第一篇：2011年中考英译汉试题中常见的重要短语及典型句型
英译汉试题中常见的重要短语及典型句型
1．几个典型例句
(1)...not so much......as(but)...与其说„„还不如说„„
(2)...not so much that.....as(but)that......与其说„„还不如说„„
(3)...not so much as.....(=not even)甚至于不„„，连„„也不„„
(4)...might as well...as.....与其说„„还不如说„„
例1：He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.译文：与其说他是老师，还不如说是学者。（注意翻译时动作的对象）
例2：It wasn“t so much his appearance I liked as his personality.译文：与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的品格。
例3：It”s not so much that I don“t want to come but I just haven”t got the time.译文：倒不是因为我不想来，而是我根本没有时间。
例4：He didn“t so much as say thank you after all we”d done for him.译文：我们为他干了那么多事，他甚至连谢谢都没有说一声。
例5：You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.译文：与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。（注意翻译时动作的对象）
[注意]：more...than...1)she is more beautiful than her sister.她比她姐姐漂亮。
2)George is more intelligent than aggressive.与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。
以上第1)句是more...than结构的一般用法，即在两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较；而第2)句是就同一个人的两个不同方面作比较。因此要译成“与其说„„还不如说„„”。
more...than结构在上述1)2)两句中的用法也适用于less...than结构，得出相反的含义：例如：
1)John is less daring than quick-witted.与其说约翰胆大，不如说他脑子灵活。
2)George was less intelligent than aggressive.与其说乔治聪颖过人，不如说他言行放肆。
2．几个不定代词的固定搭配：
have none of: 不参加；不准；不接受
I will have none of your stupid ideas!我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法！
He was offered a job but he said he’d have none of it.他有一个工作机会，但他说他不接受。none but(=nothing but): 只有(=only)
None but the brave deserves the fair.只有英雄才配得上美人。
She chose none but the best.她只选最好的。
She is nothing but a child.她只不过是个孩子。
none other than:（表示惊讶）不是别人，正是„„(= no one else but)
It’s none other than Tom!We thought you were in Africa.none the +比较级词+ for: 毫不，一点也不
He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it.他在医院里待了两个星期，但一点也没好转。
My car is none the worse for wear.我的车子一点也没有损耗。
none the wiser: 不知情
If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.如果我们只拿一小块蛋糕，母亲是不会知道的。
none too:(在形容词或副词前)不太；一点都不
The service in this restaurant is none too fast.这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。
anything but: ①除---之外什么都（此处的but等于except）②决不(=not at all)
I eat anything but(except)fish.除了鱼，我什么都吃。
She is anything but a good cook.她决不是个好厨师。(即：除了好厨师，她什么都是。)anything of: ①（疑问句/条件句）一点点；②（否定句）一点也（没有）
Is he anything of a poet? 他有一点点诗人的样子吗？
I haven’t seen anything of him lately.最近我没有见过他。
for anything:(否定句)（给什么都）不，决不
I won’t go there for anything.我决不去那里。
or anything:（意味着还有其他的可能性）
If Bernard wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day.如果伯纳德要找我或什么的，我整天都会在这儿。
if anything: 若有任何不同的话
If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.要说有什么不同的话，我的新工作反而比旧工作要难些。
or something: 或什么的（表示说话者不能肯定）
She is a stewardess or something.她是空姐或什么的。
something like: 有点像，大约
An airship is shaped something like a cigar.飞船的形状有点像雪茄。
something of a...: 多少有点，有几分像，略懂
he’s something of a book collector.他有几分像书籍收藏家。
something to / in:（叙述等）有些道理
There’s something to / in what you say;I’ll take your advice.你说的有些道理，我会接受你的建议
have / be something to do with: 与„„有关
I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.我想盖佛克跟图谋炸毁桥梁有关。
nothing but(= none but = only): 仅仅，只不过
We could see nothing but fog.除了雾之外我们什么也看不见。
for nothing: ①免费的； ②徒劳的； ③无缘无故的She got the ticket for nothing.她免费得到那张票。
All our preparation for nothing!No one’s even come to the party.我们为宴会所作的准备都白费了!连一个人都没来。
They quarreled for nothing.他们无缘无故地争吵。
