． at B． to C． on D． in 答案： B 【70581】 Earlier scientists thought that during a man's lifetime the power of his brain _____.A． diminished B． reduced C． decreased D． lessened 答案： C 【70582】 We must keep away from some _____, for they will do harm to our health.A． chemistry B． chemists C． chemical D． chemicals 答案： D 【70585】 The boys and girls dreamed of _____ beaches and sea sides in Fort Lauderdale.A． gold B． golden C． yellow D． brown 答案： B 【70586】 From the electric refrigerator Dick takes a carton of cream, another of fresh milk and a can of _____ orange juice.A． frozen B． froze C． freezing D． freezed 答案： A 【70587】 The machines are made _____ at full speed.A． work B． working C． to work D． to be worked 答案： C 【70589】 Scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were _____ we lost the ability to do certain things.A． destroyed B． damaged C． wounded D． hurt 答案： B 【70592】 He must have been very nervous when speaking.Did you _____ that his hand was shaking? A． mind B． notice C． attention D． concentrate 答案： B 【70593】 Her voice is _____.A． loud B． aloud C． loudly D． loudness 答案： A 【70595】 The boy told his father that he would rather _____ an astronaut.A． become B． to become C． becoming D． became 答案： A 【70598】 He was such a _____ young man that many girls like him.A． beautiful B． pretty C． lovely D． handsome 答案： D 【70600】 Visitors are asked to comply _____ the regulations.A． at B． in C． with D． on 答案： C 【70601】 I want an assistant with _____ knowledge of French and _____ experience of office routine.A． the…the B． a…the C． a…an D． the…an 答案： C 【70603】 My hand was hurt.Could you do _____ typing for me? A． some B． many C． such D． any 答案： A 【70604】 Most English people go to Spain for the sea, the sun and all the _____ things associated with a relaxing holiday.A． any B． another C． some D． other 答案： D
【70607】 When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister, he bought a leather coat for her and another for _____.A． him B． himself C． he D． his 答案： B 【70609】 Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, _____ you like to have dinner with us tonight? A． will B． won't C． wouldn't D． do 答案： C 【70610】 He was just about to jump up when he felt something _____ near his feet.A． to move B． move C． moving D． moved 答案： C 【70611】 Without the sun's light _____ the earth's surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on the earth.A． warms B． warmed C． warming D． to warm 答案： C 【70612】 No one can prove that the earth _____ not round.A． is being B． is to be C． is D． has been 答案： C 【70614】 I shall tell you what he _____ at three o'clock yesterday afternoon.A． had done B． would do C． was doing D． had been done 答案： C 【70615】 Once you _____ the knack of it, you will have no further difficulty.A． shall have B． had had C． are having D． have 答案： D 【70616】 Every time he _____ me, he is rude to me.A． will see B． sees C． is seeing D． is seen 答案： B 【70618】 The teacher suggested that each student _____ a plan for the vacation.A． made B． make C． makes D． will make 答案： B 【70619】 All of us are looking forward to _____ a trip to the Ming Tombs.A． make B． making C． to making D． have made 答案： B 【70642】 The city Tangshan was extensively _____ in the earthquake.A． destroyed B． injured C． wounded D． damaged 答案： D
【70643】 I hold the _____ that hard work will surely lead to good result.A． aptitude B． altitude C． attitude D． attribute 答案： C 【70645】 _____ the car, they bought the garage.A． In addition to B． And C． Add up D． In addition 答案： A 【70646】 Betty is _____ a translation of a French novel.A． engaged with B． busy in C． absorbed to D． occupied with 答案： D 【70647】 The quality of the product is quite _____ for local purposes.A． enough B． sufficient C． abundant D． adequate 答案： D
【70649】 _____ forget to write back home as soon as you reach New York.A． Be sure to B． Not be sure to C． Be sure to not D． Be sure not to 答案： D 【70650】 He hated wandering about and expected to find a _____ position in the Civil Service of government.A． permissive B． perceptive C． permanent D． percent 答案： C 【70652】 The government has _____ itself to improving health education.A． committed B． done C． made D． commissioned 答案： A 【70655】 The policeman caught the thief in the very _____ of stealing.A． act B． action C． deed D． performance 答案： A 【70656】 It was a long time before I could _____ him _____ accepting the job.A． persuade … to B． persuade … from C． advise … to D． dissuade … from 答案： D 【70658】 I have not found my book yet;in fact, I am sure _____ I could have done with it.A． whether B． where C． when D． what 答案： D 【70659】 I enjoy the concert last night；they played _____ beautiful music.A． such B． such a C． so D． so a 答案： A 【70661】 If you have trouble, please _____ me by phone.A． contact B． contact with C． contact for D． contact to 答案： A 【70662】 What he has done can be praised as a real _____.A． adventure B． venture C． risk D． torture 答案： A 【70665】 All the crew _____ saved.A． was B． were C． has D． has been 答案： B 【70666】 Our teacher _____ a present yesterday, but he did not want to _____ it.A． accepted, receive B． accept, received C． received, accept D． receive, accepted 答案： C 【70670】 Mid-autumn Festival is round the _____ and everyone looks excited.A． wall B． time C． occasion D． corner 答案： D 【70674】 In that cold _____, vegetables grow well.A． climate B． temperature C． weather D． degree 答案： A 【70675】 During the accident, the car turned _____ and the driver died immediately.A． down B． over C． off D． out 答案： B 【70678】 The policeman saw the thief turn _____ the corner with a black bag.A． round B． over C． off D． down 答案： A 【70679】 The little girl's words _____ her parents.A． are surprised B． are surprising C． surprises D． surprised 答案： D 【70681】 In her _____ way, she arranged for a young man to meet me at the airport.A． sufficient B． effective C． efficient D． industrial 答案： C 【70682】 He is a businessman, and goes to the concert on the rare _____.A． condition B． situation C． occasion D． occasions 答案： D 【70683】 I can't _____ hearing her coughing through the whole night.A． forget B． stop C． endure D． avoid 答案： C
