【2016两会中英双语介绍】 中国的立法体制和法律体系(节选)（精选五篇）

第一篇：【2016两会中英双语介绍】 中国的立法体制和法律体系(节选)

中国的立法体制和法律体系（节选）

China's Legislative System & Legal System

来源： 中国人大网

http:// 文本并非完全中英对照 | 因原网页排版及转载问题，文本内容因供参考

CATTI 考试资料与资讯 整理

（一）中国的立法体制

(1)China’s Legislative System

中国是统一的多民族的单一制国家，地域辽阔，各地经济、文化、社会发展很不平衡，为保证国家法制的统一，又适应各地区的特点和差异，充分调动中央和地方两个积极性，中国实行统一而又分层次的立法体制。

China is a unified multi-ethnic nation with a unitary political system.To ensure that the legal system remain unified and adapt at the same time to the uneven economic, political and cultural development of different areas, China practices a unified, multi-level legislative system.●全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。

--The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the state power to make laws.●国务院根据宪法和法律，制定行政法规，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

--The State Council formulates administrative regulations in accordance with the Constitution and other laws and reports them to the NPC for records.●省、自治区、直辖市的人民代表大会及其常务委员会，根据本行政区域的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会和国务院备案。

--In line with specific conditions and actual needs of their administrative regions and on condition that they do not violate the Constitution or other state laws and administrative regulations, the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions andmunicipalities directly under the Central Government, as well as their standing committees, may work out local statutes and report them to the NPC Standing Committee and the State Council for records.●民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。

--The people's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to formulate regulations concerning autonomy and local needs in light of their own local political, economic and cultural conditions.在中国统一而又分层次的立法体制中，不同层次法律规范的效力是不同的。宪法具有最高效力，一切法律、行政法规、地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例等都不得同宪法相抵触。

In China's multi-level legislative system, laws promulgated at different levels have different effects.The Constitution has the highest legal validity, and no other laws, administrative regulations, local statutes, regulations concerning autonomy and local needs, or other regulations shall contravene the Constitution.法律的效力高于行政法规、地方性法规等。行政法规的效力高于地方性法规等。

State laws have greater force than administrative regulations, local statutes and regulations.State administrative regulations have greater force than local statutes and regulations.全国人民代表大会有权改变或者撤销它的常务委员会制定的不适当的法律。

The NPC has the power to alter or annul any inappropriate laws enacted by its Standing Committee.（二）中国特色社会主义法律体系(2)China’s Legal System

中国特色社会主义法律体系，以宪法为统帅，以宪法相关法、民法商法、行政法、经济法、社会法、刑法、诉讼与非诉讼程序法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次法律规范构成。

China's legal system covers laws that fall under seven categories and three different levels.The seven categories are the Constitution and Constitution-related, civil and commercial, administrative, economic, social, and criminal laws and laws on lawsuit and non-lawsuit procedures.The three different levels are state laws, administrative regulations and local statutes.●在宪法相关法方面，制定了全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法、全国人民代表大会组织法、国务院组织法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法等有关选举制度和国家机构的法律；制定了民族区域自治法、香港特别行政区基本法、澳门特别行政区基本法、村民委员会组织法和城市居民委员会组织法等有关民族区域自治制度、特别行政区制度、基层群众自治制度的法律等。

--Concerning the Constitution and Constitution-related laws, in addition to adopting the current Constitution and its four amendments, China has also enacted the Electoral Law, Law on Deputies to the NPC and to Local People's Congresses, and a number of organic laws for state organs, the Legislative Law, the Supervision Law and other laws related to state organs.China has also enacted laws concerning systems for regional ethnic autonomy, special administrative regions and grassroots-level mass self-governance: principally the Law on the Autonomy of Ethnic Minority Regions, the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region, the Organic Law of Villagers' Committees and the Organic Law of Urban Neighborhood Committees.●在民法商法方面，制定了民法通则、物权法、合同法、侵权责任法、拍卖法、商标法、专利法、著作权法、婚姻法、继承法、收养法、涉外民事关系法律适用法等调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间和公民与法人相互之间的财产关系和人身关系的法律；制定了公司法、合法企业法、个人独资企业法、证券法、保险法、票据法、商业银行法、海商法、信托法等有关社会平等主体间商事关系的法律等。

--With regard to civil and commercial laws, China has enacted laws concerning property and personal relations between individual entities with equal standing in society.These principally include the General Principles of Civil Law, the Contract Law, the Guarantee Law, the Auction Law, the Trademark Law, the Patent Law, the Copyright Law, the Marriage Law, the Inheritance Law, and the Adoption Law.China also enacted laws concerning commercial relations between individual entities with equal standing in society: principally the Company Law, the Partnership Law, the Law on Single Investor Enterprises, the Securities Law, the Insurance Law, the Negotiable Instruments Law, the Commercial Banking Law, the Maritime law and the Trust Law.●在行政法方面，制定了居民身份证法、治安管理处罚法、突发事件应对法、行政处罚法、行政许可法、行政强制法、教育法、科技进步法、传染病防治法、药品管理法、食品安全法、出境入境管理法等有关国家行政管理的法律；制定了行政监察法、行政复议法等有关监督行政管理活动的法律·····

--Concerning administrative laws, China has enacted laws concerning state administration: principally the Regulations on Administrative Penalties Concerning Law Enforcement, the Administrative Punishment Law, the Administrative Licensing Law, the National Defense Law, the Government Procurement Law, the Education Law, the Law on Scientific and Technological Progress, the Law on Preventing and Controlling Communicable Diseases and the Environmental Protection Law.China has also enacted laws related to supervision of administrative activities: mainly the Law on Administrative Supervision and the Law on Administrative Reconsideration.●在经济法方面，制定了预算法、审计法、中国人民银行法、价格法等有关宏观经济调控的法律；制定了企业所得税法、个人所得税法、车船税法、税收征管法等有关税收的法律；制定了反垄断法、产品质量法、广告法等有关维护市场秩序的法律；

--With regard to economic laws, China has enacted laws concerning macro-economic controls, principally the Budget Law, the Audit Law, the Law on the People's Bank of China, the Price Law, the Personal Income Tax Law, and the Law on Tax Collection and Management.China has enacted laws for maintaining market order: mainly the Law against Unfair Competitions, the Law on Protection of the Rights of Consumers, the Law on Product Quality and the Advertising Law.China has enacted laws regarding expansion of opening to the outside world, principally the Law on Joint Ventures with Chinese and Foreign Investment, the Law on Sino-Foreign Contract Joint Ventures, the Law on Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprises, and the Foreign Trade Law.制定了农业法、铁路法、公路法、民航法、电力法等有关促进产业发展的法律；制定了森林法、草原法、水法、矿产资源法、土地管理法等有关保护和合理开发自然资源的法律；还制定了计量法、统计法等有关经济活动规范化的法律等。

China has enacted laws to promote industrial development: mainly the Agriculture Law, the Highway Law, the Civil Aviation Law, and the Electric Power Law.China has enacted laws for protecting and rationally developing natural resources: principally the Forestry Law, the Grassland Law, the Water Law, the Mineral Resources Law, and the Law on Land Management.China has also enacted laws for standardizing economic activities: principally the Maritime Law, the Statistics Law and the Surveying Law.●在社会法方面，制定了劳动法、劳动合同法、就业促进法、工会法、职业病防治法等有关劳动关系和劳动保障的法律；制定了残疾人保障法、未成年人保护法、妇女权益保护法、老年人权益保障法等有关特殊社会群体保障的法律······

--Concerning social laws, China has enacted laws concerning state administration: principally the Labor Law, the Trade Union Law and the Law on Mining Safety.China has also enacted laws protecting special groups in society: mainly the Law on Security for the Disabled,the Law on Protecting Minors, the Law on Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of Women and the Law on Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of the Elderly.●在刑法方面，制定了刑法，并陆续通过10多个对刑法的补充决定、修正案和法律解释，对犯罪、刑事责任和刑事处罚等作出规范。

--With regard to criminal law, China has enacted the Criminal Law and adopted more than 10 related supplementary decisions, amendments and legal interpretations to standardize definitions of crimes, assignment of criminal responsibility and determination of punishment.●在诉讼与非诉讼程序法方面，制定了刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法、行政诉讼法、海事诉讼特别程序法、引渡法、仲裁法、人民调解法等法律，对诉讼和非诉讼程序作出规范。

--Concerning laws on lawsuit and non-lawsuit procedures, China has enacted laws to standardize procedures for lawsuits and other legal actions, principally the Criminal Procedures Law, the Civil Procedures Law, the Administrative Procedures Law, the Law on Special Procedures for Maritime Lawsuits, the Extradition Law, and the Arbitration Law.来源： 中国人大网 2016年2月1日

第二篇：我国的立法体制、法律体系和立法原则

我国的立法体制、法律体系和立法原则

——十届全国人大常委会法制讲座第一讲

全国人大法律委员会主任委员 杨景宇

中国人大网 www.xiexiebang.com日期： 2003-04-25浏览字号：大 中 小打印本页 关闭窗口

全国人大及其常委会的一项重要职权是立法权，它的首要任务是立法。按照领导上的安排，我想根据自己对宪法与有关法律规定和党的十六大精神的理解，联系党的十一届三中全会以来自己在从事立法工作中的体会，就我国的立法体制、法律体系和立法原则问题作个简要汇报。

一、关于我国的立法体制

我国是统一的、单一制的国家，各地方经济、社会发展又很不平衡。与这一国情相适应，在最高国家权力机关集中行使立法权的前提下，为了使我们的法律既能通行全国，又能适应各地方千差万别的不同情况的需要，在实践中能行得通，宪法和立法法根据宪法确定的“在中央的统一领导下，充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性”的原则，确立了我国的统一而又分层次的立法体制：

（一）全国人大及其常委会行使国家立法权。全国人大制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律。全国人大常委会制定和修改除应当由全国人大制定的法律以外的其他法律；在全国人大闭会期间，对全国人大制定的法律进行部分补充和修改，但不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触。

（二）国务院即中央人民政府根据宪法和法律，制定行政法规。

（三）省、自治区、直辖市的人大及其常委会根据本行政区域的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规；较大的市（包括省、自治区人民政府所在地的市、经济特区所在地的市和经国务院批准的较大的市）的人大及其常委会根据本市的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报省、自治区的人大常委会批准后施行。

（四）经济特区所在地的省、市的人大及其常委会根据全国人大的授权决定，还可以制定法规，在经济特区范围内实施。

（五）自治区、自治州、自治县的人大还有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例，对法律、行政法规的规定作出变通规定。自治区的自治条例和单行条例报全国人大常委会批准后生效，自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例报省、自治区、直辖市的人大常委会批准后生效。

（六）国务院各部、各委员会、中国人民银行、审计署和具有行政管理职能的直属机构，可以根据法律和国务院的行政法规、决定、命令，在本部门的权限范围内，制定规章。省、自治区、直辖市和较大的市的人民政府，可以根据法律、行政法规和本省、自治区、直辖市的地方性法规，制定规章。

这种分层次的立法体制又是怎样体现和保证法制统一的呢？主要是两方面：一方面，明确不同层次法律规范的效力。宪法具有最高的法律效力，一切法律、法规都不得同宪法相抵触。法律的效力高于行政法规，行政法规不得同法律相抵触。法律、行政法规的效力高于地方性法规和规章，地方性法规和规章不得同法律、行政法规相抵触。地方性法规的效力高于地方政府规章，地方政府规章不得同地方性法规相抵触。另一方面，实行立法监督制度。行政法规要向全国人大常委会备案，地方性法规要向全国人大常委会和国务院备案，规章要向国务院备案。全国人大常委会有权撤销同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规和地方性法规，国务院有权改变或者撤销不适当的规章。

二、关于中国特色社会主义法律体系

实践证明，宪法和立法法确定的立法体制符合我国国情，是行之有效的。

1978年年底，党的十一届三中全会拨乱反正，在确定把党和国家的工作重点转移到以经济建设为中心的社会主义现代化建设上来的同时，明确提出了加强社会主义民主、健全社会主义法制的方针。从此，邓小平同志提出的“一手抓建设，一手抓法制”就成为搞社会主义现代化的战略布局。二十四年来，与改革开放和社会主义现代化建设进程相适应，我国的立法工作取得了显著的成就。从1979年初到现在，除现行宪法和3个宪法修正案外，全国人大及其常委会通过法律308个（现行有效的217个）、法律解释8个、有关法律问题的决定122个，共438个；国务院制定行政法规942个（现行有效的636个）；31个省、自治区、直辖市共制定地方性法规8000多个；154个民族自治地方（5个自治区、30个自治州、119个自治县）共制定自治条例和单行条例480多个。这些法律、法规，反映了改革开放的进程，肯定了改革开放的成果，对保障改革开放和社会主义现代化建设顺利进行，发挥了积极的作用。现在，以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系初步形成，国家的政治生活、经济生活、文化生活和社会生活基本的、主要的方面已经有法可依。

新世纪新阶段新任务对国家立法提出了新的更高的要求。党的十六大提出：“适应社会主义市场经济发展、社会全面进步和加入世贸组织的新形势，加强立法工作，提高立法质量，到二０一０年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系。”据此，吴邦国同志提出了争取在本届全国人大及其常委会五年任期内基本形成这一法律体系的要求。这就给我们提出了两个问题：什么是中国特色社会主义法律体系？这样一个法律体系怎样才算“基本形成”？

所谓法律体系，一般来说，是指一个国家的全部法律规范，按照一定的原则和要求，根据不同法律规范的调整对象和调整方法的不同，划分为若干法律门类，并由这些法律门类及其所包括的不同法律规范形成相互有机联系的统一整体。这里所称“法律规范”，是指由国家制定或者认可，体现统治阶级意志，调整社会关系，并最终依靠国家强制力保证实施的社会活动准则。

关于法律门类划分，上届全国人大常委会经组织专题研究，按照基本上达成的共识，认为将我国的法律体系划分为以下七个门类比较合适：

一是宪法及宪法相关法。宪法是国家的根本大法，它规定国家的根本制度和根本任务、公民的基本权利和义务，具有最高的法律效力。宪法相关法是与宪法向配套、直接保障宪法实施和国家政权运作等方面的法律规范的总和，主要包括四个方面的法律：1.有关国家机构的产生、组织、职权和基本工作制度的法律；2.有关民族区域自治制度、特别行政区制度、基层群众自治制度的法律；3.有关维护国家主权、领土完整和国家安全的法律；4.有关保障公民基本政治权利的法律。

二是民法商法。它是规范民事、商事活动的法律规范的总和，所调整的是自然人、法人和其他组织之间以平等地位而发生的各种法律关系，可以称为横向关系。我国采取的是民商合一的立法模式。民法是一个传统的法律门类，它所调整的是平等主体的自然人之间、法人之间、自然人与法人之间的财产关系与人身关系。商法是民法中的一个特殊部分，是在民法基本原则的基础上适应现代商事活动的需要逐渐发展起来的，主席包括公司、破产、证券、期货、保险、票据、海商等方面的法律。三是行政法。它是规范行政管理活动的法律规范的总和，包括有关行政管理主体、行政行为、行政程序、行政监督以及国家公务员制度等方面的法律规范。行政法调整的是行政机关与行政管理相对人（公民、法人和其他组织）之间因行政管理活动而发生的法律关系，可以称为纵向关系。在这种管理与被管理的纵向法律关系中，行政机关与行政管理相对人的地位是不平等的，行政行为由行政机关单方面依法作出，不需要双方平等协商。因此，为了正确处理二者关系，保持行政权力与行政管理相对人合法权利的平衡，行政法的基本原则是职权法定、程序法定、公正公开、有效监督。

四是经济法。它是调整因国家从社会整体利益出发对市场经济活动实行干预、管理、调控所产生的法律关系的法律规范的总和。经济法是在国家干预市场活动过程中逐渐发展起来的一个法律门类，一方面与行政法的联系很密切，另一方面又与民法商法的联系很密切，往往在同一个经济法中包括两种不同性质法律规范，既有调整纵向法律关系的，又有调整横向法律关系的，因而具有相对的独立性。

五是社会法。它是规范劳动关系、社会保障、社会福利和特殊群体权益保障方面的法律关系的总和。社会法是在国家干预社会生活过程中逐渐发展起来的一个法律门类，所调整的是政府与社会之间、社会不同部分之间的法律关系。