make nothing of:(常和can一起用)不理解；不重视,轻视(= think nothing of)
I could make nothing of the passage.我不理解这篇文章。
He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day.他不在乎一天工作十小时。
to say nothing of: 更不用说（= not to mention / without mentioning）
Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.三个人受了重伤，建筑物的损害更不用说了。
have nothing to do with: 与„„无关
I have nothing to do with the accident.我与这场事故无关。
nothing if not: 格外地；非常地(= very / much / extremely)
He was nothing if not clever.(= He was very clever.)他格外聪明。
nothing of: 无„„的部分；无„„的气质
There was nothing of the lady in her behavior.她的举止根本没有淑女的气质。
区别：
all but 几乎，差一点，除„„以外其余都是
but for要不是
but that+从句：若不是„„
例1：She all but fainted when she heard the news.译文：她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。
注：此句中a11 but意为nearly，almost。
试对比：
All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting．
译文：除了小孩，大家都认为这次旅行是激动人心的。
此句中all but意为a11 except。
例2：But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.译文：要不是下雨，我们的旅行本来是愉快的。
例3：He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.译文：若不是他那时缺钱，他是会帮助我们的。
注1)．but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2)．but that有灵活的译法。如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap．(那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在怀里。)
3．“名词+or+名词”结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为“即„„；或者称„„”
例1：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.译文：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而动用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。
4．“only + to do”意为“„„，结果却„„”，即表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。
例1: They don“t have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.译文：他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的票，（如果去了，）结果却可能发现，所演的节目令人失望。
例2: They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.译文：他们匆匆忙忙赶到那儿，结果却发现会议被取消了。
5．not more /-er than 与 no more /-er than 结构
比较：
John is not better than Tom.John is no better than Tom.前一句表示“约翰不比汤姆好”，属于普通的比较结构；后一例用了no 情况就不同了。no better than 相当于as bad as，含义是两人一样坏。这里，“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的反意。
例如： no richer than = as poor as和„„一样穷
no bigger than = as small as 和„„一样小
no later than = as early as和„„一样早
同样地：
I have not taken more than six courses this semester.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.前一句的含义是本学期选的课不多于六门；后一句的含义是只选了六门。强调“少”。
上述结构与表示前后都否定的no more...than(= not...any more than)又有所不同：
例：A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.（鲸和马同样不是鱼。）
另外，在某些结构中，单独使用more than 也能表示否定概念：
例1：That is more than I can tell.我简直不能说。
例2：My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.我去北京不仅仅是旅游观光而已。
6．no more...than...(= not...any more than)和„„—样都不„„(表示前后都否定)
例1：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。
例2：There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink．
译文：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。
例3：More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese．
译文：越来越多的美国黑人认识到他是个诡计多端的敌人。他仇视美国黑人，正像他仇视刚果人民一样。(直译：„，他不爱美国黑人，正像他不爱刚果人一样。)
注释：not...any more than是no more...than的一种强调形式。
例如：
1)Jack is no more intelligent than John.(=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.)杰克与约翰一样都不聪明。
2)A man can no more fly than a bird can speak.(=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.)人不会飞翔，就像鸟不会说话一样。
3)As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese.(=As a nation，the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.)
