第一篇：国际贸易术语解释通则2010前言(中英对照版)
国际贸易术语解释通则2010前言（中英对照版）
Foreword
By Rajat Gupta，ICC Cbairman The global economy has given businessbroader access than ever before to markets all over the world.Goods are soldin more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety.But as the volume andcomplexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandingsand costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted.The Incoterms® rules, the ICC rules on theuse of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of globaltrade.Reference to an Icoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly
defines the parties' respective obligationsand reduces the risk of legal complications.Since the creation of the Incoterms rulesby ICC in 1936, this globally accepted contractual standard has been regularlyupdated to keep pace with the development of international trade.The Incoterms2010 rules take account of the continued spread of customs-free zones, the increaseduse of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concernabout security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transportpractices.Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the 'delivered' rules，reducing the total number of rules from 13to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules.Incoterms 2010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make allreferences to buyers and sellers gender-neutral.The broad expertise of ICC's Commission onCommercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of theworld and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules respond tobusiness needs everywhere.前言
国际商会主席 Rajat Gupta
全球经济一体化让生意的接触面比以往任何时候都宽广，可以触及世界每个角落。更多品种的货物可供选择、卖向更多国家、卖得也越来越多。然而，随着全球贸易数额的增加和贸易复杂性的加强,因贸易合同起草不恰当而带来的误解和高代价争端也可能随之增加。
国际贸易术语解释通则，国际商会规则在国内和国际贸易用语的使用促进了全球贸易的进行。在贸易合同中引用国际贸易术语解释通则2010可明确界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷产生的风险。
自从1936年国际商会制定出国际贸易术语解释通则之后，此项在全球范围内被采用的合同标准就经常性地更新换代，与国际贸易的发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010考虑了免税贸易区的不断增加，电子沟通在商务中的不断增多，以及被更加重视的货物运输中的安全和变化等问题。国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了交货规则，将规则总量从13条减少到了11条，并且使得所有规则的表述更加简洁明确。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一个使得所有在买卖双方中的适用保持中立的第一个国际贸易术语解释版本。国际商会的商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和多个贸易部门，该委员会广泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需求相适应。
ICC would like to express its gratitude tothe members of the Commission, chaired by Fabio Bortolotti(Italy), to theDrafting Group, which comprised Charles Debattista(Co-Chair, France), Jens Bredow(Germany), Johnny Herre(Sweden), David Lwee(UK), Lauri Railas(Finland), FrankReynolds(US),and Miroslav Subert(Szech Republic), and to Asko Raty(Finland)for assistance with the images depicting the 11 rules.国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由Charles Debattista（副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke（副组长，法国），Jens Bredow（德国），JohnnyHerre（瑞典），David Lwee（英国），Lauri Railas（芬兰），Frank Reynold（美国），Miroslav Subert（捷克）组成的起草小组致谢，并且向对11条规则的表述给予帮助的Asko Raty（芬兰）致谢。
INTRODUCTION
The Incoterms® rules explain a set ofthree-letter trade terms reflecting business-to-business practice in contractsfor the sale of goods.The Incoterms® rules describe mainly the tasks, costsand risks involved in the delivery of goods from sellers to buyers.How to use the Incoterms® 2010 rules
1.Incorporate the Incoterms® 2010 rulesinto your contract of sale
If you want the Incoterms® 2010 rules toapply to your contract, you should make this clear in the contract, throughsuch words as, “[the chosen Incoterms rule including the named place ,followedby] Incoterms® 2010”.2.Choose the appropriate Incoterms rule
The chosen Incoterms rule needs to beappropriate to the goods, to the means of their transport, and above all towhether the parties intend to put additional obligations, 介绍
Incoterms®规则对一系列三个字母组成的贸易术语进行了解释，这些贸易术语对B2B的货物销售合同有着实际影响。Incoterms®规则主要描述了货物从卖方到买方运输过程中涉及的责任，费用和风险的划分。如何适用Incoterms®2010规则
1.在销售合同中明示应用Incoterms®2010规则（哎，原来的翻译啊，无语）
如果要使合同适用Incoterms规则2010，应在合同中明确表明，例如：所选择的Incoterms规则（含指定地点）适用Incoterms®规则2010。2.选择最契合的Incoterms规则
所选的Incoterms规需要契合实际，主要考虑因素有三点，1、货物，2、运输方式、3，买卖方是否要加入其它责任条款，例如将办理运输或保险的义务加于买方或卖方。
for example such as the obligation toorganize carriage or insurance, on the seller or on the buyer.The GuidanceNote to each Incoterms rule contains information that is particularly helpfulwhen making this choice.Whichever Incoterms rule is chosen, the parties shouldbe aware the interpretation of their contract may well be influenced by customsparticular to the port or place being used.3.Specify your place or port as preciselyas possible
The chosen Incoterms rule can work only ifthe parties name a place or port, and will work best if the parties specify theplace or port as precisely as possible.A good example of such precision would be:：
“FCA 38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, FranceIncoterms 2010”.Under the Incoterms rule Ex Works(EXW),Free Carrier(FCA), Delivered at Terminal(DAT), Delivered at Place(DAP),Delivered Duty Paid(DDP), 每项通则条款的解释性说明，都对做出恰当的选择极有帮助。不论选用哪条Incoterms规则，双方应该意识到合同的解释会深深地受到惯例影响，尤其是提及的港口或地名。
3.尽可能精准地描述你方地址或港口名称
只有当事人双方选定特定的一个收货地或港口时，所选术语才能发挥作用。地点或港口名称越精准，Inconterms规则越有效。以下精准描述就是一个很好的例子： Incoterms 2010，FCA规则，法国，巴黎，38Cours Albert 1er 在Incoterms规则下：
EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点）
FCA 货交承运人(……指定地点)” DAT 终点站交货(……指定目的地)DAP 地点交货(……指定目的地)
DDP 完税后交货(……指定目的地)