六是刑法。它是规范犯罪、刑事责任和刑事处罚的法律规范的总和。刑法是一个传统的法律门类，与其他法律门类相比，具有两个显著特点：一是所调整的社会关系最广泛；二是强制性最严厉。

七是诉讼与非诉讼程序法。它是规范解决社会纠纷的诉讼活动与非诉讼活动的法律规范的总和。我国的诉讼制度分为刑事诉讼、民事诉讼、行政诉讼三种。解决经济纠纷，除通过民事诉讼制度“打官司”外，还可以通过仲裁这种非诉讼的“便民”途径。

法律体系及其包括的法律规范，以法的形式（按照我国的立法体制，这里所称的“法”，除具有最高法律效力的宪法外，包括法律、行政法规、地方性法规和自治条例、单行条例等）反映和规范国家政治、经济、文化和社会的各项制度。由于各国的政治制度、经济制度、历史文化传统的不同，它们各自的法律体系必然各具特点，尤其是不同社会制度国家的法律制度必然有本质的不同。我们要建立的是中国特色社会主义法律体系，它包括的全部法律规范，它确立的各项法律制度，以体现人民共同意志、维护人民根本利益、保障人民当家作主为基本特征，这是社会主义法律制度与资本主义法律制度的本质区别。

那么，在现有基础上，再经过五年的努力，基本形成的中国特色社会主义法律体系应该是什么样的？我们经过初步研究，认为它大体上应该具备三个特点：第一个特点是，法的门类齐全。这一点，我们已经做到了。第二个特点是，体现“三个代表”重要思想要求，能够适应社会主义市场经济发展、社会全面进步和加入世贸组织的新形势，保障改革、发展、稳定大局，促进社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明协调发展的基本的、主要的法律规范比较齐备。做到这一点，要求我们在对现行有效的法律和行政法规进行分析的基础上，按照党的十六大的总体部署，通盘研究、统筹考虑哪些需要制定，哪些需要修改（包括对一些同类法律进行必要的归并、整合，也包括有些行政法规在条件成熟时提升为法律），哪些需要废止。第三个特点是，这个法律体系内部，包括七个法律门类之间、不同法律规范（如民事的、刑事的、行政的等）之间、不同层次法律规范（宪法、法律、行政法规、地方性法规和自治条例、单行条例等）之间，基本做到逻辑严谨、结构合理、和谐统一。做到这一点，还有许多问题需要进一步深入研究。这里，需要正确处理三个关系：

（一）法律、法律体系与实际的关系

在人类历史上，法律一旦产生，便逐渐形成了自己的体系，并且追求更多的独立性。立法，不能不考虑法自身的逻辑体系，不能对性质相同的问题，这个法这么规定，那个法那么规定，互相矛盾。但是，归根到底，实际是母亲，法律是子女，正如恩格斯所说的，是“经济关系反映为法原则”。生产力发展了，生产关系发展了，社会发展了，实际发展了，法也要发展，法的原则、法律体系也要发展。由此至少可以看出两点：一是，实践没有止境，法律体系也要与时俱进、不断创新，它必然是动态的、开放的、发展的而不是静止的、封闭的、固定的，一定阶段所称“法律体系”只能是相对的而不是绝对的。尤其是在我国，整个国家还处于改革、转型时期，中国特色社会主义制度还处于发展与完善的过程中，社会主义市场经济体制还处于发展和完善的过程中，都还没有定型，因而反映、规范这种制度和体制的法律规范、法律体系就更加明显地具有稳定性与变动性相统一、阶段性与前瞻性相统一的特点。二是，加强立法工作与形成法律体系，二者既有联系、又有区别。从我国二十四年来的立法实践看，立法从来都是从实际出发而不是从体系出发的，都是根据需要与可能来进行的。也就是说，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设进程中出现了需要用法律手段加以解决的问题，那就深入调查研究，认真总结实践经验，经验基本成熟的，至少有了科学的而不是主观臆造的典型经验，才能立法，需要并且成熟一个，抓紧制定一个。这是立法问题。法律体系则是法学研究问题，有了若干法律、法规之后，对它们加以研究、归类，从中找出规律性的东西，明确不同法律规范的不同性质、不同特点、不同效力以及它们的相互关系和内在逻辑，逐渐形成科学的体系。因此，这个体系不可能是一开始就有的，而是像南方一句俗话说的那样，“草鞋没样，边打边像”。概括地说，先是制定法律、法规，然后形成法律体系；法律体系形成之后，又会指导立法实践，防止法律规范之间相互矛盾、“打架”，把法的自身逻辑体系搞乱。这就是为什么党的十一届三中全会并没有提出法律体系的问题，到了党的十五大，在我们已经有了一部适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设需要的新宪法和一批基本的、主要的法律、法规之后，才提出了到2010年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系的要求。这是符合客观规律的。

（二）数量与质量的关系

中国特色社会主义法律体系从奠定基础到初步形成再到基本形成，没有一定数量的法律、法规当然是不行的。但是，法律、法规完备和法律体系形成的标志，从根本上说，并不在于法律、法规的数量，而是在于这个体系和它包括的全部法律规范对社会生活覆盖的广度与调整社会关系的力度，也可以说在于它的质量，一是单行法律、法规的质量，二是整个法律体系的质量。法律、法规还是备而不繁为好。从法律体系看，以成文法为立法基本模式的大陆法系三个典型国家德国、法国、日本，它们搞了二三百年，现行有效的法律分别只有203个、54个、213个，我们并不能因此就说它们的法律体系尚未形成（需要说明，这三个国家、特别是法国的法律中，法典化的法律比较多）；我国现行有效的法律就有217个，我们却不能因此就说中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成；而且，由于国情不同，需要用法律手段解决的问题不同，外国有的法律，我们不一定就要制定，外国没有的法律，我们不一定就不需要制定，建设中国特色社会主义法律体系不能简单化地按照外国的法律体系“对号入座”，不加分析地照搬、照套，而只能加以研究、借鉴。再从单行法看，一个质量好的法可以解决特定领域内带普遍性的诸多问题，真正能够起到促进经济发展和社会进步的作用；一个质量差的法非但不能解决实际问题，甚至可能扼杀经济发展的活力，成为社会发展的障碍。当然，法的数量与质量从来是相辅相成的，科学的法律体系本身就应该是法的数量与质量的统一；至于什么时候强调数量，什么时候强调质量，那要从实际出发。党的十一届三中全会召开时，我国的法律、法规还很不完备，可以说基本上是不片未开垦的处女地。那时，邓小平同志强调加快立法，说现在立法的工作量很大，因此法律条文开始可以粗一点，逐步完善，“有比没有好，快搞比慢搞好”，是正确的。到了党的十五大召开时，中国特色社会主义法律体系框架已经初步形成。这时，江泽民同志在向大会所作的报告中提出依法治国基本方略的同时，强调“加强立法工作，提高立法质量”，是适时的。现在，在中国特色社会主义法律体系初步形成的基础上，吴邦国同志在本届全国人大常委会第一次会议上强调“切实加强立法工作，重在提高立法质量”，同样是适时的。

（三）法律手段与其他社会调整手段的关系

现在，各方面的立法积极性都很高，这是好事。同时，这也提出了一个问题：到底解决哪些问题应该立法，解决那些问题不宜立法？依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，没有相当一批法律、法规，特别是基本的、主要的法律、法规当然是不行的。现在，我们的法律、法规还不够健全，需要进一步加强立法工作。但是，这并不意味着所有的问题都要用法去解决，法并不是万能的。调整社会关系的手段历来是多种多样的，除法律规范外，还有市场机制、行业自律、习惯规则、道德规范以及先进管理、技术等手段。这些手段所要解决的问题一般来说是各不相同、各具特性的。其中，需要用法律手段解决的，一般来说，应该是那些在社会生活中带普遍性的、反复出现的，用其他社会调整手段难以解决、最终需要依靠国家强制力解决的问题（既然是最终需要依靠国家强制力，那就不是凡事都要依靠国家强制力，运用国家强制力是需要格外慎重的）。能够用其他社会调整手段予以解决，却不能或者基本上不能依靠国家强制力解决的问题，如思想道德问题、具体工作问题、具体技术问题、科学实验问题等，就不宜或者不必通过立法去解决。因此，加强立法工作，当然需要考虑制定、修改法律、法规，同时也要考虑如何运用、发挥市场机制、行业自律、习惯规则、道德规范以及先进管理、技术等手段在调整社会关系中的作用，不可能什么问题都用法律手段去解决即最终依靠国家强制力去解决。

三、关于立法应当遵循的原则

立法就是在矛盾的焦点上划杠杠，鼓励做什么、允许做什么、应当做什么、禁止做什么，保护什么、惩罚什么，令行禁止，全社会都要一体遵照执行。要把立法的杠杠划得准，既很重要，又不容易，是很严肃的事情。严肃立法是严肃执法的前提。搞好立法工作，提高立法质量，关键在于把握正确的政治方向，最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来，自觉地坚持立法应当遵循的几条原则：

（一）坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导

邓小平理论特别是邓小平民主法治思想，为建设和完善中国特色社会主义法律体系奠定了理论基础，提供了指导原则。党的十六大把“三个代表”重要思想同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论一道确定为我们必须长期坚持的指导思想，具有重大意义。立法只有以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，坚持从社会主义初级阶段的基本国情出发，立足于总结改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的实践经验，同时在此基础上借鉴人类政治文明有益成果，借鉴国外对我们有益的经验、主要是反映市场经济共同规律的东西，为我所用，力求从全局上、发展上和本质上把握中国特色社会主义法律体系内在的规律性，解决立法带普遍性、共同性的问题，才能坚持正确的政治方向。

法律制度属于上层建筑，归根到底，是能动地反映经济基础并为其服务的；同时，又是能动地反映上层建筑其他部分并为其服务的。在立法活动中贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，必须是全面的，同时又要明确法律制度的定位、定性，把握它的特点：1.法律制度并不直接解决生产力自身的问题，而是通过体现经济体制改革精神，体现党的经济政策，反映社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度和基本分配制度，调整社会经济利益关系，为解放和发展生产力开辟道路、创造环境、提供保障。2.法律制度并不直接解决文化艺术创作自身的问题，而是通过体现马克思主义的指导地位，体现“二为”方向、“双百”方针，体现文化体制改革精神，体现党的文化政策，为繁荣中国特色社会主义文化开辟道路、创造环境、提供保障。3.确定法律制度，必须以中国最广大人民的根本利益为基本原则，检验的标准是看人们群众满意不满意、高兴不高兴、答应不答应。

在立法活动中真正做到全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，是很不容易的，要花很大力气才行。当今世界，国际战略格局正在发生深刻变化。世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势在曲折中发展，科技进步日新月异，综合国力竞争日趋激烈。西方敌对势力加紧对我国实施“西化”、“分化”战略图谋，试图用西方那一套社会制度、价值观念、生活方式对我国施加影响，包括对我国法律制度施加影响。从国内看，随着改革的深化、开放的扩大和社会主义市场经济的发展，社会经济成分、组织形式、就业方式、利益关系和分配方式日趋多样化，社会关系和社会利益格局已经发生并且还在继续发生深刻变化，不同利益的社会阶层、社会成员势必要求把自己的意志和利益反映到包括法律制度在内的上层建筑中来；而且，人数少的社会阶层反映到立法活动中的声音不一定小，人数多的社会阶层反映到立法活动中的声音不一定大。在这样错综复杂的国际、国内形势下，在立法活动中全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，首先要从实际出发、因时制宜，因地制宜、因事制宜，抓准抓住中国先进生产力的发展要求是什么、中国先进文化的前进方向是什么、中国最广大人民的根本利益是什么。要做到这一点，还是要靠我们的“传家宝”--吃透两头：一头，全面、准确地把握中央决策（路线、方针、政策），这要靠深入学习、领会；一头，全面、本质地把握实际情况，这要靠深入调查研究。要吃透两头，都要花很大力气，从理论与实践的结合上研究、解决问题，把对领导负责与对群众负责统一起来，这就决不是嘴上说说、纸上写写所能办到的。

（二）坚持党的领导

宪法总纲第一条就开宗明义地规定：“中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。”工人阶级领导是通过它的先锋队中国共产党实现的，这是历史的结论、人民的选择。实践证明，要把中国的事情办好，关键取决于我们党，取决于党的先进性和战斗力，取决于党的领导水平和执政水平。

作为执政党，怎样领导？怎样执政？按照马克思主义的政党学说和国家学说，政党不是国家机器，党的主张不是国家意志。中国共产党执政就是领导和支持人民当家作主，并且通过宪法和法律的形式把党的正确主张和人们共同意志统一起来，依法执政。列宁在《论粮食税》一文中有一句著名的论断：“无产阶级专政就是无产阶级对政治的领导。”在立法活动中坚持党的领导，最根本、最重要的是坚持党的政治领导、方针政策领导，自觉地把体现“三个代表”重要思想的党的方针政策经过法定程序，同人民的意见结合起来、统一起来，转化成为法律、法规，成为国家意志，作为全社会都必须一体遵循的社会活动准则，并最终依靠国家强制力保证它的实施。

这里，有一个问题需要研究：是不是党的全部方针政策都要法制化呢？我看，不应该是。党的方针政策，有基本的，有具体的；有战略性的，有策略性的；有较成熟的，有试验性的。一般来说，法律、法规体现的党的方针政策应该是基本的、战略性的、较成熟的、需要较长时期执行并且最终需要依靠国家强制力予以保证的。同时，法律、法规又要能够解决现实生活中的实际问题，特别是领导与群众关注的热点、难点问题。那么，怎样恰当地处理、兼顾两方面的关系呢？总结实践经验，大体上有三条：

一是，凡属重大问题、重要改革，要制定法律、法规，一般需要先用政策来指导，经过群众性的探索、试验，总结实践经验，研究、比较各种典型，全面权衡利弊，才能立法。当然，这只是立法的一般性经验，并不排除预见性（预见就是根据客观事物的运动规律看到前途趋向），对看准的问题，中央决策已定，可以先行立法，用法律手段推动改革。

二是，区别方针政策的法制化与方针政策对执法活动的指导，前者属于立法问题，后者属于执法问题。

三是，需要制定法律、法规的，又要努力找到确定基本制度与解决现实问题的最佳结合点，既要维护法律制度的相对稳定性，又要能够解决实际问题。

（三）坚持全心全意为人民服务的宗旨 在我国，人民，只有人民，才是国家和社会的主人。社会主义民主政治的本质要求是人民当家作主。社会主义法制实质上就是人民民主的制度化、法律化。我们的宪法和法律、法规都应该是，也必须是党的正确主张和人民共同意志的统一，归根到底，是体现人民共同意志、维护人民根本利益、保障人民当家作主的。因此，立法必须坚持全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，增强民主意识，把维护最广大人民的根本利益（包括正确处理人民的全局利益和局部利益的关系，长远利益与眼前利益的关系，国家、集体和个人的利益关系）作为根本原则，作为出发点和落脚点。立一个法，定一条规矩，都要把着眼点放在是不是有利于改革、发展、稳定，是不是有利于解放和发展社会生产力，归根到底，是不是有利于最广大人民的根本利益。一个法立得好不好，标准应该是这个，而不能是有关部门“权力均等，利益均沾”，从现实情况看，在立法活动中尤其需要自觉地防止“政府权力部门化，部门权力利益化，部门利益法制化”。

立法为了人民，必须依靠人民，在立法活动中坚持群众路线。在我国，人民群众不应该只是法律、法规的被动接受者，而首先应该是立法的积极参与者；立法不是有关部门之间权力和利益的分配与再分配，而应该反映人民的共同意志和根本利益。法律、法规从实践中来，就应该从群众中来，只能是群众实践经验的科学总结。因此，立法实行立法工作者、实际工作者、专家相结合，又始终注意听取各种意见、特别注意倾听基层群众的意见，集思广益，多谋善断，才能搞好；少数人坐在屋子里苦思冥想，或者在少数人的圈子里打转转，是决不会成功的。

（四）坚持服从并服务于发展这个第一要务

邓小平同志强调：“发展才是硬道理。”江泽民同志在党的十六大报告中进一步把发展作为执政兴国的第一要务，并提出要紧紧抓住二十一世纪头二十年这个可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期，把全面建设小康社会确定为新世纪新阶段的奋斗目标。这是一个关系全局、长远的战略决策。

