浅析《窦娥冤》的悲剧性及原因

第一篇：浅析《窦娥冤》的悲剧性及原因

浅析《窦娥冤》的悲剧性及原因

【摘要】 《窦娥冤》是关汉卿的代表作之一，同时也是一出杰出的古典悲剧，是中国历史上悲剧的典型代表作品。窦娥最大的悲剧，源于封建社会的各种弊端，源于元朝官僚制度的腐败。对《窦娥冤》文本进行具体的分析，从悲剧性质的界定、悲剧的题材、激烈的悲剧冲突、悲剧的结局、悲剧的效果、典型化的悲剧形象这六个方面来探讨《窦娥冤》的悲剧性。

【关键字】 悲剧性质 题材 冲突 结局 效果 形象

关汉卿是我们中华民族的骄傲，他对中国戏剧的发展做出了卓越贡献，奠定了中国。戏剧发展的基础。王国维《宋元戏曲考 元剧之文章》中说“关汉卿一空依傍，自铸伟词，而其言曲尽人情，字字本色，故当为元人第一”。指出了他对中国戏剧的开创奠基之功。

一 悲剧性的表现

1.1悲剧的性质

在中国戏剧史上，剧作所体现的不同的作家的创作风格特征，要比体现的戏剧分类中悲剧、喜剧、正剧的戏剧类型特征鲜明得多。但《窦娥冤》却是一部学术界公认的、特征鲜明的悲剧杰作。王国维说；“其最有悲剧之性质者，则如关汉卿之《窦娥冤》，纪君祥之《赵氏孤儿》。剧中虽有恶人交构其间，而其蹈汤赴火，仍出于主人翁之意志，即列之于世界大悲剧中，亦无愧色也。”这是从中国和世界戏剧史的高度作出的评价。对于“悲剧”的定义，前哲时贤多有探讨。我认为最具权威和经典性是恩格斯和鲁迅的话。恩格斯说悲剧是“历史的必然要求和这个要求的实际上不可能实现之间的悲剧性冲突”。鲁迅说；“悲剧是将人生的有价值的东西毁灭给人看”。所谓“历史的必然要求”,所谓“有价值的东西”，具体到《窦娥冤》中便是窦娥的生活愿望。戏里写了她两个愿望。

窦娥是人生苦难的化身。她三岁丧母，七岁成了高利贷的牺牲品，被父亲用来抵债，做了蔡婆的童养媳，十七岁成亲不久，丈夫便亡故了。一个二十岁无儿无女的寡妇面对着无边的苦难，“天若知我情由，怕不待和天瘦”。这时她的生活愿望是：守节尽孝，用今生受苦以修来世。这是窦娥的选择，虽然这种选择有明显的时代局限——一个别剥夺了谋生能力的弱女子，在重重封建道德的束缚之下，已经失去了为自己谋取幸福的能力和自由了。但每一个人都应当有选择生活道路、决定生活方式的权利，只要这种选择不妨害他人，其他人便不能以任何借口加以干涉，强迫其改变。从尊重人的权利，顺从人的意愿角度说，窦娥自己决定自己的生活方式，体现了“历史的必然要求”，是“有价值的”。窦娥的这个愿望没能实现，被张驴儿和官府粉碎了。

张驴儿逼婚不成，药死了自己的父亲，并以此诬陷窦娥杀人，窦娥没有屈服，选择了“官休”。这时她对官府的期望是：是非分明，执法公正。这是自从法律产生以来，人们一直渴望实现的心愿，也是考察一个社会吏治明暗的唯一标准。窦娥的这个愿望被官府粉碎了。窦娥没有提出惊天动地的口号，也没有什么宏伟的人生目标，她只是从自身条件出发，提出了能够生存下去的最起码要求。这种要求却代表了水深火热中的社会底层人民的心声。就是这样简单的愿望，在元代，乃至在整个封建社会都是不可能实现的。窦娥之死具有美学意义上的悲剧价值，而不仅仅是人生悲剧。

由此可见，《窦娥冤》首先是一出社会悲剧，它深刻揭露元代社会民不聊生的一幕幕；残酷的高利贷盘剥；混乱的社会秩序；腐败的吏治，让人看到了造成小民呻吟号呼的既不是抽象的命运，也不是他们自身性格的缺陷，而是整个社会的黑暗。中国文化的民本思想和现实精神，决定了富于斗争性的作家必然不是将矛盾指向未知的神的残酷无情而是统治者的昏庸与暴行。元代知识分子地位低下，使得他们在与底层人民接近的过程中深入体察了他们的不幸与抗争，情操与追求，惟其如此，才能写出《窦娥冤》这样深刻动人的社会悲剧。

《窦娥冤》同时也是一出性格悲剧。从表面看，窦娥先是作为被买卖的童养媳，后又成了无依无靠的寡妇，最后沦为阴谋的牺牲品，在社会面前她是十足的弱者，她的一生都受人的操纵。她的悲剧从最初就被决定了。其实不然。她的悲剧有相当程度上是自主选择的结果——她的倔强刚烈决定了她必然对仇家蔑视痛恨，毫不妥协；她的善良又决定了她必然对亲人担起情感与道义的责任。所以，她的敌人必置她与死地，而她又自愿为亲人牺牲了自己。这种自主选择生动地照应了“宁为玉碎，不为瓦全”这句古语。她的性格悲剧不是由性格的缺陷造成的，而是由于道德上的完美和情感的坚贞。关汉卿在对她命运的关注中，倾注了自己的人格理想，使窦娥的形象，不同于俄罗斯文学中小人物的怯懦委琐的阴暗面，而且有人文主义的光辉，作家对之寄予的不仅是怜悯与同情，更是歌颂与赞美。

1.2悲剧的题材

悲剧的写作题材指的是悲剧创作者在作品中所描写的体现其一定创作意图的悲剧性生活事件或生活现象。

席勒说：“悲剧是一个值得同情的行动的诗意摹仿”，悲剧的最高境界要求悲剧“从经过提炼的哲学，获得更为纯净的素材”但是中国悲剧并不是对“值得同情的行动的诗意的摹仿”,而是逼真的摹仿，它整个就是普通人苦难生活的写实，是暗无天日里痛苦灵魂的悲鸣。由于没有经过哲学的提炼，中国古典悲剧都是一些悲从中来，哭声四起的“苦戏”、“哀曲”、“怨谱”。中国悲剧的出发点并不是歌颂伟大的行动，而是表现人生的苦难和不幸，在中国古代戏剧发展过程中最引人注目，最扣人心弦的莫过于内容情节“惨绝悲极”的“苦戏”，文人们称为“哀曲”、“怨情”，“苦”、“哀”、“怨”道出了中国古典悲剧的特质。

《窦娥冤》这一著作无论是情节还是结局都充满了奇幻色彩，剧本所写的是元代残酷的社会现实。一个原来手无寸铁、安分守己的弱小寡妇窦娥，由于高利贷的残酷剥削，流氓地痞的欺压诬陷，特别是贪官污吏的惨绝人寰的迫害，终于枉死在封建官府的屠刀下面。

她始终将身世的不幸归结于命运，“是不是前世里烧香不到头”，“是不是八字儿该载 着一世忧”。她尽管有抱怨，但依然恪守贞洁孝道，严守封建礼教。但在地痞流氓的欺压诬陷，贪官污吏惨绝人寰的迫害下，一个原本屈服命运的弱女子也勇敢地发出了反抗的吼声。

【正宫 端正好】没来由犯王法，不提防遭刑宪，叫声屈动地惊天。顷刻间游魂先赴森罗殿，怎不将天地也生埋怨。

【滚绣球】有日月朝暮悬，有鬼神掌着生死权。天地也，只合把清浊分辨，可怎生糊突了盗跖颜渊，为善的受贫穷更命短，造恶的享富贵又寿延。天地也，做得个怕硬欺软，却原来也这般顺水推船。地也，你不分好歹何为地？天也，你错勘贤愚枉做天！哎，只落得两泪涟涟。