【70685】 He was _____ to the countryside, but he had no choice.A． reluctant B． relieved C． relaxed D． reliable 答案： A 【70686】 Mary carried _____ her old dream of going abroad.A． away B． back C． out D． off 答案： C 【70689】 After sitting down on the chair, he took out a _____ of cigarettes.A． parcel B． pack C． package D． packed 答案： B 【70690】 The medicine was very _____, and he recovered at once after taking it.A． efficient B． good C． effective D． sufficient 答案： C 【70693】 You can never believe him, for he is _____ a liar.A． something of B． sometimes C． anything but D． nothing but 答案： D Vocabulary and structure 【70694】 The old man seemed _____ to live with his granddaughter.A． content B． context C． contrast D． contract 答案： A
【70696】 He lost control of his feeling and began to _____.A． laugh B． dance C． weep D． yell 答案： C 【70697】 I should say I come at the _____ time；I really didn't know you were so busy.A． mistake B． wrong C． right D． poor 答案： B 【70699】 You _____ him by saying he was lazy.A． wronged B． were wronged C． spoiled D． scolded 答案： A 【70700】 WTO stands _____ World Trade Organization.A． for B． out C． by D． off 答案： A 【70706】 We _____ to his tales of South Sea adventure.A． drilled B． grilled C． agitated D． thrilled 答案： D 【70712】 Only in recent years _____ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.A． people have B． since people have C． have people D． people who have 答案： C 【70714】 The United States _____ war on Japan in 1941.A． declared B． announced C． published D． threatened 答案： A 【70716】 Having finished making bed, she went on _____ the house.A． cleaning B． with cleaning C． to clean D． at cleaning 答案： C 【70717】 The _____ mother beat her son black and blue, for the boy had said so many _____ words.A． annoying … annoyed B． annoyed … annoying C． annoying … annoying D． annoyed … annoyed 答案： B 【70718】 John _____ himself up as a pirate in today's fancy dress ball（化妆舞会）.A． put B． wore C． covered D． dressed 答案： D 【70720】 Hurry up!There _____.A． comes the bus B． the bus comes C． is coming the bus D． the bus is coming 答案： A 【70723】 The ground is very wet.It _____ have rained last night.A． might B． can C． must D． may 答案： C 【70725】 I liked to keep my underwear, _____, in the bottom drawer.A． neatly folding B． neatly folded C． neat folding D． neat folded 答案： B 【70726】 I accidentally _____ early that morning and saw the whole course of the murder.A． woke B． wakened C． awoke D． awakened 答案： A
【70730】 The working conditions were poor._____, the work flow was irregular.A． However B． Nevertheless C． Although D． Furthermore 答案： D 【70733】 As a manager, he has paid a lot of attention to the _____ in his factory.A． capability B． efficiency C． sufficiency D． effect 答案： B 【70737】 Workers beyond Big Jim in line _____ his shift had to wait with nothing to do.A． on B． in C． beside D． at 答案： A 【70738】 Along with the rapid development of the art of medicine, the birth rate in our country increase, the death rate _____ at the same time.A． diminishes B． reduces C． decreases D． lessens 答案： C 【70739】 Although he is over eighty, he has a _____ head.A． neat B． mixed-up C． tidy D． clean 答案： C 【70741】 The medicine the doctor gave him _____ his headaches.A． freed B． refreshed C． released D． relieved 答案： D 【70743】 Pardon me, sir, will you _____ me a favour.A． make B． give C． have D． do 答案： D 【70744】 This room was _____ for the children.A． projected B． schemed C． designed D． described 答案： C 【70746】 My _____ words forced the old gentleman into a purchase which he could not possibly afford.A． tactful B． tactic C． tactical D． tactless 答案： D 【70747】 Jack had done a very good job, so people paid him a well-deserved _____.A． complement B． compliment C． compartment D． complaint 答案： B 【70748】 I don't believe I have the pleasure of knowing you._____ you have made a mistake.A． Eagerly B． Undoubtedly C． Interestingly D． Fortunately 答案： B 【70750】 In stores a number of delicious puddings are _____ out in a row during the Christmas season.A． lied B． laid C． lain D． layed 答案： B 【70752】 He _____ his fingers to his lips as a sign for silence.A． rised B． raised C． arised D． aroused 答案： B
【70754】 When playing basketball he has a（n）_____ over others, for he is extremely tall.A． privilege B． right C． profit D． advantage 答案： D 【70756】 Before we can accept the management's offer we must _____ the workers again.A． consult with B． consult C． look up D． advise 答案： A 【70757】 Their voices are so alike that I often _____ Mary for her roommate Betty on the phone.A． mistake B． confuse C． hear D． think 答案： A 【70759】 There was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could _____ any one of them.A． elect B． pick C． select D． prefer 答案： C 【70760】 Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait _____ for reunification.A． dream B． look forward C． long D． desire 答案： C 【70761】 The shop assistant _____ out the food on the counter.A． laid B． displayed C． spread D． arranged 答案： A 【70763】 He always takes full _____ of his mistakes made by his rivals(对手).A． advantage B． interest C． benefit D． profit 答案： A 【70766】 Homer sat _____ the dry candy while the Mexican woman talked.A． chew B． chewed C． chewing D． to chew 答案： C 【70767】 Big businesses enjoy certain _____ that smaller ones don't.A． possibility B． favor C． interest D． privilege 答案： D 【70768】 She had thought of opening