按照马克思主义所深刻揭示的经济、政治、文化三者之间的辩证关系和人类社会发展的基本规律，实现社会主义现代化，必须坚持以经济建设为中心，并正确处理物质文明建设、政治文明建设、精神文明建设的关系，实现三个“建设”互相协调、互相促进、全面推进。也可以说，实现社会主义现代化的过程本身就应该是包括经济、政治、文化发展在内的社会全面进步的过程，就应该是社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明全面发展的过程。牢牢地把握这一点，对于我们自觉地运用客观规律，坚定地沿着正确的道路前进，加快社会主义现代化建设，是一个关系全局的重大问题。

加强社会主义法制建设，依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，属于发展社会主义民主政治、建设社会主义政治文明的范畴。按照我们党的老规矩、好传统，党在各方面的工作都要服从并服务于党的中心任务。据此，新世纪新阶段的立法必须紧紧围绕全面建设小康社会这个奋斗目标，体现、推动、保障发展这个执政兴国第一要务，为发展创造良好的法制环境、提供有力的法制保障。这是检验立法质量的一条重要标准。

（五）坚持以宪法为核心的社会主义法制统一

我国是一个集中统一的社会主义国家。没有社会主义法制的统一，就不能依法维护国家的统一、政治的安定、社会的稳定。实行社会主义市场经济体制，同样需要强调社会主义法制的统一，否则就会妨碍社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善，妨碍统一的社会主义市场的形成和发展。随着立法步伐的加快，法律、法规数量的增多，不同法律门类、不同性质法律规范、不同效力层次法律规范之间呈现出错综复杂的关系，尤其需要引起我们对法制统一的高度重视。

维护法制统一，首先必须依据法定权限、遵循法定程序立法，不得超越法定权限、违反法定程序立法。法律、行政法规、地方性法规和自治条例、单行条例等都是国家统一的法律体系的组成部分，各部门、各地方、各方面都不能各搞各的所谓“法律体系”。在法律体系内部，必须坚持以宪法为核心和统帅，一切法律、法规都不得同宪法相抵触，行政法规不得同宪法和法律相抵触，地方性法规不得同宪法和法律、行政法规相抵触，规章之间也不能相互矛盾。同时，要按照法定的权限和程序，加强对法律、法规的解释工作，加强法规、规章的备案审查工作。总之，一定要从制度上解决“依法打架”的问题。

四、关于探求立法的规律

法律、法规，形式上是主观意志的产物，集体意志也是主观的；实质上是客观的，立法搞得好不好，法律、法规的质量高不高，关键在于能不能反映客观规律，一是中国特色社会主义经济、政治、文化的发展规律，二是中国特色社会主义法律体系的内在规律，三是立法的工作规律。立法中这种主观与客观的矛盾只能在实践中加以解决，途径就是不断总结实践经验。毛主席说过：我们共产党就是靠总结经验吃饭的。我们从事的是前无古人的事业，没有人能给我们提供现成的答案。立法也是一样，没有谁能给我们提供中国特色社会主义法律体系的现成蓝本。所以，邓小平同志提倡“摸着石头过河”。没有经验，摸着石头过河，更要把务实与务虚结合起来，务实而不就事论事，务虚而不脱离实际，在实干中勤于思考，在忙碌中善于总结，对实际问题作理性思考，不断摸索和掌握立法的规律。具体来说，立一个法，基础在于总结实践经验，先定法意后写法条，首要的问题是抓住它的本质，也就是法意，法意定得准，写出法条相对来说并不太难；立几个法，又要探求它们共同的规律，掌握了立法的规律，才会有预见性和主动权。

总结二十四年来的立法实践经验，为了更好地坚持立法原则，提高立法质量，在立法活动中需要正确处理若干关系，比如：

（一）立法与改革的关系

法律、法规的特点是“定”，是在矛盾的焦点上划杠杠，一旦规定下来，全社会都要一体遵守。改革的特点是“变”，是突破原有的体制和规则。用特点是“定”的法律、法规去适应特点是“变”的改革要求，难度是很大的。那么，立法应该怎样体现、适应改革的要求呢？有人提出，要大胆改革，就要敢于突破法律“框框”，甚至敢于突破宪法“框框”。这种看法是不正确的。如果这个人认为这个法要突破，那个人认为那个法要突破，谁想怎么干就怎么干，以宪法为核心的社会主义法制的尊严和权威就会荡然无存。总结实践经验，正确的态度是：1.立法要体现中央关于改革、发展、稳定的决策。2.立法要着重把实践证明是正确的改革成果、改革经验肯定下来；改革经验尚不充分的，如果迫切需要立法，那就先把改革的原则确定下来，并为进一步改革留下余地。3.如果实践证明现行法律、法规的有些规定已经不能适应形势的变化，成为改革的障碍，那就及时经过法定程序予以修改或者废止。

（二）政府与市场的关系

我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制。实践已经证明，充分发挥市场机制配置资源的基础性作用，实行公开、公平、公正竞争，经济活动才能富有活力，提高效率，更快地创造更多的社会财富，提高综合国力。同时，市场又不是万能的，市场本身就存在着自发性、滞后性、盲目性。改善宏观经济环境、合理利用公共资源、维护社会公共利益等方面的问题，就难以靠市场来解决。因此，实行市场经济体制，并不意味着减少政府的责任和作用。我国是发展中的大国，又处在经济体制转轨、产业结构调整和经济快速发展的时期，尤其需要政府担当起应负的责任，把职能真正转变到经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务上来，并且转变工作方式、工作作风，切实解决市场解决不了或者解决不好的问题，为经济活动创造良好的宏观环境。这里需要明确的问题是，正确处理政府与市场的关系，主要的方面是政府，关键在于转变政府职能，力求做到：一不越位，决不要再把那些政府机关不该管、管不了、实际上也管不好的事情揽在手里；二不缺位，该由政府机关管的事情就要把它管住、管好；三不错位，政府机关不能既当“裁判员”又当“运动员”；四不扰民，该由政府机关管的事情，只要能把它管住、管好，办事手续越简便、越透明越好，以方便基层、方便老百姓。而做到这一点，首先又要解放思想，更新观念，卸下两个思想认识上的包袱：一是，政府工作以经济建设为中心，不等于把一切经济活动都由政府机关包揽下来；二是，政府是人民的政府，不等于把老百姓的一切事情都由政府机关包揽下来。总的来看，从发展趋势看，政府实施的是公共行政，政府是有限政府，而不是无限政府，它的权力、责任都是有限的，而不是无限的。只有“有限”，才有可能“高效”。这个思想认识问题不解决，不可能转变政府职能。

（三）权力与权利的关系

转变政府职能，在立法活动中，特别是制定行政法、经济法，不可避免地会涉及行政权力同自然人、法人和其他组织的权利的关系。按照传统法学概念，行政权力属于“公权”，自然人、法人和其他组织的权利属于“私权”。在权力与权利的关系问题上，原则上讲，权利是本源，权力是由其派生的。宪法规定：“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。”行政权力是人民通过法定程序授予的。但是，行政机关一旦取得行政权力并对管理相对人（公民、法人或者其他组织）行使这种权力，它就居于“强者”地位。因此，正确处理权力与权利的关系，主要的方面应该是对权力加以规范、制约、监督。立法不仅是对行政机关的授权，而且是对行政机关的控权。依法行政的核心是规范行政权力。从这个意义上说，实行依法治国、依法行政，先要依法治“官”、依法治权，有权必有责，用权受监督，侵权要赔偿，确保一切行政机关依照法定的权限和程序正确行使权力，防止滥用权力。在一般情况下，“公权”不宜介入、干预“私权”的行使。当然，“私权”的行使也是有条件、有规范的。如果行使“私权”损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和他人的合法权益，“公权”就应该介入、干预，实施监督，予以处理。对于行政机关来说，权力与责任应该统一；对于自然人、法人或者其他组织来说，权利与义务应该统一。法律、法规在赋予有关行政机关必要的权力的同时，必须规定其相应的责任，规范、制约、监督行政权力的行使。为了从源头上、制度上预防和解决腐败问题，立法必须体现权力与责任紧密挂钩、权力与利益彻底脱钩的原则，决不允许争权而不负责，更不允许利用权力“寻租”。“公权”是不能盈利的，这是一条法律原则，也是一条政治原则。法律、法规在规定自然人、法人和其他组织应当履行的义务的同时，应该明确规定其应当享有的权利，并为保证其权利的实现规定相应的政策和措施。

（四）惩罚与引导的关系

法律规范是确定社会活动准则的。对那些严重损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民合法权益的违法行为，法律、法规当然应该规定惩罚手段、制裁措施，并且所规定的惩罚手段、制裁措施能够罚当其过、制裁得力，真正达到惩罚的目的，维护法律、法规的权威，保证法律、法规的实施。同时，又要看到，法律规范除了对违法行为的惩罚、制裁功能外，它本身又具有重要的引导功能。规范是为人们设定的社会行为预期，本身首先就是引导。立法应该根据行为人不同的行为方式来确立能够有效发挥法律规范引导功能的相应制度。在我国，法律、法规既然是体现人民共同意志、维护人民根本利益、保障人民当家作主的，它就应该并且能够建立在为广大人民群众所自觉遵守、执行的基础上，从而具有更明显的引导功能。因此，在立法活动中，需要重视法律、法规对人们的引导，从制度上预防、制止违法行为的发生。即使对违法行为设定必要的惩罚手段、制裁措施，也要考虑惩罚手段、制裁措施的多样化，根据违法行为的性质、后果的不同，设定相应的惩罚手段、制裁措施。这就要求我们从理论与实践的结合上，积极研究探索社会主义市场经济条件下预防、制止、制裁违法行为的新机制、新措施、新办法。

（五）法治与德治的关系

党的十六大明确地提出了“依法治国和以德治国相结合”的要求，这是总结古今中外治国经验所得出的结论。法律和道德都是上层建筑的重要组成部分，都是规范人们的社会行为的重要方式。但是，法律规范与道德规范的性质、功能是不一样的。法律规范以其权威性和强制性规范人们的社会行为，其实施主要（不是惟一）靠他律；道德规范以其感召力和劝导力提高人们的思想认识和道德觉悟，其实施主要（不是惟一）靠自律。调整社会关系、解决社会问题，必须把法律规范与道德规范结合起来，使二者相辅相成、相互促进。有些道德规范（如诚实信用等）与有关法律规范（如民商法律规定的诚实信用原则等）是相互融通的。如果法律规范背离了人们普遍认同的道德标准、道德要求，就会失去民众的诚服，在实践中就难以行得通；如果一切都依靠道德，就难以有效地制止、制裁那些破坏社会秩序、侵犯公共利益和他人合法权益的行为，也难以促进社会主义精神文明建设，甚至会妨碍公共道德的形成。因此，立法必须重视法律规范的道德基础。我国是社会主义国家，法律、法规尤其应当体现人民的共同意志，有良好的道德基础，为多数人普遍认同。看一个法立得好不好，在实践中能不能行得通，一条重要的标准就是看它是否体现了多数人认同的道德标准、道德要求。

以上汇报不妥之处，请各位领导和各位同志批评指正。

（2003年4月25日）

第三篇：2012年两会政府工作报告全文中英双语版本

2012年温总理政府工作报告全文（双语对照）

第十一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议在人民大会堂开幕，听取国务院总理温家宝作政府工作报告，审查计划报告和预算报告。以下为十一届全国人大五次会议开幕会及政府工作报告全文：