Free Alongside Ship(FAS), and Free on Board(FOB),the named place is the place where delivery takes place and where risk passes from the seller to the buyer.Under the Incoterms rule Carriage Paid to(CPT), Carriage and Insurance Paid to(CIP), Cost and Freight(CFR)and Cost, Insurance and Freight(CIF),the named place differs from the place of delivery.Under these four Incoterms rules, the named place is the place of destination to which carriage is paid.Indications as to place or destination can helpfully be further specified by stating a precise point in that place or destination in order to avoid doubt or argument.4.Remember that Incoterms rules do not give you a complete contract of sale
Incoterms rules do say which party to the sale contract has the obligation to make carriage or insurance arrangements, when the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, and which costs each party is responsible for.FAS 船边交货(……指定装运港)FOB 船上交货(……指定装运港)
此处所指地点为交货地点，同时风险也从卖方转移至买方 Incoterms规则下
CPT 运费付至（……指定目的地）
CIP 运费、保险费付至(…指定目的地)CFR 成本加运费(……指定目的港)
CIF 成本、保险费 加运费(指定目的港)
所指地点随交货地不同而不同。在这些Incoterms规则下，所指地点为运费付至地。为了避免疑问和争议，指定地点或目的地可以进一步阐述为一个精确的地点。4..谨记Incoterms规则并没有给当事人提供一份完整的销售合同
Incoterms规则确有阐述销售合同中当事人的特定义务，当卖方将货物运至买方时，办理运输和保险义务的承担。
Incoterms rules, however, say nothing about the price to be paid or the method of its payment.Neither do they deal with the transfer of ownership of the goods, or the consequences of a breach of contract.These matters are normally dealt with through express terms in the contract of sale or in the law governing that contract.The parties should be aware that mandatory local law may override any aspect of the sale contract, including the chosen Incoterms rules.Main features of the Incoterm®2010 rules 1.Two new Incoterms rules — DAT
and DAP— have replaced the Incoterms 2000rules DAF,DES,DEQ and DDU
The number of Incoterms rules has been reduced from 13 to 11.This has been achieved by substituting two rules that may be used irrespective of the agreed mode of transport — DAT, Delivered atTerminal, and DAP, Delivered at Place — for the incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU.然而，Incoterms并没有任何关于付款价格或付款方式的规定，或是货物所有权的转移，违约的后果等。这些问题通常是通过销售合同的明示条款和适用的法律条文来解决。当事人需要注意的是，当地强制适用的法律有可能优先于销售合同的内容，包括所选择的Incoterms规则。
Incoterms®2010的主要特征
1.两个新的贸易术语，即DAT和DAP 代替了原来Incoterms2000的DAF,DES,DEQ和DDU术语。
贸易术语的数量从原来的13个减少到11个。Incoterms2010用两个可以不顾及已议定的运输模式的新术语——DAT，目的地交货和DAP，指定地交货——代替了Incoterms2000 中的DAF,DES,SEQ和DDU术语。
Under both new rules, delivery occurs at an amed destination: in DAT, at the buyer’s disposal unloaded from the arriving vehicle(as under the former DEQ rule);in DAP, likewise at the buyer’s disposal, but ready for unloading(as under the former DAF,DES and DDU rules).The new rules make the Incoterms 2000 rules DES and DEQ superfluous.The named terminal in DAT may well be in a port, and DAT can therefore safely be used in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DEQ once was.Likewise, the arriving “vehicle” under DAP may well be a ship and thenamed place of destination may well be a port: consequently, DAP can safely beused in cases where the Incoterms 2000 rule DES once was.These new rules, like their predecessors, are “delivered”, with the seller bearing all the costs(other than those related to import clearance, where applicable)and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place of destination.2.Classification of the 11 Incoterms® 2010rules DAT和DAP术语都规定需在指定地点交货：在DAT情况下，从运输工具上卸下货物交由买方处置（这和先前的DEQ术语一样）；在DAP情况下同样交由买方处置，但需做好卸货的准备（这和先前的DAF,DES和DDU术语一样）。新贸易术语的使用，使Incoterms2000中的DES和DEQ成为多余。DAT的目的地可以是港口，因此DAT可以用于在Incoterms2000下DEQ适用的情况。同样的，DAP中运达货物的交通工具可以是轮船，而目的地也可以是港口，因此DAP可以用于在Incoterms2000下DES适用的情况。这两个新的术语，和先前的几个术语一样，是由卖方承担所有费用（除了与进口清算有关的费用）和货物到达目的地前的风险。2..Incoterms®2010中11种贸易术语的分类
The 11 Incoterms® 2010 rules are presentedin two distinct classes： RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPOTR EXW EX WORKS FCA FREE CARRIER CPT CARRIAGE PAID TO
CIP CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DAP DELIVERED AT PLACE DDP DELIVERED DUTY PAID
RULES FOR SEA AND INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT FAS FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FOB FREE ON BOARD CFR COST AND FREIGHT
CIF COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT
Incoterms®2010 11种贸易术语目前被分为两类：
适用于任何运输方式的术语： EXW 工厂交货
FCA 货交承运人
CPT 运费付至
CIP 运费及保险费付至
DAT 目的地交货
DAP 所在地交货
DDP 完税后交货
适用于海上和内陆水上运输的术语： FAS 船边交货
FOB 船上交货
CFR 成本加运费
CIF 成本、保险费加运费
The first class includes the seven Incoterms® 2010 rules that can be used irrespective of the mode of transports elected and irrespective of whether one or more than one mode of transport is employed.EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP belong to this class.They canbe used even when there is no maritime transport at all.It is important to remember, however, that these rules can be used in cases where a ship is used for part of the carriage.In the second class of Incoterms® 2010rules, the point of delivery and the place to which the goods are carried tothe buyer are both ports, hence the label “sea and inland waterway” rules.FAS,FOB, CFR and CIF belong to this class.Under the last three Incoterms rules, all mention of the ship’s rail as the point of delivery has been omitted in preference for the goods being delivered when they are “on board” the vessel.This more closely reflects modern commercial reality and avoids the rather dated image of the risk swinging to and fro across an imaginary perpendicularline.第一种分类中的七种贸易术语不用考虑所选用运输方式的种类。EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAT,DAP和DDP都属于第一种分类。它们甚至可以运用于没有海上运输的情况下。谨记只要运输中一个部分运用过船只便可以适用此类术语。
在第二类术语中，交货点和把货物送达买方的地点都是港口，所以只适用于“海上或内陆水上运输”。FAS,FOB,CFR和CIF都属于这一类。最后的三个术语，删除了以越过船舷为交货标准而代之以将货物装运上船。这更准确的反应了现代商业现实，避了以往风险围绕船舷这条虚拟垂线来回摇摆。