这两段曲词可谓悲壮动人，古典悲剧的唱词不仅有利于烘托悲剧气氛，揭示人物的精神世界，完成对悲剧主人公的形象塑造，而且通过那悲壮的音乐腔调，使观众在“物我两忘”的境界里得到高度的享受。窦娥冤里的《端正好》《滚绣球》在倾诉个人不幸命运的同时，表现了对是非颠倒，善恶不分的社会现实的不满与反抗。这两段表明窦娥反抗的唱词掷地有声，它表明了即使是弱者在遭遇不公正的非难时也有抗争至死的勇气。

通过对《窦娥冤》内容的挖掘，我们不难发现，中国古典悲剧是对现实生活逼真的摹仿，它不是站在历史的高山之巅对历史过眼云烟的鸟瞰，而是站在山脚河边对浊浪旋流，明滩暗桥的实录，从而其内容都被定位为“悲从中来，哭声四起的苦戏，哀曲，怨谱”。

1.3激烈的悲剧冲突

矛盾斗争的性质决定了悲剧冲突是激烈的，你死我活的，这是悲剧冲突与喜剧冲突不同的地方。主人公代表历史的必然要求，具有坚强不屈的意志，强大到使这种合乎历史的必然的要求不能实现，斗争的结局是以正面主人公的毁灭告终。

《窦娥冤》的第一戏剧冲突是窦娥与张驴儿的冲突。张驴儿是一个寡廉鲜耻、阴险狠毒的泼皮无赖。他无意中救了蔡婆性命，按照他的逻辑，蔡婆的命便属于他了，婆媳二人就应当“肉身陪侍”。为了达到霸占窦娥的目的，他不惜投毒杀人。药死谁对他来说都无所谓，用父亲一条命换取窦娥叫他三声丈夫，他就满足了。否则便翻脸不认人，张驴儿是社会的蠹虫，他无权无势，成不了大气候。他之所以能够得逞，有着适宜他生存、纵容他胡作非为的社会条件，这便是官府黑暗，吏治腐败。由此引出了本剧的主要矛盾——与官府的矛盾冲突。本来是应当镇压张驴儿一类恶人的官府，反而成了他们作恶的保护伞。钱成了判断是非曲直的标准。在同社会邪恶势力的斗争中，窦娥是普通民众要求和愿望的体现着，她是为了实现这些要求和愿望而死的。她的死，不是由于自身的过失，也不是突然的偶发事件，更不是乞求生存而不可得，被迫无奈死的；而是以自己的死换取他人的生，意识到了死的危险，又毅然以死相愽，以生命殉、真理殉、正义殉体现了历史必然要求的愿望。她的死是由于“主人翁之意志”，死得壮烈，有价值，是具有震撼人心力量的悲剧。在整个过程中，窦娥一步步退让，直到刑场上，她没有办法证明自己的无辜，只能靠上天为她作证“若没有儿灵圣谕世人传，也不见得湛湛青天”，临终前立下三桩誓——第一桩 要丈二白练挂在旗枪上，若系冤枉，刀过头落，一腔热血休滴在地下，都飞在白练上；第二桩，现今三伏天道，下三尺瑞雪，掩盖你孩儿尸首；第三桩，着他楚州大旱三年。她的三桩誓愿只有在上天的公正光芒中才能实现。

虽然写了窦娥鬼魂重翻案卷，拨弄灯烛，在伸冤过程中的主动性可视为生前斗争的延续，但毕竟是对官府依赖的表现。在现实生活中窦娥没有力量保卫自己，也没有复仇的手段。她的抗争之所以有力，之所以震撼人心，在于她的精神和价值取向，她是用自身的毁灭来肯定和张扬了有价值的东西。

1.4悲剧的结局

悲剧结局是各种冲突的最后决战和解决。悲剧的结局给人的审美享受，在在全剧中是最集中、最强烈、最持久的。中国古典悲剧结局体现了“悲中带喜”的独特风格。中国悲剧采取的是一种苦尽甘来的结构形态。有人总结了中国古典戏剧的基本模式为：喜—悲—喜—悲—大悲—小喜，这大悲之后的“小喜”是中国古典文学独具的“团圆之趣”。中国悲剧的情节发展并不是剑拔弩张，紧张到令人窒息的地步，而是常常都掺杂着一些妙趣横生的戏剧喜成分。如戏剧中的生旦净末丑上场，或是动作上的滑稽打闹，或是语言上的逗笑取乐，也就是通过这种加入剧中的插科打诨来获取喜剧效果，令人解颐捧腹，从而达到“喜中见悲”“寓悲于喜”的目的结局模式。

《窦娥冤》中的窦娥在邪恶势力的迫害下，最终化为冤魂临死前立下的三桩誓愿也都一一得到验证，最后她的父亲窦天章为她翻了案，恶人得到了报应。这看来是一个大团圆的结局，但这并没有弱化其悲剧效果。窦娥的冤魂是“死人复生”的表象。一方面，这是悲剧补偿心理的具体化，这种结构形式符合中国观众的民族心理；另一反面，窦娥冤情平反，父亲窦天章做了官的这种方式并不能改变窦娥的人生命运。

事实上，《窦娥冤》的结尾，只是一个象征性的符号，这种团圆并非真正意义上的团圆。窦娥终究是死了，她的鬼魂之说只是艺术虚拟中的虚拟物而已。

1.5悲剧效果

就悲剧艺术的美学意义和审美价值而言，悲剧并不是以表现悲惨命运，不幸遭遇为最终目的。相反，它是通过表现种种悲惨与不幸，启发人们对造成悲剧的根源进行反思，引发人们对人生价值的深刻领悟，激发人们对美好生活的向往，鼓励人们保持坚定积极的生活信念。古典悲剧的大团圆结局宣扬着一种伦理道德和世间正义，强调一种美善相和的审美境界。中国悲剧的大团圆结局往往能很快使观众从沉闷压抑的消极悲伤情绪中提升出来，立即以乐观积极的态度面对现实生活。这正是悲剧艺术目的成功实现。

在《窦娥冤》中，代表新生力量的窦娥是孤零零的一方，她善良，孝顺，是真善美的和谐统一体；而代表邪恶势力的则是一个大群体，他们是居心不良的赛卢医，恶徒流氓张驴儿，昏庸无能的桃杌之流。邪恶势力对于窦娥这一悲剧主角施加苦难和毁灭，由此，悲剧观众被邪恶势力的所作所为震撼，潜藏于悲剧观众内心的真善美的情感得到激发，在悲 剧观众的头脑中就形成了对邪恶势力的比较清晰的认识和评判，从而使邪恶势力得到了否定。悲剧观众在欣赏悲剧的时候能够获得认识和情感的再生，窦娥这一悲剧人物的人生价值得到了增值。

1.6典型化的悲剧形象

窦娥是一个普普通通的小人物，她的性格是经历了忍、抗争和觉醒三个阶段才塑造完成的。不幸的身世命运也曾使窦娥怀疑过；“莫不是八字儿该载着一世忧？莫不是前世里烧香不到头”。怀疑是不满的根苗，思考是觉醒的基础，虽然觉察到了命运的不公，但这时的窦娥仍然忍耐阶段，只要让她活下去，她愿意牺牲自己，守节尽孝了此一生。

当这种恪守封建道德的生活都不让她过下去，连苟活性命都没有可能时，窦娥不甘忍受了，开始抗争了。苦她可以受，但人格不能受辱，清白的名声不能受污。张驴儿药死父亲，要窦娥选择“官休”“私休”时，她选择了“官休”她不再逆来顺受，开始为维护自己的人格抗争。这时的窦娥对官府还有幻想，认为官吏们都是“明如镜，清似水”的清官廉吏，是能够照出“肝胆虚实”，替老百姓做主的靠山。然而，她错了。

