重庆大学考博英语

第一篇：重庆大学考博英语

2011年GMAT考试阅读材料5(附答案)How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship.Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship.Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support.Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job.Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus.There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A)What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B)Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C)Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment

(D)Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures

(E)How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities 2.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?

(A)The overall causes of poverty

(B)Deficiencies in the training of the work force

(C)Trade relationships among producers of goods

(D)Shortages of jobs providing adequate income

(E)Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3.The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that

(A)more people were unemployed in the 1930’s

(B)unemployment now has less severe effects

(C)social programs are more needed now

(D)there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty

(E)poverty has increased since the 1930’s

4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?

(A)Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B)A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C)New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D)Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.(E)The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.5.The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that

(A)there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force

(B)unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness

(C)recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers

(D)a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship

(E)there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures

6.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by

(A)the employed poor

(B)dependent children in single-earner families

(C)workers who become disabled

(D)retired workers

(E)full-time workers who become unemployed

7.According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the

(A)recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers

(B)possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker

(C)fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor

(D)establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics

(E)prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed

8.The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that

(A)in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long

(B)the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages

(C)those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work

(D)at different times during the year, different people are unemployed

(E)many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers

9.Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?

(A)A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.(B)For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.(C)Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.(D)The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.(E)Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.参考答案：EDBC BADEA

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items(a practice known as backward integration)and buying from independent producers.Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.Where components are commodities(ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits.Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology.Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing.Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products.Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either.Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development.The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms.Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.Answers to Sample GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions 9.According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:(A)improvement in the management of overhead expenses(B)enhancement of profit margins on sales of components(C)simplification of purchasing and marketing operations(D)reliability of a source of necessary components(E)elimination of unnecessary research efforts

10.According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may(A)withhold technological innovations from the assembler(B)experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products(C)lower their prices to protect themselves from competition(D)suffer finanical difficluties and go out of business(E)stop developing new versions of the component 11.Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?(A)The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.(B)A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.(C)Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragrap.(D)Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic.(E)A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.12.According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components?(A)Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are lowl.(B)Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.(C)Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.(D)Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low.(E)Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.9.This question asks you to identify which one of the five answer choices is NOT mentioned in the passage as a benefit associated with backward integration.The best answer is B.The passage does not indicate how backward integration affects the profit margins on sales of components by independent suppliers.Choices A, C, and E are mentioned in the passage as a benefit of backward integration.Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that backward integration is a way of having a reliable source of necessary components.10.This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about independent suppliers of product components.Choice A is the best answer.The passage asserts that independent supplies making the same components as assemblers may not share technological innovations with assemblers.Choices B, C, D, and E can be eliminated because there is no indication in the passage as assemblers experience improved profit margins, lower their prices, suffer financial difficulties, or stop developing new versions of the component.11.This question asks you to choose the statement that best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage.The best answer is B.At the end of the third paragraph, the author indicates that assemblers benefit from contracting with, rather than owning, independent suppliers.In the last paragraph, however, the author indicates that contracting with independent suppliers can itself present problems.Thus the last paragraph qualifies the viewpoint presented at the end of the third paragraph.Choice A is not the correct answer because the passage makes several points about backward integration, but does not present a central argument about this topic.Choice C is not the correct answer because the final paragraph qualifies rather than supports an argument made in the third paragraph about contracting with independent suppliers.Choices D and E are incorrect because the final paragraph does not identify questions or present a specific example.12.This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about the relationship between profits and investments for producers of technologically advanced components.The best answer is D.The passage indicates that the high investments required to develop technologically advanced components.Choice A is incorrect because the passage indicates that large, not modest, investments in research and development are required.Choices B and C are incorrect because the passage indicates that profit margins for producers of technologically advanced components are low, not high as these answer choice assert.Choice E is incorrect: although the author claims that long-term contracts with suppliers are beneficial to assemblers, the passage does not indicate that long-term contracts with purchasers lead to high profits for producers of technologically advanced components.READIN

GTEST 4

PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face.How can it be prevented? Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Here he reports on his findings.A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbalto the physicalas well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups.A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent.There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed.In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare.Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying.Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.‘There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue.Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.'

