2014最新标准:路名英文翻译方案

时间:2019-05-15 12:34:54下载本文作者:会员上传
简介:写写帮文库小编为你整理了多篇相关的《2014最新标准:路名英文翻译方案》,但愿对你工作学习有帮助,当然你在写写帮文库还可以找到更多《2014最新标准:路名英文翻译方案》。

第一篇:2014最新标准:路名英文翻译方案

2014最新标准:中文路名的英文翻译方案

最近在研究路名的翻译问题,很有趣

貌似国家曾经颁布过翻译方案的国家标准(简称国标),但我看似乎没有得到很好的执行。为什么这样说?很简单,看看广州街头的路名翻译就知道了。广州本身可算是国际化大城市了,如果广州都这样,其他小城市就肯定错得更离谱。

(一)标准化翻译标准

其实广州大部分的路名都已经标准化了,分三种情况:

1、普通路名,原则就是:是拼音+road/avenue/lane,例如华利路,HuaLi Road;

2、特殊路名,借用景点名称作为路名的,例如烈士陵园,现在地铁是直接翻译成Martyrs Park Station。我认为这是对的。如果只是为了保持翻译的一致性,而翻译成成Lie Shi Ling Yuan Station,这样对外国人来说,只有“指导读音”的作用,还不如直接翻译成英文,外国人一看就明白了,因为外国也有自己的烈士陵园的,例如美国的越战将士纪念碑什么的。

3、特殊中的特殊,有些路名是约定俗成的,具有中国特色,在英文里根本没有对应的名称,无法翻译。例如公园前Gong Yuan Qian,三元里San Yuan Li,东山口Dong Shan Kou,这种情况是没有办法,只能用拼音硬译。

(二)特殊情况翻译标准

我们来看这个路名:东风东路,中山二路,比起普通路名,多了一个表示方向的“东”字,或者多了一个表示数字的“二”。这怎么翻译呢?我的意见是,遇到这种情况,只能中英混杂来翻译,按照中文的位置和顺序,来放置这个“方位词”和“数字词”了。

1、例如东风东路,我们来分析一下,路名是“东风”,第二个“东”是指方向,另外还有东风西路,东风中路。那么我们翻译成Dongfeng East Road,Dongfeng West Road, Dongfeng Middle Road。

2、有种类似但不同的情况是黄埔大道西。可能大家晕倒了,这和东风西路有何分别呢?其实没有分别,我也不知道为什么当初不叫黄埔西大道,黄埔东大道。或许是受了香港“皇后大道东”的影响?遇到这种情况,可以参考香港的译法,皇后大道东是译成Queen’s Road East的,那么我们就翻译成Huangpu Avenue West。

3、还有一种中文路名的可能,是叫做东黄埔大道,就是East Huangpu Avenue。再比如,我们想说,有家餐厅很好吃,是在黄埔大道西的西侧。那么我们就说,是在the west side of Huangpu Avenue West.4、同理,中山二路可以翻译成Zhongshan 2nd Road。这里有一个要考量的地方,是要序数词还是普通数词?是要2nd,还是2?在中文里面可能没有区别,但英文还是有小区别的。我觉得还是序数词好一点,比如美国不是有第五大道什么的,还有英国女王伊丽莎白二世Elizabeth II,这个也是读Elizabeth the Second,这说明英文习惯还是喜欢用序数词

(三)地址的表述

说到某某路多少号呢,大家一直都认为要用No.(Number),这个可能是中国沿用多年的小学英语教材造成的,大家读书都是这样学的,所以这个习惯就根深蒂固了

现在接触外国的机会多了,发现好像只有我们喜欢用No.,外国路名似乎很少用这个No.,而喜欢直接加数字,或者加个#号;

而某某单元,国人喜欢用Room,这个似乎也没太大讲究,但严格来说,Room是最小的房间或者单间,例如旅馆房间;一般办公室都是套间,用Flat好一些。

例如:中国广东省广州市海珠区新港东路10号,中山大学学生宿舍东区7栋,401房,吴彦祖收。

To:Daniel WU Yan-zu,Room 401 Building #7, East Zone/Block of Students' Dormitory of Zhongshan University, 10 Xin’gang East Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou P.R.China.

第二篇:2014最新标准:中文名字的英文翻译方案

2014最新标准:中文名字的英文翻译方案

目前中文名字翻译成英文,并无标准方案,可以说是五花八门,非常混乱。很多喜欢外国文化或者在外企工作的年轻人,自己取了英文名字,变成中英混杂,更增加了翻译难度。

综合多种翻译方法,总结出一套中文姓名翻译标准方案,既考虑到大家的实际情况,符合社会习惯,也不会引起任何误会。

(一)要按照姓+名的顺序,而且姓要全部大写

例如大帅哥黄晓明,他姓名的标准翻译方法应该是HUANG Xiao-ming。

为什么要按照姓+名的传统结构呢?因为黄晓明是中国国籍,中国官方语言是中文,那就应该按照中文标准翻译,先姓后名。以前的通说认为,既然翻译成英文,就按照英语语法习惯,先名后姓。但时代一直在进步,欧美朋友对东方人姓+名这样的文化传统已经很熟悉,再没有必要姓名倒置了。

既然姓+名(东方)或名+姓(西方)的使用习惯可以同时存在,那么就不能再依靠姓名的前后位置来识别姓。这时,就产生了新的拼写习惯,就是将姓全部大写,最大限度的避免误会。例如姚明,写作Yao Ming,那究竟是姓“Yao”,还是姓“Ming”?如果写成YAO Ming,那就很清楚,YAO就是他的姓,而且我们还可以判断出他来自东方,因为YAO放在前面。