the door to someone she had known a long time and would be pleased to _____.A． sit down B． sit down with C． sit around D． sit around with 答案： B 【70770】 The madam was to hear _____ murder in the world and to feel it.A． of B． from C． out D． / 答案： A 【70771】 Americans are often _____ with chopsticks.A． awkward B． awful C． aware D． automatic 答案： A 【70772】 They were arguing but _____ off when someone suddenly came into the room.A． took B． turned C． broke D． came 答案： C 【70773】 His speech was so welcome that it was constantly _____ by applause.A． interrupted B． disturbed C． distracted D． interpreted 答案： A 【70774】 He was in _____ for having been caught in the act of stealing goods from the supermarket.A． danger B． disgrace C． debt D． disguise 答案： B 【70778】 We can't _____ a holiday to go away this summer.A． spend B． pay C． afford D． cost 答案： C 【70781】 You are _____ to my dictionary.Whenever you need it, just tell me.A． welcome B． comparable C． convenient D． relative 答案： A 【70786】 Man still has _____ to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body--the brain.A． a lot B． a lot of C． lot of D． lots of 答案： A 【70787】 The young man who saw the car _____ into the river telephoned the police station.A． plunge B． plunged C． was plunging D． to plunge 答案： A 【70790】 Scientists have found that the way the brain works is _____ complicated than they had thought.A． far B． farther C． much D． far more 答案： D 【70792】 Mathematician have _____ computers to copy the way the brain works.A． tried using B． tried to use C． tried use D． tried to using 答案： B 【70794】 We may not be able to _____ the information that we have _____.A． remember … recalled B． recall … remembered C． remember … reminded D． remind … remembered 答案： B 【70798】 Vingo and his family _____ in Brunswick, just before Jacksonville.A． used to live B． used to living C． were used to living D． got used to live 答案： A 【70799】 He got gradually _____ in the case, though he didn't intend to originally.A． connected B． related C． interfered D． involved 答案： D 【70802】 His political ideas were too _____ to get support from ordinary people.A． competent B． complicated C． complimentary D． complex 答案： D 【70804】 Vingo smiled and _____ a swig from the wine bottle.A． made B． picked C． brought D． took 答案： B 【70806】 His continuous failure revealed his _____ to handle this matter.A． ability B． capability C． unability D． inability 答案： D 【70809】 When they _____ the bus, the boys and girls were carrying sandwiches and wine.A． board B． boarded C． board on D． boarded on 答案： B 【70810】 Vingo sat in front of the young people, _____ in a plain, ill-fitting suit.A． dress B． dressing C． to be dressed D． dressed 答案： D 【70811】 He kept chewing the inside his lip a lot, _____ into complete silence.A． freeze B． freezing C． frozen D． being frozen 答案： C 【70813】--Will you go to the movie with us tonight?--I'm sorry.I have not made up my _____ yet.A． heart B． brain C． mind D． head 答案： C 【70815】 He thanked the girl for the wine and _____ again into his silence.A． relaid B． retreated C． relocated D． replaced 答案： B 【70817】 He suddenly called my name on the street, but I could not _____ where I had met him before.A． remind B． recall C． record D． reclaim 答案： B 【70818】 Vingo showed the young people the pictures of his family which were _____ snapshots.A． many-handling B． much-handling C． many-handled D． much-handled 答案： D 【70820】 You must follow the directions exactly and if you become _____, you must take the time to go back again and reread them.A． to confuse B． confusing C． confuse D． confused 答案： D 【70822】 The great oak tree was covered _____ yellow from his seat.A． with B． by C． of D． on 答案： A 【70823】 Vingo wrote his life again when he was sure the parole was coming _____.A． up B． through C． off D． out 答案： B 【70825】 After a while, _____, he began to tell his story.A． slow and painful B． slowly and painful C． slowly and painfully D． slow and painfully 答案： C 【70829】 As usual, _____ man was given his individual assignment.A． every B． each C． all D． both 答案： B 【70832】 Not until late at night did the boat _____ into the harbour.A． pull B． enter C． drive D． drag 答案： A 【70833】 To get my traveler's check I had to _____ a special check to the bank for the total amount.A． make for B． make out C． make off D． make up 答案： B 【70837】 He _____ so much work that he couldn't really do it efficiently.A． put on B． took on C． brought on D． turned on 答案： B 【70838】 It is reported that today _____ president will have lunch with _____ President Bush.A． the…the B． a…a C． the…/ D． /…/ 答案： C 【70842】 We're going to _____ with _____ today, aren't we? A． the tea…the Smiths B． tea…those Smiths C． a tea…a Smith D． tea…the Smiths 答案： D 【70845】 Three students _____ in this university come from the South.A． of ten B． out of in ten C． out of ten D． in tens 答案： C 【70854】 The enemy gave up the idea of holding their ground to the end and began to _____.A． retreat B． relay C． replace D． reclaim 答案： A 【70855】 _____ curriculum includes all experiences which the students may have within the environment of the school.A． Broad speaking B． Speaking broadly C． Broadly speaking D． Broadly 答案： C 【70859】 _____ with the corresponding period of last year, the output of chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15%.A． Comparing B． To compare C． Compared D． Compare 答案： C 【70860】 Since taxi fare in the city may run _____ twenty dollars, I suggest that you take a bus.A． as high as B． as expensive as C． so high that D． so expensive as 答案： A 【70865】 It is certain that men will never stop _____ new energy sources to power their growing industry.A． finding B． to find C． having found D． found 答案： A 【70866】 Professor Smith is said _____ another