D Three factors are involved in this change.First is an awareness of the severity of the problem.Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain.For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year.In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993.Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after' evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team.In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved.The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed.The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of timeand the consequent improvement in pupil happiness-is surely a worthwhile objective.Questions 27-30

Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.List of Headings

i The role of video violence

ii The failure of government policy

iii Reasons for the increased rate of bullying

iv Research into how common bullying is in British schools

v The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying

vi The effect of bullying on the children involved

vii Developments that have led to a new approach by schools Section ASection BSection CSection D

Questions 31-34

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.31 A recent survey found that in British secondary schools

A there was more bullying than had previously been the case.B there was less bullying than in primary schools.C cases of persistent bullying were very common.D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.32 Children who are bullied

A are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.B find it more difficult to relate to adults.C are less likely to be violent in later life.D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.33 The writer thinks that the declaration ‘There is no bullying at this school'

A is no longer true in many schools.B was not in fact made by many schools.C reflected the school's lack of concern.D reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.34 What were the findings of research carried out in Norway?

A Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.B Twenty-one schools reduced bullying as a result of an anti-bullying campaign.C Two years is the optimum length for an anti-bullying campaign.D Bullying is a less serious problem in Norway than in the UK.Questions 35-39

Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?

The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a 35.....which makes the school's attitude towards bullying quite clear.It should include detailed 36.....as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.In addition, action can be taken through the 37.....This is particularly useful in the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion.On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solution.Effective work can also be done with individual pupils and small groups.For example, potential 38.....of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident.Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a ‘no blame' approach, which avoids confronting the offender too directly, is often effective.Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognise the difference between bullying and mere 39.......Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?

A Bullying: what parents can do

B Bullying: are the media to blame?

C Bullying: the link with academic failure

D Bullying: from crisis management to prevention

Answers ivvivvii

B

D

D

A

policy

36(explicit)guidelines

37(school)curriculum

victims

playful fighting

D

第二篇：考博英语

1How compelling and thought-provoking the above image is(images are)!

多么引人注目的、容易让人产生联想的画面呀！

2What is apparently betrayed in the cartoon(s)is that …,in contrast, …

这个漫画明显表现出来的是、、、、，相反的，、、、、、3What on earth can we derive from the interesting and instructive drawing?

从这幅有趣的、有教育性意义的图画上我们究竟可以得到什么信息呢？

4It goes without saying that(there is no denying the fact that)what the painter actually aims to convey in the picture is(pictures are)profound.毫无疑问，事实上作者在这幅画中传达的目标意义深刻。

5Primarily, we can learn that such cases are far from being rare and upsetting parallels can be readily found anywhere from our neighborhood and around the world.6What’s more, there has been a growing concern nowadays over the worsening phenomenon.7It is hard to imagine what our society would be like if such pervasive trend go unchallenged.首先，我们可以发现这样的事情很常见，在我们附近，在世界范围内很容易的就能看到类似的令人不愉快的事情。其次，现在已经对这类恶化的现象给予了越来越多的关注。很难想象如果类似的影响恶劣的趋势没有得到制止我们的社会将变成什么样子。

8Additionally, to reverse the grim situation, effective and efficient measures should be entailed by all parties concerned.9The authorities, the mass media and every one are on the list.10Enhancing people’s awareness of such practices and setting up relevant rules and regulations ought to be top priority of the agenda.另外，为了扭转严峻的情况，相关政党应该采取有效的方法，职权部门、大众传媒和每一个人都包括在内。提高大家对这些措施的关注程度、制定相关规章制度应该是位于日程之首。11Considering what’s presented above, we may safely come to the conclusion that it is high time that such stories were ended or at least reduced.12I am strongly convinced that only when such things vanish or disappear, can we maintain a happy, healthy and harmonious society as we all wish.考虑到以上提到的事情，我们可以顺利的得出结论：是该结束或者减少这类事情的时候了。我坚信只有这类事情消失的时候，我们才能够维持一个我们希望所的快乐、健康、和谐的社会。