官府并没有像窦娥希望的那样，做是非曲直的裁判人，经过公堂无情的棍棒，使她在对官府抱有希望的迷梦中渐渐清醒。争到头，竟到底，“要争”“要竟”显示了窦娥的抗争精神。

事实粉碎了窦娥的一切梦想；官府并没有覆勘，天地也没有为她伸张正义。一切希望和幻想都破灭之后，窦娥开始对人生进一步思考，性格发张进入觉醒阶段。严酷的现实使窦娥认识到不仅仅是一个楚州官吏贪赃枉法，造成她的冤狱，而是天下衙门都是一样的昏暗，使百姓有口难言。由否定楚州太守到否定所有官府，对原以为“公正无私”的天地鬼神也开始怀疑和否定。

着重描写窦娥那股惊天地，泣鬼神的如虹怨气，使这个默默无闻的童养媳妇，化作一颗光芒四射的彗星，划破那笼罩苍穹的黑夜，给人们带来一线光明，给作品现实主义的躯干洒上一层瑰丽的浪漫色彩。作者还以高超的艺术手腕，细致地刻画了窦娥内心矛盾冲突，和性格的不同侧面，使她成为一个令人同情和崇敬的、有血有肉的艺术形象。

二 悲剧形成的原因

2.1自身原因

窦娥是世界文学画廊中一个著名的悲剧典型。造成窦娥悲剧还有内存因素，即窦娥自身的性格原因，窦娥的性格具有二重性，她的性格体系中有两大既对立又统一的脉络：自觉高尚和伦理精神和刚烈不屈的斗争精神，这两脉络又由很多具体的、活生生的性格元素组成，这些性格元素又分别组成一组一组既对立又统一的联系，如接受封建礼教 影响和挣脱封建礼教的束缚。甘受命运的摆布和对命运的抗争；靠天与骂天。造成窦娥悲剧很大程度上就是由于她的性格的二重性。

2.2社会原因

窦娥善良、温硕、守礼节、懂孝道、明事理、善克制，就是这样一个人人皆怜爱赞扬，对世道毫无触犯的女性，却被大千世界所不容，遭受了人世间的诸多不幸，直到最终被残暴的恶势所吞唑。究其原因，当然有社会的原因，封建统治者的草菅人命，地痞无赖的凌逼迫害，甚至高利贷的高利盘剥都是社会的原因，但这是造成其悲剧的外在因素，造成窦娥悲剧还有内在因素，即窦娥自身的原因，这是最基本的因素，一切恶势力之所以能够得逞，正是利用了窦娥这个“内在因素”。柯列根说过：“悲剧并非只是描写死亡，死亡是生活中的一件事实，无论我们承认与否，死亡是我们的伴侣，悲剧表现由于我们不能始终保持浑然一体，因而我们所希望的一切无可避免地要遭到失败，根源并非由于外力，而是在于心中，我们如果要打开悲剧艺术之门，真正的钥匙就是必须承认一切悲剧在于人类的冲突，而是从人性的基本分裂中产生出来的。„„悲剧最重要的特征——区别悲剧与其它戏剧形式尤其是闹剧的主要特征，就是一切有意义的‘收场事件’，并非由于外在力量，而由于主人公的内在分裂。”柯列根的观点虽然有点偏激，他忽略了悲剧产生的社会原因，历史必然性，但他看到了悲剧性格对产生悲剧的作用，造成窦娥悲剧的自身原因实际上就是她的性格的二重性。

结语

通过对《窦娥冤》的具体分析，我们可以总结出：中国古典悲剧是当时的黑暗社会现实的反映，往往以世俗化的弱小人物为主人公，通过迂回曲折的情节结构，描写人物悲欢离合的遭遇，表现出正义必胜的乐观主义情怀，充满平民化的惩恶扬善的基调，具有哀而不伤，尽善尽美的伦理教化作用。

【参考文献】

[1]马克思《马克思恩格斯全集》卷四，人民出版社1958年版。

[2]王国维《宋元戏曲考 元剧之文章》《王国维戏曲论文集》，中国戏剧出版社1984年版。[3]鲁迅《鲁迅全集》卷一，人民文学出版社1959年版。[4]王季思《中国十大古典悲剧》人民文学出版社1985年版。[5]郑传寅《传统文化与古典戏曲》湖南人民出版社2004年版。[6]胡开祥《悲剧心理学》三环出版社1989年版。

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第二篇：最新关汉卿《窦娥冤》的悲剧性

《窦娥冤》是关汉卿的代表作，也是我国古代悲剧的代表作。它的故事渊源于《列女传》中的《东海孝妇》。但关汉卿并没有局限在这个传统故事里，去歌颂为东海孝妇平反冤狱的于公的阴德；而是紧紧扣住当时的社会现实，用这段故事，真实而深刻的反映了元蒙统治下中国社会极端黑暗、极端残酷、极端混乱的悲剧时代，表现了中国人民坚强不屈的斗争精神和争取独立生存的强烈要求。它成功地塑造了“窦娥”这个悲剧主人公形象，使其成为元代被压迫、被剥削、被损害的妇女的代表，成为元代社会底层善良、坚

强而走向反抗的妇女的典型。

深刻的反映了元蒙统治下中国社会极端黑暗、极端残酷、极端混乱的悲剧时代，表现了中国人民坚强不屈的斗争精神和争取独立生存的强烈要求。它成功地塑造了“窦娥”这个悲剧主人公形象，使其成为元代被压迫、被剥削、被损害的妇女的代表，成为元代社会底层善良、坚强而走向反抗的妇女的典型。

惊心动魄的人间惨剧 极度恶化的生存空间 维护自身的人格尊严 满腔怒火喷薄而出人间正义的最

终胜利

关汉卿对社会现实有清醒的认识，他的喜剧已包涵着悲剧意蕴。至于他的悲剧创作，更是酣畅淋淳

地揭示出元代惊心动魄的人间惨象。

在关汉卿笔下，《窦娥冤》中女主人公的悲剧命运，是最具有震撼力和典型意义的。

窦娥是一位善良而多难的女性。她出生在书香之家，父亲是“幼习儒业，饱有文章”的书生。窦娥家境贫寒，三岁丧母，幼小的年纪过早地遭受失恃之痛和穷困之苦，从小养成了孝顺的品格。父亲为了抵债，忍心将她出卖，让她成了债主蔡婆婆的童养媳，这加重了她幼小心灵的创伤。她在蔡家平淡地度过了一段相当长的时期。岂料至17岁，即婚后不久，丈夫因病去世，窦娥随即变为寡妇。世事的多变、接踵而来的苦难，不仅使窦娥磨炼出应付灾变的心理承受能力，同时，也使她对“恒定不变”的天理产生怀疑。她出场时，便满怀忧怨地唱道：“满腹闲愁，数年禁受，天知否？天若是知我情由，怕不待和天瘦。”然而，饱受折磨的窦娥万万没有想到，她一生中最大的苦难还在后头。

在剧中，窦娥的婆婆蔡氏以放债来收取“羊羔儿利”，无力偿还其债务的赛卢医起了杀蔡婆婆之心，蔡氏在危难之际意外地被张驴儿父子救出。可是，张氏父子不怀好意，乘机要将蔡氏婆媳占为己有。窦娥坚意不从。张驴儿怀恨在心，趁蔡氏生病，暗中备下毒药，伺机害死蔡氏，逼窦娥改嫁；可是，阴差阳错，张的父亲误喝有毒的汤水，倒地身亡；张驴儿见状，当即心生歹念，嫁祸于窦娥，以“官休”相威胁，实则强行逼窦娥“私休”。窦娥一身清白，不怕与张驴儿对簿公堂，本以为官府能判个一清二楚；岂料贪官桃杌是非不分，偏听偏信，胡乱判案，屈斩窦娥，造成千古奇冤。