作为一个国家，法国正如日本一样不积极地从他们的战争失败中吸取教训。
上述例句表明，no more...than并不表示比较，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意义的比较级用于否定时，than后面的从句不用否定式，但译成汉语时要用否定式。而与上述句型意义相反的是：no less...than，意为：“和„„同样是„„”。例如：
Human is no less an animal than a monkey is.人和猴都是动物。
而no less than 的意思为：“简直是，实在是”，例如：
1)It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。
2)It is no less than a scandal.这实在是一件丑闻。
7．not nearly(=by no means，far from)远不
例1: The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.译文：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。
注：1)this是指上面提到的“到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿”。2)又如：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job．(这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。)
8．“更不用说”的表示法：
much less
still less
以上两短语引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定，less是由little的比较级，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，可译为“更不用说，更不必说”。
to say nothing of
not to speak of
not to mention
let alone
这四个词组也意为 “更不用说”，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less和still less有所不同。这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定，即前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义；如果前一句是否定，则追加的是否定意义
例1：I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.译文：我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。
例2：He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry．
译文：他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。
例3：I did not even see him, still less(= much less)shake hands with him.译文：我看也没有看见过他，哪里还谈得上同他握手呢?
例4：In old China, here was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.译文：在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。
例5：Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.译文：莎莉学了唱歌和舞蹈课，而且还学了游泳和网球课。
例6：At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.译文：那时他连普通生活都不能维持，更不要说奢侈品了。
例7：They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two 1ovely daughters.译文：他们有了三个好儿子，而且还有两个可爱的女儿。
例8：I don”t know algebra or geometry，not to mention calculus．
译文：我连代数、几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。
例9：A11 they have to do is press a button，and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.译文：他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，而且还能看到各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。
例10：I can“t add two and two, let alone do fractions.译文：我连2加2都不会，更不要说做分数题了。
注意：美国成语词典认为let alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs.9．nothing else than 完全是，实在是
例1: What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.译文：那人讲的话完全是一派胡言。
例2: Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence.译文：你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奋。
10．It is not that...but that...这不是说„„，而是说„„
例1: It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.译文：这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和另一种情况下所用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。
11．can not...too...再„„也不过分
例1: We cannot be too careful of health.我们无论如何注意健康也不为过。
例2: You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.你开车时再小心也不过分。
例3: We can not be too faithful to our duties.我们必须尽力忠于职守。
12．other...than...或other than...不同于，非；除了
例l: Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.译文：提炼矿石的厂房通常不是设在采矿石的国家而设在其它国家。
例2: Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.译文：当这些反应物放在一起时，常发生不希望有的一些反应。(即：„常发生与希望有的反应不同的反应。)
例3: All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition.译文：除了窗之外，屋子的其它部分都完好无损。
13．...the last + n.+ 不定式或定语从句：意为“„最不可能的„„”
例1: She would be the last person to go along with the scheme.译文：她可能会是最不同意这项计划的人。
例2: That”s the last thing I"d expect you to do.译文：那是我最不期望你做的事情。
14．It is asserted that．．．有人断言．．．
It is believed that．．． 据认为．．．．，人们相信．．．．
It is considered that．．．有人认为．．．
It is reported that．．．据报道．．．
It is said that．．．据说．．．．
It is supposed that．．．据推测．．．
It is told that．．．据传．．．
It appears that看来似乎．．．，好像．．．
It is well known that．．．众所周知．．．
It is estimated that．．．据估计．．．
It was pointed out that．．．有人指出．．．