important discovery in chemistry.A． having made B． having been made C． to have made D． to make 答案： C 【70867】 Those relatives of his are _____.I don't want to have any dealings with them.A． boring people B． bored people C． people having bored D． people having boring 答案： A 【70868】 I started my teaching career at the school.That was more than twenty years ago, and I _____ there ever since.A． was B． had been C． will be D． have been 答案： D 【70870】 Everything on the earth _____ all the time.A． is changing B． is changed C． has changed D． has been changed 答案： A 【70872】 The little girl _____ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.A． was made use B． was made used C． was made use of D． was made used of 答案： C 【70873】 By the end of last year they _____ 1,000 machines.A． turned out B． had turned out C． would turn out D． had been turned out 答案： B 【70875】 While I _____ television, the door bell _____.A． watched/would ring B． would watch/had rung C． was watching/rang D． had been watched/was ringing 答案： C 【70876】 John told us that by the end of the year they _____ together for thirty years.A． would have been living B． would have lived C． would have been lived D． will have been living 答案： A 【70878】 The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if _____ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.A． it is not B． it were not C． were it not D． they were not 答案： B 【70880】 It's high time you _____.A． start to work B． would start to work C． started to work D． had started to work 答案： C 【70883】 “If I hadn't practiced when I was younger,” the musician says, “I _____ able to play so well now.” A． wouldn't be B． won't be C． wouldn't have been D． couldn't have been 答案： A 【70884】 Never again _____ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency.A． Alfred E.Smith seriously sought B． seriously Alfred E.Smith sought C． when did Alfred E.Smith seriously seek D． did Alfred E.Smith seriously seek 答案： D 【70887】 We all hope he can be _____ to this new job.A． enough B． adequate C． ample D． sufficient 答案： A 【70889】 This money is _____ in “the Hope Project” by our government.A． pointed B． given C． directed D． committed 答案： D 【70893】 She tried to _____ the conversation away from such dangerous topics.A． turn B． steer C． stay D． drive 答案： B 【70897】 He _____ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.A． set off B． set out C． set on D． set in 答案： B
【70902】 I tried to _____ for him but without success.A． cover with B． cover on C． cover up D． cover in 答案： C 【70908】 Since his daughter was very busy, she wrote to him _____ times.A． in other B． at another C． in another D． at other 答案： B 【70910】 Scarcely _____ above 35℃ in summer in this city.A． the temperature goes B． does the temperature go C． the temperature went D． did the temperature go
答案： B 【70911】 He was caught parking his car in a wrong place and was fined $ 10 on the _____.A． place B． spot C． ground D． sport 答案： B 【70914】 If you want to keep your room tidy, you should keep everything _____.A． in place B． in the place of C． in their places D． out of place 答案： A 【70918】 All _____ is sheer nonsense.We must find a way out right now.A． what has been said B． the things C． that has been said D． of has been said 答案： C 【70920】 After I had spent a week looking around and making notes, I was really amazed at _____ I saw.A． that B． what C． which D． where 答案： B 【70921】 Water _____ on the mountains, we built many wells.A． was scarce B． scarce C． being scarce D． being short 答案： C 【70927】 The little fox was not clever enough to miss _____ by the hunter.A． catching B． caught C． being caught D． to be caught 答案： C 【70929】 Nobody in the neighborhood likes her, for she always behaves as if she _____ a queen.A． was B． were C． is D． had been 答案： B 【70930】 Hearing my words, the old man jumped back as if he _____.A． was stung B． had stung C． stung D． had been stung 答案： D 【70932】 You'd better _____.A． to have your shoes mended B． to have mended your shoes C． have your shoes mended D． having your shoes mended 答案： C 【70933】 This sampling was all _____ was left him from the time when he could afford to come.A． which B． what C． that D． who 答案： C 【70937】 He could see that she _____ patient all her life.A． was B． were C． had been D． has been 答案： C 【70938】 Our English teacher has agreed to _____ the time limit for our paper.A． spread B． stretch C． expand D． extend 答案： D 【70939】 The young man is swift _____ anger.A． to B． in C． at D． off 答案： A 【70940】 I don't know you.You must mistaken me _____ someone else.A． as B． for C． to D． with 答案： B 【70941】 I _____ her invitation to the dinner party because I had a prior appointment.A． rejected B． declined C． refused D． objected 答案： B
【70945】 Please _____ your food slowly before _____ it.A． swallow / chewing B． chewing / swallow C． swallowing / chew D． chew / swallowing 答案： D 【70946】 He _____ finished his work, for he had refused to accept help.A． lonely B． alone C． lone D． lonesome 答案： B 【70948】 The rocket will weigh about 200 tons when _____.A． being completed B． completed C． completing D． have been completed 答案： B 【70953】 I first heard this story _____ from a girl I had met in New York's Greenwich Village.A． since a few years B． a few years before C． for a few years D． a few years ago 答案： D 【70959】 Ann's habit of riding a motorcycle up and down the road early in the morning annoyed the neighbors and _____ they took her to the court.A． in the end B． at the end C． in an end D． in end 答案： A 【70960】 One day on the moon is _____.A． two Earth week long B． two Earth weeks long C． two Earth weeks longer D． two Earth weeks length 答案： B 【70962】 They saw _____ girls the day before yesterday.A． both the other two B． the two other both C． the both other two D． the both two other 答案： A