3.Rules for domestic and internationaltrade
Incoterms rules have traditionally beenused in international sale contracts where goods pass across national boarders.In various areas of the world, however, trade blocs, like the European Union,have made border formalities between different countries less significant.Consequently, the subtitle of the Incoterms® 2010 rules formally recognize thatthey are available for application to both international and domestic salecontracts.As a result, the Incoterms® 2010 rules clearly state in a number ofplaces that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities exists onlywhere applicable.Two developments have persuaded ICC that amovement in this direction is timely.Firstly, traders commonly use Incoterms rulesfor purely domestic sale contract.The second reason is the greater willingnessin the Unites States to use Incoterm rules in domestic trade rather than theformer Uniform Commercial Code shipment and delivery terms.3.国内贸易和国际贸易的规定
传统的Incoterms规则只在国际销售合同中运用，此种交易货物运输都需跨越国界。在世界许多地区，商业集团如欧盟使得不同国家间的过关手续不再重要。所以，Incoterms®2010正式认可所有的贸易规则既可以适用于国内交易也可以适用于国际交易。所以，Incoterms®2010 在一些地方明确规定，只有在适当的时候，才有义务遵从进口或者出口的手续。
两个新发展使得ICC相信向这个方向的改革是适宜的。首先，商人们普遍在国内贸易合同使用Incoterms2010规则。其次，比起先前提到的统一的商业规则中的运输和交付术语，在国内贸易中更多美国人愿意使用Incoterms2010中的术语。
4.Guidance Notes
Before each Incoterms® 2010 rule you willfind a Guidance Note.The Guidance Notes explain the fundamentals of eachIncoterms rule, such as when it should be used, when risk passes, and how costsare allocated between seller and buyer.The Guidance Notes are not part of theactual Incoterms® 2010 rules, but are intended to help the user accurately andefficiently steer towards the appropriate Incoterms rule for a particulartransaction.5.Electronic communication
Previous versions of Incoterms rules havespecified those documents that could be replaced by EDI messages.ArticlesA1/B1 of the Incoterms® 2010 rules, however, now give electronic means ofcommunication the same effect as paper communication, as long as the parties soagree or where customary.This formulation facilitates the evolution of newelectronic procedures throughout the lifetime of the Incoterms® 2010 rules.4．引言
在Incoterms®2010的每条规则前面，都有一条引言。引言解释每条贸易规则的基本内容，比如说什么时候被运用到，什么时候风险转移，还有费用在卖方和买方间是怎样分配的等等。引言并不是Incoterms®2010的内容，但是它们能帮助使用者更准确更有效率的针对特定的贸易运用合适的贸易条款。5..电子通信
上一版本的Incoterms规则已经确定了可以被电子数据交换信息替代的文件。然而Incoterms®规则2010中的A1/B1赋予电子通信方式和纸质通讯相同的效果，只要缔约双方同意或存在国际惯例。这一规定有利于促进Incoterms®规则2010中新的电子程序的演进。6.Insurance cover
The Incoterms® 2010 rules are the firstversion of the Incoterms rules since the version of the Institute Cargo Clausesand take account of alterations made to those clauses.The Incoterms® 2010rules place information duties relating to insurance in articles A3/B3, whichdeal with contracts of carriage and insurance.These provisions have been movedfrom the more generic found in article A10/B10 of the Incoterms 2000 rules.Thelanguage in articles A2/B3 relating to insurance has also been altered with aview to clarifying the parties’ obligations in this regard.7.Security-related Clearances andinformation required for such clearances
There is heightened concern nowadays aboutsecurity in the movement of goods, requiring verification that the goods do notpose a threat to life or property for reasons other than their inherent nature.6..保险范围
Incoterms®规则2010是协会货物条款修订以来的最新版国际贸易术语规则，并就对那些条款的变更做了考虑。Incoterms® 规则2010把关系到保险的信息义务规定在A3/B3，这涉及到运输和保险合同。这些条款已经从更为普通的国际贸易术语2000中A10/B10的文章中删除。为了明确缔约双方的义务，条款A2/B3中涉及保险的行文也做了变化。7.与安全有关的清关需要的信息
现在人们高度关注货物运输中的安全问题，需要确认货物不会对生命和财产有威胁，除了其自身固有的属性。
Therefore, the Incoterms® 2010 rules haveallocated obligations between the buyer and seller to obtain or to renderassistance in obtaining security-related clearances, such as chain-of-custodyinformation, in articles A2/B2 and A10/B10 of various Incoterms rules.8.Terminal handling charges
Under Incoterms rules CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF,DAT, DAP, and DDP, the seller must make arrangements for the carriage of thegoods to the agreed destination.While the freight is paid by the seller, it isactually paid for by the buyer as freight costs are normally included by theseller in the total selling price.The carriage costs will sometimes includethe costs of handling and moving the goods within port or container terminalfacilities and the carrier or terminal operator may well charge these costs tothe buyer who receives the goods.In these circumstances, the buyer will wantto avoid paying for the same service twice:
因此，Incoterms®规则 2010已经在买家和卖家间分配了义务，在与安全有关的清关获得或者提供帮助，例如在多种多样的国际贸易术语中A2/B2和A10/B10的监管链相关信息 8.集装箱码头费
在国际贸易术语CPT，CIP，CIF，DAT，DAP和DDP项下，卖家必须做好安排使货物到达指定目的地。虽然运费是由卖方支付的，但因为运费一般被卖方包含在销售价格中所以实际上运费是由买方支付的。货运费有时包括港口或集装箱码头内的理货和运输费用
承运人和终点站运营方也可能向收到货物的买家收取这笔费用。在这种情况下，买家会想要避免对同一服务重复付费：
once to the seller as part of the totalselling price and once independently to the carrier or the terminal operator.The Incoterms® 2010 rules seek to avoid this happening by clearly allocatingsuch costs in articles A6/B6 of the relevant Incoterms rules.9.String sales
In the sale of commodities, as opposed tothe sale of manufactured goods, cargo is frequently sold several times duringtransit “down a string” when this happens, a seller in the middle of the stringdon’t have to ship the goods because these have already been shipped by thefirst seller in the string.The seller in the middle of the string thereforeperforms its obligations towards its buyer not by shipping the goods, but by“procuring” goods that have been shipped.For clarification purposes,Incoterms® 2010 rules include the obligation to “procure goods shipped” as analternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules.一次付给卖家作为销售价格中的一部分，一次单独地付给承运人或者终点站运营方。Incoterms®规则2010在相关国际贸易术解释规则的A6/B6条款明确的分配此项费用，力求避免重复付费。