It is generally accepted that．．．人们通常认为．．．，一般认为．．．，大家公认．．．It is alleged that．．．人们断言．．．
It is claimed that．．．有人主张．．．，人们要求．．．
It cannot be denied that．．．不可否认
It has been found that．．．实践证明
It is predicted that．．．据估计．．．，据预测．．．
It is suggested that．．．有人建议．．．
15．It goes without saying that．．．不言而喻，„„
例：It goes without saying that in order to speak good English, we must first of all learn good pronunciation.译文：不言而喻，为了讲好英语，首先必须学好发音。
16．It is common knowledge that„众所周知，„„
例：It is common knowledge now that Chinese people are very intelligent.译文：众所周知，中国人和很聪明。
17．It occurs to sb.that„(某人)想起„„
例1: It occurred to me suddenly that I had met him somewhere.译文：我突然想起在什么地方见过他。
例2: It occurred to me that she was jealous of me.译文：我突然发觉她嫉妒我。
第二篇：2013年中考英语作文常用句型及短语
中考英语作文万能句
1.表建议句型：
had better(not)do 最好(不)做
how about / what about doing …怎么样？
I think you should do 我认为你应该…
I suggest / advice that you should do 我建议你做…
If I were you, I would do… 我要是你的话，我会做…It’s best to do 最好做…
Why not do / why don’t you do…? 为什么不…
It is highly suggested that you should(not)…
In addition, you are supposed to do sth
Meanwhile,…is also a good way for you.2.表示喜欢和感兴趣
like / love doing
enjoy doing
be fond of doing 喜欢做…
be keen on n/doing 喜欢做…
prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing
3.努力做…
try to do努力做…
strive to do 努力做…
try one’s best to do = do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做…
make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做…
do what sb can(do)to do 尽力做…
spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做…
do what / everything sb.can to do 尽某人全力做…
4.打算做… / 计划做…
intend / plan to do 打算做…
be going to do 打算做…
decide to do 决定做…
determine to do决定做…
be determined to do决定做…
make up one’s mind to do 下定决心做…
5.表示想/希望
want to do = would like to do 想做…
hope to do 希望做…
expect to do 期待着做…
wish to do 希望做…
consider doing 考虑做…
6.高级词汇的顺序词
to begin with,可替换 at first,thennext,可替换 second,finally,可替换 third,7.可被替换的连词
however,可替换 but
therefore可替换 so
otherwise可替换 or
8.It is my great pleasure to hear from you(万能回信开头句)
中考作文必备的10个句型
1.不用说……It goes without saying that …
=(It is)needless to say(that)….= It is obvious that ….例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。
It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.在各种……之中，……Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …
例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。
Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.3.就我的看法……；我认为……
In my opinion, …
= To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, …
= I am of the opinion that ….例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
4.随着人口的增加……With the increase/growth of the population, …
随着科技的进步……With the advance of science and technology, …
例：With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。
5.……是必要的 It is necessary(for sb.)to do / that …
…… 是重要的 It is important/essential(for sb.)to do / that …
…… 是适当的 It is proper(for sb.)to do / that …
……是紧急的 It is urgent(for sb.)to do / that …
例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.我们应当保持公共场所清洁。
6.花费spend … on sth./ doing sth.…
例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。
We shouldn't spend too much time on something we aren't interested in.7.how 引导的感叹句
例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。
At least it will prove how honest you are.8.状语从句
A)如果你不……，你就会……If you don't..., you'll...例︰If you don't keep working hard, you'll lose the chance.如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。
B)如此 ……，以至于……so … that …
例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。
C)每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。
9.宾语从句
我认为，……/ 我认为……不I think / I don't think that …
我想知道是否……I wonder whether …
例：He doesn't think I should stop him joining the club.他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。
10.Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。
中考作文必备的10句谚语
1.Every coin has two sides.每个硬币都有两面，比喻事物的两面性。
2.The winter is coming and the spring is not far.冬天已经临近了,春天还会远吗?