在元代，社会秩序失范，官吏贪墨，阶级冲突和民族矛盾激化，导致冤狱重重，悲愤屡屡发生。《窦娥冤》戏剧情境的形成，与此有着密切关系。像张驴儿这类无恶不作、横行乡里的社会渣滓，其无法无天的罪恶图谋，竟然有官吏为之撑腰，衙门成了罪犯逍遥法外的场所。世事的荒谬乖错，可见一斑。在这里，《窦娥冤》情节发展的偶然性，反映出社会生活的必然性，具有深刻的典型意义。

窦娥是一位具有悲剧性格的人物。她的性格是孝顺与抗争的对立统一。她的悲剧，是张驴儿的横蛮行径与官府的颠倒黑白所造成的；她的悲剧性格，则是在与张驴儿等恶势力的斗争中呈现出来的。

经历过许多灾难的窦娥，本来很珍惜与蔡婆婆相依为命、相对平稳的家庭生活。她对早年守寡、晚年丧子的婆婆孝顺有加，也深信一女不嫁二夫的教条。如果生活没有波澜，她会恪守孝道与妇道，做一个贤惠的媳妇的。但蔡氏被张驴儿父子救出后，竟半推半就地应承了张氏父子横蛮无理的“入赘”要求。于是，摆在窦娥面前的是一种痛苦的选择：要么惟婆婆的意志是从，改嫁张驴儿；要么不依从婆婆，更不屈服于张驴儿的淫威。窦娥选择了后者。这一来，她首先和自己的婆婆发生冲突。她谴责婆婆“怕没的贞心儿自守”，“你岂不知羞”，当面顶撞，据理力争。而面对张驴儿的强暴行为，窦娥没有惊慌失措，她镇静、坚定，绝

不示弱，以蔑视鄙弃的态度与张驴儿针锋相对。在这里，她的抗争，不仅仅是恪守妇道，更是一种维护自身人格尊严的行动。尤其是当张驴儿借张老头暴死事件作为霸占窦娥的筹码时，她相信官府不会容许这灭绝人性的衣冠禽兽的胡作非为，所以，她要与张驴儿“官了”，以为官吏会主持公道，会维护她的清白与名声。然而，窦娥没有想到，她所处的生存空间已经恶化到无以复加的程度。她所寄与希望的官府，竟是一团漆黑。楚州太守桃杌残民以逞，滥用酷刑，将无辜的窦娥打得“一杖下，一道血，一层皮”！为了使蔡婆婆免受毒打，窦娥忍受着剧痛、屈辱和不公，不得不含冤招认，无辜受罪。这就是窦娥的悲剧性格。她的遭遇，典型地显示出善良的百姓被推向深渊的过程。

窦娥本来不想和现实生活作对，可是黑暗的现实却逼得她爆发出反抗的火花。人间的不公，更使她怀疑天理的存在。她被刽子手捆绑得不能动弹，满腔的怒火和怨气，喷薄而出，她骂天骂地：“地也，你不分好歹何为地？天也，你错勘贤愚枉做天！”并且发出三桩奇异的誓愿：血飞白练、六月降雪、亢旱三年；她声明：“不是我窦娥罚下这等无头愿，委实的冤情不浅；若没些儿灵圣与世人传，也不见得湛湛青天。”(第三折〔耍孩儿〕)她要苍天证实她的清白无辜，她要借异常的事象向人间发出强有力的警示。关汉卿写窦娥发誓后，浮云蔽日，阴风怒号，白雪纷飞，这一片浓重的悲剧气氛，把窦娥含冤负屈悲愤莫名的情绪推到极限。很明显，通过这惊天动地的描写，关汉卿希望唤醒世人的良知，激发世人对不平世道的愤慨，催促世人为争取公平合理的社会而抗争。因此，《窦娥冤》所表现的反抗性，是时代的最强音。

剧本的第四折写窦娥的三桩誓愿相断应验。耐人寻味的是，窦娥的冤案，最终却是由她的已任“两淮提刑肃政廉访使”的父亲出来平反。窦天章当然不属贪官墨吏，可是，窦娥的冤魂一而再、再而三地在他书案前“弄灯”、“翻文卷”，好不容易才引起了他的注意。这一细节表明，即便是奉命“随处审囚刷卷，体察滥官污吏”的窦天章，要不是窦娥鬼魂的再三警示，他也会糊里糊涂地将一份冤狱案卷，“压在底下”，不予追究。最后，冤狱总算平反了，但起关键作用的是审判者与被审判者的特殊关系。换言之，窦娥得还清白，靠的是父亲手中的权力。这样的处理，固然反映出关汉卿崇尚权力的思想局限；但也体现出他让受害者亲属惩治恶人报仇雪恨的强烈愿望，同时，在一定程度上寄寓着对元代吏治沉重的疑虑。因此，《窦娥冤》的结局，是有着比较复杂而深刻的涵义的。

《窦娥冤》的故事框架，与汉代以来一直流传民间的“东海孝妇”故事颇为相似，但剧本反映的时代生活与人物遭遇，却以元代冤狱繁多的社会现实为依据。至于关汉卿的其他悲剧作品，也和《窦娥冤》一样，取材于前代的故事传说，而在飘荡着的历史烟尘中，融汇了剧作家对当代现实与人生的痛切感受，均具批

判社会的价值和震撼人心的力度。

关汉卿根据民间传说创作的《哭存孝》，写的是阴险小人轻而易举地害死一位盖世英雄的悲剧。五代的李存孝品性纯良，战功显赫；而李存信与康君立却嫉贤妒能，恶意陷害，欲置李存孝于死地。主帅李克用偏信谗言，不辩好歹，助长了李存信等人的嚣张气焰。身经百战、磊落光明的李存孝，无法逃脱小人设下的重重圈套和陷阱，惨死于自己人的手下。在作品中，关汉卿入木三分地刻划了李存信等人阴狠毒辣的性格，说明在混浊的政治环境中，欺压良善、滥杀无辜的凶邪力量往往得逞。作者以此警醒世人，对小人的所作所为不可掉以轻心。此外，《蝴蝶梦》、《鲁斋郎》、《五侯宴》等剧，也从不同的侧面，写出权豪势要与乡间劣绅有恃无恐、伤天害理的罪行，反映出普通民众性命难保的处境。

在揭露人间罪恶的同时，高扬正义的旗帜是关汉卿悲剧作品共同的主旨。在他的笔下，悲剧主人公大多具有顽强、坚定的意志，敢于与邪恶势力作不妥协的较量，在较量中充分显示出善良的人们捍卫世间正义的壮烈情怀与崇高精神。显而易见，在关汉卿的悲剧创作中，总是贯串着这样的脉络：情绪从悲愤走向悲壮，剧情亦从恶势力的暂时得逞，转为人间正义的最终胜利。由于关汉卿向往法正民安的社会环境，因此，其悲剧作品的末尾，往往出现执法严明的“清官”。这固然是善恶各得其报观念的体现。但最令人难忘的，依然是他战胜邪恶势力的信念，是悲剧主人公敢于抗争的刚烈品性。可以说，关汉卿是元代最善于

以抗争激情感染大众的戏剧家。

第三篇：骆驼祥子的悲剧性原因1

《中国现当代作家作品专题研究》作业

一、骆驼祥子的悲剧性原因

（一）当时的社会制度和反动势力的残酷迫害是把祥子由人逼成了“鬼”的客观原因。

祥子生活在一个肮脏、不讲人道主义的半封建半殖民地的旧社会，对于地位低下的穷苦人民来说，是一个人间地狱。在这样的社会里发生的绝大部分事情都是不公平的。作为人力车夫的祥子，命运注定是悲惨的。