若是好的话题：

1.第5句去掉upsetting

2.第6句去掉worsening

3.第7句移到最后一段的最后一句，且改./;成It’s hard …if we fail to grasp such cases and can

not put them into practice.4.把第8句换句举例：To make the point even clearer, let’s come to example regarding an

acquaintance of mine.（为了更明显的表达这个观点，我将举一个关于我一个熟人的例子）

5.第3段 …that it is high time all parties concerned took effective and efficient measures to

practice.The authorities, the mass media, as well as each individual are involved.And I’m strongly convinced that we’ll ensure such practices, thus maintaining a happy, healthy, harmonious society as we all wish.（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____.On the other hand, __原因二___.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more

（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.（3）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, _方法

（4）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___谚语_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease

(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.1．开头万能公式一：名人名言

原理：名人名言尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理

经典句型：A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）

更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

2．开头万能公式二：数字统计

原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。还是靠编

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college

students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某大学，学生课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …

结尾万能公式：

1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语：to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型：Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.

第三篇：考博英语优秀

中科院博士研究生英语写作分析及范文

1999.3

2000.3

2001.3

2002.3

2002.10

2003.3

2003.10

2004.3

2005.3 题目解析：

“如何减少交通事故?”这道作文题目简洁明了，比较容易把握。正确地理解本题最重要的是抓住题眼，也就是“如何”这个词。本题十分明确地要求考生专门讨论解决某一现象或问题的具体措施，而有的考生没能紧紧围绕解决办法多着笔墨，而去分析交通事故这个问题背后的根源，显然无法取得理想的成绩。范文：

With the rapid development of society, more and more people in China can afford to buy a car.As a consequence, traffic accidents gradually become a serious problem and bring great inconveniences to people.In my opinion, this problem can be solved from three aspects.Firstly, our government should take drastic measures and enforce a series of effective traffic rules, which must be well acknowledged and understood by every person.Those who do not obey the rules will be punished according to the actual situation.Secondly, the Ministry of Communications should make every effort to better the poor traffic environment.We need traffic police to be responsible for their job.If our policemen can be committed to what they are doing, the traffic condition will surely be improved.Thirdly, every member of the society should realize the seriousness of traffic accidents, which not only bring mischief to the drivers themselves, but also lead their families into bitterness.As drivers, they should not drink alcohol before driving.As walkers, they should not cross the street when red light is still on.In a word, it is the task of the whole society to solve the traffic accidents.I believe the traffic accidents will be reduced through the endeavor of everyone, and our society will have a nice traffic order and environment.(220 words)

2006.3 题目解析：

本题首先列出了一个现实生活中的现象：中国虽然拥有世界上最多的人口和大量的研究工作者，却至今没能培养出一名诺贝尔奖获得者。针对这一现象，题目的要求是十分具体的，就是去分析这种现象背后的根源。换句话说，对原因的挖掘是本题的重点。

范文：

Nobel Prize, an international award given for achievements in various academic fields, has been a great honor to people from different countries.However, China, with the greatest population and a large number of research workers, has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far.In my opinion, various contributing factors can be identified as follows.First of all, though the educational system in China has fostered many researchers, it somehow hinders individuals’ creativity.Children are usually not valued by their unique way of thinking, but are encouraged to be obedient.Especially in the traditional cramming method of teaching, schools lay particular stress on memorization at the expense of comprehension, which has a very bad influence on students’ ability to solve difficult problems.Furthermore, for a long period in Chinese history, China had been isolated from the outside world.In ancient times, we were self-contained for self-pride, believing that China was at the center of the whole universe.In modem times, we were self-fettered for self-protection, afraid of the invasion of other countries.As a consequence, China has lagged behind in many fields including science development.Researchers in China have little idea about the research interests of their own areas.At the same time, discoveries by Chinese researchers cannot be made known to foreign countries.For instance, the clone technology was first explored by scientists from Chinese Academy of Sciences decades ago, but their research did not arouse international concern simply due to lack of communication.Fortunately, the situation mentioned above has been changing.Our educational system has improved a great deal and more and more opportunities to communicate with the external world have been offered.Therefore, I am sure that in the near future China will have one or more Nobel Prize winners.(298 words)

第四篇：英语对于考博

英语对于考博，只要是经历过考博的战友们肯定深切的感受过它的重要性，今天取这个疑似广告推销的标题并不是想哗众取宠，而是诚心的想给过我很多帮助的园子里的战友们分享下这成功绝地反击的经验体会。