3.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
4.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
5.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
6.A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。
7.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。
第三篇：大学四六级英语写作中可以用到的重要短语、句型总结
大学四六级英语写作中可以用到的重要短语、句型总结
一、备用短语
1.能源危机: energy crisis 2.民族自豪感: national pride 3.经济和技术的进一步发展: further advances in economy and technology 4.设法对付压力: manage one’s stress 5.非常流行: be very prevalent 6.采取行动: take action 7.保持积极的态度: keep a positive attitude 8.实现诺言: keep one’s promise 9.电脑天才: a computer genius 10.电脑盲: a computer illiterate
11.取得非凡的进步: make remarkable progress 12.生物遗传: biological inheritance 13.在……方面起着重要(积极的/消极的)作用: play a significant(positive/negative)role in… 14.按时: be punctual 15.保持乐观(坚定/悲观)的态度: maintain an optimistic(a firm/ a pessimistic)attitude 16.热爱和平: love peace 17.说明原因：account for(= is the reason of)Stem from/contribute to/arise from/ 18.缺乏生活经历: lack life experience 19.人工智能: artificial intelligence 20.对他人有耐心: be patient with others 21.忍受痛苦: be patient of pains 22.适应新生活: adapt oneself to the new life 23.抓住机会: grasp/seize/catch the chance 24.对……有很大好处（坏处）: do great good(harm)to …(do more good than harm)25.假冒商品: fake commodities 26.盗版书: pirated books 27.从长远来看: in the long run 28.扰乱公平竞争的市场: upset the fairly competitive market 29.有能力的公民: competent citizens 30.获得真正的快乐: attain real happiness 31.在……花费大量的时间: devote much time to…/dedicate oneself/much time/energy/effort to/channel …into Be devoted to sth/doing sth Be dedicated to sth/doing sth 32.相反: on the contrary 33.迷信: be superstitious
34.充分利用时间: make full use of one’s time/budget one’s time
35.不顾风险: regardless of risks/despite the risks/in spite of the risks
36.发展中国家: developing countries 37.发达国家: developed countries 38.性别歧视: gender discrimination 39.做一项试验: conduct an experiment
40.把理论应用于实践: apply theories to practice 41.跨国公司的兴起: the rise of multinational corporations
42.在……方面落后: lag behind in… 43.想做……: feel like doing… 44.自食其力: earn one’s living 45.核武器: nuclear weapons
46.认为……理所当然: take …for granted 47.不遗余力: spare no efforts 48.在激烈的竞争中占上风:
get the upper hand in the fierce competition 49.来自各行各业的人们: people from all walks of life
50.地球村: global village
51.通才教育: a broad education
52.明辨是非: distinguish right from wrong 53.老实/坦白地/一般来说:
honestly/frankly/generally speaking 54.确立目标: set goals/set the direction 55.克服困难: overcome difficulties
56.面临挑战: be confronted with challenges 57.把……因素考虑进去:
take … into account/ consideration 58.重视: attach great significance to…
59.对……不可或缺: be indispensable to… 60.缩小差别: narrow the gap
61.加快发展: accelerate the development
62.充分发挥潜力: bring one’s potential into full play
63.繁荣昌盛: be prosperous
64.消除饥饿和暴力: eliminate hunger and violence 65.享受更美好的生活: enjoy a higher standard of living
66.自然资源: natural resources 67.展望更加光明的未来:
look forward to a much brighter futu
二、经典句型
（一）、起笔句型
1.When it comes to/when we speak of science, the overwhelming majority of people hold an optimistic view that.They regard/take it as our duty to....But others argue/assume/claim/advocate/propose/hold that the opposite is true.There is probable some truth on both sides, but as far as I am concerned, I believe that…
2.There is a general debate over the phenomenon of students’ doing a part-time job.Those who advocate it claim that the experience does great good to these students/do more good than harm to students But people who object to it, on the other hand, hold the view that…
3.It’s widely held/claimed/advocated/acknowledged/assumed/cited/well known that the rise/increase in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development.But it’s not a satisfactory explanation.Personally speaking, I think the primary cause is that…
4.In recent years, there has been a dramatic/ steady increase/ decrease in the number of PCs in China, which has drawn/aroused public attention/concern.5.In the past few years, China has witnessed/ seen a sharp rise/fall in the number of PCs.It is well known that the number has increased/ jumped/soared/rocketed/ decreased/ dropped/shrank(shrink的过去式)by 20 percent compared with 10 years ago.A couple of factors can account for the phenomenon.（二）、用于承接转折句型
1.There are a number of reasons for my choice.For one thing/On one hand…;for another/ on the other hand… 2.A good case in point is …
3.It is no easy task to find the reason for the deep-seated/deep rooted tendency which involves several factors.Frankly speaking, however …
4.There is no denying that everything has two sides.But when we weigh this measure’s advantages against its disadvantages, we can see easily that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.So I’m for it.5.Take… for example 6.Thanks to/ Owing to/ Due to/ As a result of/ Because of…
7.“Knowledge is power.” Such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people.8.Let me cite another example to prove my opinion.9.It may seem reasonable for people to draw such a conclusion, but they fail to take into account the fact that…
10.As a result, it may give rise to other problems.11.For all/In spite of/Despite its demerits, it still has striking merits.So, although some people are against it, I won’t change my mind.I am in favor of it.12.Etiquette is to society what apparel is to the individual.Forest is to our earth what lungs are to our body.（三）、用于文章结尾句型
1.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably draw/come to/arrive at the conclusion that…
2.In summary/ In brief/ In a word/ In conclusion/ All in all, we’d better… 3.No doubt, it’s high time that we took immediate action 4.It is necessary that effective measures/ remedies should be taken to bring the current phenomenon to an end.四级写作开头技巧
1． 开头技巧一：名人名言
开头引用名人不仅能够作为很好的切入点展开话题，而且还能够显示考生深厚的英语功底。可能有的考生会疑惑：“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？” 一般来说，引用名人名言不一定要记住每个单词才行。如果考生能够记住大致的内容，也可以引用。引用名人名言的经典句型：
A proverb says, “you are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于只记住大致意思的名言（…是不言而喻的）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, no one can deny that 2． 开头技巧二：数字统计
要想使自己的论证更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试考生只需要记住一个大概得数据即可。所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9％ of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.更多句型：A recent statistics shows that
除以上两种特殊用法以外，我们为考生整理了以下开头常用句型，供考生参考： 文章开头句型：
1．对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题.例如1）When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that...But I think/view a bit differently/I think the opposite way.2）When it comes to...., some people believe that.......Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but(I tend to the former/latter...)3）Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that....They claim/believe/argue/propose/assume/ that...But I wonder/doubt whether.....2． 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论.1）Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of)...has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.2）Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus.(has been brought to public attention)