9.连环合同
与工业制成品的销售不同，在农矿产品的销售中，货物经常在沿销售链运转过程中被频繁销售多次。这种情况下，在运输中的卖家不用再运输货物，因为货物已被第一个卖家装船运输了。中途的卖方通过接收货物而非运输货物向买方履行义务。为明确起见，Incoterms® 规则2010在相关规定中把提取已经运输的商品的义务作为运输商品义务的替换。RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT
Variants of Incoterms rules
Sometimes the parties want to alter anIncoterms rules.The Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, butthere are dangers in so doing.In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, theparties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremelyclear in their contract.Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in theIncoterms 2010 rules is altered in the contract, the parties should alsoclearly state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passesfrom seller to buyer.Status of this introduction
This introduction gives general informationon the use and interpretation of the Incoterms 2010 rules, but does not formpart of those rules.Explanation of terms used in the Incoterms2010 rules 运输方式的规则
国际贸易术语解释通则的变体
贸易各方有时因各自需要意图修改某一国际贸易术语规则的适用。《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》并不禁止这种修改，但是这样做会带来一定的危险。因此双方都应当在合同中明确表明修改意欲达到的效果以避免不愉快的分歧。譬如，假设合同改变了Incoterms规则中费用的分配，那么合同各方亦应当明确声明是否改变风险（从卖方到买方）转移的临界点。本导言的功能地位
本导言只是对《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》的用途和解释的概括提示，并不是这些的组成部分。
对《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中术语的解释
As in the incoterms rules, the seller’s andbuyer’s obligations are presented in mirror fashion, reflecting under column Athe seller’s obligations and under column B the buyer’s obligations.Theseobligations can be carried out personally by the seller or the buyer orsometimes, subject to terms in the contract or the applicable law, through intermediariessuch as carriers, freight forwarders or other persons nominated by the selleror the buyer for a specific purpose.The text of the Incoterms 2010 rules ismeant to be self-explanatory.However, in order to assist users the followingtext sets out guidance as to the sense in which selected terms are usedthroughout the document.Carrier: For the purposes of the Incoterms2010 rules, the carrier is the party with whom carriage is contracted.正如《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中所述，买方和卖方的共同义务是以对应方式呈现的，也就是说，既能反映出A栏中的买方义务，又能反映出B栏中的卖方义务。这些义务可以由买方或者卖方亲自履行，有时抑或受制于合同或者适用法律中的个别条款的规定，由诸如承运人、转运代理人等中介组织，或者其他由买方或者卖方为了特定目的而委任的人来履行。《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》正文中条文解析明了。但出于引导辅助（使用者）理解的考虑，编者还是占用了以下篇幅对从《规则》中选取的几个术语进行阐释。承运人：出于《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》的目的，承运人是指与托运人订立合同，并承担运输义务的一方。
Customs Formalities: These are requirementsto be met in order to comply with any applicable customs regulations and mayinclude documentary, security, information or physical inspection obligations.Delivery: This concept has multiplemeanings in trade law and practice, but in the Incoterms 2010 rules, it is usedto indicate where the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from theseller to the buyer.Delivery document: This phrase is now usedas the heading to article A8.It means a document used to prove that deliveryhas occurred.For many of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the delivery document is atransport document or corresponding electronic record.However, with EXW, FCA,FAS and FOB, the delivery document may simply be a receipt.A delivery documentmay also have other functions, for example as part of the mechanism forpayment.报关单：是指为了遵守海关条例而需要满足的一些要求，包括了单据、安全、信息或者实体检验之义务。交货：在商法和商事活动中，这个概念有多种涵义。但是，在《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中，交货用来表明在货物由卖方向买方转移的过程中毁损风险在何处转移。
交货单：此术语现在已成为A8条款的标题。交货单，是用于证明已完成交货的凭证。对于《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中的许多规则，交货单是一种运输单据或相关电子记录。但是对于EXW，FCA，FAS和FOB，交货单只是一种收据。当然，交货单还有其他功能，比如支付程序的一个环节。
Electronic record or procedure: A set ofinformation constituted of one or more electronic messages and, whereapplicable, being functionally equivalent with the corresponding paperdocument.Packaging: this word is used for differentpurposes:
1.The packaging of the goods to complywith any requirements under the contract of sale.2.The packaging of the goods so that theyare fit for transportation.3.The stowage of the packaged goods withina container or other means of transport.In the Incoterms 2010 rules, packagingmeans both the first and second of the above.The Incoterms 2010 rules do notdeal with the parties’ obligations for stowage within a container and therefore,where relevant, the parties should deal with this in the sale contract.电子记录或者程序：由一个或多个可适用的电子讯号组成的一组信息库，其功能上等同于相应的纸质文档。
包装：此词因语境不同有不同含义： 1.符合销售合同要求的货物包装；
2.符合运输要求的货物包装；
3.集装箱或其他运输工具中已包装货物的理仓
在《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中，“包装”一词有以上中的1和2项的含义。Incoterms2010中并不涉及集装箱内货物的理仓义务，当事人应在销售合同中予以确定。
第二篇：国际贸易术语解释
《2010 年国际贸易术语解释通则》(Incoterms 2010)于 2011 年 月 1 日起实施。Incoterms-2010 是国际商会根据国际贸易及运输方式的发展，经过征询 30 多个国家和地区的意见后，对《2000 年国际贸易术语解释通则》进行修订的，相对 Incoterms-2000 而言，Incoterms-2010 的主要变化如下:
Incoterms-2010 术语由原来四大类变为两组，种类由原来的 13 种变为 11 种: 将原来的 E、F、C、D 四大类变更为以下两类: 一组)适用于各种运输方式二组)只适用水运(海运及内河运输)Incoterm-2010 删去了 Incoterms-2000 的以下 4 个术语:
DAF(Delivered at Frontier)DES(Delivered Ex Ship)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)新增加的 2 个术语: 边境交货目的港船上交货 目的港码头交货未完税交货
DAT(目的港码头集散站交货 delivered at terminal)—在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货(取代了 DEQ,且扩展至适用于各种运输方式);
DAP(目的地交货delivered at pl ace)在指定目的地交货(取代了DAF、DES 和DDU 三个术语)1