我参加的是全国英语统考，去年因为对自己英语水平的过分乐观，以一分之差被拒之门外。今年痛定思痛，最终一雪前耻，而且，在复试中也全靠外语上的优势才能脱颖而出。

首先是复习的时间，如果你的英语基础不扎实，或者想在英语成绩上有长足的进步，你最需要的不是学习窍门而是时间，我是从考前四个多月开始复习英语的，而且因为已经是第二年考，时间相对充裕，第一年考的战友提前五个月以上绝对是必要的，哪怕刚开始只投入很少的时间，英语是点滴积累的过程，想必大家都明白这个道理。

关于单词。很多战友曾经提出为了保证复习效率，建议放弃单词。实际上，如果你不是真的时间非常紧迫，我认为单词绝对是重点，只有扩展了词汇量，你才能在阅读、听力、作文等的复习中更快的融会贯通，不然你永远存在着瓶颈。去年，我就因为没系统的记单词，在复习过程中总感觉很没效率。今年，我首先花一个月的时间解决单词，我推荐的方法是“重复记忆法”。具体方法参照园子里一个题为“15天搞定考博单词”帖子，效果虽然没他吹嘘的这么神，但是还是很有帮助的，对我来说最重要的是按这个方法记单词不但更有效率，也能让人更加专注，不容易走神，更有计划，同时能增强自信心。但这个方法的确是很需要毅力的，特别在中期很难坚持下来。而且在完成一个月的单词作战后，后面的复习中还是要花一些时间快速的温习记过的单词。至于采用什么单词表，我没有更多的经验，我用的是蒋跃出的模拟题后面的单词表。

关于听力。园子里已经有很多人讲解过听力的重要性和如何准备听力，其30分的分值的确是拉分的利器。有前辈提出“边听边写”是提高听力的最可靠方法，但我感觉“写”实在是很浪费时间的一个事情，所以我是边听，边在心里默念重复听到句子，要做到你能分辨的出每个单词。一篇文章，你要反复的听，反复的听每个句子，甚至反复的听某个你觉得听了反应不过来的单词，这样才能最扎实的训练你的语感和听力的反应速度。当然，也要通过一些听力模拟题和真题进行实战训练，蒋跃的《听力一本通》就是不错的选择。

关于完形填空，这部分我个人觉得详细准备的价值不大，考的大多是语法，当然也有词汇和阅读能力，在其他的复习中可以一并加强。

关于阅读。个人感觉，花大量的时间在阅读的训练上是不明智的，其实大部分人阅读的能力相差不大，而且提高阅读水平的难度是各部分中最难的。但你必须要做的是熟悉考博英语阅读的题目类型，出题习惯，出题特点，比如考博英语中往往细节题考得比较多，而且往往文章阅读的难度不大，但题目出的思维很刁钻，这些可以参考一些考博英语阅读训练材料里的理论讲解，而不用大量的做他们的练习。当然真题中的阅读是要很认真的做，并且分析题目的。

关于写作。这部分往往是让人喜欢忽略的。其实这部分是最容易提高的。去年我只是在做真题的时候实战写了几篇作文，最后考试时，作文最终也是感觉稀里糊涂。今年，我参照的是《医学博士英语统一考试—写作教程》，梁平主编。里面会教你考博写作的框架和格式，然后通过大量的翻译训练，锻炼你的语言表达能力，同时减少写作时的语法错误和拼写错误，减少这些错误才是你写作取得高分的最重要保障。最后要在每次做真题时进行实战写作训练，并且通过对照范文，发现自己的不足。今年考试中的写作，当我完成时，我就感觉一定是15分以上的。

关于真题。这个是不得不仔细研究的东西。我个人觉得将最近的10份左右的真题放在最后2个月的时间做是比较合理的。平均一个星期左右做一份真题，并且要把每次真题的训练当成考试，严格按照实际考试的时间来做题，做完后，必须要大量的时间来分析这些题目。

唧唧歪歪说了这么多，可能很多人觉得并没有什么诀窍可言，但其实只要你具备了足够的“决心和毅力”，一切诀窍都可以是浮云。最后真心祝所有即将和正在奋斗在考博道路上的战友梦想成真！