各位代表：现在，我代表国务院，向大会报告政府工作，请各位代表审议，并请全国政协委员提出意见。Fellow Deputies, on behalf of the State Council, I now present to you my report on the work of the government for your deliberation and approval and for comments and suggestions from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC).一、2011年工作回顾 I.Review of Work in 2011 过去的一年，面对复杂多变的国际政治经济环境和艰巨繁重的国内改革发展任务，全国各族人民在中国共产党领导下，同心同德，团结奋进，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得新的重大成就。Last year, China faced a complex and volatile political and economic environment abroad and arduous and challenging reform and development tasks at home.Working hard with one heart and one mind under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC), the Chinese people of all ethnic groups made significant achievements in reform, opening up, and socialist modernization.国内生产总值47.2万亿元，比上年增长9.2%；公共财政收入10.37万亿元，增长24.8%；粮食产量1.14万亿斤，再创历史新高；城镇新增就业1221万人，城镇居民人均可支配收入和农村居民人均纯收入实际增长8.4%和11.4%。我们巩固和扩大了应对国际金融危机冲击成果，实现了“十二五”时期良好开局。China's GDP reached 47.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 9.2% over the previous year;government revenue was 10.37 trillion yuan, an increase of 24.8%;and the country's grain output reached a record high of 571.21 million tons.A total of 12.21 million new urban jobs were created.The per capita disposable income of urban residents and the per capita net income of rural residents rose in real terms by 8.4% and 11.4%, respectively.We consolidated and built upon our achievements in responding to the global financial crisis, and got the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period off to a good start.一年来，我们主要做了以下工作： We accomplished the following in our work last year.(一)加强和改善宏观调控，遏制物价过快上涨，实现经济平稳较快发展。1.Strengthening and improving macro-control, preventing fast price rises, and achieving steady and robust economic development 我们实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，坚持正确处理保持经济平稳较快发展、调整经济结构和管理通胀预期的关系，更加注重把握好政策实施的重点、力度和节奏，努力做到调控审慎灵活、适时适度，不断提高政策的针对性、灵活性和前瞻性。We followed a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, and maintained a balance between ensuring steady and robust economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations.We paid greater attention to implementing policies with the proper focus, force, and pace;conducted prudent and flexible macro-control on a moderate scale and in a timely fashion;and constantly made our policies more targeted, flexible, and forward-looking.在全球通胀预期不断增强，国际市场大宗商品价格高位波动，国内要素成本明显上升，部分农产品供给偏紧的严峻形势下，我们把稳定物价总水平作为宏观调控的首要任务，坚持综合施策，合理运用货币政策工具，调节货币信贷增速，大力发展生产，保障供给，搞活流通，加强监管，居民消费价格指数、工业生产者出厂价格指数涨幅从8月份起逐月回落，扭转了一度过快上涨势头。Amid worsening inflation expectations worldwide, fluctuating and high prices of major commodities on the world market, significantly higher costs of factors of production at home, and a shortage of some agricultural products, we made ensuring general price stability our top priority in macro-control, pursued policies in an integrated way, rationally used monetary policy tools to regulate the supplies of money and credit, vigorously developed production to ensure supply, boosted distribution, and strengthened supervision.As a result, increases in the consumer price index(CPI)and the producer price index(PPI)began falling in August, thus reversing the trend of rapid inflation.下半年，世界经济不稳定性不确定性上升，国内经济运行出现一些新情况新问题，我们一方面坚持宏观调控的基本取向不变，保持宏观经济政策基本稳定，继续控制通货膨胀；一方面适时适度预调微调，加强信贷政策与产业政策的协调配合，加大结构性减税力度，重点支持实体经济特别是小型微型企业，重点支持民生工程特别是保障性安居工程，重点保证国家重大在建、续建项目的资金需要，有针对性地解决经济运行中的突出矛盾。In the second half of the year, when the global economy faced greater instability and uncertainty and when new developments and problems occurred in China's economy, we kept the basic orientation of macro-control unchanged, maintained the basic continuity of our macroeconomic policies, and continued to curb inflation.In addition, we carried out timely and appropriate anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning, strengthened coordination between credit and industrial policies, and increased structural tax reductions.We focused on supporting the real economy, especially small and micro businesses;improving the people's wellbeing, especially by building low-income housing projects;and ensuring funding for key projects that are under construction or expansion.These well-targeted measures were taken to solve major economic problems.我们坚定不移地加强房地产市场调控，确保调控政策落到实处、见到实效。投机、投资性需求得到明显抑制，多数城市房价环比下降，调控效果正在显现。我们高度重视防范和化解财政金融领域的潜在风险隐患，及时对地方政府性债务进行全面审计，摸清了多年形成的地方政府性债务的总规模、形成原因、偿还时限和区域分布。这些债务在经济社会发展中发挥了积极作用，形成了大量优质资产；也存在一些风险隐患，特别是部分偿债能力较弱地区存在局部性风险。We steadfastly tightened regulation of the real estate market and ensured that control policies were fully carried out and achieved real progress.Consequently, speculative or investment-driven housing demand has been significantly curbed, housing prices in most Chinese cities have fallen month on month, and the results of our control measures are beginning to show.We attached great importance to guarding against and eliminating latent risks which exist in the banking and public finance sectors.We fully audited local government debt in a timely manner, and obtained a clear picture of the total amount, due dates, geographic distribution, and causes of the debts local governments incurred over the years.These debts have played a positive role in promoting economic and social development and produced a large amount of quality assets.However, they also contained risks and hidden dangers, and some localities with poor ability to pay their debts were at risk of default.我们认真开展债务清理整顿和规范工作，严格控制增量，积极稳妥解决债务偿还和在建项目后续融资问题。目前，我国政府性债务水平是可控的、安全的。总的看，我国国民经济继续朝着宏观调控预期方向发展，抗风险能力不断增强，呈现增长较快、价格趋稳、效益较好、民生改善的良好态势。We sorted out and standardized these debts, imposed a cap on their increase, and actively yet prudently solved problems related to the repayment of such debts and additional funding for ongoing projects.Government debt in China now is at a controllable and secure level.China's economy as a whole continues to grow as we anticipated in our exercise of macro-controls and has become more resilient.Economic growth is robust, prices are stabilizing, economic returns are good, and the people's wellbeing is improving.(二)加快转变经济发展方式，提高发展的协调性和产业的竞争力。2.Accelerating the transformation of the pattern of economic development and making development more coordinated and industries more competitive.我们坚持有扶有控，促进结构调整和优化升级，增强发展后劲。We supported development in some areas while limiting growth in others, and carried out economic structural adjustments and upgrading to increase the sustainability of development.巩固和加强农业基础。全面落实强农惠农富农政策，加大农业生产补贴力度，稳步提高粮食最低收购价，加强以农田水利为重点的农业农村基础设施建设，开展农村土地整治，加强农业科技服务和抗灾减灾，中央财政“三农”支出超过1万亿元，比上年增加1839亿元。农业全面丰收，粮食总产量实现了历史罕见的“八连增”，连续5年超万亿斤，标志着我国粮食综合生产能力稳定跃上新台阶。We consolidated and strengthened the agricultural foundation.We fully implemented the policy of strengthening agriculture, benefitting farmers, and enriching rural areas.We increased subsidies for agricultural production, and the minimum purchase price for grain rose steadily.We strengthened agricultural and rural infrastructure, with priority given to irrigation and water conservancy projects, improved rural land, increased scientific and technological services for agriculture, and improved our ability to respond to and mitigate natural disasters.Central government spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers exceeded one trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 183.9 billion yuan.We had a bumper harvest in all sectors of agriculture.China's grain output increased for the eighth consecutive year, which has rarely been seen in history.Grain output in each of the past five years has exceeded 500 million tons, which shows that China's overall grain production capacity has reached a new level.继续推进农村危房改造，解决了6398万农村人口的饮水困难和60万无电地区人口的用电问题，农村生产生活条件进一步改善。We continued to renovate dilapidated houses in rural areas, ensured the safety of potable water for 63.98 million additional rural residents, delivered electricity to 600,000 people in areas that had no power supply, and further improved rural working and living conditions.加快产业结构优化升级。大力培育战略性新兴产业，新能源、新材料、生物医药、高端装备制造、新能源汽车快速发展，三网融合、云计算、物联网试点示范工作步伐加快。企业兼并重组取得新进展。We accelerated the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure.We energetically fostered strategic emerging industries and accelerated development of new energy, new materials, biomedicines, high-end equipment manufacturing and new-energy vehicles, and we sped up pilot projects and demonstrations for integrating the telecommunications network, the radio and television broadcasting network, and the Internet, along with the development of cloud computing and the Internet of Things.We made progress in enterprise mergers and reorganizations.支持重点产业振兴和技术改造，中央预算投资安排150亿元，支持4000多个项目，带动总投资3000亿元。加快发展信息咨询、电子商务等现代服务业，新兴服务领域不断拓宽。交通运输产业快速发展，经济社会发展的基础进一步夯实。We allocated 15 billion yuan from the central government budget to support more than 4,000 projects to boost key industries and upgrade their technologies.This seed capital attracted a total investment of 300 billion yuan.We accelerated the development of information consulting, e-commerce and other modern service industries, and expanded new service areas.The transportation industry developed quickly, thereby further strengthening the foundation for China's economic and social development.推进节能减排和生态环境保护。发布实施“十二五”节能减排综合性工作方案、控制温室气体排放工作方案和加强环境保护重点工作的意见。清洁能源发电装机达到2.9亿千瓦，比上年增加3356万千瓦。加强重点节能环保工程建设，新增城镇污水日处理能力1100万吨，5000多万千瓦新增燃煤发电机组全部安装脱硫设施。加大对高耗能、高排放和产能过剩行业的调控力度，淘汰落后的水泥产能1.5亿吨、炼铁产能3122万吨、焦炭产能1925万吨。We made progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions, and protecting the ecological environment.We adopted and implemented the Comprehensive Work Plan for Conserving Energy and Reducing Emissions and the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, and the Guidelines on Strengthening Key Environmental Protection Tasks.The installed power capacity using clean energy reached 290 million kW, an increase of 33.56 million kW over the previous year.We strengthened the development of major energy conservation and environmental protection projects.We increased daily sewage treatment capacity by 11 million tons in urban areas, and installed desulphurization systems on all new coal-fired power-generating units with a total capacity of over 50 million kW.We tightened controls over industries that are energy intensive, have high emissions or possess excess production capacity, and closed down outdated production facilities whose production capacity amounted to 150 million tons of cement, 31.22 million tons of iron, and 19.25 million tons of coke.实施天然林保护二期工程并提高补助标准，实行草原生态保护奖补政策，开展湖泊生态环境保护试点。植树造林9200多万亩。We implemented the second phase of the project to protect virgin forests and raised related subsidies, carried out the policy of giving rewards and subsidies for grassland ecological conservation, and launched pilot projects to protect the ecological environment of lakes.And we planted 6.13 million hectares of trees.促进区域经济协调发展。深入实施区域发展总体战略和全国主体功能区规划。出台实施促进西藏、新疆等地区跨越式发展的一系列优惠政策。制定实施新10年农村扶贫开发纲要和兴边富民行动规划。区域发展协调性进一步增强，中西部和东北地区主要经济指标增速高于全国平均水平，东部地区产业转型升级步伐加快。We promoted the balanced development of regional economies.We thoroughly implemented the master strategy for regional development and the national plan for developing functional zones.We introduced preferential policies to promote the leapfrog development of Tibet and Xinjiang;and formulated and implemented a rural poverty alleviation and development program for the next ten years and an action plan to bring prosperity to border areas and the people there.As a result, regional development became better balanced, major economic indicators rose faster in the central and western regions and northeast China than the national average, and the eastern region accelerated industrial transformation and upgrading.城镇化率超过50%，这是中国社会结构的一个历史性变化。胜利完成四川汶川特大地震灾后恢复重建任务，积极推进青海玉树、甘肃舟曲、云南盈江抗灾救灾和恢复重建工作。China's urbanization level exceeded 50%, marking a historic change in the country's social structure.We completed reconstruction in Wenchuan, Sichuan, which was hit by a massive earthquake in 2008, and made major progress in disaster relief and reconstruction in Yushu, Qinghai;Zhugqu, Gansu;and Yingjiang, Yunnan.(三)大力发展社会事业，促进经济社会协调发展。3.Developing social services and promoting balanced economic and social development。

各级政府加大对科技、教育、文化、卫生、体育事业的投入，全国财政支出2.82万亿元。Governments at all levels increased spending on science and technology, education, culture, health, and sports programs, with the total amount reaching 2.82 trillion yuan.持续提升科技创新能力。加强基础研究和前沿技术研究。实施国家科技重大专项，突破一些关键核心技术，填补了多项重大产品和装备的空白。天宫一号目标飞行器与神舟八号飞船先后成功发射并顺利交会对接，成为我国载人航天发展史上新的里程碑。[/cn] We continued to enhance China's scientific and technological innovation capabilities.We strengthened basic research and research in cutting-edge technologies.We carried out major national research and development projects, made breakthroughs in a number of core and key technologies, and filled in many gaps in important products and technologies.The Tiangong-1 space module and the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft were launched, and Shenzhou-8 successfully docked with Tiangong-1, marking a new milestone in China's development of manned spaceflights.[cn]扎实推进教育公平。深入贯彻落实教育改革和发展规划纲要。经过25年坚持不懈的努力，全面实现“两基”目标。免除3000多万名农村寄宿制学生住宿费，其中1228万名中西部家庭经济困难学生享受生活补助。建立起完整的家庭经济困难学生资助体系。初步解决农民工随迁子女在城市接受义务教育的问题。