修改后的 11 种术语如下: 第一组:适用于任何运输方式的术语七种(Any Mode of Transport):
E X W、F C A、C P T、C I P、D A T、D A P、D D P EXW(ex works)FCA(free carrier)CPT(carriage paid to)CIP(carriage and insurance paid to)运费/保险费付至(目的地)DAT(delivered at terminal)DAP(delivered at place)DDP(delivered duty paid)第二组:适用于水上运输方式的术语四种(Sea and Inland
Waterway Transport Only):FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF FAS(free alongside ship)FOB(free on board)
CFR(cost and freight)CIF(cost ,insurance and freight)装运港船边交货 装运港船上交货
成本加运费成本、保险费加运费
修订后的 Incoterms-2010 就风险转移问题取消了“船舷 ”的概念 ,即卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险,买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风险。在 FAS、FOB、CFR 和CIF 等术语中加入了货物在运输期间被多次买卖(连环贸易)的责任义务的划分。Incoterms 2010 不仅适用于国际贸易合同,也适用于国内贸易合同。2
始发地工厂交货 始发地货交承运人 运费付至(目的地)
目的港码头或集散站交货目的地指定地点交货目的地完税后交货
尽管以上术语较 Incoterms-2000 有所进步 ,但 FOB 术语中仍然存在一定的缺陷,尤其是当集装箱化运输成为主要的运输方式时,由于买家在全球市场签订合同时自由使用 FOB 术语,该术语在码头作业费的支付问题上未能解释清楚,因此付货人、特别是亚洲的付货人一直是码头附加费的受害者。目前在 FOB 术语中,FOB 变形的做法有好几种,如集装箱班轮运输 FOB 变形条款就是 FOB liner term, 定价机制以(场站至场站)为责任范围确定。但该变形做法在“ 国际贸易术语解释通则” 中未具体体现。因此,班轮公司和货主对此条款产生的码头作业费 THC 的纠纷成为当今全球集装箱班轮运输最大的争论焦点。
按惯例,以 FOB 条件成交时 ,如果是散货 ,多数情况下卖方要负责支付货物装上船之前的一切费用。各国对于“ 装船 ”的概念没有统一的解释，有关装船的各项费用由谁负担，各国的惯例或习惯做法也不完全一致。如果采用班轮运输,船方管装管卸,装卸费计入班轮运费之中,自然由负责租船的买方承担,这是国际上普遍的习惯做法;而采用程租船运输,船方一般不负担装卸费用。这就必须明确装船的各项费用应由谁负担。为了说明装船费用的负担问题, 双方往往在 FOB 术语后加列附加条件,这就形成了FOB 的变形,主要有以下几种变形 :
1.FOB Liner Terms(FOB 班轮条件)这一变形是指装船费用按照班轮的做法处理,即由船方或买
方承担。所以,采用这一变形，卖方不负担装船的有关费用。(集装箱班轮按此原则处理)
2.FOB Under Tackle(FOB 吊钩下交货)
指卖方负担费用将货物交到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处 ,而吊装入舱以及其他各项费用,概由买方负担。
3.FOB Stowed(FOB 理舱费在内)指卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括理舱费在内的装船费用。理舱费是指货物入舱后进行安置和整理的费用。4.FOB Trimmed(FOB平舱费在内)
卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括平舱费在内的装船费用。平舱费是指对装入船舱的散装货物进行平整所需的费用。按照我国对外贸易运输的传统惯例散货与集装箱班轮运输的习惯做法是完全不同的。集装箱班轮运价是依照海商法第 46 条明确的集装箱承运人的责任范围是始发港场站至目的港场站(CY-CY)的原则制定的。按此价格条款,集装箱班轮运价自然也包括了始发港和目的港的码头作业费。
然而，如今班轮公司随意破坏这些惯例,在 FOB 集装箱班轮条款下，承运人在运费之外向与运输合同无关的第三方(即 FOB 出口商)广泛收取非透明的码头作业费(terminal handling charge)、单证费(documentation fee)、集装箱铅封费(container sealing fee)等。
上述这些费用本来已包括在班轮条款运费之中，班轮公司在运费之外另收上述费用是双重收费。FOB 出口商与承运人对此争论非常激烈，但是弱势的 FOB 出口商群体只能被迫支付不该付的 THC。集装箱班轮运输是国际贸易最主要的现代运输方式,占全球贸易 90%以上，为了避免不必要的纠纷，中国外经贸企业协会曾向商务部提出建议国际商会在制定新的国际贸易术语时，尤其是 FOB
术语，要特别对集装箱班轮条款 FOB-container liner term 的费用与责任风险进行划分和说明，即:“在集装箱FOB-container liner term情况下，运价应以CY/CY(集装箱堆场到集装箱堆场)、CFS/CFS(集装箱货运站到集装箱货运站)和 Door/Door(门到门)”等现代运输方式和责任范围来确定，班轮公司的责任期间是指自接收货物时起至目的港交付货物时为止，在此期间的费用与责任风险由班轮公司负担”。此建议同时由亚洲货主协会向ICC提出。
以上建议在Incotenn s2010 中未来得及采纳，但 ICC 已注意到码头作业费被重复征收问题，期望以后修改时能对 FOB Liner term 集装箱班轮CY-CY 价格条款的责任与费问题予以明确解释。
目前我国传统的 FOB 出口商仍然习惯使用 FOB 价格条款，尽管 ICC Incoterms-2000 引进了比FOB 条款更为有利的 FCA(货交承运人)价格条款，而且至今已第十七个年头，但使用 FCA 价格新术语的极少，主要是 FOB 价格术语及其变形的操作办法广泛被应用成了习惯。然 FOB 价格条款仍然有效，如果是集装箱货，使用 FOB 条款时必须在 FOB 后面加上 liner term 字样，因为 FOB liner term 变形术语仍然可用，海商法明确的集装箱班轮场站至场站 CY-CY 的责任范围未变，目前实际操作方法仍然未变，CY-CY 定价机制仍然未变。只要是集装箱出口货，无论采用FOBlinerterm 或是FCA 价格条款性质都是一样的，都是货交承运人就可以了。因此为了避免班轮公司对 FOB 术语的片面理解，断章取义，钻空子乱收费，建议中国集装箱货出口商尽量采用 FCA 价格条款，取代传统的 FOB 条款。这样更直截了当，避免不必要的纠纷。
注:本文转自中国对外贸易经济合作企业协会
第三篇：国际贸易术语解释
国际贸易术语解释
2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化： 1.术语分类的调整： 由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运
2、贸易术语的数 2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化：
1.术语分类的调整：
由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运
2、贸易术语的数量由原来的13种变为11种。《通则2010》的分类 新版本改变了《通则2000》将13个贸易术语分为EFCD四组的做法，而将11种术语分成了如下截然不同的两类：
第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。
EXW（ex works）工厂交货
FCA（free carrier）货交承运人
CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至目的地
CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费/保险费付至目的地
DAT（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货
DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货
DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货
第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种： FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。
FAS（free alongside ship）装运港船边交货
FOB（free on board）装运港船上交货
CFR（cost and freight）成本加运费
CIF（cost insurance and freight）成本、保险费加运费
3、删除INCOTERMS2000中四个D组贸易术语，即DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)、DAF(Delivered At Frontier)、DES(Delivered Ex Ship)、DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)，只保留了INCOTERMS2000D组中的DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）。
4、新增加两种D组贸易术语，即DAT（Delivered At Terminal）与DAP（Delivered At Place）。
5、E组、F组、C组的贸易术语基本没有变化。
如何应用国际贸易术语2010通则(文捷ex)
DAT（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货
类似于取代了的DEQ术语，指卖方在指定的目的地或目的港的集散站卸货后将货物交给买方处置即完成交货，术语所指目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地或目的港的集散站的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。本术语适用于任何运输方式或多式联运。
DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货
类似于取代了的DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，指卖方在指定的目的地交货，只需做好卸货准备无需卸货即完成交货。术语所指的到达车辆包括船 舶，目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。本术语适用于任何运输方式、多式联运方式及海运。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010, 缩写Incoterms® 2010)是国际商会根据国际货物贸易的发展，对《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的修订，2010年9月27日公布，于2011年1月1日实施。法|律教育网整 理
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》删去了《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》4个术语：DAF(Delivered at Frontier)边境交货、DES(Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货、DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货、DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货，新增了2个术语：DAT（delivered at terminal）在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货、DAP（delivered at place）在指定目的地交货。即用DAP取代了DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，DAT取代了DEQ，且扩展至适用于一切运输方式。