第五篇：南开大学考博英语

南开考博英语

一、听力（含对话和短文）：20分

二、词汇：15分

三、阅读理解：40分

四、改错：10分

五、作文：15分

一、听力（1分×20=20分）

二、词汇（0.5分×20=10分）

三、阅读（1-10题1分，11-30题1.5分，共1分×10+1.5分×20=40分）(A)出自北京海淀区07年高三11月月考英语卷

To many web-building spiders, most of whom are nearly blind, the web is their essential window on the world: their means of communicating, capturing prey（猎物）, meeting mates and protecting themselves.A web-building spider without its web is like a men cast away on an island of solid rock，totally out of touch and destined to starve to death.by controlpanel

So important is the web to an orb-web spider's survival that the animal will continue to construct new webs daily even if it is being starved.For 16 days the starving spider builds completely normal webs.Then, as the animal gets scrawnier（憔悴的），it constructs a wider-meshed web using fewer strands（线）.Such webs would only trap larger prey, which is more economical from the perspective of a starving spider.by controlpanel

The spider stores energy by recycling web protein.It simply eats its own web each evening and reuses it to produce new silk.In studies with radioactively，labeled materials, it was found that 95 percent of web protein reappears in the next day' web.Most of the energy needed for web-building is used in walking over the strands as they are laid down．by controlpanel

Scientists are impressed by the adaptability of the spider's highly preprogrammed brain, which is larger for its size than the brain of any other invertebrate（无脊推动物）．If web-building is interrupted, or if some of the existing strands are destroyed，the spider simply goes back to see where the web is left off and then finishes building a normal web.One spider will finish building the incomplete web of another.by controlpanel 1.A title that would best express the main idea of the passage would be.A.Secrets of Spiders.B.Secrets of the Web C.Secrets of Nature D.A New Discovery of Scientists 2.According to the passage which of the following statements is true A.All web-building spiders are blind B.Most spiders are blind C.Only a small part of web-building spiders can see.D.All spiders can weave webs.3.Without its web a web-building spider would NOT be able to.A.walk quickly B.see the prey clearly C.conserve its energy D.survive 4.A spider conserves its energy.A.because it constructs new webs daily B.as it walks over the strands it lays C.by eating its own web protein and then re-using it in the new web D.by eating only in the evening 5.That a spider is able to finish an incomplete web of another proves that.A.a spider re-uses its web energy to reproduce new silk B.spiders have a highly preprogrammed brain C.the web is everything to a spider D.a spider is able to remedy a destroyed web.(B)出自1997年1月托福阅读全真试题

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat.One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun’s rays.Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles.The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel.This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.by controlpanel Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals.The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight.An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink.Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes.A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.by controlpanel 6.What is the main topic of the passage?

(A)Weather variations in the desert

(B)Adaptations of desert animals

(C)Diseased of desert animals

(D)Human use of desert animals.7.According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?

(A)It helps them hide from predators.(B)It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.(C)It helps them see their young at night

(D)It keeps them cool at night.8.The author uses of Grant’s gazelle as an example of

(A)an animal with a low average temperature

(B)an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel(C)a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures

(D)a desert animal with a constant body temperature

9.What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?

(A)They do not need to eat much food.(B)They can eat large quantities quickly

(C)They easily lose their appetites.(D)They can travel long distances looking for food.10.Why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph?

(A)To show how they use camels.(B)To contrast them to desert mammals.(C)To give instructions about desert survival.(D)To show how they have adapted to desert life.(C)关于旅游能扩展思路（原文没找到）(D)出自四川理工学院大学英语试卷

Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction.Most of us have noticed how important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work.College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking.by controlpanel We may be approaching the twenty-first century, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years.Desks are normally in straight row, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates.The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious.Everything of importance comes from the teacher.by controlpanel With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourage interchange among students.In small or standard-size classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways.The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else.Larger classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility.Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises.Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem.Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form groups of four to six.Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out loud, and see how other students’ thinking processes operate all essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the small groups throughout the course.A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with.John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on.This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’ names and faces.by controlpanel 11.The primary purpose of desk rearrangement is_______.A.For the teacher to divide students into small groups.B.To make it possible for students to interact with each other.CFor the teacher to find out how students think.D.To give students more opportunities to practice speaking.3 12.The expression “step back in time at least a hundred years”(in Para.1)is intended to convey the idea that_______.A.College classrooms often reminded people of their college life.B.Critical thinking was encouraged even a century ago.C.A hundred years ago, desk arrangement in a classroom was quite different.D.There is not much change in educational idea over the past hundred years.13.The greatest advantage in allowing each student to find his own group might be that________ AThe teacher saves the trouble in doing that.B.Learning is made comfortable in this way.C.The teacher can easily remember students’ names and faces.D.Brighter students can help slower ones.14.All the following statements are true according to the passage except that