军阀的连年混战，兵匪的生灵涂炭，特务的横行霸道和敲骨吸髓，给广大劳动人民造成了深重的苦难，祥子当然不可能幸免。作品交代了那是军阀混战的年代。打仗不断地骚扰着人们的生活。威胁着人们的安全。作品还提到逃兵如果“教村中的人们捉住，至少是活埋”，从人民对逃兵的深恶痛绝这一点，就透露出这些逃兵曾经如何残酷地蹂躏过人民。准备买第二辆车的积蓄又被反动爪牙孙侦探敲诈去。在这个社会里生活，像他那样既无权势又无财势，而且不能审时度势，如莽牛乱撞的人，虽不伤害别人也注定要遭殃的，决定了任何打击都可能而且可以任意地落到他的头上。

这两次打击描写得都简短，事情也发生得突然，带有很大的偶然性。但和一切现实主义作品一样，通过这些情节表现出来的，却足事态发展的必然趋势。越是出乎常情，越能反映出祥子在那个社会所处的地位。

大兵和特务，不过是旧中国庞大的国家机器中小小的零件。前者的掠夺是在溃散逃命之际，后者的讹诈也只是作为一次意外的收获。但他们的顺手一击，给祥子带来的却是影响终生的祸害。在那个强取豪夺的社会里，他们随时都可以置祥子于死地。当时的劳动人民的命就是那么低微，那么的不值得一提。这正是那个社会的悲哀，也正是祥子人生悲剧发生的根源。

（二）祥子所走的个人奋斗的道路，是他落入悲剧的主观原因。性格决定命运。祥子由于来自农村。他的性格受农村生活的影响，形成了狭隘保守、谨小慎微、自私等性格特点。这些特点以致使祥子具有孤独感和软弱感。祥子把残酷的阶级对立，看作是虚无飘缈的“鬼影”。追求个人发财成功的强烈愿望，使他愈来愈认不清社会对自己的榨取。

一个人的性格是固有的，但也会因为外部世界的熏陶而改变。当买车、拉上自己的车已成旧梦时，他埋怨的只是自己，归罪自己有过善良的愿望：“当初咱倒是强过呢。有一丁点好处没有？”他似乎问住了自己，仿佛他处于水深火热中的挣扎失败，是天生注定了的。

（三）和虎妞的不正常的结合，是导致祥子悲剧结局的另一个重要原因。

他们的结合对祥子说来，这是一场更加难以忍受的灾难。骆驼祥子在虎妞眼里，不只是肉欲的对象还是一个俯首听命的奴仆。虎妞把祥子“由乡间带来的那点清凉劲毁灭”。

婚后，虎妞与祥子，由于对生活的态度和理解不同，一直存在的尖锐的冲突。首先，拉不拉车是他们冲突的起因。其次，经济上的不平等，造成两人畸形的夫妻关系。

第四篇：《子夜》中吴荪甫的悲剧性的原因

主观原因：性格方面，可以从弱点说起

按1、2、3、4说

思想方面，可以从特征说起

按1、2、3、4说 客观原因：社会背景

再从各个方面说

历史条件

再从各个方面说

第五篇：浅析哈代《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧性及其原因 英文

On the Tragedy of Tess and Its Causes 浅析哈代《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧性及其原因

Abstract

This paper states the writing background and main contents of the novel Tess of the D’urerviles, introduces the author----Thomas Hardy, the most outstanding realistic writer of the 19th century, describes the struggling spirits of the beautiful and innocent girl Tess when she was facing sufferings;and at the same time, reveals Tess’s failure in marriage, and the miserable destiny of being hanged.This paper also analyses the family background and social phenomena, and her personality, summaries all kinds of reasons leading to Tess’s miserable fate, and deeply exposes the darkness of the capitalist society and the more miserable destiny of the women.Key words: Tess, Tess’s tragedy, Social causes, Character, Inevitability

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摘 要

本文简要陈述了小说《德伯家的苔丝》的写作背景及主要情节，介绍了该小说的作----19世纪杰出的现实主义作家托马斯·哈代，描写了美丽纯真的主人公苔丝姑娘面对苦难生活而表现出的那种不屈不挠的抗争精神，同时也揭示了苔丝失败的婚姻，以及苔丝最后被处以绞刑的悲惨命运。本文还分析了苔丝的家庭情况，当时的社会背景，以及她的个人性格特点，总结了导致苔丝悲惨命运的种种原因，深刻地揭露了资本主义社会的黑暗及妇女更加苦难的命运。

关键词: 苔丝, 悲剧, 人物性格, 必然性错误！未找到引用源。

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Table of Contents ChapterⅠ.Introduction..............................................................................................1 ChapterⅡ.The background of the novel: Tess of the D’Urbervilles......................2 2.1.About the author: Thomas Hardy........................................................................2 2.2.The main content of the novel.............................................................................3 ChapterⅢ.Inevitable causes of Tess’s tragedy.........................................................5 3.1.Objective factors..................................................................................................5 3.1.1.Social phenomenon and Social background.................................................5 3.1.2.“Impetus” from her family...........................................................................6 3.1.3.Hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and religion..............................................8 3.1.4.Unequal legal system....................................................................................9 3.2.Subjective factors..............................................................................................10 3.2.1.Tess’s figure and character..........................................................................10 3.2.1.1.Purity, diligence, self-esteem.............................................................10 3.2.1.2.Obedience, kindness, bravery............................................................11 3.2.2.Weakness of Tess’s personality and fate.....................................................11 3.2.2.1.Compromise, ignorance.....................................................................11 3.2.2.2.Traditional mind and weak personality..............................................12 3.2.2.3.Pessimistic fate theory.......................................................................12 Chapter Ⅳ.The influence of Tess.............................................................................14 ChapterⅤ.Conclusion..............................................................................................16 Bibliography...............................................................................................................17 Acknowledgements....................................................................................................18 毕业设计小结.............................................................................错误！未定义书签。

ChapterⅠ.Introduction

Tess of D’Ubevilles, published in 1891, is one of Hardy’s last and most important novels, undoubtedly, one of his most significant masterpieces.The story tells us the tragic life of an intelligent and sensitive country girl, she turns from a simple and native girl to a woman who commits a supposedly criminal or immoral action, and she endures a great deal of tragedy during her brief life.Hardy demonstrates his deep sense of moral sympathy for England’s lower class during his era, particularly for rural woman.Tess, the heroine of this novel, was full of ups and downs in her whole life, and her tragic fate has always been a hot topic in the literary research.However, when considered it deeply, Tess’s pathetic life is not merely a story or an accidental event.What are the reasons for this unfortunate, poor peasant girl to have such sufferings? what lead to her tragedy? What killed her? So the aim of this paper is to look back the novel together, step by step, and make a detailed analysis on the novel to demonstrate the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy from the following prospective of social background, a main and objective factor.Family background, a promoting factor, and unequal legal and religion system as well as Tess’s imperfect personalities are being discussed to show the era of Hardy and Tess and Tess’s unavoidable tragedy.ChapterⅡ.The background of the novel: Tess of the

D’Urbervilles

2.1.About the author: Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 in a small town near the Dorchester where later became the famous “Wessex” in many of his novels.When he was young, he showed a strong interest in religion and music.At the age of 16, he left school and was apprenticed to a local architecture.He left the rural South West at the age of 22 and traveled to London where he worked as an architect for Arthur Bloomfield.During his years in London, he continued his studies in his leisure time.He read works of Charles Darwin, Herbert Spenser, and John Stuart Mill.Their philosophy had a quite strong influence on him.At the same time, he began to write poetry.But the poetries were all refused by the magazines, thus he embarked to write fiction.The first novel of Hardy was Desperate Remedies.Later he became one of the most important realism writers in the 19th century in England.The age Hardy wrote was called Victoria Period.There were many famous works of Hardy’s whole life, including Under the Greetwood, A Pair of Blue Eyes, Far fromthe Madding Growd, The Return of the Native, Major of the Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Jude the obscure.By the vivid description of the health, the fields, the seasons, the weather, Wessxs attained a physical presence in the novels and acted as a mirror of the psychological conditions of the characters.Hardy's poetry, first published in his 50s, has come to be as well-regarded as his novels and has had a gigantic influence over modern English poetry, especially after the movement poets of the 1950s and 1960s cited Hardy as a major figure.Thomas Hardy devoted most of his life to literary career and created a large amount of significant literary works which bring the society spiritual values and profound influence.2.2.The main content of the novel

Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published at the beginning of the last decade of the 19th century which was a time of considerable intellectual and social ferment.According to the novel, Tess is a beautiful, innocent, strong and diligent girl, but she is born in a poor and peasant family.One day, Tess’s father of the Durbeyfield household is wandering home when he is told that he is of the ancient line of the D’Urbervilles, a once powerful family.Knowing this, he returns home happily and relays the news to his family.Although being from a once great family, his current family is in need and decides to seek help from relatives by the name of D’Urberville.So, Tess is arranged and persuaded by her mother to claim kindred with this more prosperous branch of the D’Urbervillies family.Tess reluctantly agrees and begins working for them.However, she finds out that they are not truly of the D’Urberville line but simply changed their names to D’Urberville.Also, she finds out that the son of the house, Alec, is not of good character.There she is seduced and raped by Alec and gets pregnant;Then, Tess has to return home in disgrace.After she goes home, she gives birth to a baby, while unfortunately;the baby dies in a couple of days.Tess is hurt deeply again, she decides to look for a new life elsewhere where no one knows of her and the incident.Afterwards, she ends up at a farmland working as a milk maid.There, she meets three girls and a man, Angel Clare, the intellectual and free-thinking son of a clergyman.And soon, they two fall in love with each other and want to get married.There, Tess does live a most joyful life in her whole life.All the hurts in her heart are diluted and forgotten immediately.She starts to begin her new life full of love, passion, and hope.But, the virtual and kind Tess would not like to continue her life with the shadow by Alec and the guilty in her heart.Thus she decides to tell Clare all the truth about her history.She writes a letter to Clare, however, Clare doesn’t see it.With a restless heart, she comes to the church to marry Clare.On their wedding night, Tess and Angle tell each other about their past, Tess forgives him about Angle’s embarrassed past because she loves and cherishes him so much.But after hearing

Tess’s confession, Clare cannot accept the truth.He becomes so angry that he leaves her abruptly for Brazil.Poverty forces Tess to work at a farm Flincomb Ash.At the same time, Alec appears again, and tempts Tess by many methods, although Tess doesn’t change her mind.But her dad’s death makes the family lose their home.Then Tess is in contradiction and confusion in the periods.She writes several letters to Clare to ask for help, but gets nothing reply, meanwhile, Alec keeps in persuading her and cheating her, hopeless and helpless Tess, only can choose to be with Alec again, though her heart still goes with her lover Clare, who, on the other hand, is ill in Brazil.He knows none of the troubles of Tess.Eventually, noticed by a friend in Brazil, Clare realizes his fault and decides to come back to forgive Tess and begins their new life in Brazil together.When he finally finds his dear wife and tells he is still loves her so much.Tess is so excited and broken-hearted but only to tell him it’s too late.Angle gets to know everything and leaves the boarding house lonely.At the time of his getting into the train, somebody runs to him, it’s his wife, Tess.They get in to the train together;Tess tells Clare that she killed Alec, Clare makes up his mind to share anything with his wife.After several days of escaping for no destination, they are found by the police.Tess is arrested for murder and sentenced to death.Finally, Angel Clare marries Tess’ younger sister as Tess’ last wish.Soon after Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published some critics had already recognized that Mr.Hardy’s latest novel is his greatest.ChapterⅢ.Inevitable causes of Tess’s tragedy

3.1.Objective factors

Compared with the other heroines in the Hardy novel, Tess is more beautiful, passionate and dynamic.But so kind-hearted a girl has suffered a lot in his short life unfortunately and eventually forced to destruction.Thomas Hardy emphasizes the unavoidability of death.Actually, even though Hardy try to explain the misfortune of his characters from the viewpoint of the unseen but potential fate, his characterization and truthful representation of the lives of his characters reveal that their unfortunate fate is evidently determined by the objective factors.Tess’s life is closely connected with the world and background she lives in.Tess’s miserable life, Hardy shows in many different ways how her life was determined only partly by her own efforts, and how much it depends upon the pressure of things over which she had no control.To a large extent, the bourgeois society should assume much more responsibility for Tess’s pathetic death.Following, the paper is going to analyze the external factors from 4 angles which are classified to the Objective Causes that lead to Tess’s tragedy.3.1.1.Social phenomenon and Social background

As a heroine in the novel, Tess’s tragedy，to some degree, is arranged and determined by the Author’s tragic consciousness.Tess lived in the time of Victorian, when the rural areas were invaded by the British capitalist industrial civilization.At that time, as something new, capitalistic economy developed rapidly, meanwhile, the Enclosure Movement prevailed, which also reflected and coincided with Hardy's awareness of social tragedy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of Hardy’s Wessex novels, which gives the background of his home town Wessex.In the mid 19th century, the English capitalist industrial civilization penetrated the countryside;Hardy’s home also suffered the impact strongly.The rapid disintegration of patriarchal society and unemployment of

individual farmers lead to the poverty and plight.Confronting with the consequences brought by industrial civilization, Thomas Hardy, as a humanist, his heart was hit strongly.He was attached to the ancient patriarchal civilization deeply in emotion and hated the industrial civilization which was a radical destruction to people’s harmonious life.So the awareness of social tragedy in Hardy’s novel existed for the social background at that time.It starts from the clash between individual civilization and patriarchal civilization, and from the panorama to the local, from the surface to the point, it gives an objective description and comprehensively expresses people’s living troubles.In the book, Hardy creates a panoramic picture of the impact from industrial civilization on the rural, deeply shows the throes in their physical plight.The social tragedy, however, mostly is caused by the conflicts between human and the environment they live in.Tess lives in the Victorian age which British capitalism assaults the countryside even poisons the social atmosphere.Under this circumstance, people’s social status is classified by their economic status.People who rank top class always are those rich in material.Just like the slave owners in slave society, the landlord in feudal society and the capitalist in capital society.Hardy witnessed the emerging of the local bourgeoisie and ruination that farmers suffered;sensitive he intuitively realized that this is the kind of conflict between human and social environment, which is totally objective as well as irreversible.Tess is smart, beautiful and diligent, but she was born in a family as poor as washed, as a labor and a farm worker with no right and money, which compels her to fall into Alec’s trap gradually.This kind of economic status only can belong to the bottom society of that time and dooms to suffer from sorts of social oppression and abuse.From this angle, Tess’s tragedy comes from society;also as a micro social side consciousness exists in the Hardy’s exploration of life and fate.3.1.2.“Impetus” from her family