修订后的《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》取消了“船舷”的概念，卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险，买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风 险。在FAS，FOB，CFR和CIF等术语中加入了货物在运输期间被多次买卖（连环贸易）的责任义务的划分。考虑到对于一些大的区域贸易集团内部贸易的 特点，规定，Incoterms® 2010不仅适用于国际销售合同，也适用于国内销售合同。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》共有11种贸易术语，按照所适用的运输方式划分为两大类：
第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。
EXW（ex works）工厂交货
FCA（free carrier）货交承运人
CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至目的地
CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费/保险费付至目的地
DAT（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货
DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货
DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货
第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种： FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。
FAS（free alongside ship）装运港船边交货
FOB（free on board）装运港船上交货
CFR（cost and freight）成本加运费
CIF（cost insurance and freight）成本、保险费加运费
国际贸易术语是一种将商业惯例反映在货物销售合同中的价格术语，其描述了涉及货物从卖方到买方交付过程中的买卖双方各自承担的主要责任、费用和风险。
2010 Incoterms 2010 in the income lessen over in the application, users should be explicit:
总结Incoterms 2010在销售合同中的应用，使用者应明确：
对其合同的而言，此通则并不是自动适用的，具有任意性。
对于合同各方当事人意欲任何一种2010通则中的国际贸易术语适用其合同的情形，其应当在合同中清楚具体地订明，通过诸如“所用术语，选择于2010通则”等语句。
此通则并不包含一整套的合同条款。
因此，比如，尽管通则中规定当何方当事人承担运费或作保险安排，什么时候卖方将货物交给买方以及各方当事人应承担何种费用，但是通则中并未涉及 到有关货物价格和所有权，或者违反合同约定的后果等内容。这些问题通常是通过合同中相关明示条款或者专门管辖合同的法律来解决。同样地，当事人应当清楚当 地强制性的法律较包括所选贸易术语在内的合同中的任何规定都具有优先权。
选择适当特定的术语。
所选术语需要适合于标的货物，运输方式，而且最重要的是要适合于各方当事人是否有意将更多的责任赋予到卖方或买方，比如安排运输或保险的责任。每种术语的指南中包含一些特别有用的关于何时作出这些选择的信息。然而，包含在指南中的信息并不构成所选术语的一部分。只有各方当事人指定地点或港口，所选术语才形成有效的，而且指定的地点或港口越精确越奏效。
如以下的精确描述就是一个很好的例子：
“FCA(38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, France)Incoterms 2010”.（2010通则FCA术语，法国巴黎，38 Cours Albert 1er）
指定地点是交货点，即风险转移给买方的点；但是在C组术语中，指定地点指的是运费已付的地点。为了更好避免疑问和争议，指定地点或目的地可以进一步阐述为一个精确的点。
2000通则和2010通则的主要区别
一种新的术语——DPA
通则已经将13种不同的术语减为11种。这是由一种新的术语，DAP，地点交货，取代DAF，DES和DDU而实现的。所谓DAP术语，就像被 取代的那些术语，是“实质性交货”术语，在将货物运至目的地过程中涉及的到所有费用和风险由卖方承担。此术语适用于任何运输方式，因此也适用于各种 DAF，DES以及DDU以前被使用过的情形。
11种贸易术语的分类
2000通则中的13种术语按术语缩写首字母分成四组，即，E组（EXW），F组，C组以及F组。这种分类反映了卖方对于买方的责任程度。FCA，或者适用国内贸易的EXW，利用交货的完成以及在尽可能早的时间把风险转移给买方从而赋予卖方最少的责任。相反地，D组术语，或者说“实质性交 货”术语，利用交货的完成以及在尽可能晚的时间把风险转移给买方从而赋予卖方最多的责任。这种分类仍然很重要，尤其是在当事人对2010通则中的中11种 贸易术语作出选择时。
然而，2010通则将这11种术语分成了截然不同的两类。
第一类包括那些适用于任何运输方式，包括多式运输的六种术语。EXW，FCA，CPT，CIP，DAP和DDP术语这类。这些术语可以用于没有 海上运输的情形。但要谨记，这些术语能够用于船只作为运输的一部分的情形，只要卖方交货点，或者货物运至买方的地点，或者两者兼备，在船舷前面。
第二类，实际上包含了比较传统的只适用于海运或内河运输的5种术语。这类术语条件下，卖方交货点和货物运至买方的地点均是港口，所以“唯海运不可”就是这类术语标签。FAS，FOB，CFR，CIF和DEQ属于本类术语。
国内和国际贸易术语
贸易术语在传统上被运用于表明货物跨越国界传递的国际销售合同。然而，世界上一些地区的大型贸易集团，像东盟和欧洲单一市场的存在，使得原本实 际存在的边界通关手续变得不再那么有意义。因此，2010通则的编撰委员会认识到这些术语对国内和国际销售合同都是适用的；所以，2010通则在一些地方 作出明确说明，只有在适用的地方，才有义务遵守出口/进口所需的手续。
两方面的发展使国际商会确信在这个方向上作一个改动是适时的。首先，一个强有力的证据就是事实上很多交易者将通则普遍运用于纯粹的内贸合同。另一个原因就是在美国人们更愿意选择通则而不是统一商法典装运和交货条款运用于国内贸易。使用指南
每一种2010通则中的术语在其条款前面都有一个使用指南。指南解释了每种术语的基本原理：何种情况应使用次术语；风险转移点是什么；费用在买卖是如何分配的。这些指南并不是术语正式规则的一部分：它们是用来帮助和引导使用者准确有效地为特定交易选择合适的术语。
电子通讯
通则的早期版本已经对需要的单据作出了规定，这些单据可被电子数据交换信息替代。不过现在2010通则赋予电子通讯方式完全等同的功效，只要各方当事人达成一致或者在使用地是惯例。在2010的生命期里，这一规定有利于新的电子程序的演变发展。法|律教育网整理
保险
2010通则是自全协会货物保险条款修改以来的第一个版本，这个最新版本在所修改内容中充分考虑了这些保险同款的变动。2010通则在涉及运输 和保险合同的A3/A4条款中罗列了有关保险责任的内容，原本它们属于内容比较泛化而且有着比较泛化标题“其他义务”的A10/B10款。在这方面，为了 阐明当事人的义务，对A3/A4款中涉及保险的内容作出修改。
有关安全的核准书及这种核准书要求的信息
如今对货物在转移过程中的安全关注度很高，因而要求检定货物不会因除其自身属性外的原因而造成对生命财产的威胁。因此，在各种术语的A2/B2和A10/B10条款内容中包含了取得或提供帮助取得安全核准的义务，比如货物保管链。
码头装卸费
按照“C”组术语，卖方必须负责将货物运输至约定目的地：表面上是卖方自负运输费用，但实际上是由买方负担，因为卖方早已把这部分费用包含在最 初的货物价格中。运输成本有时包括货物在港口内的装卸和移动费用，或者集装箱码头设施费用，而且承运人或者码头的运营方也可能向接受货物的买方收取这些费 用。譬如，在这些情况下，买方就要注意避免为一次服务付两次费，一次包含在货物价格中付给卖方，一次单独付给承运人或码头的运营方。2010通则在相关术 语的A6/B6条款中对这种费用的分配作出了详细规定，旨在避免上述情况的发生。
连串销售
在商品的销售中，有一种和直接销售相对的销售方式，货物在沿着销售链运转的过程中频繁地被销售好几次。在这种情况下，在一连串销售中间的销售商 并不将货物“装船”，因为它们已经由处于这一销售串中的起点销售商装船。因此，连串销售的中间销售商对其买方应承担的义务不是将货物装船，而是“设法获 取”已装船货物。着眼于贸易术语在这种销售中的应用，2010通则的相关术语中同时规定了“设法获取已装船货物”和将货物装船的义务。
术语的使用解释
2000通则中，按照镜像原则，A条款下反映的是卖方的义务，相应地，B条款下反映的是买方的义务。但是由于一些短语的使用贯穿整个文件，2010通则打算在其正文中对以下被列出来的词语不再作解释，以以下注解为准。
承运人：就2010通则而言，承运人是指签署运输合同的一方。
出口清关：遵照各种规定办理出口手续，并支付各种税费。法|律教育网整理
交货：这个概念在贸易法律和惯例中有着多重含义，但是2010通则中用其来表示货物缺损的风险从卖方转移到买方的点。
电子数据：由一种或两种以上的和相应纸质文件功效等同的电子讯息组成的的一系列信息。
‘包装’和‘存放’：这些短语被用于不同的目的：
1.遵照合同中所有的要求的货物包装。
2.使货物适合运输的包装。
3.已包装好的商品转载进货柜或其他运输工具。
在2010通则中，包装的含义包括以上第一种和第二种。2010通则没有涉及到货物在货柜中的装载义务由谁承担，所以，相关当事人应在合同中对此作出明确规定。
第四篇：国际贸易术语解释通则2010之FOB(中英对照版)
FREE ON BOARD 船上交货
FOB(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 船上交货（…指定装运港）GUIDANCE NOTE 序言
This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。
“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.“Free on Board”是指当卖方在指定的装运港将货物运至买方指定的船上或取得已按此送交的货物，即完成交货。当货物已运至船上时，货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移，买方自那时起承担一切费用。
The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(„string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.卖方必须将货物运到船上或取得已按此送交准备发运的货物。这里的“取得”适合于多层次链条式销售（线性销售），在商品销售中尤为普遍。
FOB may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such situations, the FCA rule should be used.FOB不适用于货物在装船之前移交给承运人的情况，比如集装箱内的货物通常在目的地交付。在这种情况下，应使用FCA术语。
FOB requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.FOB要求在需要办理海关手续时由卖方负责货物出口清关。然而，卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。
A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS 卖方义务
A1 General obligations of the seller 卖方基本义务
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及按照合同约定必需的有同等作用的其他任何凭证。以及经当事人同意或根据交易习惯在A1-A10中提到的任何有同等作用的电子记录或程序的凭证。
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities 许可，授权，安全许可和其他正式手续
