第一篇:英语作文文体及其写作要领
英语作文文体及其写作要领
文体
记叙文
描写文
说明文
议论文
应用文
一、议论文
定义: 摆事实、讲道理来阐明自己的观点的文体
说明文:重客观陈述;重“解释”
议论文:重发表自己的看法;重“劝说”
议论文
立论:作者先提出自己的观点,然后摆事实证实其正确性
驳论:首先给出一个明显错误的观点或批驳对象,然后针对其观点的谬误、论据的虚假或论证的逻辑错误进行批驳。
The world is getting smaller and smaller
1.现代化的交通工具越来越发达;
2.人与人之间的交往越来越频繁;
3.结论
Do lucky numbers really bring luck?
有些人认为某些数字会带来运气;
也有些人认为数字与运气无关;
试说明你的观点;
立论性议论文
分析建议类
原因分析类
对比/比较分析类
各抒己见类
批驳分析类
分析建议类
Anti-drug Battles
目前我国吸毒人数惊人, 且呈上升趋势;
毒品是万恶之源;
如何开展全民反毒斗争;
原因分析类
Harmfulness of Video-Games 中小学生玩电子游戏屡禁不止;
试分析电子游戏给学生和社会带来的危害;
各抒己见类
What is a good teacher in the new century? 有人认为好老师最重要的是要有渊博的知识; 也有人认为好老师最重要的是要有奉献精神; 我的看法;
批驳分析类
Can Success Be Measured in Terms of Money? 许多人认为金钱是衡量成功的标准; 相反的意见; 结论
二、记叙文
1.六大要素
Who, when, where, what, why, how 2.注意问题 1).选材得当 2).条理清楚
顺序法;倒叙法;插叙;夹叙夹议 3).交待明白
An Unforgettable Event in My Childhood A Memorable Trip A Car Accident
三、说明文
定义:说明事实、情况或道理的文章,即对事件的发生、发展、结果或事物的性质、特征等进行解释说明以阐明事理的一种文体。通过如实的解说来启发读者,向读者提供知识或给予指导。说明书;内容提要
说明文的种类
举例/列举型 知识型 对比型
定义说明型
举例/列举型
通过举例或列举阐明事理的写作方法。
设定实例-----说明实例的发展与结果----得出结论
通过实例解释现象,介绍知识,说明事物的性质或特征的写作方法。
Risk Worth Taking in Life
There is no denying that life is filled with uncountable undesirable risks.To illustrate, a driver throws himself into danger when driving too fast or after drinking a lot, and a heavy smoker is running the risk of
suffering from lung cancer.Still in our life, however, there are many risks worth taking, since they will bring you success, fame or pleasure.There are many worthy and rewarding risks.A case in point is that you try to pursue the girl you love;another case in point is that starting one’s own business, esp.for a laid-off worker.Besides, buying stocks is another risk worth taking.But one thing is certain, luck and misfortune will accompany you as twin brothers.To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more
experienced and enable you to weather the crisis, it is advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.知识型说明文
通过解释说明来阐述事实、道理或介绍知识、信息等的写作方法The English Names 1.说明名与姓的区别;
2.中间名及其适用范围和场合;
3.说明Mr.与Mrs.与姓的连用方法;4.说明不用姓时的称谓方法;
对比型说明文
通过对两种事物进行对比或比较, 找出共同点或不同点说明方法 Teachers and Actors 教师和演员的共同点; 不同点 结论
定义型说明文
通过提示概念的内涵或用下定义的方法来明确概念的方法 Youth
青春的定义
从男女青年、中年人、老年人、孩子多个视角说明青春对不同年龄的人含义不
同
信件
英语书信的格式 Heading(信头)
Inside name & address(收信人姓名地址)Salutation(称呼)Body(正文)
Complimentary close(结尾谦语)
Signature(签名)Enclosure(附件)postscript(再启)
superscription(信封的写法)
信头 收信人姓名地址 称呼
正文
附件及再启
HeadingEnglish Section
Department of Foreign Languages Dalian University ofTechnology Dalian, China October 5, 2007
Inside nameMr.Charles Smith
Head of the Department
Department of Communication Technology University of Sydney Australia
SalutationMr.+ family name Mrs./Miss/Ms.President/Professor/Doctor Smith, Black Bush Dear Sir/Madam,Complimentary close Yours sincerely/ Sincerely yours, Yours faithfully, Respectfully yours,Yours, /Love,/ Yours ever, Charles Read
(Dean of the Faculty)
结尾谦语签名
EnclosureEncl.my Resume
P.SI have sent you a New Year present.信封
From Wang Nanstamp Department of Computer Science Northwest University Xi’an, 710069 China
Dr.George F.Jones322 Fall River RoadWashington D.C.10038U.S.A.