_________.A.New kinds of desks and chairs should be made.B.It is feasible for teacher to let students turn around and form groups of four to six even in large lecture halls.C.Classroom interaction between students is essential to the training of critical thinking.D.A comfortable environment leads to higher working efficiency.15.The author mentioned John in Para.5 in order to ________ A.Create a comfortable setting for interaction.B.Give an example that students stay in the same seat throughout the course.C.Describe a good seat-arrangement mode in courses with small group format.D.Introduce an approach if learning students’ names and faces easily.(E)出自2006年12月英语六级新题型模拟试题

The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that，its own economic prosperity．Thus，children were valued in terms of their productivity and they assumed the role of producer quite early．Until they fulfilled this role，their position，in the structure of the family was one of subordination，and their psychological need and capacities received little consideration．

As the society became more complex，the status（地位）of children in the family and in the society became more important．In the complex technological society that the United States has become，each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members．Consequently，viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted（多方面的）member of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian（功利的）organisms ．This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being．

This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques．People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children．It is now possible to influence the 4 details of the socialization of another person's child by spreading the gospel（原则、信条）of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing． by controlpanel The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way parent-to-child training program．As a consequence，socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure，satisfaction，and problem．

16．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？

A）The Place of Children in United States Society B）The Children of Colonial North America C）The Development of Cultural Values D）The Child as a Utilitarian Organism

17．According to the author，children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their ．

A）academic achievements B）survival instincts

C）physical characteristics D）productive roles

18．What can be inferred from the passage about formal schooling in colonial North America？

A）Children were taught to learn from other children's success．

B）Children were taught to be more productive．

C）Schooling at that time was very undeveloped．

D）Teachers and parents would pay much attention to the children's psychological needs．

19．Which of the following does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of the child in the United States？ by controlpanel A）An increase in technology．

B）The growing complexity of the child's psychological needs．

C）A decrease in the child's intellectual capacities．

D）The growing number of single parent families．

20．According to the passage parents have become increasingly interested in ____ ．

A）their children's future occupations B）having smaller families

C）adoptions programs for childless couples D）child-rearing techniques

(F)关于American paradox（原文没找到）

四、改错（1分×10=10分）出自英语专业八级考试模拟题

The second most important constituent of the biosphere is liquid water.This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.This is

only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some

other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature __1__ of the sun.by controlpanel As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a __2__ planet had temperatures somewhere within this range.__3__ The earth’s supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant __4__ in quantity.A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just __5__ about to be replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the __6__ earth during volcanic action.The total quantity of water is not

known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe __7__ to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms.Most of it—97% is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans.The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles __8__ and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when __9__ melted.Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer __10__ than 1%of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface.There is also a minor，but extremely important, fraction of the water supply by controlpanel which is present as water vapour in the atmosphere.答案：

1.Let ^the 加入alone.Let alone 意为“更不用说”，表示一种让步关系。2.face-surface 根据上下文理解，应该指地球的表面。

3.planet^had 加入which或that。这样使得planet后面的句子成为一个定语从句。4.去掉fairly或quite 意思重复。5.out改成outer 这里指外层空间。6.去掉away rise后面不接away。

7.and改成although 短文中这里是让步关系，而不是并列关系。

8.quarter改成quarters 英语表达中，当分子是二以上的数时，分母应为复数。

9.when改成until或者unless 根据上下文，这句话的意思应为:除非（冰雪)融化，否则（地球上的）生命系统就无法利用水。所以when在这里的意思有误。

10.fewer改成less 文中的remaining fraction 仍指水，因此不能用fewer，要用less。

五、作文（20分）

The Environment Protecting and Economic Developing 提纲：

1、阐述二者的relation；

2、提出建议和solution；

3、以一个natural end结尾。

Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension ⅡReading Comprehension(20 points)

Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S.cities have simply built more roads.But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run.Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.