3）Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality...is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face/be confronted with now/constantly.3．观点法--开门见山,直截了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.1）Never history has the change of..been as evident as...Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of..been more visible/popular than...2）Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware)that...3）Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of/concerned about,over the importance of......4）Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......4.引用法--先引出有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!1）“Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people.“Education is not complete with graduation.” Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opinion.2）“.........” How often we hear such statements/words like those/this.In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this “......”.5．比较法--通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的比较, 引出文章要讨论的观点.1）For years,...had been viewed as...But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing..., people........2）People used to think that...(In the past,....)But people now share this new.6．故事法--先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.1）Once in(a newspaper), I read of/learnt....The phenomenon of...has aroused public concern.2）I have a friend who...Should he....? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.3）Once upon a time , there lived a man who...This story may be(unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now.7．问题法--先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.Should/What......? Options of...vary greatly, some..., others...But in my opinion,...
第四篇：中考完成句子中出现的短语、句型总结
2008 年—2013 年中考大纲卷完成句子所涉及到的短语或句型
1.had better(not)do
2.why not
3.what’s wrong with
4.too… to
5.It’s+ adj.+ for sb.to do sth.6.what /how about
7.It’s good for
8.as soon as
9.not only… but also
10.stop sb.from doing sth.11.It’s time for sb.to do sth./ It’s time for sth.12.be famous for
13.as…as
14.depend on
15.would like
16.It takes sb.sometime to do sth.17.tell sb.to do sth.18.neither…nor
19.look down upon
20.show sb.off
21.be sorry to /for
22.like doing
23.get /along on well with
24.so…that
25.used to
26.look forward to
27.as soon as
28.not…until
第五篇：参考资料：英文合同中常见的用词及句型
第三章 英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns）
I don’t care what their intention was.I only want to know what the words mean.A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.--Towne v.Eisner, 245 U.S.418, 425(1918)(Holmes, J.)我并不在意他们的意图是什么，我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不变，而是活生生思想的外衣，会因使用的场合和时间在色彩和内容上产生巨大的变化。
—霍尔姆斯法官（美国）
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效果。
第一节 合同常用词(Usual Wording)
当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍：
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of;by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
Hereinafter: later in the same Contract.以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______,(date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A)on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B)on the other hand.本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。
Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this.本文件规定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。
Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。
例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.“特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。 Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而 例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。
例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
Therein: in that;in that particular context;in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。
例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
Therewith：with that.以此；此外。
例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。
Whereby: by the agreement;by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter referred to as Party B)whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）
2． WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。 In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。
例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____(date)accepted on _____(date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。 NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。
例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______(hereinafter called “the Bank”)will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”)in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite.即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
4． As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：
As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。
例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定），as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短语。
例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。
As构成as of the date of ____(date)短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。
例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written.合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。
As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible.例 句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter.本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。
As与 such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。
5.foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________.Both language versions are equally authentic.In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。
In question: under consideration;being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
6.follows, as below, the following 这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：
NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.为此，双方约定如下：
Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：
7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with
这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。
再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。
8.Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation 英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。
例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。
9.prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after
prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not)later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。
例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。