【70970】 They _____ with us for the time being.A． would stay B． will stay C． have been staying D． will be staying 答案： D 【70973】 He was sixty-eight.In two years he _____ seventy.A． would be B． was C． had been D． was being 答案： A
70984】参观者可以自己去动手操作，自己细心观察。
答案： Visitors are allowed to operate with their own hands and to observe closely.【70985】橄榄越嚼越有味道。
答案： Olives become the more delicious the more you chew them.【70987】所有员工必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时。
答案： All the staff are required to work 7 days a week, from 10：00 a.m.to 12：00 p.m.【70989】各种聚会是广交朋友的好机会。
答案： Parties of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friends.【70993】我的导师是亚裔人。
答案： My supervisor is of Asian origin.【70995】工作时间必须全力以赴。
答案： Nothing but work during the working hours.【70996】她不顾别人的劝阻。
答案： She ignored the dissuasions from others.【70999】他在旅行的过程中，从来不依赖书本的引导。
答案： He never completely depended on books to guide him in his tours.【71000】大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是奥运会。
答案： Whenever we gather together, an important topic of discussion has been the Olympic Games.【71002】中国和美国的青年生活在不同的社会环境中。
答案： The young people of China and of the U.S.live in different social environments.【71003】她父亲晚年时开始喜爱垂钓。
答案： Her father has developed a special fondness for fishing in his later years.【71004】两国人民将加强交流。
答案： People of two countries are bound to strengthen their exchanges.【71008】这座城市的辉煌是人民智慧和勤奋的结晶。
答案： The glory of this city has been achieved through the wisdom and the industry of its people.【71009】这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术。
答案： They are getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way.【71011】他们有着各自不同的生活经历。
答案： They have their individually different experiences of life.【71012】我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强。
答案： Our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.【71013】她曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性贡献。
答案： She made creative contributions to the development of the art of novel writing.【71014】该国人口不足3000万。
答案： The population of this country is only less than 30 million.【71016】孤独可以使人的思想向更遥远更深邃的地方伸展。答案： Loneness enables people to think further and deeper.【71019】这是中国长期奉行的国策。
答案： This has become a national policy long practiced by China.【71020】洛杉矶是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。
答案： Los Angeles is one of the few most celebrated multi-ethnic cities in the world.【71023】好环境会给人好心情。
答案： Good environment keeps people in good mood.【71025】他一生的足迹几乎遍及全国。
答案： During his lifetime, he left his footprints in nearly every corner of the country.【71027】他们其中有一半是近5年才来到这个城市的。
答案： Half of them have come to settle in this city over the past five years only.【71033】这一政策对经济转型起着决定性的作用。
答案： This policy has played a decisive role in the transformation of economy.【71035】那时他已经在音乐界中享有盛名。
答案： At that time he already enjoyed a high reputation within the musical circle.【71037】我过去常常穿过森林到河边去散步。
答案： I used to go through the forest to have a walk by the side of the river.【71039】他不是一个轻易服输的人。
答案： He is not the one who will give up easily.【71040】大部分孩子几乎是给他们什么都吃。
答案： Most children are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them.【71041】老师走了进来，手里拿本书。
答案： With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the class.【71044】 People believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others.答案：人们相信某些人的辞世比另一些人更“死不逢时”。
【71045】 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable.答案：聆听歌剧，无疑昂贵至极。
【71047】 American literature is completely unlike that of Europe.答案：美国文学与欧洲文学全然大相径庭。
【71054】 He would venture far out into places seldom visited by human beings.答案：他总是到人烟稀少的偏远地区探险。【71059】 No difficulty, no fun.答案：没有艰难，断无情趣。
【71060】 We have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English.答案：在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。
【71063】 The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother.答案：别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。【71064】 He is the very person I'm looking for.【71067】 Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.答案：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。
【71068】 Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.答案：老师通常喜欢考试中成绩好的学生。
【71070】 I remained confused about the problem.答案：这个问题我还是不懂。
【71073】 Totally alone in the room，her mother wanted to find someone to talk to.答案：她妈妈觉得一个人在房间里太孤单了，想找个人说说话。
【71077】 If you want to go, I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.答案：你要去，我建议你别忘了带把伞。
【71080】 Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step.答案：广而言之，美国与欧洲一直同步发展，协调一致。
答案：他正是我要找的人。
【71090】 He went so far as to cheat openly on test.答案：他居然敢公开作弊。
【71097】 I came here as early as eight o'clock this morning.答案：我今天八点钟就来了。
【71103】 In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.答案：他在作文中的拼写错误很少。
【71172】--Hello.I'd like to speak to Mr.Reynolds.--_____.A． I'm sorry he's not in right now B． No, you can't C． Sorry, you can't D． Ok, go on 答案： A 【71173】--I'm trying to contact a friend Fred Ashley.--_____.A． I don't know him B． Wrong number C． Just a moment D． I see 答案： C 【71176】--Is this 792-3021?--_____.A． No B． Wrong number C． What's your number? D． No, this is 792-3025 答案： D
【71178】--Could you connect me with the reservation office?--_____.A． Yes, I can B． Hold the line a minute.I'll connect you C． Excuse me, I am busy D． It doesn't matter 答案： B