We made solid progress in making education more equitable.We thoroughly implemented the Plan for Education Reform and Development.Thanks to tireless efforts over the past 25 years, we have fully attained the goals of making nine-year compulsory education universally available and basically eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults.Over 30 million rural boarding school students were exempted from accommodation expenses, and 12.28 million of them who are from poor families in the central and western regions received living allowances.A comprehensive system for providing aid to students from poor families was put in place.The children of rural migrant workers were generally granted access to compulsory education in cities where they live.推动实施“学前教育三年行动计划”，提高幼儿入园率。大力发展职业教育。加强中小学教师培训工作，扩大中小学教师职称制度改革试点，提高中小学教师队伍整体素质。首届免费师范生全部到中小学任教，90%以上在中西部。A three-year action plan for preschool education was carried out, and the number of children enrolled in preschool increased.We vigorously developed vocational education.We strengthened training of primary and secondary school teachers, expanded trials of reforming the system of conferring professional titles on them, and raised their overall quality.All the graduates of 2011 who received tuition-free education in teachers' colleges and universities went to teach in primary and secondary schools, with over 90% of them working in central and western China.大力加强文化建设。中央财政加大对文化惠民工程的支持，各地对公益性文化事业投入显著增加。扩大公共文化设施免费开放范围，服务面逐步拓展。文化体制改革继续推进，文化产业快速发展。文物保护、非物质文化遗产保护和传承取得重要进展。大力加强群众体育设施建设，全民健身活动蓬勃开展，体育事业取得新成绩。We vigorously strengthened development of the cultural sector.The central government increased financial support for cultural programs that benefit the people, and local governments significantly increased spending on nonprofit cultural programs.We increased the number of public cultural facilities open to the public free of charge, and steadily expanded their services.We continued to reform the cultural system, and cultural industries developed rapidly.Major progress was made in protecting cultural relics and in protecting and passing on China's intangible cultural heritage.We put great effort into building public sports facilities, vigorously developed fitness activities across the country, and made new achievements in sports activities.积极稳妥推进医药卫生事业改革发展。基本医疗保险覆盖范围继续扩大，13亿城乡居民参保，全民医保体系初步形成。政策范围内住院费用报销比例提高，重大疾病医疗保障病种范围进一步扩大。各级财政对城镇居民医保和新农合的补助标准由每人每年120元提高到200元。国家基本药物制度在政府办基层医疗卫生机构实现全覆盖，基本药物安全性提高、价格下降。公立医院改革试点有序进行。基层医疗卫生服务体系基本建成。基本公共卫生服务均等化取得新进展。We actively yet prudentlycarried out reform and development of medical and healthcare services.We further expanded coverage of basic medical insurance, so that now 1.3 billion urban and rural residents are covered.A medical insurance system that covers the whole population is emerging.We raised the reimbursement rate for hospitalization expenses covered by relevant policies, and expanded the range of major diseases for which medical treatment is insured.Governments at all levels increased per-person subsidies for the medical insurance for non-working urban residents and the new type of rural cooperative medical care system from 120 yuan per year to 200 yuan per year.We implemented the national system for basic drugs in all community-level medical and health care institutions run by the government, and basic drugs became safer and more affordable.We progressed in an orderly fashion with trials of reforming public hospitals, basically established a community medical and health care service system, and made progress in providing equal access to basic public health services.(四)切实保障和改善民生，解决关系群众切身利益的问题。4.Ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing and solving problems that affect their interests.我们坚持民生优先，努力使发展成果惠及全体人民，促进社会公平正义。We continued to put the people's wellbeing first, worked hard to bring the benefit of development to all, and promoted social fairness and justice.实施更加积极的就业政策。多渠道开发就业岗位，全力推动以创业带动就业，加强职业技能培训和公共就业服务体系建设。加大财政、税收、金融等方面支持力度，着力促进高校毕业生、农民工等重点人群就业。高校毕业生初次就业率77.8%，同比提高1.2个百分点。农民工总量2.53亿人，比上年增长4.4%，其中，外出农民工1.59亿人，增长3.4%。We implemented a more active employment policy.We created jobs through a variety of channels, expanded job opportunities through the creation of new businesses, strengthened vocational skills training, and improved the public employment service system.We increased fiscal, taxation, and financial support to promote employment of university graduates, rural migrant workers, and other key groups.The employment rate for college graduates reached 77.8%, an increase of 1.2 percentage points over the previous year.The number of rural workers totaled 253 million, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year, of whom 159 million worked in towns and cities, up 3.4%.积极调整收入分配关系。着力提高低收入群众收入。农村居民人均纯收入实际增速为1985年以来最高，连续两年快于城镇居民；各地普遍较大幅度调高最低工资标准；连续第7年提高企业退休人员基本养老金，全年人均增加1680元，5700多万人受益；进一步提高城乡低保补助水平以及部分优抚对象抚恤和生活补助标准，对全国城乡低保对象、农村五保供养对象等8600多万名困难群众发放一次性生活补贴；建立社会救助和保障标准与物价上涨挂钩的联动机制。扩大中等收入者所占比重。We adjusted income distribution.We worked hard to increase the income of low-income people.Per capita net income of rural residents in real terms registered the fastest growth since 1985, outpacing urban residents for the second straight year.We significantly increased the minimum wage across the country.Basic pensions for enterprise retirees increased for the seventh consecutive year, with an average increase of 1,680 yuan per person for the year, which benefited over 57 million people.We further increased subsistence allowances for rural and urban residents and subsidies and living allowances for some entitled groups, and granted lump-sum living allowances to more than 86 million people in need, including subsistence allowance recipients in urban and rural areas and childless and infirm rural residents who are entitled to five forms of support(food, clothing, medical care, housing, and burial expenses).We instituted a mechanism to increase social aid and social security benefits when consumer prices rise.The proportion of middle-income earners in the whole population increased.个人所得税起征点从2000元提高到3500元。降低900多万个体工商户税负。中央决定将农民人均纯收入2300元(2010年不变价)作为新的国家扶贫标准，比2009年提高92%，把更多农村低收入人口纳入扶贫范围，这是社会的巨大进步。We raised the salary threshold for personal income tax from 2,000 yuan to 3,500 yuan.We reduced the tax burden on over nine million self-employed people.The central government set the new poverty line at 2,300 yuan, which was the per capita net income in rural areas at 2010 prices, an increase of 92% over 2009.This resulted in more low-income people being covered by the government's poverty reduction program, which constitutes tremendous social progress.加强社会保障体系建设。社会保障覆盖范围继续扩大，全国参加城镇基本养老保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险人数大幅增加。2147个县(市、区)实施城镇居民社会养老保险试点，1334万人参保，641万人领取养老金。2343个县(市、区)开展新型农村社会养老保险试点，3.58亿人参保，9880万人领取养老金，覆盖面扩大到60%以上。We bolstered the development of the social security system.We continued to expand coverage of social security, and the number of people covered by basic old-age insurance for urban residents, unemployment insurance, workers' compensation and maternity insurance rose substantiallynationwide.We carried out trials of old-age insurance for non-working urban residents in 2,147 counties and county-level cities and districts, covering 13.34 million residents, and 6.41 million residents received pensions.We launched trials of a new type of old-age insurance for rural residents in 2,343 counties and county-level cities and districts, covering 358 million people, and 98.8 million people received pensions.We extended coverage of this insurance to more than 60% of China's counties.解决了500多万名集体企业退休人员养老保障的历史遗留问题。将312万名企业“老工伤”人员和工亡职工供养亲属纳入工伤保险统筹管理。养老保险跨地区转移接续工作有序推进。社会保障体系不断健全，向制度全覆盖迈出重大步伐，这是推进基本公共服务均等化取得的重要成就。We solved longstanding problems concerning pensions for more than five million retirees of collectively owned enterprises.We included 3.12 million persons who suffer from past work-related injuries and dependents of employees who lost their lives in work-related accidents in workers' compensation insurance.We worked in an orderly way to make it possible to transfer pension accounts between localities.We continued to improve the social security system and made significant progress in extending coverage to all residents.This was an important achievement for ensuring equal access to basic public services for all.大力推进保障性安居工程建设。出台关于保障性安居工程建设和管理的指导意见，完善财政投入、土地供应、信贷支持、税费减免等政策，着力提高规划建设和工程质量水平，制定保障性住房分配、管理、退出等制度和办法。中央财政安排资金1713亿元，是2010年的2.2倍，全年城镇保障性住房基本建成432万套，新开工建设1043万套。We accelerated the construction of low-income housing.We adopted guidelines on construction and management of low-income housing;improved policies on government input, land supply, credit support, and tax and fee reductions;strove to improve project planning and construction quality;and introduced a system and measures for distributing, managing, and recalling low-income housing.The central government allocated 171.3 billion yuan for these purposes, an increase of 120% over 2010.We basically completed 4.32 million units of low-income urban housing and began construction on a further 10.43 million units.努力维护社会公共安全。加强安全生产监管，做好重特大安全事故的处置、调查、问责工作。完善食品安全监管体制机制，集中打击、整治非法添加和违法生产加工行为。坚持以人为本、服务为先，加强和创新社会管理，着力排查化解各类社会矛盾，依法打击违法犯罪活动，保持社会和谐稳定。We worked hard to safeguard public safety.We intensified oversight and supervision of workplace safety and ensured that major accidents were fully investigated and dealt with and those responsible were held accountable.We improved the system and mechanisms for oversight and supervision of food safety, and gave high priority to cracking down on the use of illegal additives and the illegal production and processing of food.We put people and services first, strengthened and made innovations in social administration, strove to investigate and resolve social conflicts, cracked down on crime in accordance with the law, and maintained social harmony and stability.(五)深入推进改革开放，为经济社会发展注入新的活力和动力。5.Deepening reform and opening up and injecting new vitality and impetus into economic and social development.我们按照“十二五”规划提出的改革任务，加大攻坚力度，推动重点领域和关键环节的改革。We intensified efforts to overcome difficulties and carried forward reform in major areas and key links to meet reform targets set forth in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.完善公共财政体系特别是预算管理制度，把预算外资金全部纳入预算管理，扩大国有资本经营预算实施范围，深化部门预算改革，推进政府预算、决算公开，98个中央部门和北京、上海、广东、陕西等省市公开“三公经费”。在全国范围实施原油、天然气资源税从价计征改革，出台营业税改征增值税试点方案。把跨境贸易人民币结算范围扩大到全国，启动境外直接投资人民币结算试点，开展外商直接投资人民币结算业务。We improved the public finance system, particularly the budget management system.We put all extrabudgetary funds under budgetary management;expanded the scope of budgets for the use of state capital;deepened the reform requiring government departments to prepare their own budgets;and moved ahead with publicly releasing government budgets and final accounts.Ninety-eight central government departments as well as provincial and municipal governments, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and Shaanxi, publicly released information regarding their spending on official overseas trips, official vehicles and official hospitality.We carried out a price-based reform of resource taxes on crude oil and natural gas nationwide, and introduced a plan to replace business tax with value-added tax(VAT)on a trial basis.We extended the use of RMB in cross-border trade settlement to the whole country, launched trials for settling overseas direct investment accounts in RMB, and began settling foreign direct investment accounts in RMB.深化集体林权制度改革，启动国有林场改革试点，依法开展草原承包经营登记。推进水利建设管理体制改革，创新水资源管理体制。深化国有企业改革。启动实施电网主辅分离改革重组以及上网电价和非居民用电价格调整方案。基本完成乡镇机构改革。事业单位分类改革有序开展。We deepened reform of tenure in collective forests, launched a trial reform of state forestry farms, and started registration for contracting pastureland in accordance with the law.We pressed ahead with reform of the system for managing the construction of water conservancy facilities and made innovations in the system for managing water resources;and deepened reform of state-owned enterprises.We carried out reform to restructure power grids by separating their main business from auxiliary services and implemented the plan to adjust the prices of on-grid electricity and non-household electricity.We basically completed the reform of county and town government bodies, and proceeded with the reform of public institutions through classification in an orderly manner.我们坚持出口和进口并重，利用外资和对外投资并举，全面提升开放型经济水平。积极推进市场多元化战略，努力优化贸易结构。全年货物进出口总额 3.64万亿美元，增长22.5%，其中，出口增长20.3%，进口增长24.9%，贸易顺差进一步下降。实际使用外商直接投资1160亿美元，服务业和 中西部地区比重提高。企业“走出去”步伐加快，非金融类对外直接投资601亿美元。积极参与国际和区域经济合作，多边双边经贸关系继续深化。We continued to put equal emphasis on exports and imports, encouraged foreign investment in China and Chinese investment overseas, and made comprehensive improvements to China's open economy.We actively pursued the strategy of diversifying markets and improved the trade mix.China's total volume of trade in goods totaled US$ 3.64 trillion for the year, up 22.5%.Exports and imports grew by 20.3% and 24.9%, respectively, and our trade surplus decreased further.Total utilized foreign direct investment was $116 billion, and a larger proportion of it went to service industries and the central and western regions.Chinese companies expanded their overseas presence, and non-financial outward direct investment reached $60.1 billion.We actively participated in international and regional economic cooperation and continued to deepen multilateral and bilateral economic and trade relations.我们在民主法制建设、国防和军队建设、港澳台工作和外交工作等方面，都取得了卓有成效的进展。We made outstanding progress in improving democracy and the legal system;strengthening national defense and building up the armed forces;and in our work related to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and our diplomatic work.过去一年的成绩来之不易，显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性和生命力，增强了中华民族的自豪感和凝聚力。这是以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央科学决策、正确领导的结果，是全党全军全国各族人民齐心协力、顽强拼搏的结果。Our hard-won achievements over the past year are a testament to the strength and vitality of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and have enhanced the pride and cohesiveness of the Chinese nation.We owe these achievements to the sound decisions made by the Party Central Committee, with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary, and its correct leadership, as well as the concerted efforts and hard work of the Party, the armed forces, and the people of all ethnic groups in China.我代表国务院，向全国各族人民，向各民主党派、各人民团体和各界人士，表示诚挚的感谢！向香港特别行政区同胞、澳门特别行政区同胞、台湾同胞和海外侨胞，表示诚挚的感谢！向关心和支持中国现代化建设的各国政府、国际组织和各国朋友，表示诚挚的感谢！On behalf of the State Council, I wish to sincerely thank the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, the democratic parties, people's organizations, and people from all sectors of society.I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our compatriots in the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and in Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese.I also wish to express my sincere appreciation to governments of other countries, international organizations, and foreign friends around the world who show understanding for and support China in its pursuit of modernization.我们也清醒地看到，我国经济社会发展仍然面临不少困难和挑战。从国际看，世界经济复苏进程艰难曲折，国际金融危机还在发展，一些国家主权债务危 机短期内难以缓解。主要发达经济体失业率居高难下，增长动力不足，新兴经济体面临通货膨胀和经济增速回落的双重压力。主要货币汇率剧烈波动，大宗商品价格 大幅震荡。国际贸易投资保护主义强化。从国内看，解决体制性结构性矛盾，缓解发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题更为迫切、难度更大，经济运行中又出现不 少新情况新问题。We are keenly aware that China still faces many difficulties and challenges in economic and social development.Internationally, the road to global economic recovery will be tortuous, the global financial crisis is still evolving, and some countries will find it hard to ease the sovereign debt crisis any time soon.The unemployment rate remains high in the major developed economies, and they lack impetus for growth.Emerging economies face the dual pressures of inflation and slowing economic growth.The exchange rates of major currencies and the prices of important commodities are experiencing sharp fluctuations.Protectionism in international trade and investment is mounting.Domestically, it has become more urgent but also more difficult to solve institutional and structural problems and alleviate the problem of unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development.In addition, China's economy is encountering new problems.主要是：经济增长存在下行压力，物价水平仍处高位，房地产市场调控处于关键阶段，农业稳定发展、农民持续增收难度加大，就业总量压力与结构性矛 盾并存，一些企业特别是小型微型企业经营困难增多，部分行业产能过剩凸显，能源消费总量增长过快。一些长期矛盾与短期问题相互交织，结构性因素和周期性因 素相互作用，国内问题和国际问题相互关联，宏观调控面临更加复杂的局面。There is downward pressure on economic growth.Prices remain high.Regulation of the real estate market is in a crucial stage.It is getting harder to maintain steady development of agriculture and sustain increases in rural incomes.Pressure to increase total employment coexists with structural shortages of qualified personnel in some industries.Some enterprises, especially small and micro businesses, face increasing difficulties in their operations.Some industries are plagued by excess production capacity.Total energy consumption is growing excessively fast.Moreover, some long-term and short-term problems are interwoven;structural and cyclical factors affect each other;domestic and international problems have become interrelated;and our macro-control work faces a more complex situation.政府工作仍存在一些缺点和不足，节能减排、物价调控目标没有完成；征地拆迁、安全生产、食品药品安全、收入分配等方面问题还很突出，群众反映强烈；政府管理和服务水平有待提高，廉政建设亟需加强。There are still some deficiencies and shortcomings in the government's work.Targets for conserving energy, reducing emissions, and controlling prices are not being met.Problems concerning land expropriation, housing demolition, workplace safety, food and drug safety, and income distribution are still very serious and the people are still very concerned about them.Government administration and services need to be improved, and efforts to build clean government need to be intensified.我们一定要以对国家和人民高度负责的精神，采取更加有力的措施，切实解决存在的问题，努力把各项工作做得更好，决不辜负人民的重托。We must act with a strong sense of responsibility toward the country and the people, take more effective steps to resolve these problems, strive to do all our work better, and truly live up to the people's expectations.二、2012年工作总体部署 II.Major Steps to Be Taken in Government Work in 2012 今年是“十二五”时期承前启后的重要一年，也是本届政府任期的最后一年。我们要恪尽职守、锐意进取、攻坚克难、决不懈怠，交出一份人民满意的答卷。This year is an important year of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, and the last year of the term of my government.We must dedicate ourselves to our duties, forge ahead with determination, tackle difficult problems directly, and work diligently to achieve results that satisfy the people.我国发展仍处于重要战略机遇期，在较长时期内继续保持经济平稳较快发展具备不少有利条件。工业化、城镇化和农业现代化快速推进，消费结构和产业 结构升级蕴藏着巨大的需求潜力；经过30多年改革开放，我国发展建立了良好的物质基础和体制条件，宏观调控经验不断丰富，企业竞争力和抗风险能力明显提 高；东部地区创新发展能力增强，中西部地区和东北等老工业基地发展潜力有序释放；经济发展的传统优势依然存在，劳动力资源丰富、素质提高；财政收支状况良 好，金融体系运行稳健，社会资金比较充裕。We are still in an important period of strategic opportunities for China's development, and there are a number of favorable conditions for us to maintain steady and robust economic development for a long time.Industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization are proceeding rapidly, and improvements in the consumption pattern and the industrial structure will create huge potential demand.In the course of over 30 years of reform and opening up, we have built a solid material foundation and institutional conditions for development and gained rich experience in macro-control.Our enterprises have become significantly more competitive and resilient.The eastern region has greater capacity for innovation and development, and the development potential of the central and western regions and the old industrial bases in northeast China is being constantly unleashed.We still have our traditional strengths in economic development, as well as rich human resources and a more skilled workforce.We have a good balance between government revenue and expenditures and a sound financial system, and there is ample nongovernmental capital.世界经济政治格局正在发生深刻变化，和平、发展、合作仍然是时代潮流，总体上有利于我国和平发展。我们要坚定信心，善于运用有利条件和积极因素，继续抓住和用好重要战略机遇期，推动经济平稳较快发展，不断增强我国的综合国力和国际影响力。The global economic and political patterns are undergoing profound changes;peace, development, and cooperation remain the underlying trends of the times, and overall the situation is favorable for China's peaceful development.We need to have firm confidence, capitalize on favorable conditions and factors, and continue to grasp and make the most of this important period of strategic opportunities to promote steady and robust economic development, and continue to enhance China's overall strength and its international influence.我们要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，坚持稳中求进，加强和改善宏观调控，继续处理好保持经济平稳较快发展、调整经济结构和管理通胀预期的关系，加快推进经济发展方式转变和经济结构调整，着力扩大国内需求特别是消费需求，着力加 强自主创新和节能减排，着力深化改革开放，着力保障和改善民生，全面推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，努力实现经济平稳较快发展和物价总水平基本稳定，保持社会和谐稳定，以经济社会发展的优异成绩迎接党的十八大胜利召开。We must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as our guide, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, make progress while maintaining stability, and strengthen and improve macro-control.We will continue to balance maintaining steady and robust economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations;accelerate the transformation of the pattern of economic development and adjustment of the economic structure;vigorously expand domestic demand, particularly consumer demand;make every effort to strengthen innovation, energy conservation, and emissions reduction;and strive to deepen reform and opening up and ensure and improve the people's wellbeing.We will comprehensively advance socialist economic development, political, cultural and social progress, and ecological awareness.We will strive to achieve steady and robust economic development and overall price stability, maintain social harmony and stability, and greet the coming Eighteenth National Congress of the CPC with outstanding achievements in economic and social development.今年经济社会发展的主要预期目标是：国内生产总值增长7.5%；城镇新增就业900万人以上，城镇登记失业率控制在4.6%以内；居民消费价格 涨幅控制在4%左右；进出口总额增长10%左右，国际收支状况继续改善。同时，要在产业结构调整、自主创新、节能减排等方面取得新进展，城乡居民收入实际 增长和经济增长保持同步。The main targets for this year's economic and social development are as follows: to increase GDP by 7.5%, create more than 9 million new jobs in towns and cities, keep the registered urban unemployment rate at or below 4.6%, hold increases in the CPI to around 4%, increase the volume of total exports and imports by around 10%, and continue to improve our balance of payments.At the same time, we will make further progress in industrial restructuring, innovation, energy conservation, and emissions reduction, and ensure that both urban and rural residents' real incomes increase in line with economic growth.这里要着重说明，国内生产总值增长目标略微调低，主要是要与“十二五”规划目标逐步衔接，引导各方面把工作着力点放到加快转变经济发展方式、切 实提高经济发展质量和效益上来，以利于实现更长时期、更高水平、更好质量发展。提出居民消费价格涨幅控制在4%左右，综合考虑了输入性通胀因素、要素成本 上升影响以及居民承受能力，也为价格改革预留一定空间。Here I wish to stress that in setting a slightly lower GDP growth rate, we hope to make it fit with targets in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, and to guide people in all sectors to focus their work on accelerating the transformation of the pattern of economic development and making economic development more sustainable and efficient, so as to achieve higher-level, higher-quality development over a longer period of time.In projecting a CPI increase of around 4%, we have taken into account imported inflation, rising costs of factors of production, and people's ability to absorb the impact of price increases, while leaving room for the effect of price reforms.综合考虑各方面情况，要继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，根据形势变化适时适度预调微调，进一步提高政策的针对性、灵活性和前瞻性。Taking into consideration all relevant factors, we will continue to follow a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, carry out timely and appropriate anticipatory adjustments and fine-tuning, and make our policies more targeted, flexible, and anticipatory.继续实施积极的财政政策。保持适度的财政赤字和国债规模。今年拟安排财政赤字8000亿元，赤字率下降到1.5%左右，其中中央财政赤字 5500亿元，代发地方债2500亿元。优化财政支出结构、突出重点，更加注重向民生领域倾斜，加大对教育、文化、医疗卫生、就业、社会保障、保障性安居 工程等方面的投入。更加注重加强薄弱环节，加大对“三农”、欠发达地区、科技创新和节能环保、水利、地质找矿等的支持。更加注重勤俭节约，严格控制“三公 经费”，大力精简会议和文件，深化公务用车制度改革，进一步降低行政成本。We will continue to implement a proactive fiscal policy.We will keep the deficit and government debt at appropriate levels.This year, we are projecting a deficit of 800 billion yuan, a decrease to around 1.5% of GDP, which consists of a 550 billion yuan central government deficit and 250 billion yuan of bonds issued on behalf of local governments.We will improve the structure of expenditures and give priority to spending in key areas.We will increase spending on areas which are important to the people's wellbeing, such as education, culture, medical and health care, employment, social security, and low-income housing projects.We will pay greater attention to strengthening weak links, and increase funding for agriculture, rural areas, farmers, underdeveloped areas, scientific and technological innovation, energy conservation, environmental protection, water conservancy, and geological prospecting.We will be more economical;strictly restrict spending on official overseas trips, vehicles for official use, and official hospitality;greatly reduce meetings and documents;deepen reform of the system for the use of official cars;and further reduce administrative costs.继续控制楼堂馆所建设规模和标准，压缩大型运动会场馆建设投入。全面加强对重点领域、重点部门和重点资金的审计。实施结构性减税。认真落实和完 善支持小型微型企业和个体工商户发展的各项税收优惠政策，开展营业税改征增值税试点。继续对行政事业性收费和政府性基金进行清理、整合和规范。加强地方政 府性债务管理和风险防范。按照分类管理、区别对待、逐步化解的原则，继续妥善处理存量债务。We will continue to restrict the construction of office buildings in terms of both size and grades, and reduce spending on building large gymnasiums and stadiums.We will also comprehensively strengthen auditing of key areas, sectors, and funds.We will introduce structural tax reductions.We will fully implement and improve all preferential tax policies to support the development of small, micro and individually owned businesses, and carry out pilot projects to replace business tax with VAT.We will continue to investigate the collection and use of administrative fees and operations of government-managed funds, merge them where necessary, and ensure fees are collected and government-managed funds are operated in a standardized way.We will strengthen supervision of local government debt and guard against risks.We will continue to deal with outstanding debts properly by classifying them into different categories and managing them accordingly, dealing with different situations differently, and resolving problems gradually.进一步清理规范地方政府融资平台公司。坚决禁止各级政府以各种形式违规担保、承诺。同时，把短期应对措施和长期制度建设结合起来，严格控制地方政府新增债务，将地方政府债务收支分类纳入预算管理。We will further investigate and standardize financing companies run by local governments.Governments at all levels are prohibited from making guarantees and promises in this respect in violation of laws and regulations.At the same time, we will both take short-term measures and build permanent systems, strictly limit new local government debt, and place revenue and expenditures of local government debt under budgetary management on the basis of their type.继续实施稳健的货币政策。按照总量适度、审慎灵活的要求，兼顾促进经济平稳较快发展、保持物价稳定和防范金融风险。综合运用各种货币政策工具，调节好货币信贷供求，保持社会融资规模合理增长。广义货币预期增长14%。优化信贷结构，支持国家重点在建、续建项目和保障性安居工程建设，加强对符合产 业政策、有市场需求的企业特别是小型微型企业的信贷支持，切实降低实体经济融资成本。We will continue to implement a prudent monetary policy.We aim to promote steady and robust economic development, keep prices stable, and guard against financial risks by keeping the total money and credit supply at an appropriate level, and taking a cautious yet flexible approach.We will employ a full range of monetary policy tools, appropriately adjust the supply and demand of money and credit, and maintain proper growth of financing from nongovernment sources.The broad money supply is projected to increase by 14%.We will improve the credit structure, support key state projects that are under construction or expansion and low-income housing projects, and increase credit support to enterprises, especially small and micro businesses, whose operations are in accordance with industrial policies and whose products have market demand.继续严格控制对高耗能、高污染和产能过剩行业的贷款。完善人民币汇率形成机制，增强人民币汇率双向浮动弹性，保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的 基本稳定。大力发展外汇市场，丰富外汇产品。为市场主体提供更多的汇率避险工具，管好用好外汇储备。建立健全系统性金融风险防范和监管协调机制，增强抵御 风险能力。加强跨境资本流动监控。规范各类借贷行为，引导民间融资健康发展。We will effectively reduce the financing costs of the real economy, and continue to strictly restrict loans to industries that are energy intensive, have high emissions or possess excess production capacity.We will improve the mechanism for setting the RMB exchange rate, make the floating exchange rate regime more flexible, and keep the RMB exchange rate basically stable at an appropriate and balanced level.We will vigorously develop the foreign exchange market, diversify foreign exchange products, and provide more tools for market participants to hedge foreign exchange risks.We will manage and utilize our foreign exchange reserves well.We will set up a sound mechanism for preventing systemic financial risks and for coordinating financial oversight and supervision to strengthen our ability to withstand risks.We will tighten oversight on cross-border flows of capital, standardize all types of lending activities, and guide the sound development of private financing.全面做好今年的工作，必须坚持突出主题、贯穿主线、统筹兼顾、协调推进，把稳增长、控物价、调结构、惠民生、抓改革、促和谐更好地结合起来。To ensure success in all our work this year, we must uphold the theme of scientific development, take transforming the pattern of economic development as the main thread, adopt a holistic approach, and coordinate all our work.We must coordinate efforts to achieve steady growth, control prices, adjust the economic structure, improve the people's wellbeing, implement reform, and promote harmony.稳增长，就是要坚持扩大内需、稳定外需，大力发展实体经济，努力克服国内外各种不稳定不确定因素的影响，及时解决苗头性、倾向性问题，保持经济平稳运行。To achieve steady growth, we will continue to expand domestic demand and keep foreign demand stable, vigorously develop the real economy, work hard to counter the impact of various factors of instability and uncertainty at home and abroad, promptly resolve emerging issues that signal unfavorable trends, and maintain stable economic performance.控物价，就是要继续采取综合措施，保持物价总水平基本稳定，防止价格走势反弹。To control prices, we will continue to take comprehensive measures to maintain basic overall price stability and prevent a rebound of inflation.调结构，就是要有扶有控，提高经济增长质量和效益，增强发展的协调性和可持续性。To adjust the economic structure, we will support development in some areas while limiting growth in others, improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth, and make development more coordinated and sustainable.惠民生，就是要坚持把保障改善民生作为工作的根本出发点和落脚点，把促进社会公平正义放在更加突出的位置，切实办成一些让人民群众得实惠的好事实事。To improve the people's wellbeing, we will continue to take ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing as the fundamental starting point and goal of our work, give higher priority to promoting social fairness and justice, and take a number of initiatives that will bring substantive benefits to the people.抓改革，就是要以更大的决心和气力推进改革开放，着力解决影响经济长期 健康发展的体制性、结构性矛盾，在一些重点领域和关键环节取得新突破。以开放促改革、促发展、促创新。To implement reform, we will carry out reform and opening up with greater determination and effort, solve institutional and structural problems that hinder long-term sound economic and social development, and make breakthroughs in key areas and crucial links.We will spur reform, development and innovation through opening up.促和谐，就是要正确处理改革、发展、稳定三者关系，积极有效化解各种矛盾和风险隐患，防止局部性问题演变成全局性问题，促进社会和谐稳定。To promote harmony, we will properly balance reform, development, and stability;effectively defuse various types of conflicts, risks, and dangers;prevent isolated problems from growing into major ones;and promote social harmony and stability.三、2012年主要任务 III.Major Tasks for 2012