第二篇:英语写作文体
Description 描述文
A description is a verbal picture of a person, place or things.To make the work picture as vivid and real as possible you must observe and record specific details that appeal to your reader’s sense(sight, hearing , taste, smell, and touch.)Narration记叙文
Relating a single story or several related ones.Though narration, we make a statement clear by relating in detail.We present the details in which they happened Narration includes 5W and 1H.Exposition说明文
In exposition, the writer provides information about and explains a peculiar subject.Argumentation 议论文
Exposition is to illustrate the main means of expression to explain things, explains reasons and give people knowledge genre of literature
第三篇:作文写作要领
作文写作要领
1、尽可能写自己亲身经历过的事,如果自己没有亲身经历,要想象自己经历过这件事,然后详细的描写出来。
2、根据作文题目决定哪些内容是需要详细、重点描写的,就必须重点描写。
3、写作要有顺序,可按时间先后,结构里外、上下、大小等顺序来写。
4、作文的第一段或最后一段必须提纲挈领,主要是总结本文主题、个人感想或提出目标或希望。
5、作文中对人或事物必须前后一致的称呼,不能出现前后不一致的称呼。
6、作文中尽可能的用比喻、排比、优美的描绘、形容等词句。
7、作文中加入名人语言、古诗、俗语、谚语等内容达到提升作文档次是最好的。
8、好作文是改出来的。任何优秀的作文都是经过八遍、十遍修改后才能成为好作文的,所以写完后必须多熟读并前后修改几遍。
9、多看好的同龄人的作文,并要分析这篇作文为什么能写的好,有哪些需要再改进的地方,如果自己是自己来写,可以写哪些内容。
10、好词好句尽可能的背诵,写作文时可以把这些好词好句原文不动的运用进作文中。
第四篇:中考英语文体写作指要
中考英语文体写作指要
就是同学们需要具备一些初步的文体基础知识,特别是记叙文、说明文和应用文的一些基础知识。
一、记叙文
有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果6个要素。其中时间、地点、人物一般作为故事的开端放在文章的开头;事件和原因常用为故事的发展,放在文章的中间,是文章的主体;结果常作为故事的结局放在文章的最后。温馨提示:(1)时态:故事、日记和报道之类的文章常是记叙过去发生的事,为常用一般过去时。叙述当前的自然、社会现象多用一般现在时。(2)人称:常用第一人称或第三人称。
二、说明文
中考中的说明主要是介绍物品、人物、家庭、班级、学校、家乡房间或建筑及地点场所等中。可按时间顺序和空间位置进行说明。除介绍历史人物用一般过去时外,通以一般现在时为主。
三、应用文
中考中的应用文主要有书信、通知、请假条、留言条等。同学们要着重注意与汉语格式的不同之处。如汉语信中的写信日期写在信末的右下方,而英语信的写信日期位于信笺的右上方,汉语信的称呼后冒号,而英语信的称呼后一般用逗号;汉语信末常在结束语后写上“某某敬上”、“某某顿首”等,而英文信末,在右下方写上Yours(truly / sincerely / faithfully)后加逗号,再在其下面签名;请假条和便条的格式与英文书信差不多,只是写的日期一般不需写年月,只写日期或星期几、上午 / 下午或几点钟;英文书面通知的发布单位可像汉语通知一样写在通知正文末的右下方,也可写在NOTICE的上方或前方,通知日期可写在通知正文的右上方也可写在通知最后的左下方;口头通知均以That’s all.Thank you结尾。
第五篇:英语四级英文书信写作要领
英语四级英文书信写作要领
一、英文书信的结构
二、书信作文的出题形式和写作要领
三、书信作文练习及其参考范文
书信是重要的交际工具。英文书信分为两大类:公务信件和私人信件。公务信件是单位与单位或单位与个人之间来往的书信,可能是推荐信、求职信、入学申请书、邀请信,或询问、答复、反映意见(如投诉信)等的信件。私人信件是指亲戚朋友之间的通信。这两类书信各有自己的格式。一般说来,私人信件不拘形式,信文多用手写,也可打印;公务信件要求比较严格,必须遵循一定的格式,信文一定要打印。
第一节 英文书信的结构
英文书信一般由以下六部分组成:信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾、签名。
1.1 信头(Heading)
信头是指发信人的地址和日期,通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写,也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大:门牌号、街道、城市、省(州)、邮编、国名,最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如:
Tianhe Road
Tianhe District
Guangzhou 510620
Guangdong Province
P.R.C.March 15, 200
2.1.2 信内地址(Inside Address)
信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项,在私人信件中,这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角,格式与寄信人地址一样。
1.3 称呼(Salutation)
称呼是对收信人的称谓,应与左边线对齐,写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后,英国人常用逗号,美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字,但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如:
Dear Professor/Prof.Bergen:
Dear Dr.Johnson,对不相识的人可按性别称呼:
Dear Sir: 或Dear Madam: Dear Ladies。
如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam:
5.1.4 正文(Body of Letter)
正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是,英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语,再阐明写信的目的,而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的,然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求,并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时,应该直截了当,意思明确,层次清楚,言简意赅。
书信正文的第一句话或第一段,通常被称为起首语。一般说来,人们习惯用一些客套的写法作为书信正文的起始,即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述,以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次给别人写信,也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍,并表明自己写信的主要目的。