【71180】--May I see the menu, please?--_____.A． This is the menu, sir B． Yes, please go on C． Here you are, sir D． Of course, sir 答案： A 【71181】--I'd like to make a collect call to 352-3558.--_____.A． Who shall I say is phoning? B． And you are? C． Who are you? D． Who is speaking? 答案： A 【71186】--Would you mind changing seats with me?--_____.A． Yes, you can B． Of course.I'd like to C． No, I don't mind D． Certainly, please do 答案： C 【71195】--It's a pleasure to meet you.--_____.A． Thank you B． You too C． Me too D． It's so nice of you 答案： C 【71198】--Mrs.Smith, I'd like to introduce a friend of mine, Johnny Depp.--_____ A． Hi.B． How do you do? C． Hello.D． Are you ok? 答案： B 【71199】--Wendy, I'd like you to meet my brother Sam.--_____ A． I am Wendy.B． I heard about you.C． Nice to meet you.D． Ok.答案： C 【71201】--My plane leaves at 7:25.--_____ A． OK.B． Well, goodbye and have a good trip!C． Why tell me? D． Remember to look me up.答案： B 【71202】--I wish you wouldn't play the TV so loud.--_____ A． Sorry.Where are you trying to sleep? B． Is it loud? C． I don't think it is loud.D． Why? 答案： A
【71207】--I'd better be going.--_____ A． You sure? B． So soon? C． Why not? D． Really? 答案： B 【71211】--Thanks very much.It was a great party!--_____.A． Not at all B． I did it quite badly C． It's nothing D． It was our pleasure 答案： D 【71219】--Congratulations on your success--_____ A． Thank you very much.B． Oh, no, no.C． No, I didn't do very well.D． Sorry, I couldn't be any better.答案： A
【71222】--What can I do for you, sir?--_____ A． Thanks.B． You can go your own way.C． Excuse me.I am busy.D． Yes, I want a kilo of apples.答案： D 【71223】--Hi, is John there, please?--_____ A． Hold on, I'll get him.B． No, he isn't here.C． Yes, he lives here.D． yes, what do you want.答案： A 【71224】--Can I help you with the bag?--_____ A． No, thank you.I can take it myself.B． Thank you.C． Sorry, you can't.D． No, I am all right.答案： A 【71225】--I'd like to book a flight to Beijing, please.--_____.A． No, you can't B． Yes, sir, single or return? C． We are busy.D． Wait 答案： B 【71227】--Sorry I kept you waiting.--_____.A． I'm sorry too B． I don't care C． That's all right.There is no hurry D． No, not at all 答案： C
【74051】 _____ were ironed by my mother yesterday.A． The all sheets B． All of sheets C． All the sheets D． Sheets of all 答案： C
【74063】--Hello, this is Ted.May I speak to Peter?--_____.A． Yes, wait B． I don't know if he's in C． Just a minute, please.I'll see if he's in D． Yes, I am Ted 答案： C
【74065】--Mary, this is Joe's brother David.--_____ A． I'm very glad to meet you.B． Really? C． Hello!D． Are you ok? 答案： A 【74066】--Why don't you stay a little longer?--_____
第五篇：成考英语模拟题带答案
一、语音知识（共5小题；每题1.5分，共7.5分。）
在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括号里。
（）1.A.club
B.tomb
C.comb
D.climb（）2.A.food
B.cool
C.school
D.flood（）3.A.town
B.how
C.down
D.snow（）4.A.each
B.peach
C.break
D.deal（）5.A.hear
B.fear
C.dear
D.wear
二、词汇与语法知识（共25小题；每题1.5分，共37.5分。）
从每个小题的四个选项中，选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边的括弧里。6.Today is Jenny's wedding day.She _______ to Thomas.A.just has got married B.has just married C.was just married D.has just got married 7.Every officer and every soldier _______ obey the rules.A.had to
B.have to C.has to
D.must have to 8.Rarely _______ so difficult a problem.A.she could have faced with
B.could have she faced with C.she could have been faced with
D.could she have been faced with 9.______ a dog on the road，the car stopped.A.Having seen
B.On seeing C.The driver seeing
D.Seeing 10.I asked my teacher _______.A.what courses should I take
B.should I take what courses C.I should take what courses
D.what courses I should take 11.Comrade Li promised to help us and he said he would come ______.A.right away
B.all at once C.all of a sudden
D.all right 12.There aren't many pandas ________ in the world today.A.alive
B.living
C.lively
D.lived 13.Such electron tubes ________ in a radio set are also found in a TV set.A.that we use
B.as we use C.as we use them
D.that we use them 14.It _______ to me that he was jealous.A.happened
B.took C.occurred
D.felt 15.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning temperature.A.were heated
B.must be heated C.is heated
D.be heated 16.Please ______ me at the station on time.A.meeting B.to meet C.meet D.met 17._______ “hello”，he reached out his hand.A.Said B.Saying C.To say D.Say 18.People are more _______ to spend money on goods with an attractive look than those without.A.attracted B.tempted C.persuaded D.tended 19.It was ______ he saw the doctor coming out of the emergeney room with an expression as grave as a judge _______ he realized the seriousness of his wife's illness.A.not until…that
B.after…when C.until…then
D.before…that
20.Please telephone me half an hour _______.A.in charge
B.in advance C.in time
D.in front 21.Both Mary and Ellen，as well as Jan，_______ studying Chinese History.A.are
B.is C.are being
D.is being 22.I'd like to _______ him to you for the job.He is a very clever and industrious boy.A.refer
B.suggest C.recommend
D.propose 23.It ______ that 200 people died and over 5，000 lost their shelters after the flood.A.reported
B.reports C.has been reported
D.has reported 24.He was asked to speak louder ______ all the other students in the classroom could hear him.A.as
B.so as to
C.so that
D.so as 35.His report on the space exploration was really ________.A.exciting
B.excited
C.excitement
D.excitedly 26.Your chair needs _______.A.to repair
B.repairing
C.to repairing
D.being repair 27.I hate to see papers _______ in pencil.A.writing
B.to write
C.written
D.write 28.The job made her dependent _______ her husband.A.on
B.from
C.of
D.to
29.This is the second time she ______ improvement on that equipment.A.had made
B.made
C.is making
D.has made 30.He spoke so quickly that I did not ______ what he said.A.catch
B.accept
C.take
D.listen
三、完形填空（共20小题；每题1.5分，共30分。）
通读下面的短文，掌握其大意。从每小题的四个选项中选出可填入相应空白出的最佳选择，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括弧里。