(一)促进经济平稳较快发展 1.Promoting steady and robust economic development 扩大内需特别是消费需求是我国经济长期平稳较快发展的根本立足点，是今年工作的重点。Expanding domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, which is essential to ensuring China's long-term, steady, and robust economic development, is the focus of our economic work this year.着力扩大消费需求。加快构建扩大消费的长效机制。大力调整收入分配格局，增加中低收入者收入，提高居民消费能力。完善鼓励居民消费政策。大力发 展社会化养老、家政、物业、医疗保健等服务业。鼓励文化、旅游、健身等消费，落实好带薪休假制度。积极发展网络购物等新型消费业态。支持引导环保建材、节 水洁具、节能汽车等绿色消费。扩大消费信贷。加强城乡流通体系和道路、停车场等基础设施建设。加强产品质量安全监管。改善消费环境，维护消费者合法权益。We will work hard to expand consumer demand.We will move faster to set up a permanent mechanism for boosting consumption.We will vigorously adjust income distribution, increase the incomes of low-and middle-income groups, and enhance people's ability to consume.We will improve policies that encourage consumption.We will vigorously develop elderly care, domestic, property management, medical and healthcare services.We will encourage consumer spending on cultural activities, tourism, and fitness;and implement the system of paid vacations.We will actively develop new forms of consumption such as online shopping;support and guide the consumption of green goods such as environmentally friendly building materials, water-saving sanitation products, and energy-efficient vehicles;and expand consumer credit.We will improve the urban-rural logistics system and infrastructural facilities, such as roads and parking lots, strengthen supervision over product quality and safety, improve the consumption environment, and safeguard consumers' legitimate rights and interests.不断优化投资结构。保持投资稳定增长，促进投资和消费良性互动。认真落实国务院关于鼓励引导民间投资新36条，出台具有可操作性的实施细则。加 强政府投资对结构调整的引领作用，优先保证重点在建、续建项目，有序推进国家重大项目开工建设。把好土地、信贷、节能、环保、安全、质量等准入和审核关，加强对重大项目特别是政府和国有投资项目的监管、督查，提高投资质量和效益。We will continue to improve the investment structure.We will maintain the steady growth of investment and use investment to promote consumption and vice versa.We will fully implement the Guidelines of the State Council on Encouraging and Guiding the Sound Development of Nongovernmental Investment and adopt specific operating rules for their implementation.We will strengthen the role of government investment in guiding adjustment of the economic structure, ensure funding for key projects that are under construction or expansion, and begin construction on major national projects in an orderly manner.We will tighten standards on market access and the screening and approval process relating to land, credit, energy conservation, environmental protection, safety, and quality;and strengthen supervision and inspections of major projects, particularly those undertaken by governments and state-owned firms, to improve the quality of and returns on such investments.(二)保持物价总水平基本稳定 2.Keeping overall prices basically stable

这是关系群众利益和经济社会发展全局的重点工作。要在有效实施宏观经济政策、管好货币信贷总量、促进社会总供求基本平衡的基础上，搞好价格调控，防止物价反弹。This is a key task affecting the people's interests and China's overall economic and social development.We will control prices and prevent inflation from rebounding by effectively carrying out macroeconomic policies, managing the supply of money and credit, and striving for basic equilibrium in aggregate supply and demand.增加生产、保障供给。继续把控制食品价格过快上涨作为稳定物价的重点。落实好“米袋子”省长负责制和“菜篮子”市长负责制，保障主要农产品供 给。大中城市要有合理的菜地保有量，稳定和提高本地应季蔬菜自给水平，同周边地区和优势产区协作建设“菜篮子”产品基地。加强重要商品产运销衔接，完善政 府储备和商业储备体系，做好主要农产品收储和投放，增强市场调控能力。We will increase production and ensure supply.We will continue to make curbing excessive rises in food prices a priority of stabilizing prices.We will effectively carry out the practice of holding provincial governors responsible for the “rice bag”(grain supply)and city mayors for the “vegetable basket”(non-grain food supply)and ensure the supply of major farm products.Large and medium-sized cities should have sufficient farmland for growing vegetables, maintain and raise the proportion of seasonal vegetables sold there that are grown locally, and develop vegetable production bases in collaboration with neighboring areas and areas with suitable conditions.We will strengthen coordination of the production, transportation, and sale of important commodities;improve systems of government reserves and commercial reserves;do a good job purchasing, storing and marketing major agricultural products;and regulate the market better.搞活流通、降低成本。严格执行蔬菜等鲜活农产品运输绿色通道政策。认真落实对农产品批发市场、集贸市场、社区平价菜店等的扶持政策，鼓励城市连 锁超市、高校、大型企业、社区与农产品流通企业、专业合作社、种养大户对接，减少流通环节，增加零售网点，充分发挥流通主渠道作用。We will improve distribution and reduce distribution costs.We will ensure that the green channel policy for transporting vegetables and other fresh farm products is fully implemented.We will carry out policies to support wholesale agricultural product markets, market fairs, and community-based, low-priced vegetable stores.We will encourage urban chain supermarkets, universities, large enterprises, and communities to establish direct supply contacts with farm product distributors, specialized farmer cooperatives, and large family farms.We will also reduce distribution links and increase retail outlets so that they can play a leading role in distribution.We will deepen reform of the distribution system.We will expand trials of a tax on the income of logistics enterprises after deductions, and improve tax policies on the use of land occupied by facilities for storing major commodities.We will adjust and improve VAT policies for the wholesale and retail of some agricultural products, and promote standardized and information-based distribution.We will adopt a full range of measures to make distribution more efficient and cost-effective so as to benefit both producers and consumers.深化流通体制改革。扩大物流企业营业税差额纳税试点范围，完善大宗商品仓储设施用地税收政策。调整完善部分农产品批发、零售增值税政策，推动流通标准化、信息化建设。要多管齐下，切实把流通效率提上去、中间成本降下来，真正让生产者和消费者都得到好处。加强监管、规范秩序。重点加强对食品、药品价格和医疗、通信、教育等服务收费的监督检查，坚决治理交通运输领域乱收费乱罚款，纠正大型零售商业企业违规收费行为，严厉查处发布虚假信息、囤积居奇、操纵价格、恶意炒作等违法行为。把握好舆论导向，正确引导社会预期。We will tighten oversight and ensure market order.We will give high priority to strengthening oversight and inspection of food and drug prices as well as fees and charges for medical, communications, and educational services;put an end to unauthorized collection of charges and fines in the transportation sector;stop large commercial retailers from illegally collecting fees;and crack down on illegal practices such as releasing false information, hoarding and profiteering, manipulating prices, and speculation.We will lead public opinion and correctly guide public expectations of price movements.(三)促进农业稳定发展和农民持续增收 3.Promoting steady growth of agriculture and sustained increases in rural incomes

在工业化和城镇化发展进程中，要更加重视农业现代化。必须坚持把解决好“三农”问题作为各项工作的重中之重，进一步加大强农惠农富农政策力度，巩固和发展农业农村好形势。We need to pay even greater attention to modernizing agriculture in the course of industrialization and urbanization.We must continue to make solving problems related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers a top priority in all of our work;increase policy support to strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and enrich rural areas;and consolidate and build upon achievements in the development of agriculture and rural areas.稳定发展农业生产，多渠道增加农民收入。继续开展粮食稳定增产行动，稳定粮食种植面积，着力提高单产。引导农民调整结构，扩大紧缺、优质农产品 生产，支持蔬菜、肉蛋奶、水产品等生产。农业补贴要继续增加总量，提高标准，扩大范围，完善机制，新增补贴重点向种养大户、农民专业合作社及各种生产服务 组织倾斜。We will steadily develop agricultural production and increase farmers' incomes by various means.We will continue to carry out activities to steadily increase grain production, keep the area of land sown to grain crops stable, and increase per-unit yields.We will guide farmers to adjust their mix of crops or livestock, and produce more farm products that are high in quality or short in supply.We will support the production of vegetables, meat, eggs, milk, and aquatic products.We will continue to increase agricultural subsidies, raise their standard, expand their coverage, improve mechanisms for issuing them, and direct new subsidy increases mainly to large family farms, specialized farmer cooperatives, and producer-oriented service organizations.继续提高粮食最低收购价，今年小麦、稻谷最低收购价平均每50公斤分别提高7.4元和16元。健全主产区利益补偿机制，增加粮油、生猪等重要农 产品生产大县奖励补助资金。实施新10年农村扶贫开发纲要，按照新的国家扶贫标准，全面做好扶贫开发工作，加大集中连片特殊困难地区扶贫开发力度，让扶贫 对象更多地分享改革发展成果。We will continue to raise the minimum purchase price for grain, and we will raise the average floor prices for wheat and rice by 7.4 yuan and 16 yuan per 50 kilograms, respectively.We will improve the mechanism for subsidizing major growing areas and increase rewards and subsidies to major counties that produce important agricultural products such as grain, oilseed, and hogs.We will implement the 2011-2020 rural poverty alleviation and development program and, in accordance with the new national standards for poverty alleviation, do a good job of all poverty alleviation and development work, and step up our work in contiguous areas with particular difficulties to ensure that people in poverty share more fruits of reform and development.加快农业科技进步。农业的根本出路在科技。要大力推动农业科技创新，加大对良种繁育、疫病防控、农产品质量安全等关键技术研发和应用的支持力 度。加快推进基层农技推广服务体系改革和建设，健全乡镇或区域性农业公共服务机构。完善农业技术补贴制度，促进先进适用农业技术到田到户。建好现代农业示 范区，推进高产创建和标准化创建。加快农业机械化步伐。We will speed up progress in agricultural science and technology.The fundamental way to develop agriculture is through science and technology.We will vigorously promote innovations in agro-science and increase support for R&D on and the application of key technologies for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products.We will accelerate reform and development of the service system for spreading agricultural technology in villages, and improve public service agricultural agencies in townships, towns, and regions.We will improve the system for subsidizing agricultural technologies and encourage farmers to use advanced and appropriate agricultural technologies.We will develop modern agriculture demonstration sites, encourage farmers to grow high-yield crops, promote the standardization of farming techniques, and accelerate agricultural mechanization.加强农业农村基础设施建设。今年中央财政用于“三农”的投入拟安排12287亿元，比上年增加1868亿元。要搞好灌区配套改造和小型农田水利建 设，大力发展节水农业，加大土地开发整理复垦力度，大规模建设旱涝保收高标准基本农田。加快中小河流治理、小型水库除险加固和山洪地质灾害综合防治。加强 农村水电路气以及文化体育等基础设施建设，推进农村环境治理，加快农村危房改造，继续改善农村生产生活条件。We will strengthen agricultural and rural infrastructure.The central government plans to allocate 1.2287 trillion yuan for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, 186.8 billion yuan more than last year.With these funds we will build and upgrade water-saving facilities in irrigated areas and build more small water conservancy projects, and vigorously develop water-efficient agriculture.We will intensify efforts to develop, improve, and reclaim rural land and develop on a large scale basic farmland that meets high drought and flood resistance standards.We will take speedy steps to harness small and medium-sized rivers, reinforce small aging reservoirs, and take comprehensive measures to prevent and mitigate geological disasters caused by mountain torrents.We will continue to improve working and living conditions in rural areas by strengthening infrastructure such as water, power, and methane supply facilities, roads, and cultural and sports venues, and by cleaning up the environment and renovating dilapidated houses more quickly.深化农村改革。坚持农村基本经营制度不动摇。要认真搞好土地确权登记颁证。土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权是法律赋予农民的财产 权利，任何人都不能侵犯。加强土地承包经营权流转管理和服务，发展适度规模经营。严格保护耕地。制定出台农村集体土地征收补偿条例。扶持发展农民专业合作 社、产业化龙头企业，开展多种形式的农业社会化服务，发展农业保险，提高农业产业化、组织化程度。深化农村综合改革。推进国有农场、林场体制改革。We will deepen rural reform.We will uphold the basic rural operation system.We will work diligently to determine, register, and certify land ownership.Farmers' rights to the land they contract to work on, to the land on which their houses sit, and to proceeds from collective undertakings are property rights conferred by law, and these rights must not to be violated by anyone.We will provide better supervision and services for the transfer of contracted land-use rights, and develop farming operations on an appropriately large scale.We will place farmland under strict protection, and formulate and promulgate regulations concerning compensation for the expropriation of rural collective land.We will support large-scale farming by specialized farmer cooperatives and leading enterprises, encourage various sectors of society to provide services for agriculture, develop agricultural insurance, and increase commercialization and specialization in agriculture.We will deepen comprehensive rural reform.We will also reform systems for managing state-owned farms and forest farms and continue to deepen reform of tenure in collective forests.(四)加快转变经济发展方式 4.Accelerating the transformation of the pattern of economic development