Family, as a small unit, has a substantial influence to each family member.People’s character and attitude link with their living background, and a great extent

inherited from their parents.Tess’s family belongs to a particular rural community—the small traders, and lives together with traditional agricultural laborers, but Tess’s family’s status is slightly higher than the traditional one’s.They are more knowledgeable, and not only the backbone force of the ancient village life, but also a storeroom for rural customs and tradition.They are better educated, have received many advanced ideas and live a purposeful life with a quite stable career.Relatively speaking, they are supposed to be more independent.However, they are not engaged in agricultural work even though they live in rural areas.So, there’s no wonder that they don’t be liked by others.Tess’s family is big with lots of children;generally speaking, the parents should be diligent and work very hard to take up the important task of raising children and sustaining a family.But the fact is totally on the contrary, what is the attitude of this poor couple? They refuse through efforts and to use their own hands to improve their social status a little bit, but merely rely on the tiny and trivial achievements.When noticed that their family possibly be one branch of a noble descent, meantime, there is a wealthy relative lived not afar, the immediate idea came out of their mind is to persuade Tess to claim kindred and daydreaming she could be able to marry a gentleman in order to gain many benefits without any efforts.They immediately undertake the idea into reality.Upon such a heavy burden, Tess, with a special responsibility, an innocent country girl has been sent to the road of destruction without any other choices.Thus, confront of Alec’s material temptation and an opportunity to get a perfect job, together with the special task from her family as well as nature greed, even if she has already aware of Alec is a dangerous role on their way to Alec’s home, she still cannot get rid of him.Eventually, Tess has been raped by Alec, lost her chastity and falls into Alec’s trap step by step.Nevertheless, when Tess’s parents find that Tess cannot satisfies with what they want, they keep blaming Tess instead of comforting and helping the injured daughter.Later, when Tess is abandoned by Angel and hurts deeply again, both of her father and mother seem indifferent to explore the truth, what’s more, out of vanity and

narrow mind, they boast to the villagers about their daughter has obtained a satisfactory marriage.This is undoubtedly a heavy pressure on Tess, to protect her poor self-esteem, Tess have to spare half of her little money to satisfy the greedy parents, and pretend to be very happy and rich.However, Tess’s method only promotes her parents’ laziness, vanity and greed.They think they have a noble birth and now the daughter marries a rich man, so it is almost unnecessary to work any more.But Tess, she couldn’t be much poorer and become penniless soon.Meanwhile unfortunately, her father’s sudden death, withdrawal of rental lease and family house, which almost destroys this family, make Tess feel hopeless and into desperation.In order to maintain family, helpless Tess has to abandon her dignity, but commit herself to Alec once again.As mentioned above, it is the poor family impact that forces Tess head to the destruction.Under the circumstance of that time, because of the limitation and narrow mind of peasantry, Tess’s tragedy is unavoidable.3.1.3.Hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and religion

Hypocrisy of feudal ethical morality is another important factor that leads to Tess’s tragedy.In Victorian era, women are still men’s appendages.Their natural attributes are the objectives of slavery.Treated as an incomplete beings, women are under the oppression of that society, where dominated by men’s core power.It’s impossible for a man and a woman that could be equal in marriage and love.Triangle love relations, divorce and outside marriage relationship and so forth, are also considered as unethical behavior.Tess, exactly, is the victim of this unfair ethics and morals.Her whole life is under the force and violence, nevertheless, the society and the law regards those insults and persecution as justified.Tess couldn’t self-defense.In this traditional patriarchal society, women will be considered as not pure if they lost virtue and will suffer from endless abuse despite they are willing or not.Men can do everything they want, women, however, because of restriction from traditional morality, they had no right, no freedom.Alec is a representative who put his particular male right into practice perfectly, constantly torture, makes Tess under a huge

pressure both physical and emotional.As to Angel Clare, the love between him and Tess is pregnant with tragedy from the beginning.Apparently, he loves Tess, but he couldn’t as selfless and frank as Tess.To some degree, most of his love is a sense of satisfaction came from completely possess.In his eyes, Tess is “the daughter of nature”, the symbol of purity and the perfect masterpiece, no one can compare with her.Even so, when his sweet lover Tess confesses her embarrassed and terrible past to him, her perfect image collapsed momentarily.Clare can’t accept the fact;he abandons Tess and goes away resolutely.What Clare has done is a deadly hit to Tess again.Thus, externally, Clare is open and broad minded, but actually, the traditional moral concept firmly rooted in his heart.His prejudice of chastity and indifferent attitude to Tess reflect the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality, which traps Tess into an abyss of tragedy.Religion, serviced as a spiritual tool used by governing class also has to be responsible for Tess’s tragedy.There is an extreme irony plot said that, Alec, who directly lead to Tess’s tragic fate, he is rude, misbehaving and “sensual”.He depends on the business and soon become a rich bourgeois.He sets a trap to lure Tess, but use the allusion from bible to shirk the responsibility to Tess.Later, he even becomes a cleric to deliver Christian sermon.Obviously, in capitalist society, religion is only a tool for ruling class to cheat and fool the people.Through the Author’s depiction about Alec, Hardy spares no efforts to expose the darkness and hypocrisy of British society and religion.Live in this environment, no matter how hard Tess’s struggling and resisting, she can not survive and escape from the tragedy.3.1.4.Unequal legal system

Tess’s tragedy is the product of contradiction between human beings and that society.Also, unjust legal system is one of the important reasons leading to Tess’s tragic fate.During the Victorian era of late 19th century and early 20th century when Capitalism invade the rural region, the society in which Tess’s living, similar as religion, the bourgeoisie and the legacy of feudal nobility are the ruling class.All of

the national systems are worked for the government class.Of course, the legal system has no exception.Farmers are at the bottom of the society who never hold equal right as the capitalist class.Alec, however, is the typical representative of capitalist power and violence.He dares to do what he want, on one hand, is because he has lots of money and ranks as a top class of that society, on the other hand, is also because his evil behavior is always protected by the capitalist law and rules.As a young upstart, in the eyes of Victorian people, Alec is noble, nevertheless, Tess is considered as a bad girl who lures Alec in order to get his money.Tess has to endure all the injustice alone and silently all the way.And, she is hanged for paying, when she encouraged defending herself for the first time.Just as what Hardy says at the end of this novel: “Justice was done, and the President of the immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess”.(Tess, 467)Thus, obviously, hypocritical law should assume responsibility for Tess’s tragedy.3.2.Subjective factors

The basic principle of dialectic said that, the cause of all things, the inner reason is always the dominant factor.In this book, Tess of the D’Urbervilles, undoubtedly, the author has deep mercy on Tess, whom, to a large extent, is a innocent victim of social environment.Well, however, when throughout the whole text, it is not hard to find that, in addition to condemning the social background, Hardy holds a criticism attitude toward the heroine’s tragedy between the lines.He believes Tess’s weak character is a deadly factor that should be responsible for her inevitable tragic fate.Here, this paper is going to analyze the heroine’s figure and character weakness to clarify the internal cause that lead to Tess’s tragedy.3.2.1.Tess’s figure and character 3.2.1.1.Purity, diligence, self-esteem Tess is a significant figure in Hardy’s masterpiece, under Hardy’s writing, Tess is a pure country woman although she has been seduced and lost virginity.From the beginning, the author gives a special depiction to Tess, and prominent her pure, beauty, outstanding.She dares to sacrifice herself, set at defiance for good wishes.She is kind，love and believe others, gentle as well as strong enough.She is loyal and honesty as all the other people in Wesex.That is why she has courage to confess to her husband about her embarrassing past.As the oldest daughter in her family, Tess keeps a diligent habit all the time.When she first goes to claim kindred with another branch of D’Urbervilles, she doesn’t mean to please the host by her beauty, but would like to work for pay.After she is cheated and seduced by Alec, she doesn’t marry him or live with him, but leaves the manor without hesitation.From the above, we can feel that Tess is self-respect that when even she gives birth to her baby, she never asks for Alec’s help either asks for help from Angle’s parents when she is abandoned by Clare.3.2.1.2.Obedience, kindness, bravery On the other hand, Tess is obedient, she always obey what her parents say.What’s more, Tess’s sense of responsibility plays a central role in tragedy.When the horse Prince dead, she becomes self-blaming and think that is her fault, what exists in her mind all the time is that as the oldest child, she has the responsibility to her family.In order to save her mother, brothers and sisters out of the difficult life and heavy burden after her father’s death, Tess compromised and turns to Alec for help again and again and neglects her own feelings.Tess’ kindness provides Alec with a perfect opportunity to cheat her.Even suffers a lot, Tess always keep an optimistic mind and a hot heart full of hope to future.She is brave enough and finally not flinch when encounter with love.She loves Clare so much, that when Clare’s back from Brazil, she breaks out courage and determines to get rid of Alec forever.Thus, she is forced to choose a wrong way to kill Alec and eventually fails to escape from the legal sanctions.3.2.2.Weakness of Tess’s personality and fate 3.2.2.1.Compromise, ignorance The biggest feature of Tess’s character is pure and innocent, however, in the society at that time, her selflessness and self-sacrifice offers an opportunity to the evil force to ruin her.Her own pursuit of purity and candor makes her miss the chance with happiness.After the death of horse Prince, to look after her family, she comes to a chicken farm which gives Alec chances to lure her.In case of been ridiculed, she

even jumps onto Alec’s horse, we can easily find, her pure mind and lack of the sense of self-protection traps her into dangerous.When it is already dark and only Alec and herself in the forest, she shouldn’t have realized that Alec is attempting to infringe on her.During the wedding night, her pure nature makes her to confess her past to Clare regardless of her mother’s objection.She innocently thinks, Clare is kindhearted, selfless and generous as her.But the fact is she is abandoned by her husband.Finally, she picks up weapon to resist and kills Alec and also destroy herself.3.2.2.2.Traditional mind and weak personality