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.在需要办理清关手续时，卖方必须承担风险和费用获得任何出口许可或其他官方授权，办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance 运输合同和保险合同 a)Contract of carriage 运输合同
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.卖方没有义务为买方订立运输合同。但若买方要求，或者如果是商业惯例而买方未适时给予卖方相反指示，则卖方可按照通常条件订立运输合同，费用和风险由买方承担。在任何一种情况下，卖方都可以拒绝订立此合同；如果拒绝，则应立即通知买方。
b)Contract of insurance 保险合同
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.卖方没有义务为买方订立保险合同。但应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用，卖方必须提供给买方办理保险所需的相关信息。
A4 Delivery 交货
The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.卖方必须将在买方指定的装运港，在买方指定的装运地点，在约定日期或期限内，按照该港习惯方式将货物交至买方指定的船上或取得已交运的货物。
若买方没有指定具体交货点，那么卖方可选择指定装运港内最适合其目的的交货点。A5 Transfer of risks 风险转移
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.除B5规定者外，卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至已按照A4规定交货为止。
A6 Allocation of costs 费用划分 The seller must pay 卖方必须支付：
a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.除按照B6规定应由买方支付的费用外，卖方必须支付与货物有关的一切费用，直至已按照A4规定交货为止；在需要办理海关手续时，货物出口应办理的海关手续费用及出口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用。
A7 Notices to the buyer 通知买方
The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.在货物已按照A4规定交付或在约定时间内船舶未能接收货物时，卖方必须给予买方充分通知，由买方承担风险和费用。
A8 Delivery document 交货凭证
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.卖方必须自担费用向买方提供证明已按照A4规定交货的通常单据。如果这些凭证不是运输单据，应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用，卖方必须给予买方协助以取得运输单据。
A9 Checking –packaging –marking 查对、包装、标记
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.卖方必须支付按照A4规定为了将货物交给买方处置所需进行的查对费用（如查对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用）以及出口国有关当局在装运前强制检验的费用。卖方必须自付费用包装货物，除非按照相关行业惯例，所售类型的货物通常无需包装发运。卖方应该按照有关货物运输所要求的方式包装货物，除非买方在订立合同前已经通知卖方特殊的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。
A10 Assistance with information and related costs 信息协助及相关费用
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用，在需要办理清关手续时，卖方必须给予买方一切及时的协助，以帮助其取得包括买方为进口货物和/或为使货物运输到最终目的地所需的有关货物安全信息在内的任何凭证和信息。卖方必须偿付买方按照B10规定在卖方获得相关凭证和信息时给予协助所发生的费用。
B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS 买方义务
B1 General obligations of the buyer 买方基本义务
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.以及经当事人同意或根据交易习惯在B1-B10中提到的任何有同等作用的电子记录或程序的凭证。
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities 许可，授权，安全许可和其他正式手续
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.在需要办理清关手续时，由买方自担风险和费用获得任何进口许可或其他官方授权，并负责办理货物进口和从他国过境的一切海关手续。
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance 运输合同和保险合同 a)Contract of carriage 运输合同
The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).买方必须自付费用订立自指定装运港运输货物的合同，卖方按照A3 a）订立了运输合同时除外。
b)Contract of insurance 保险合同
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.买方没有义务为卖方订立保险合同。
B4 Taking delivery 受领货物
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时，受领货物。
B5 Transfer of risks 风险转移
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.买方必须承担自按照A4规定交货之时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险；
If a)the buyer fails to notify the nomination of a vessel in accordance with B7;or 如果买方未按照B7规定就指定的船只给予卖方相应通知；
b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time to enable the seller to comply with A4, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:
(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date，(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period, or, if no such date has been notified，(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.或当自约定的交货日期或并未约定日期；自买方按照A7规定指定的约定期限内的日期起或买方并未指定该日期；或自交货期限届满之日起（但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下为限），买方指定的船只未能按时到达致使卖方未能按照A4规定交货，或未能接收货物或较按照B7通知的时间提早停止运输货物，买方承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
B6 Allocation of costs 费用划分 The buyer must pay 买方必须支付：
a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);
自按照A4规定交货之时起与货物有关的一切费用，以及在需要办理海关手续时，货物出口所需办理海关手续的费用和按照A6 b)规定在货物出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用
b)any additional costs incurred, either because:
(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or
(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and
在买方未能按照B7规定给予卖方适当通知，或买方指定的船只未能按时到达，或未能接收货物，或较按照B7通知的时间提早停止运输货物时，买方应承担所发生的一切额外费用，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下为限。
c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.在需要办理海关手续时，货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用，以及办理海关手续的费用和从他国过境的费用。
B7 Notices to the seller 通知卖方
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.买方必须就指定船只名称、装运点和必要时约定期限内的指定交货时间给予卖方充分通知。
B8 Proof of delivery 交货证明
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.买方必须接受卖方按照A8规定所提供的交货证明。
B9 Inspection of goods 货物检验
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.买方必须支付任何装运前强制检验的费用，包括出口国有关当局强制进行的检验。
B10 Assistance with information and related costs 信息协助及相关费用
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.买方必须及时通知卖方以便其按照A10规定提供任何必要的安全信息。
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.买方必须偿付卖方按照A10规定在买方获得相关凭证和信息时给予协助所发生的费用。
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用，在需要办理清关手续时，买方必须给予卖方一切及时的协助，以帮助其取得包括卖方为货物运输和出口和必要时从他国过境所需的有关货物安全信息在内的任何凭证和信息。d
第五篇：国际贸易术语解释通则2010之DDP(中英对照版)
DELIVERED DUTY PAID 完税后交货
DDP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms_ 2010 完税后交货（„指定目的地）GUIDANCE NOTE 序言