解决发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题，关键在于加快转变经济发展方式，推进经济结构战略性调整，这既是一个长期过程，也是当前最紧迫的任务。The key to solving the problems of imbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development is to accelerate the transformation of the pattern of economic development and carry out strategic adjustment of the economic restructure.This is both a long-term task and our most pressing task at present.促进产业结构优化升级。推动战略性新兴产业健康发展。建立促进新能源利用的机制，加强统筹规划、项目配套、政策引导，扩大国内需求，制止太阳 能、风电等产业盲目扩张。发展新一代信息技术，加强网络基础设施建设，推动三网融合取得实质性进展。大力发展高端装备制造、节能环保、生物医药、新能源汽 车、新材料等产业。扩大技改专项资金规模，促进传统产业改造升级。We will improve and upgrade the industrial structure.We will promote the sound development of strategic emerging industries.We will accelerate the establishment of mechanisms that promote the use of new energy sources;strengthen overall planning, auxiliary projects and policy guidance;and expand domestic demand.We will prevent blind expansion in our capacity to manufacture solar energy and wind power equipment.We will develop next-generation information technology, strengthen network infrastructure, and make substantive progress in integrating the telecommunications network, the radio and television broadcasting network, and the Internet.We will energetically develop the high-end equipment manufacturing, energy conservation, environmental protection, biopharmaceuticals, new-energy vehicles, and new materials industries.We will increase funding for technological upgrading projects, and press ahead with the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.以汽车、钢铁、造船、水泥等行业为重点，控制增量，优化存量，推动企业兼并重组，提高产业集中度和规模效益。落实并完善促进小型微型企业发展的 政策，进一步减轻企业负担，激发科技型小型微型企业发展活力。实施有利于服务业发展的财税、金融政策，支持社会资本进入服务业，促进服务业发展提速、比重 提高、水平提升。We will control increases in production capacity, improve existing production facilities, encourage enterprise mergers and reorganizations, and increase industrial concentration and economies of scale, with the focus on the automobile, steel, shipbuilding, and cement industries.We will implement and improve policies to promote the growth of small and micro businesses, further reduce burdens on enterprises, and promote the vibrant growth of small and micro high-tech enterprises.We will implement fiscal, taxation, and financial policies that facilitate the development of the service sector and encourage nongovernmental investment in this sector, in order to promote faster development of the sector, increase its share in the economy, and facilitate its upgrading.推进节能减排和生态环境保护。节能减排的关键是节约能源，提高能效，减少污染。要抓紧制定出台合理控制能源消费总量工作方案，加快理顺能源价格 体系。综合运用经济、法律和必要的行政手段，突出抓好工业、交通、建筑、公共机构、居民生活等重点领域和千家重点耗能企业节能减排，进一步淘汰落后产能。加强用能管理，发展智能电网和分布式能源，实施节能发电调度、合同能源管理、政府节能采购等行之有效的管理方式。We will conserve energy, reduce emissions, and protect the ecological environment.The key to conserving energy and reducing emissions is to save energy, improve energy efficiency, and reduce pollution.We will promptly formulate and promulgate a work plan for appropriately controlling total energy consumption, and move quickly to base the energy pricing system on the market.We will use economic, legal, and the necessary administrative means to conserve energy and reduce emissions in key areas such as manufacturing, transportation, construction, public institutions, and people's homes, and in 1,000 key energy-intensive enterprises;and close down more outdated production facilities.We will tighten supervision of energy use, develop smart power grids and ensure the proper distribution of energy supplies, and implement effective administrative practices such as efficient electricity generation and distribution, energy performance contracting, and government procurement of energy-efficient goods and services.优化能源结构，推动传统能源清洁高效利用，安全高效发展核电，积极发展水电，加快页岩气勘查、开发攻关，提高新能源和可再生能源比重。加强能源 通道建设。深入贯彻节约资源和保护环境基本国策。开展节能认证和能效标识监督检查，鼓励节能、节水、节地、节材和资源综合利用，大力发展循环经济。加强环 境保护，着力解决重金属、饮用水源、大气、土壤、海洋污染等关系民生的突出环境问题。努力减少农业面源污染。严格监管危险化学品。We will optimize the energy structure, promote clean and efficient use of traditional energy, safely and effectively develop nuclear power, actively develop hydroelectric power, tackle key problems more quickly in the exploration and development of shale gas, and increase the share of new energy and renewable energy in total energy consumption.We will step up the construction of energy transportation routes.We will thoroughly implement the basic state policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment.We will carry out certification of energy-efficient products and oversight and inspection of energy efficiency labeling;encourage economical use of energy, water, land, and materials as well as comprehensive use of resources;and vigorously develop a circular economy.We will strengthen environmental protection;strive to solve major environmental problems that directly affect people's lives, such as heavy metals, drinking water sources, air, soil, and marine pollution;reduce pollution from non-point agricultural sources;and put hazardous chemicals under strict oversight and supervision.今年在京津冀、长三角、珠三角等重点区域以及直辖市和省会城市开展细颗粒物(PM2.5)等项目监测，2015年覆盖所有地级以上城市。推进生 态建设，促进生态保护和修复，巩固天然林保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草成果，加强草原生态建设，大力开展植树造林，推进荒漠化、石漠化、坡耕地治理，严格 保护江河源、湿地、湖泊等重要生态功能区。加强适应气候变化特别是应对极端气候事件能力建设，提高防灾减灾能力。坚持共同但有区别的责任原则和公平原则，建设性推动应对气候变化国际谈判进程。我们要用行动昭告世界，中国绝不靠牺牲生态环境和人民健康来换取经济增长，我们一定能走出一条生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。We will start monitoring fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River delta, the Pearl River delta and other key areas as well as in municipalities directly under the central government and provincial capital cities, and extend the practice to all cities at and above the prefectural level by 2015.We will improve the ecology, establish a sound system of compensation for ecological damage, strengthen ecological protection and restoration, and consolidate achievements in protecting virgin forests, turning vulnerable farmland into forests and grasslands, and stopping grazing to let grasslands recover.We will strengthen grassland ecological conservation;vigorously carry out afforestation;make progress in dealing with desertification and stony deserts and in improving terraced farmland;and strictly protect river sources, wetlands, lakes, and other priority functional ecological zones.We will strengthen capacity building to adapt to climate change, and especially to respond to extreme climate events, and improve our ability to prevent and mitigate natural disasters.We will uphold the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and the principle of fairness, and play a constructive role in promoting international talks on climate change.We will show the world with our actions that China will never seek economic growth at the expense of its ecological environment and public health.We are definitely capable of taking a path of civilized development which ensures that production increases, people's living standards rise, and we live in a good ecological environment.促进区域经济协调发展。实施区域发展总体战略和主体功能区规划，充分发挥各地特色和优势，进一步提高区域发展的协调性和基本公共服务均等化水平。认真落实西部大开发新10年的政策措施，加大实施中部地区崛起战略的力度，加快推进东北地区等老工业基地振兴，积极支持东部地区转型发展、在更高层次 上参与国际竞争与合作。要加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区和贫困地区的扶持力度。We will enhance balanced economic development among regions.We will implement the master strategy for regional development and the plan for developing functional zones, give full play to the distinctive strengths of each region, better coordinate development among regions, and make delivery of basic public services more equitable.We will conscientiously implement the policies and measures for the large-scale development of the western region in the new decade, work even harder to implement the strategy for the rise of the central region, more quickly revitalize the old industrial bases in northeast China, and actively support the eastern region in transforming its economy and participating in international competition and cooperation at a higher level.We will increase support to old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas, and poverty-stricken areas.更好地发挥经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区在改革开放中先行先试的重要作用。制定和实施海洋发展战略，促进海洋经济发展。加强和完善跨区域合作机制，消除市场壁垒，促进要素流动，引导产业有序转移，推动区域经济良性互动、协调发展。We will encourage special economic zones, the Pudong New Area in Shanghai, and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin to better play their role of leading the way and exploring new paths in reform and opening up.We will formulate and implement a strategy for marine development, and promote the development of the marine economy.We will strengthen and improve inter-regional cooperation mechanisms, remove market barriers, facilitate the flow of factors of production, guide the orderly transfer of industries, and promote mutually reinforcing and coordinated economic development among regions.积极稳妥推进城镇化。要遵循城市发展规律，从各地实际出发，促进大中小城市和小城镇协调发展。根据资源环境和人口承载能力，优化全国生产力布 局，形成合理的城镇体系和与国土规模、资源分布、发展潜力相适应的人口布局。各类城市都要夯实经济基础，创造就业机会，完善基础设施，改善人居环境，加强 管理服务，提升城镇化质量和水平。We will actively yet prudently promote urbanization.We will promote the coordinated development of large, medium-sized, and small cities as well as small towns in light of local conditions and in accordance with the laws governing urban development.On the basis of the carrying capacity of China's resources, environment and population, we will improve the distribution of the productive forces across the country, develop cities and towns rationally, and ensure that the geographical distribution of the population is suited to land availability, resources distribution, and development potential.We will strengthen the economic foundation and create job opportunities in all cities, improve their infrastructure and living environment, strengthen urban management and services, and raise the quality and level of urbanization.更加注重把在城镇稳定就业和居住的农民工有序转变为城镇居民；放宽中小城市落户条件，合理引导人口流向，让更多农村富余劳动力就近转移就业。加 强对农民工的人文关怀和服务，着力解决农民工在就业服务、社会保障、子女入园上学、住房租购等方面的实际问题，逐步将城镇基本公共服务覆盖到农民工。关爱 留守儿童、留守妇女和留守老人。让农民无论进城还是留乡，都能安居乐业、幸福生活。We will give higher priority to registering rural migrant workers with stable jobs and permanent homes in cities or towns as permanent urban residents in an orderly manner.We will relax eligibility for registering as urban households in small and medium-sized cities, guide the rational flow of the population, and enable more surplus rural workers to find nonagricultural employment in nearby towns and cities.We should care more deeply for rural migrant workers and provide more services to them;resolve difficulties they have in securing employment services, obtaining social security benefits, getting their children enrolled in preschools and schools, and renting or purchasing homes;and gradually extend to them basic public services that are available to urban residents.We will take care of children, women and old people who are left behind by rural migrant workers who work in cities.We will enable rural residents to enjoy a happy life whether they go to the city or stay in the countryside.(五)深入实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略 5.Thoroughly implementing the strategies of developing China through science and education and strengthening the country through human resource development

大力发展科技、教育事业，培养高素质的人才队伍，是国家强盛、民族复兴的必由之路。To make China prosperous and strong and achieve the revival of the Chinese nation, we need to vigorously develop science, technology, and education and create a high-quality talent pool.坚持优先发展教育。中央财政已按全国财政性教育经费支出占国内生产总值的4%编制预算，地方财政也要相应安排，确保实现这一目标。教育经费要突 出保障重点，加强薄弱环节，提高使用效益。深入推进教育体制改革，全面实施素质教育，逐步解决考试招生、教育教学等方面的突出问题。推进学校民主管理，逐步形成制度。We will continue to give high priority to developing education.The central government has already prepared its budget to meet the requirement that government spending on education accounts for 4% of China's GDP, and local governments should act accordingly to ensure that this target is reached.Funds for education must be used to meet the funding requirements in key areas and strengthen weak links so that they yield better results.We will deepen reform of the educational system, extensively implement well-rounded education, and gradually resolve major problems in examination and enrollment, and in education and teaching.We will carry forward and gradually institutionalize democratic school management.促进义务教育均衡发展，资源配置要向中西部、农村、边远、民族地区和城市薄弱学校倾斜。继续花大气力推动解决择校、入园等人民群众关心的热点难点问 题。农村中小学布局要因地制宜，处理好提高教育质量和方便孩子们就近上学的关系。办好农村寄宿学校，实施好农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。加强校车安全管 理，确保孩子们的人身安全。加强学前教育、继续教育和特殊教育，建设现代职业教育体系，办好民族教育。We will promote the balanced development of compulsory education and give preference to schools in the central and western regions, rural areas, remote areas, and ethnic minority areas, and to weak urban schools when allocating resources.We will continue to make great efforts to ease contentious issues of great concern to the people, including paying to enroll one's children in better schools and the shortage of preschools.We will arrange the location of rural primary and secondary schools in light of local conditions, and ensure there is a proper balance between improving the quality of education and placing schools closer to children.We will run rural boarding schools well, and implement the plan for improving nutrition for rural students receiving compulsory education.We will enhance school bus and campus safety to ensure children's safety.We will strengthen preschool, continuing and special education, develop a modern vocational education system, and do a good job educating ethnic minority students.高等教育要与经济社会发展和国家战略需要紧密结合，提高教育质量和创新能力。完善国家助学制度，逐步将中等职业教育免学费政策覆 盖到所有农村学生，扩大普通高中家庭经济困难学生资助范围。大力发展民办教育，鼓励和引导社会资本进入各级各类教育领域。教育寄托着人民的希望，关系国家 的未来，我们一定要把这项事业办得更好！Higher education should better meet the needs of economic and social development and China's strategic requirements, and improve its quality and capacity for making innovations.We will improve the state financial aid system for students by gradually making all rural students exempt from paying tuition for secondary vocational education, and by granting financial aid to more students from poor families who attend regular senior secondary schools.We will vigorously develop privately run schools and encourage and guide nongovernmental investment in all types of schools at all levels.The people place their hopes on education, and education is crucial for China's future, so we must achieve even better results in this work.大力推进科技创新。加强国家创新体系建设。深化科技体制改革，推动企业成为技术创新主体，促进科技与经济紧密结合。支持企业加强研发中心建设，承担国家和地区重大科技项目。引导科研机构、高等院校的科研力量为企业研发中心服务，更好地实现产学研有机结合，提高科技成果转化和产业化水平。推动基础 研究和前沿技术研究，提高原始创新能力。完善科技评价和奖励制度。倡导学术诚信，鼓励独立思考，保障学术自由，弘扬科学精神。坚定不移地实施国家知识产权 战略。We will vigorously boost innovation in science and technology.We will strengthen the national innovation system.We will deepen reform of the management system for science and technology, spur enterprises to become the main source of technological innovation, and more closely integrate science and technology with the economy.We will support enterprises in developing R&D centers and undertaking major national and regional science and technology projects.We will guide research institutes and researchers in universities in providing services to enterprises' technological innovation centers so that enterprises, universities, and research institutes can work more closely together to increase the industrial application of scientific and technological advances.We will boost basic research and research in cutting-edge technologies, and improve our capacity to make original innovations.We will improve the evaluation and incentive system for scientific and technological advances.We will advocate academic integrity, encourage independent thinking, ensure academic freedom, and foster a scientific spirit.We will unwaveringly implement the national strategy on intellectual property rights.全面加强人才工作。深化人才体制改革，大力培养造就高水平创新创业人才、青年人才和急需紧缺人才，引进高层次人才。完善人才培养、任用、评价、激励机制。努力营造人才辈出、人尽其才、才尽其用的良好社会环境。We will comprehensively strengthen human resource work.We will deepen reform of the personnel management system;energetically train high-level innovative and entrepreneurial personnel, talented young people, and personnel who are urgently needed and in short supply;and attract talented personnel from overseas.We will improve the mechanism for training, employing, evaluating, and giving incentives to talented personnel, and create a favorable social environment for them to come to the fore in large numbers and tap their full potential.(六)切实保障和改善民生 6.Ensuring and improving the people's wellbeing