5.1.5 结尾礼词(Complimentary Close)
公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分:发信人的结尾套语与署名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行,第一个字母要大写,套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中,发信人常用的结尾套语有:
Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Respectfully yours, Cordially yours, Yours cordially等。
私人信件中,发信人常用的结尾套语有:
Sincerely yours, Lovely yours, Your lovely, Your loving son/daughter等。
5.1.6 签名(Signature)
写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信,签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草,不易辨认,因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。
第二节 书信作文的出题形式和写作要领
1990年到2002年1月之间的四级考试作文题中,书信作文共出现两次(2001年6月和2002年1月)。下面,我们先来看看2001年6月四级考试的作文题:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter.Suppose you are Zhang Ying.Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday.You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestion given below in Chinese:
1.表示欢迎
2.提出对度假安排的建议
3.提醒应注意的事项
A Letter to a Schoolmate
June 23, 200
1Dear Xiao Wang,________________
________________
________________.Yours,Zhang Ying
从上面的例子可见,书信作文不仅给出正文部分的内容的提纲,而且还给出书信各部分的结构的框架。也就是说,我们只要考虑如何表达提纲部分的内容,而不用考虑书信的结构。
在写书信作文时,首先要把书信正文的提纲内容细化,扩展成更细的英文提纲,然后用简洁、明了、礼貌、正确和得体的语言表达出细化了的提纲内容。例如前面的那封信就可以列出下面的提纲:
Topic: A Letter to a SchoolmateQuestion: What are the holiday arrangements and points for attention?
Outline:I.Extending my welcomeII.Holiday schedule1.1st day – campus2.2nd day – the art gallery & music hall3.3rd day – mountain climbing4.next 3 days – other places of interest(Swan Cave, Golden Lake „)5.Last day--departureIII.Points for attention1.Train number & time of arrival2.SunglassesIV.Looking forward to seeing you.Introduction Body 1Body 2Conclusion
范文:
A Letter to A Schoolmate
June 23, 200
1Dear Xiao Wang,I’m very glad to learn that you’re going to visit me during the week-long holiday.My parents will also be happy to see you again.I am sure you will enjoy every minute here.I have arranged our schedule for the holiday as follows.On the first day you arrive, I’ll show you around our campus.On the second day, we’ll visit the art gallery and the music hall.Next day, we’ll climb a hill in the northeastern part of the city.On the top of the hill, we can have a wonderful bird’s eye view of the city.During the next three days, we’ll make some short trips to some places of interest nearby, such as the Swan Cave, the Golden Lake, etc.On the last day, I’ll see you off at the railway station.Please remember to call and tell me your train number and time of arrival so that I can meet you at the railway station.By the way, it’s very hot here and we have a lot of sunshine, so don’t forget to wear you sunglasses.I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.Yours,Zhang Ying
写信日期称呼正文第一段:表示欢迎正文第2段:活动安排第一天的安排第二天的安排第三天的安排第4-6天的安排第七天:送行正文第三段(注意事项): 注意事项一注意事项二结束语结尾礼词签名
上面举的是私人信件的例子,下面我们再来看一封投诉信(Letter of Complaint)。
投诉信的目的是为了让收信人读信后同情你的遭遇,解决你所遇到的问题。所以写投诉信时应该实事求是地反映情况,注意措辞,不使用过多的讽刺或责备的语言,也不要因为发泄怒气而离题,以避免引起收信人的不信任或反感。
一般而言,投诉信包括以下内容:提出要求和理由;解释详细的情况;把请求具体化以及希望收信人采取行动的日期等。例如:
September 1, 2001
Dear Sir or Madam:
I’m writing to complain about a typewriter I bought seven months ago.In February of 2001 I bought a Jones Typewriter, Portable Special Model, at ABC Store, I had used it only a few days when the space bar broke.I took it to a local shop, they told me it was factory defect and suggest I take it back to ABC.ABC accepted the machine and sent the part in.I waited three months, and since your company did not send a replacement , they let me have the space bar from another typewriter.Now, six months later, it has broken again.I took it back to ABC.They are no longer carrying your typewriter, but they assured me that the guarantee is still good and suggested that I write you for further instructions as to what steps to take.I will appreciate anything you can do to help us on this matter.Respectfully,(Signature)