Arthur Schopenhauer, a very famous philosopher said, personality plays an important role in our lives and works every moment.It can affect our mind to make different choices when face to different problems and determine our fate to a large extent.So Tess is a good example.Even though, lots of external causes lead to her tragic fate, but her weakness in character is the radical and decisive inner reason contributed to her tragedy.Tess is born in a farmer family, when resisting the old tradition and morality;she presents her weakness because of the remnants of traditional morality and fatalistic view.She is obedient, and never disobey her parents words regardless what they said is correct or not.According to her father and mother’s order, she goes to claim kindred with Alec, when she knows that Alec is not a good person, she cannot rebel and protect herself.While, after losing her virginity, she feels guilty, unconfident, complex, flinched and concessive.It is this mentality that makes her refuse Clare’s proposal repeatedly.Her heart is struggling in a great contradiction.When confesses her past to Clare, her husband’s unforgiveness and abandon deepen her inferiority.To get his heart back and live with Clare forever, she explains and begs his forgiveness continuously, willing to be his slave and even sacrifice for him.Tess used to be a brave and strong country girl, but after raped by Alec, the painful memory tortures her so much.Clare’s love is a heavy burden to her and increases her fear, anxiety, shame and regret.It seems that she is born with guilty and pain.All of these characters illustrate the weakness of Tess.3.2.2.3.Pessimistic fate theory

Thomas Hardy, however, to some degree is a pessimistic person, He believes in fatalism.There is a definition of fatalism in Cliff's Notes, it says fatalism being view of life which says that all action is controlled by the nature of things or by fate which is a great, impersonal, primitive force existing through all eternity, absolutely independent of human wills and superior to any god created by man.As the author, heroine's tragic fate is arranged by Hardy, so Tess's character, to some extent is influenced and similar with Hardy.There is also a weakness of fatalism in Tess's character.Many coincidences are linked with her fate.Through the novel, we can get many clues that present her mind of fatalism.When first time Tess go to claim kindred with Alec, she is injured by rose, which she thinks is an unlucky sign and shadowed her life.Tess believes a folk idiom said “The wedding dress will never fit a bride who lost her chastity”, when she is trying her new wedding dress.She worries about that and become heavy in mind.Besides, she feels anxious and fear if it is not a good sign when seeing the picture of ancestor in her wedding room.This kind of fatalism always exists in Tess mind and tortures her all the time, impairs her courage.All these tiny plots display Tess's mentality of fatalism, from this aspect, Tess's tragedy seems a more reasonable and inevitable result.Chapter Ⅳ.The influence of Tess

Tess of D’Urbervilles, when published first time, becomes a bestseller and hot topic and attracts attention of literary research.Tess, a pure kind country girl, her whole fate is full of ups and downs.However, it seems that her tragic fate is more determined by the social background than her own reasons.Hardy’s depiction gives us a intuitive idea about the author and Tess’s society, reflects a backward feudal society.Bourgeois society is not a mature society, for it is not harmony and equal in human rights.Tess is innocent, her pure mind, simplicity and diligence could not prevent her from being ruined in the circumstance of bourgeois society, only because she is a poor and weak female who is never respected by others and eventually becomes a victim of hypocritical morality of the capitalist society.Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect many aspects of people’s lives and also can be meaningful and inspiring to our contemporary life.Generally speaking, the only way for a society to survive and be sustainable is that equal in human rights and harmony in people’s relations.Tess of D’Urbervilles, through this novel, we can easily see the impact of ideology on society, nation, families and individuals is crucial.As a ruling class, to some degree, their mentality determines the whole society, they have to aware of that, equality of status of human rights, and establishment of a sound legal and religious system is directly related to a long term

survival of an era.The promotion and penetration of culture ideas affect the people’s way of thinking and behaving.Besides, as the folk, we have to be better educated and open-minded, improve our quality and keep a positive mind.As far as I am concerned, under this circumstance, Tess’s tragedy is not her own tragedy, but a whole feudal society.The bourgeois society is full of injustices and destruction.Thus, connecting with the above many aspects, the society Tess lived in, fool ruling class, narrow minded people, hypocritical in morality and religion and unjust in legal system as well as unequal status between men and women, dooms to be an end society.Besides, I want to highlight that, Tess’s rough and rugged life is not only the fate tragedy, but the tragedy of our female.So, for the female, we should keep our pure, self-esteem nature, and, at the same time, we only to break the bound of tradition morality find our right position, self-worth and equal social status, we can get our happiness and realize our life value.ChapterⅤ.Conclusion

Comprehensive speaking, Tess's tragedy is linked with social elements, while her character has an inescapable responsibility to her tragic fate as well.Further more, all these causes are directly related to the bourgeois society and Tess's tragedy is a vivid reflection of it.Under that environment, the purer and poorer a woman is, the easier she will get hurt.Thomas Hardy is a giant;his depiction of this novel gives us a much clearer knowledge of the society he lives in.After a thorough appreciation to this touching novel, we can't help having mercy on Tess, and her figure is unforgettable.But, when we think about this story rationally, the society of Victorian era together with Tess's kind and weak character lead to Tess's unavoidable destruction.Just as Soviet literary critic Alnwick Manchester says the real reasons for Tess's destruction are the reality, the heroine's nature, the dispossession, and the social prevailing conventions.All these determine the poor lady's miserable fate.From the above narrative, we can easily see Tess’s tragedy is inevitable;besides, we can have a general knowledge about Thomas Hardy’s society of 19th century and deeply educated that we’d better to take the essence and discard the dregs of different eras and histories.Thomas Hardy is a great author, his affection and contribution to the literature

is immense and eternal.Bibliography

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[3] Chang Yaoxin, brief history of british literature [M] Nankai University Press, 2009 [4] Force, Lorraine M.Tess of the D’ Urbervilles Notes, Cliff’s Notes Lincoln, Nebraska: 1966 [5] Kramer, Dale(ed).Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy London:

Macmillan, 1979 [6] Tragedy of fatalism---The analysis on Tess of D’Urbervilles, LiMin, Shan’dong Normal University [7] 侯维瑞．现代英国小说史【M】．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001 [8] 秦玲．苔丝悲剧的形成原因．南阳师范学院学报，ZOO5(3)[9] 姚佩芝，董俊峰．《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现[J]湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2003(5)[10] 李维屏．英国小说艺术史．上海：上海外语教育出版社．2002．

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Acknowledgements

Firstly I would like to show my gratitude to my supervisor Sun zhonglun for his guidance during my studies.Although he was very busy then, he was willing to spare time to give me generous guidance and support, especially to provide me with a good environment, which benefits me a lot.With his serious and responsible attitude, rigorous scientific research methods, keen academic insight, diligent style of work, innovative and pioneering spirit, Mr.Sun has set a good example for me.Here I extend my deep appreciation and heartfelt thanks to Mr.Sun

I’m also grateful to my parents for their hard working.Then I thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can’t list here one by one.