实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益是以人为本理念的具体体现。要把保障和改善民生作为政府工作的重要任务。Putting people first is about realizing, upholding, and promoting their fundamental interests.We will make ensuring and improving their wellbeing an important task in the work of the government.千方百计扩大就业。就业是关系国家发展和人民福祉的大事。今年就业压力仍然很大，各级政府务必坚持就业优先战略，继续实施更加积极的就业政策。重点扶持就业容量大的现代服务业、创新型科技企业和小型微型企业，创造更多就业岗位。鼓励以创业带动就业。抓好高校毕业生、农民工和城镇就业困难人员就 业，加强退役军人技能培训与就业安置工作。We will make every effort to increase employment.Employment is of great importance to China's development and the people's wellbeing.We will continue to face great employment pressure this year, and governments at all levels must continue to follow the strategy of giving top priority to employment and more actively implement employment policies.We will give high priority to supporting service industries, innovative high-tech enterprises, and small and micro businesses that employ large numbers of people so as to create more jobs.We will encourage the creation of new businesses to stimulate employment.We will help college graduates, rural migrant workers and urban residents having difficulty finding jobs find employment, and strengthen technical training for ex-soldiers and help them find jobs and settle down.鼓励高校毕业生投身农村、基层、中西部地区建设。加强职业培训和公共就业服务工作。加快建立健全统一规范灵活的人力资源市场。积极构建和谐劳动关系，加强对劳务派遣的规范管理，开展劳动关系争议排查，加强劳动监察和调解仲裁，维护劳动者合法权益。We will encourage college graduates to pursue careers in rural areas, local communities and the central and western regions.We will strengthen vocational training and public employment services.We will accelerate development of a sound, unified, standardized, and flexible human resources market.We will promote harmonious labor relations, increase supervision of labor dispatch, settle labor relations disputes, and intensify supervision, mediation, and arbitration of labor disputes to protect the legitimate rights and interests of employees.加快完善社会保障体系。今年年底前实现新型农村社会养老保险和城镇居民社会养老保险制度全覆盖。扩大各项社会保险覆盖面。增加企业退休人员基本 养老金。加强城乡低保和社会救助工作，加快发展社会福利事业和慈善事业。加强各项社会保障制度衔接。多渠道增加社会保障基金，加强社会保险基金、社会保障 基金投资监管，实现保值增值。加强社保服务能力建设，有条件的地方可对各类社保经办机构进行整合归并，有些服务可委托银行、商业保险机构代办。加快全国统 一的社会保障卡发放。We will accelerate improvements to the social security system.By the end of the year, we will have achieved full coverage of the new old-age pension system for rural residents and the old-age pension system for non-working urban residents.We will expand coverage of all types of social insurance.We will raise the basic pension for enterprise retirees.We will increase urban and rural subsistence allowances and social aid, and accelerate development of social welfare programs and charities.We will better coordinate all aspects of the social safety net.We will increase the social security fund through a variety of channels, and strengthen oversight and supervision of investment from the social insurance fund and social security fund to increase their value.We will strengthen capacity building for social security services, allow localities where conditions permit to integrate and merge social security agencies, and entrust some services to banks or commercial insurance institutions.We will accelerate the work of introducing all-in-one national social security cards.大力推进医药卫生事业改革发展。加快健全全民医保体系，巩固扩大基本医保覆盖面，提高基本医疗保障水平和管理服务水平。城镇居民医保和新农合补 助标准提高到每人每年240元。全面推开尿毒症等8类大病保障，将肺癌等12类大病纳入保障和救助试点范围。巩固完善基本药物制度，加强基层医疗卫生服务 体系建设。We will vigorously promote the development and reform of medical and healthcare services.We will move faster to improve the medical insurance system covering the whole population, consolidate and expand the coverage of basic medical insurance, and enhance our capability to provide and manage basic medical services.We will raise subsidies for medical insurance for non-working urban residents and the new type of rural cooperative medical care system to 240 yuan per person per year.We will fully introduce social insurance against uraemia and seven other major diseases and include lung cancer and 11 other major diseases in the pilot program to provide insurance and aid for their treatment.We will consolidate and improve the system for basic drugs and improve the community-level medical and health care system.推进公立医院改革，实行医药分开、管办分开，破除以药补医机制。鼓励引导社会资本办医，加快形成对外开放的多元办医格局。充分调动医务工作者积 极性，建立和谐的医患关系。加强公共卫生服务，预防控制严重威胁群众健康的重大传染病、慢性病、职业病。加强药品安全工作。扶持和促进中医药和民族医药事 业发展。We will push forward reform of public hospitals, so that medical care is separated from pharmacy operations, government management is separated from hospital operations, and the practice of using pharmacy profits to subsidize medical services is ended.We will encourage and guide nongovernmental investment in hospitals, and speed up the creation of a system of hospitals with diversified ownership that is open to foreign participation.We will boost the morale of medical workers and build harmonious relations between doctors and patients.We will improve public health services and prevent and control major communicable, chronic and occupational diseases that pose a major health hazard.We will tighten control over drug safety.We will support and promote the development of traditional Chinese medicine and the medical practices of ethnic minorities.全面做好人口和计划生育工作。继续稳定低生育水平，综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题，提高出生人口质量。加快实现计划生育优质服务全覆盖，将免费孕 前优生健康检查试点范围扩大到60%的县(市、区)。提高农村部分计划生育家庭奖励扶助、特殊扶助标准。加强流动人口计划生育服务管理。We will comprehensively carry out work relating to population and family planning.We will continue to keep the birthrate low, redress gender imbalance through various means, and improve the health of infants.We will achieve full coverage of quality family planning services more quickly than planned and extend the trial program of free pre-pregnancy checkups to 60% of China's counties and county-level cities and districts.We will increase the rewards and special assistance to the rural families that observe the state's family planning policy.We will increase family planning services to the floating population and improve management of such services.做好妇女儿童工作，扩大农村妇女宫颈癌、乳腺癌免费检查覆盖面，提高妇女儿童发展和权益保障水平。进一步完善残疾人社会保障体系和服务体系。积极发展老龄事业，加快建设社会养老服务体系，努力让城乡老年人都老有所养，幸福安度晚年。We will do our work related to women and children well.We will extend free cervical cancer and breast cancer screening to more rural women, improve the wellbeing of women and children and better guarantee their rights and interests.We will further improve the social security system and the system of services for people with disabilities.We will actively develop programs for the elderly and accelerate development of a system of social services for urban and rural seniors so they can live their later years in contentment.继续搞好房地产市场调控和保障性安居工程建设。严格执行并逐步完善抑制投机、投资性需求的政策措施，进一步巩固调控成果，促进房价合理回归。继 续推进保障性安居工程建设，在确保质量的前提下，基本建成500万套，新开工700万套以上。抓紧完善保障性住房建设、分配、管理、退出等制度。采取有效 措施，增加普通商品住房供给。加快建设城镇住房信息系统，改革房地产税收制度，促进房地产市场长期平稳健康发展。We will continue to regulate the real estate market and develop low-income housing.We will strictly implement and gradually improve policies and measures for discouraging speculative or investment-driven housing demand, build on progress made in regulating the real estate market, and bring property prices down to a reasonable level.We will continue to develop low-income housing, and basically complete five million units and start construction on over seven million units, ensuring they are built to a high standard.We will work speedily to improve the system for constructing, allocating, managing, and recalling low-income housing units.We will take effective measures to increase supply of regular commodity housing.We will accelerate development of an urban housing information system and reform the real estate tax system to promote long-term, steady, and sound growth of the real estate market.加强和创新社会管理。加强社会矛盾化解、社会管理创新、公正廉洁执法。强化政府社会管理和公共服务职能。提高城乡基层群众性自治组织的自治能力。积极稳妥推进户籍管理制度改革，推动实行居住证制度，为流动人口提供更好服务。以信息共享、互联互通为重点，加快建设国家电子政务网。大力推进政务诚信、商务诚信、社会诚信建设，构建覆盖全社会的诚信系统。We will strengthen and make innovations in social administration.We will work hard to resolve social conflicts, make innovations in social administration, and enforce the law impartially and with integrity.We will strengthen government functions for conducting social administration and providing public services.We will strengthen the self-governing capabilities of rural and urban community self-governing organizations.We will get social organizations to play an active role in social administration.We will actively yet prudently carry forward the reform of the household registration system, implement the residence permit system, and provide better services to the floating population.We will accelerate the development of a national e-government network, with the focus on sharing information and achieving national interconnectivity.We will vigorously give impetus to government, business, and public integrity, and create a credit information system for the whole society.加强和改进互联网管理，营造健康的网络环境。健全重大决策社会稳定风险评估机制和突发事件应急管理机制。实施安全发展战略，加强安全生产监管，防止重特大事故发生。深入开展打击侵犯知识产权和制售假冒伪劣商品行动。增强食品安全监管能力，提高食品安全水平。加强和改进信访工作。加强法律服务和法 律援助。严密防范和依法打击违法犯罪活动，保障人民群众生命财产安全。We will strengthen and improve management of the Internet and foster a healthy cyberspace environment.We will improve the mechanism for assessing risks major policy decisions may pose for social stability and the mechanism for managing responses to emergencies.We will implement the strategy of ensuring safety in development, tighten oversight over workplace safety, and prevent the occurrence of serious and major accidents.We will carry out an intense crackdown on violations of intellectual property rights and the manufacture and sale of counterfeit or substandard goods.We will enhance our food safety oversight capability and raise the level of food safety.We will strengthen and improve the handling of public complaints made through letters and visits and improve the mechanism whereby the masses express appeals concerning matters affecting their interests.We will strengthen legal services and assistance.We will be on high alert for and crack down on crime in accordance with the law to protect people's lives and property.

第四篇：小学升国旗演讲稿(中英双语)——班级介绍

Good morning, everyone.My name is ***.I’m in Class One, Grade Three.Today, I’m very happy to make a speech here.My topic is “Our Class”.First, our class is on the second floor.It’s clean, tidy and bright.From Monday to Friday, we have 7 classes every day.We like study in it.Second, our class is a happy and warm family.There are 34 students.We all study hard and help each other.When having a class, we listen to teachers carefully.After class, we often play with others and we feel very happy.Our class is so great.We all love it.Do you like it ? Yes, I think so.That’s all.Thanks for your listening.大家早上好。我是***，来自三年级一班。今天，很开心在这儿做演讲。我的主题是“我们的班级“。

首先，我们的班级位于二层，它既干净，又整洁、明亮。从周一到周五，我们每天有7节课。我们喜欢在班级里学习。

其次，我们的班级是个快乐温暖的大家庭。在我们班，共有34名同学。我们学习都很努力并且喜欢互相帮助。课堂上，我们认真听课；课下，我们一起玩耍。我们都乐此不疲。

我们的班级如此棒，我们都很爱这个集体。你们是不是也很喜欢？我想是的。

我的演讲结束了，谢谢大家的聆听！

第五篇：中英双语的农林经济管理专业介绍

Management of Agricultural and Forest Economy

General Information

Management of Agricultural and Forest Economy started in 1978.The period of schooling is 4 years.Management of Agricultural and Forest Economy is a subject, which studies the natural reproduction and economic reproduction of agriculture and forestry combining theory with practice.Main researches: Macro-management of agricultural economy, regional management of agriculture and forestry, management of agricultural enterprises.The subject trains students with the basic theory of management science and economics, and the basic knowledge of relative agriculture and forestry.The graduates will master basic methods and skills of economic management of agricultural and forestry, can work in all kinds of agricultural and forest enterprises, educational and research, etc;adapt themselves to the need of Agricultural modernization and rural modernization construction.They will become senior agro-forest economic management talents with generous, comprehensive, open and creative characters.Main Subject Courses Principle of economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics, rural economics, modern enterprise management, agricultural technicoeconomics, marketing, accounting, statistics, enterprise financial management, appraisal and management of projects, asset assessment and management, etc.Qualified Ability and Adaptive Scope The students will study the basic theory and knowledge of management science and economics and the relative agriculture and forestry;gain basic training in surveying, planning, technical economic analysis, computer applications, etc;master abilities of enterprise management, marketing, policy, factories, etc.Graduates of the subject will master the basic theory and forestry, the humanities and social science;master the basic methods of enterprise management, technical economic analysis, economic accounting, social investigation, etc;know the policy, laws and regulations of our country well;know up-to-date theory of agricultural and forest science, and developing trends of the management in agro-forest enterprise;master the basic methods of document and information retrieval, have abilities of scientific research, computer applications and information processing, better writing and speech of Chinese and foreign language, organizing and coordinating, analyzing and solving problems, etc.Graduates of the subject are suitable for financial work and management in the various enterprises, institutions or government department;for teaching and research in colleges and universities or research institutions.农林经济管理

基本信息

农林经济管理专业是开始于1978年的，其本科学制是四年。农林经济管理专业是一门运用理论结合实践的方法来研究农林的自然再生产和经济再生产的学科。

主要研究：农业经济的宏观管理，农林的区域管理，农业企业的管理。

该门课程运用管理科学和经济学的基本理论及和农林相关的基本知识来培育学生，毕业生将要掌握农林经济管理的基本方法和技能，能够从事于所有的农林企业、教育研究机构、不同级别的政府机构，处理管理、营销、财务会计、政策研究等等工作；还可以使他们自己致力于农业现代化和农村现代化建设需要的工作中。他们将会成为大方的、有综合能力的、开放的及创新型的高级农林经济管理人才。主要学科课程

经济学原理；宏观经济学；微观经济学；农村经济学；现代企业管理学；农业技术经济学；市场营销学；会计学；统计学；企业金融管理学；项目投资与评估；资产评估与管理；等等。专业能力和适用范围

学生们将学习管理科学和经济学及农林相关的基本理论和知识，获得调查、计划、经济分析技术、计算机应用等的基本训练；掌握企业管理、市场营销、制定政策、管理生产企业的能力等等。

毕业生将掌握管理科学和经济学的基本理论知识，关于农林的、人文的和社会科学的；掌握有关企业管理、经济分析技术、财务会计、社会统计等等的基本理论；了解政策、法律和国家调控；了解最新的农林的理论和把握农林企业管理的发展趋势；掌握基本的文献和信息检索，拥有科学调研、计算机应用、信息处理、较好的双语写作和演说、组织和合作、分析和解决问题等能力。

毕业生要适应在多种多样企业、社会机构或者政府部门的财务工作和管理；适应大学或教育机构的教学和研究工作。