The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system.Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.

hPathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.

Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.

kaobo.cn,kaobo.org“Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough.It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking “Yes, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we use to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just pan of the package.There are different strategies.”

Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.

It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years.There has to be a big change.

1.What is the appropriate title for the passage ?

A.Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion. B.A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems. C.A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woes.

D.Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.

2.The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to __________.

A.an optional solution B.an expedient solution C.a ready solution

D.an efficient solution

3.According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to __________. A.develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highways B.provide passenger vehicle with a variety of services C.optimize the highway capabilities

D.improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors 4.According to Larson, to redress the traffic problem, __________. A.car pooling must be studied B.rapid mass transit system must be introduced C.flexible work hours must be experimented D.overall strategies must be coordinated

5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage? A.Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.

B.A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered. C.Latest developments are outlined in order of importance. D.An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized. Passage 2 A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper.If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away;if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage.We reserve rage for our own species.It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal man—indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles.We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do down the “other” side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us and them” emotion, it is as well to remenber that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.

The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us and them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within Our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies.And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland.The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it.The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted. 6.A suitable title for this passage would be __________. A.Wily Human Armies Are Formed B.Man's Anger Against the World C.The Human Capacity for Rage D.Early Straggles of Angry Mail

7 According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is __________.A.its lengthy and complex development

B.a conflict such as is now going on in Northern Ireland C.that we do not fly into a temper more often D.that we reserve anger for mankind 8.The passage suggests that __________. A.historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” society

B.humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal grouping

C.the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided domination D.the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time 9.From the passage we can infer that __________.

A.the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happens B.games are psychologically unhealthy

C.any artificially created subspecies would be our enemy

D.the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's sctivities.

10.The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is __________.

A.founded in historical fact

B.deceptive C.apparent

D.accurate Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1.Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are __________ to imported ones.

A.inadequate B.inappropriate

C.inferior D.interior

2.It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he __________ what he knows. A.makes for B.makes of C.makes up D.makes out

3.Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business __________, something unheard of in Europe.

A.transformations B.transmissions C.transitions D.transactions

4.As the pressure __________ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.

A.intensifies

B.magnifies

C.heightens

D.deviates

5.The strong scent of Kate's perfume __________ the air in the small room. A.radiated B.permeated？ C.extracted？ D.dispersed

6.The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least __________, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences. A.radical B.prominent C.confidential D.controversial

7.They are __________ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them. A.tempting B.tickling C.tormenting D.tricking

8.Another popular misconception is the __________ that great talent is usually highly specific. A.notion B.dilemma C.domain D.analogy

9.You can __________ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left. A.change B.vary C.alter D.transform

10.The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be __________. A.enormous B.huge C.vast D.immense Part Ⅳ？ Error Correction(10 points)

Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line.You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word.Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you cross out a word, put a slant(/)in the blank. When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or in some other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it,？ 1.__________ ___ 2.__________ ____ the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at thestore of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results.Moreover, 3.__________ ___ if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complaindirectly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumer？

4.__________ _____ takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled.？

5.__________ ___

In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed he 6.__________ _______ or she has a just claim.Consumers should complain about in person 7.__________ ________ whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is 8.__________ ________ acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter.？

9.__________ __________

Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong？

10.__________ __________ with the item in question. Part Ⅴ Writing(10 points)略

Frankly speaking, in contemporary China, volunteer is not quite prevailing or in a embarrased situation attributing to the misunderstanding among the crow.What's worse, the minority of people treat it as a useless and meaningless career in the world.In fact, there is of great essenciality to correct the wrong opinion in volunteer and advocate the volunteer career.As follows, I will list some advantages of volunteer.First of all, volunteer play quite vital a role in our sociaty.Taking Beijing Olympic Game for example, there is no doubt that volunteer is a bridge between Chinese and volunteer, they help to translate for native sellers, keep the activity and traffic in order and so on.Moreover, volunteer is the pioneer when faced with the catastrophe.In the wenchuan earthquake, indisputably, volunteer lend a hand to the victime in the first moment.From my own perspective, volunteer is the most sacred career in this world, we should feel pround of that we are volunteers.10