例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例如： This credit expires till January1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.)本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
10．Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of
这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。
二、英文合同常见实词(Content Words)1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：
例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。
例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。
例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。
2.Principal place of business(principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office
在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：“主营业地”、“住所地”、“营业场所”、“注册地”。往往出现在前言的“parties”部分。
例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19--, at ______, China, between ABC Co.with its principal office at ______, China(hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co.with its principal office at______, USA(hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19**年4月1日于中国***签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国***，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国***。例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。
例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________(month), ____(year), by and between: _______(hereinafter referred to as the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______(hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with nationality of _________(Passport No._____)residing at ________________.本聘用协议订立于*年*月*日，协议双方为***（以下本公司），其按*州法律组织设立，注册地为***，和***，自然人，国籍为*国，护照号码为***，住址为***。例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant.本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。
3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph
英文合同中的“章”、“条”、“款”、“项” 分别用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10.5 hereof.借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。
4.Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be(duly)authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do
这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。Be entitled to表示to give sb.the right to sth.(to sth.)体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律上规定的权利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利，至于do sth.at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。
例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.在 上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固 定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分。
又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。
再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。5．Perform, fulfill, execute, implement
英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Execute implement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。
例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No.79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract.We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。
例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof(the “June 25 Meeting”).Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。
例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.所有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。
6．Abide by, observe, obey, comply with
这几个词在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服从，”的意思。Comply with的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abide by则的主语通常是Sb.例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。
7.have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do，be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for，在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、有义务”。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特点时，已经述及，在此不再赘述。其他短语的用法，参看下例：
例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。
例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。
例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。8.effect
在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth.in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。例如：
This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.本合同从双方签字之日起生效。
The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。
此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate（一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate（一式八份），in nonuplicate（一式九份），in decuplicate（一式十份）等等。
例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts.Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。10．Incur
英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。
例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。11．To-wit
作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars($1,011,150.00)cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:
兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：
12．Sanction, approval, examination
英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。
第三节 英语合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns)
一、in the event that(短语为in the event of), in case(短语为in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）
在英文合同中，以上这些词常用来引导条件从句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基础英语中常用的“as long as”在英文合同非常鲜见。
如：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit(or Letter of Guarantee)the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。
如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。如：15% of the above contract price, e.g.US $ 21, 000.00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。
如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s)it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”，译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。
Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。
句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。而on condition that引导的条件从句，往往表示只要某情况出现，就如何如何。Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使买卖公司*股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。
In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。
As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called “Internet Marketing”.In this example, “Partner Name” would be “InternetMarketing”.试举一例，如果Stamp.com公司与一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙协议。本例中，该“合伙名称就是“InternetMaketing”。
If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and writ and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予安排，安排法律顾问办公场所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有关情况，缮写打印稿件等。
相关链接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等。in no case和in no event表示“决不”即无论怎样都不行。
例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船龄超过20年的买方概不接受。
In the case of 就什么来说，关于，in any case 无论如何
例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.关于危险或有毒货物，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。
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