The common cold is familiar to everyone.People often catch cold in __31_ winter or spring.They may __32_ catch cold at other times __33_ the year.A person with __34_ bad cold usually buys some __35_ of medicine.Pharmacies have many __36_ for a cold.However，doctors __37_ that these medicines do not __38_ very much.They that __39_ person with a bad cold __40_ stay in bad，keep warm，and drink a lot of water.In 1928 an English doctor was working in his laboratory in London hospital.The doctor‗s name _41_ Alexander Fleming.One day he _42_ a tiny bit of mold（霉）_43_ a dish that he was _44_ in his work.He started _45_ throw the mold away.Then _46_ noticed that it seemed unusual.He _47_ the mold and studied _48_ for a long time.He _49_ that it could kill germs.He _50_ it penicillin.（）31.A.a B.the C.some D.none
（）32.A.too B.also C.to D.still
（）33.A.at B.from C.of D.on
（）34.A.some B.a C.one D.the
（）35.A.kind B.set C.quantity D.deal
（）36.A.medicine B.much C.medicines D.doctors
（）37.A.tell B.speak C.talk D.say
（）38.A.helps B.help C.helping D.helped
（）39.A.many B.some C.a D.one
（）40.A.ought B.shall C.to D.should
（）41.A.is B.was C.called D.be
（）42.A.finding B.founded C.found D.finds
（）43.A.in B.among C.above D.into
（）44.A.playing B.using C.cooking D.making
（）45.A.to B.and C.but D.by
（）46.A.she B.Dr C.it D.he
（）47.A.kept B.keeps C.keep D.keeping
（）48.A.them B.mold C.it D.him
（）49.A.knew B.studied C.invented D.discovered
（）50.A.calls B.named C.made D.liked
四、阅读理解（共15小题；每题2分，共30分。）
阅读下列短文，然后根据短文的内容从每小题的四个选择项中选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边的括弧里。
A
It was January 1848.A man was digging near the small village of San Francisco，California，Suddenly，he saw something shiny—gold.By the next year the California gold rush had begun.Thousands of men came to California.They were called ―forty-miners‖ after the year 1849.The forty-miners came from all around the USA.They even came from other countries，including Mexico，Australia，China，France，and England.They left their families and jobs，and made the difficult trip to California.They all shared a dream.They all wanted to make a fortune in gold.Towns and camps grew quickly wherever gold was found.These towns were rough places.There was almost always a saloon，where the men drank whiskey and gambled at cards.In mining towns，men stole and sometimes killed for gold.Did the miners make their fortune？ Some did，especially those who came early were lucky.In 1848，miners usually made about twenty dollars a day.In 1852 miners made about six dollars a day.Many other people came to California to make money from the miners.Prices were very high.A loaf of bread，which cost five cents in New York，cost almost a dollar in San Francisco.In 1848 San Francisco had been a village.Six years later it was a city with a population of 50，000.In 1850 California had enough people to become a state.（）51.In 1849 thousands of men came to California because _______.A.they were forty-miners
B.they wanted to find gold
C.they had families
D.California was a beautiful place
（）52.Towns and camps _________.A.grew quickly
B.grew where there was a saloon
C.grew where there was no gold
D.grew fast wherever there was gold
（）53.Some of the miners who were lucky _________.A.made twenty dollars
B.made their fortune
C.made bread
D.became poor
（）54.The towns of the old West were rough places ________.A.where people fought a lot
B.where there are mountains
C.where there is no water
D.with irregular land
B
Baseball is America‗s most popular sport.In a baseball game there are two teams of nine players.Players must hit ball with a bat and then run around four bases.A player who goes around all the bases scores a run for his team.The team that finishes with more runs wins the game.Where did baseball come from？ No one knows for sure.Many people believe that the idea came from a game played by children in England.Other people believe that a man named Abner Doubleday invented the game in Cooperstown，New York，in 1839.But the first real rules of baseball were written in 1845 by Alexander Cartwright.Two teams from New York played a game following Cartwright‗s rules.The rules worked well.Soon there were many teams.These early teams were not professional.They played only for fun，not money.But baseball was very popular from the start.Businessmen saw that they could make money with professional baseball teams.The first professional team was started in 1869.This team was the Red Stockings of Cincinati.Within a few years there were professional teams in other cities.In 1876，these teams came together in a league，or group，called the National League.The teams in the National League played one another.In 1901，a new league，called the American League，was formed.To create some excitement，in 1903，the two leagues decided to have their first-place teams play each other.This event was called the World Series.Each year since then the National League winner and the American League winner play in the World Series.And，each year，millions of people look forward to this exciting sports event.（）55.A group of people that play together is _________.A.a team
B.a league
C.a game
D.a player
（）56.A wooden stick used to hit a ball in baseball is called ________.A.a ball
B.a sport
C.a bat
D.a stick
（）57.When a player runs around all four bases he makes ________.A.a four
B.a winner
C.a run
D.a game
（）58.When teams play sports for money they are ________.A.businessmen
B.fun
C.professional
D.amateur
C
Legend tells us that the city of Rome was established in 152 BC.It‗s a fact，however，that by 100 AD，Rome was the center of a vast empire.It ranged from Syria in the east to Spain in the west.It stretched from Britain in the north to Africa in the south.All or part of 27 of today‘s countries were included in the Roman Empire.All of their people were ruled by one government，that of Rome.All educated citizens spoke the same language，Latin.And one of the empire‗s many