James Bergen
写信日期 称呼正文第一段:表明写信的目的正文第二段:具体说明购买产品的时间、地点及出现的问题第三段:说明尝试的解决方法 第四段:说明尝试的解决方案无效,请求帮助结尾礼词签名打印的姓
名
这是一封态度冷静、措辞有理、有节的投诉售后服务不周的信。由于这类信涉及经销商(厂家)和卖方,因此,投诉信中写明了以下详细的情况:
1)购物的时间:In February of 2001
2)购物地点: at ABC Store
3)产品型号:Jones Typewriter, Portable Special Model
4)使用时间:I had used it only a few days;six months later
5)主要问题:The space bar broke
6)产生问题的原因:factory defect
7)为什么向你方反映:
They are no longer carrying your typewriter, but they assured us that the guarantee is still good and suggested that I write you for further instructions as to what steps to take.(商店已没有贵公司的打字机,但他们让我相信,保修卡仍有效,并建议我写信给贵公司以寻求解决办法)
此外,写信人还用了礼貌的结束语:
I will appreciate anything you can do to help us on this matter.(贵公司在这件事上给我的任何帮助都将令我不胜感激)
小结:1)英文书信的结构;2)书信作文的出题形式;3)书信作文的写作要领。
1. 书信开头常用语:
Thank you for your letter of April.I was glad to receive your letter of May 4.I am very glad to have received a letter from you.Many thanks for your last kind letter.Your kind letter gives me much pleasure.I venture to inform(tell, notify)you that……I have the pleasure(honor)to inform(tell, notify)you that…
In answer to your kind letter of March 15, ……
I must apologize for my delay in answering your kind letter.I must apologize for not writing to you so long.I have just this moment received your letter and I am writing at once because……
Thank you so much for answering my letter so quickly.I am sorry it has taken me a long time to replay to your last letter, but……
What a surprise it was to get a letter from you after all this time.How nice it was to hear from you at last!You will be very glad to hear that……
What great delight I learned that……Your letter of Saturday arrived this morning.I have not heard from you so long, and I feel anxious……
2. 书信结尾常用语:
正文提供信息后的结尾:
I hope this information will help you.Please feel free to contact me for more information.I trust these suggestions will be useful.Please let me know if I can help any further.正文投诉的结尾:
I expect to hear from you very soon.Please give this matter your immediate attention.We expect to receive your reply very soon.Thank you for your attention to this matter.I look forward to your prompt response.表示歉意的结尾:
Once again, I am sorry for any inconveniences caused.Please accept my apologies once more.致谢信的结尾:
Thank again you for your help.Thank you again for your assistance.Thank you in advance.结尾盼望回信:
I would appreciate it if you contact me as soon as possible.Trusting that I may hear from you soon
I look forward to our next meeting.You kind early reply will be appreciated.Please do not fail to write to me.I shall anxiously await your reply.表示祝愿的结尾:
All my best wishes for your futureI wish you every success in the coming year.Hoping you are enjoying good health.May God bless you and your family
With best wishes for your success and happiness/ your progress in studies
With kind regards to your parents/ familyWith love and good wishes
All the luck in the world to your family.练习:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter.Suppose you are Jill.Write a letter to your friend Li Fang.You should write at least 120 words according to the situation given below in Chinese:
假设你的好朋友李芳是大学四年级学生,正在考虑是考研究生继续深造还是大学毕业后就踏上工作岗位。请给她写封信表明你的意见。