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities.DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance.If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used.Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller’s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract.该术语适用于所选择的任一运输方式，也可被用于多式联运。“Delivered Duty Paid”是指当卖方在指定目的地将已办理进口清关手续的在运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货。卖方承担将货物运送到指定地点的一切费用和风险。卖方要负责办理货物出口和进口清关，负担任何出口和进口关税和一切相关海关手续。DDP是卖方承担责任最大的术语。当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的地中的具体交货地点，因为货物运送至该地点的一切费用和风险由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外，如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的地卸载的费用，其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。如果卖方不能直接或间接办理进口手续，建议当事人不要使用DDP术语。如果当事人希望买方承担进口清关的一切风险和费用，应使用DAP术语。除在销售合同中另有明确约定，任何增值税或其他进口所需税款应由卖方负担。A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS 卖方义务
A1 General obligations of the seller 卖方基本义务
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及按照合同约定必需的有同等作用的其他任何凭证。以及经当事人同意或根据交易习惯在A1-A10中提到的任何有同等作用的电子记录或程序的凭证。
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities 许可，授权，安全许可和其他正式手续
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, for their transport through any country and for their import.在需要办理清关手续时，卖方必须承担风险和费用获得任何出口和进口许可和其他官方授权，并办理货物出口、为运输从他国过境和货物进口所需的一切海关手续。
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance 运输合同和保险合同 a)Contract of carriage 运输合同 The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.卖方必须自付费用订立合同将货物运至指定目的地或指定目的地内的约定交货地点。如未约定或按照惯例也无法确定具体交货点，则卖方可在指定的目的地选择最适合其目的的交货点。
b)Contract of insurance 保险合同
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.卖方没有义务为买方订立保险合同。但应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用，卖方必须提供给买方办理保险所需的相关信息。A4 Delivery 交货
The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed
date or within the agreed period.卖方必须在约定的交货地点或指定目的地，在约定的交货日期或期限内，将已办理进口清关手续的在运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置。A5 Transfer of risks 风险转移
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.除B5规定者外，卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至已按照A4规定交货为止。A6 Allocation of costs 费用划分 The seller must pay 卖方必须支付
a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and import of the goods, and the costs for their transport through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4.除按照B6规定应由买方支付的费用外，卖方必须支付与货物有关的一切费用，直至已按照A4规定交货为止，包括按照A3 a)规定应负担的费用；根据运输合同规定由卖方支付的在目的地的卸货费；在需要办理海关手续时，货物出口和进口需要办理的海关手续费用及出口和进口时应缴纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用，以及按照A4规定货物交付前从他国过境的费用。
A7 Notices to the buyer 通知买方
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.卖方必须给予买方说明货物已按照A4规定交货的充分通知，以及必要的任何其他通知，以便买方能够为受领货物采取通常必要的措施。A8 Delivery document 交货凭证
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.卖方必须自付费用向买方提供其能按照A4/B4规定接收货物的凭证。A9 Checking –packaging –marking 查对、包装、标记
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.卖方必须支付按照A4规定为了将货物交给买方处置所需进行的查对费用（如查对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用）以及出口国有关当局在装运前强制检验的费用。卖方必须自付费用包装货物，除非按照相关行业惯例，所售类型的货物通常无需包装发运。卖方应该按照有关货物运输所要求的方式包装货物，除非买方在订立合同前已经通知卖方特殊的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。
A10 Assistance with information and related costs 信息协助及相关费用
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the transport of the goods to the final destination, where applicable, from the named place of destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用，在需要办理清关手续时，卖方必须给予买方一切及时的协助，以帮助其取得包括买方为进口货物和/或为使货物运输到最终目的地所需的有关货物安全信息在内的任何凭证和信息。卖方必须偿付买方按照B10规定在卖方获得相关凭证和信息时给予协助所发生的费用。
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS 买方义务
B1 General obligations of the buyer 买方基本义务
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。以及经当事人同意或根据交易习惯在B1-B10中提到的任何有同等作用的电子记录或程序的凭证。B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities 许可，授权，安全许可和其他正式手续
Where applicable, the buyer must provide assistance to the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, in obtaining any import licence or other official authorization for the import of the goods.在需要办理清关手续时，应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用，买方必须向卖方提供帮助以使其获得货物进口所需的任何进口许可或其他官方授权。
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance 运输合同和保险合同 a)Contract of carriage 运输合同 The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.买方没有义务为卖方订立运输合同。b)Contract of insurance 保险合同
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.买方没有义务为卖方订立保险合同。但应卖方要求，买方必须提供给卖方办理保险的必要信息。B4 Taking delivery 接收货物
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时受领货物。B5 Transfer of risks 风险转移
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.买方必须承担按照A4规定交货时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。如买方未能按照B2规定履行其义务，则买方应承担由此导致的货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。如买方未能按照B7规定给予卖方通知，则买方必须从约定的交货日期或交货期限届满之日起，承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下为限。B6 Allocation of costs 费用划分
The buyer must pay: a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;and c)any additional costs incurred if it fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.买方必须支付：自按照A4规定交货之时起与货物有关的一切费用；接收货物所必需的将货物从指定目的地的运输工具上卸载的费用，除非根据运输合同应由卖方支付；如买方未按照B2规定履行其义务或未按照B7规定给予卖方通知，所发生的一切额外费用，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下为限。B7 Notices to the seller 通知卖方
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.一旦买方有权确定在约定的期限内受领货物的具体时间和/或地点时，买方必须给予卖方充分通知。B8 Proof of delivery 交货证明
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.买方必须接受卖方按照A8规定所提供的交货凭证。B9 Inspection of goods 货物检验
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.买方没有义务为卖方支付出口国和或进口国有关当局强制进行的任何装运前强制检验的费用。B10 Assistance with information and related costs 信息协助及相关费用
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport, export and import of the goods and for their transport through any country.买方必须及时通知卖方以便其按照A10规定提供任何必要的安全信息。买方必须偿付卖方按照A10规定在买方获得相关凭证和信息时给予协助所发生的费用。应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用，在需要办理清关手续时，买方必须给予卖方一切及时的协助，以帮助其取得包括卖方为货物运输和出口和必要时从他国过境所需的有关货物安全信息在内的任何凭证和信息。
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