outposts was called Londinium.This unimportant town would later become London，England，and the center of another empire.The Roman Empire collapsed about 1，5000 years ago.Yet in some ways，it is still with us.Take the letters you are reading fox example.English，like many other languages，uses the Roman alphabet while also borrowing many word.The laws of many European countries are based on ancient Roman laws.Roman ruins are scattered throughout Europe，North Africa，and the Middle East.In some places，Roman roads and water courses are still in use.To this day，and European in North Africa is likely to be called ―Roumi‖—Roman.Even modern place names are often inherited from ancient Rome.Both Greece and Germany bear the names given them by the Romans rather than the names that their own people first called them.（）59.The most northern part of the Roman Empire was _______.A.Spain
B.Africa
C.Syria
D.Britain
（）60.The main idea of paragraph 2 is that Roman culture is ________.A.dead and buried
B.based completely on language
C.still part of the present
D.unimportant to history
（）61.In the days of the Empire，the Roman government was probably _______.A.strong
B.divided
C.weak
D.poor
（）62.What happened first？
A.Londinium was an outpost
B.The Roman Empire fell apart.C.The city of Rome was founded.D.London became the center of an empire.D
When water is heated until it boils，bubbles of gas appear and rise through the hot liquid.When an electric current passes through water in a process called electrolysis（电解），bubbles of gas appear and rise through the liquid.Superficially（表面地），the two events appear same.If the gas from the boiling water is examined，its properties are found to be the same as those of the water，Thus，if the steam is cooled to room temperature，a liquid is formed which is indistinguishable from the original water.When，however，the gas from the electrolysis equipment is cooled to room temperature，it remains a gas rather than becoming a liquid.Nor will it，at zero degrees centigrade or below，turn to solid，as will the gas from boiling water，These two processes，boiling and electrolysis，have clearly resulted in products with quite different properties.In boiling，the gas does not represent a new substance，but only a different state of the original substance.Electrolysis，on the other hand，has generated a product which is a new substance，or possibly a mixture of new substances.A change in state as represented by going from a liquid to
a gas without the production of new substances in called a ―physical change‖。However，when a process takes place that produces new substances，this is called a ―chemical change‖ or a ―chemical reaction‖。In a chemical reaction，the initial substances are replaced by a new set of substances or products.（）63.Which of the following is the best title for this passage？
A.Electrolysis
B.Physical and Chemical Changes
C.Different Types of Water
D.Water Temperatures
（）64.At a temperature slightly above zero degrees centigrade，which of the following is true of gas produced by electrolysis？
A.It does not become liquid.B.It cannot be distinguished from water.C.It becomes a solid.D.It expands greatly.（）65.The passage is developed in the way of ________.A.argumentation
B.narration
C.comparison
D.listing examples
五、补全对话（共5句；每句满分为3分，共15分。）
根据中文提示，将对话中缺少的内容写在线上。这些句子必须符合英语表达习惯，打句号的地方，用陈述句；打问号的地方，用疑问句。
提示：Wilson太太的丈夫生病了，发烧，头疼德厉害。她打电话给格林医生，请他们到家里来一趟。格林医生简单询问情况后，答应马上就到。
Mr.Wilson：Hello，this is Alice.Is Dr.Green there？
Dr.Green ：Yes，_________66________.Mr.Wilson：Dr.Green，sorry to call you up at this time of the day.But my husband is very sick.I am rather worried._________67_________？
Dr.Green ：Yes，certainly._________68_________？ It will help me to decide what to prepare before I come.Mr.Wilson：Well，I can‗t tell exactly，but _________69_________.Dr.Green ：All right then.Don‗t worry.Keep him in bed._________70_________.Mr.Wilson：I‗ll do that，Dr.Green.See you soon.Dr.Green ：See you.参考答案
1.A 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.B 21.A 22.C 23.C 24.C 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.B 32.B 33.C 34.B 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.D 41.B 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.A 46.D 47.A 48.C 49.D 50.B 51.B 52.D 53.B 54.A 55.A 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.D 60.C 61.A 62.C 63.B 64.A 65.B 66.Speaking Dr.Green speaking this is Dr.Green speaking
67.Could you come to my（/our）home 68.What‗s the matter with him What‗s wrong with him
69.he has a fever（/temperature）and a terrible（/bad）headache he‗s running a fever and having a terrible（/bad）headache
70.I‘ll be there（/in your house）in a few minutes（/in a moment/soon/ immediately/ right away）
Our school is large and beautiful.When you enter the school gate，you can see a magnificent building.It‗s our teaching building.We have our classes there.Behind the teaching building there is a small garden with a lot of flowers and a fountain.On the left side of the garden there is an experiment building.We do our physics and chemistry experiments there.On the right side there is another two – storeyed building.You can find several language labs and computer rooms in it.At the back of the schoolyard is our library.It is full of various books and magazines.On the west end is the playground，where we spend most of our time after school.On the east end you can see a few dormitory buildings.They are both for students and teachers.Our dining hall is located among them.
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