(二)名字的首字母要大写,是否连写或加隔音符看个人习惯

姓的问题解决了。我们再看名字的问题。一般中国名都是两个字的,再举黄晓明,写作Xiaoming,Xiaoming或者Xiao-ming都可以。我个人推荐写成Xiao-ming。

这里再举一些例子吧 杨过:YANG Guo;

小龙女:如果直译就是Xiao LONG Nv,我觉得最好不要意译成Dragon Girl,因为Dragon Girl西方色彩太浓,容易令人联想到《权力的游戏》里面的龙女,就是操纵着西方喷火巨龙的魔幻女孩,这样离小龙女的本尊距离太远了。

(三)如果有一天黄晓明移民到美国了,那么他的英文写法应该换了,应该写成 Xiao-mingHUANG。因为他是美国人了,自然要按照美国的拼写习惯,将姓放在最后。

在美国生活的华人,一般都会入乡随俗,取一个真正的英文名,方便融入当地的生活。那么晓明大哥入籍美国后,我们假设他取了个烂大街的英文名字,叫做Michael,那么他的全名应该如何写呢?

我们看美国人的名字结构,一般是“教名+中间名+姓”,教名是正式的名,中间名是昵称或者直接用祖辈的名字(作为纪念)。所以,中国人入籍后,可以参照这个习惯,按照“英文名+中文原名+姓”的方式来登记。这样,你的美国朋友可以直接称呼你的正式名+姓,Michael HUANG;而其他的美籍华人或者中国朋友,看到你的中间名,又能够猜到你原来的中文名字是叫Xiao-ming,这样就两全其美了。

因此,我们的晓明大哥,他的美国护照全名应该写:Michael Xiao-ming HUANG。

第三篇:2014最新标准:中文名字的英文翻译方案(范文)

2014最新标准:中文名字的英文翻译方案

目前中文名字翻译成英文,并无标准方案,可以说是五花八门,非常混乱。很多喜欢外国文化或者在外企工作的年轻人,自己取了英文名字,变成中英混杂,更增加了翻译难度。综合多种翻译方法,我总结出一套标准的中文姓名翻译方案,既考虑到大家的实际情况,符合社会习惯,也不会引起任何误会。

(一)要按照姓+名的顺序,而且姓要全部大写

例如大帅哥黄晓明,他姓名的标准翻译方法应该是HUANG Xiao-ming。

为什么要按照姓+名的传统结构呢?因为黄晓明是中国国籍,中国官方语言是中文,那就应该按照中文标准翻译,先姓后名。以前的通说认为,既然翻译成英文,就按照英语语法习惯,先名后姓。但时代一直在进步,欧美朋友对东方人姓+名这样的文化传统已经很熟悉,再没有必要姓名倒置了。

既然姓+名或名+姓的使用习惯可以同时存在,那么就不能再依靠姓名的前后位置来识别姓。这时,就产生了新的拼写习惯,就是将姓全部大写,最大限度的避免误会。例如姚明,写作Yao Ming,那究竟是姓“Yao”,还是姓“Ming”?如果写成YAO Ming,那就很清楚,YAO就是他的姓,而且我们还可以判断出他来自东方,因为YAO放在前面。

(二)名字的首字母要大写,两个字的名字要加隔音符

姓的问题解决了。我们再看名字的问题。一般中国名都是两个字的,再举黄晓明,写作Xiao-ming就可以了。

这里再举一些例子吧

杨过:YANG Guo;

小龙女:如果直译就是Xiao LONG Nv,我觉得最好不要意译成Dragon Girl,完全没有东方色彩。

上官云飞:SHANG-GUAN Yun-fei

(三)如果有一天黄晓明移民到美国了,那么他的英文写法应该换了,应该写成 Xiao-ming HUANG。因为他是美国人了,自然要按照美国的拼写习惯,将姓放在最后。在美国生活的华人,一般都喜欢取一个真正的英文名,方便融入当地的生活。那么晓明大哥入籍美国后,我们假设他取了个烂大街的英文名字,叫做Michael,那么他的全名应该

如何写呢?

我们看美国人的名字结构,一般是“教名+中间名+姓”。所以,中国人入籍后,可以按照“英文名+中文原名+姓”的方式来登记。那么,我们的晓明大哥,他的美国护照就应该写Michael Xiao-ming HUANG。

这样,你的美国朋友可以直接称呼你的昵称+姓,例如简单的说Michael HUANG;而其他的美籍华人或者中国朋友,看到你的中间名,又能够猜到你原来的中文名字是叫Xiao-ming,这样就两全其美了。

第四篇:英文翻译

Introduction: with the rapid development of the economy, China ‘smprehensive national power has been improved effectively.As a saying said;“Want to become rich first road”.So China has begun to build the high-speed rail since years ago.The building of the high~speed rail is suited to China's national conditions and help our country to run well in the strong competition of the world.大多数经济学家认为:交通基础设施的供应水平和能力必须适度超前,否则就会影响社会经济持续、稳定 和健康发展。这就意味着要加大对交通基础设施的投资,但是政府在加大交通基础设施投资力度的同时,用于改善民生的措施实际却在相对地减少。从中国目前的经济发展和人民的收入状况来说,我认为中国高 铁弊大于利.Most economists believe that: the supply and capability of transportation infrastructure must advance appropriately, otherwise it will affect the sustainable, stable and healthy development of social economy.This means that we have to increase the investment into transportation infrastructure,But while government increase the investment into transportation infrastructure, it will to some extent decrease the practical measures to improve people's livelihood.From China's current situation, I think it will do more harm than good to build high-speed railway in China.Piont1: Building too fast go against the laws of economic development, causing many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.And high-speed railway construction needs large investment, from the use of the actual situation, the possibility of short-term cost recovery do not, there is also the problem of capital wasting.建设速度过快,容易违背经济发展规律,同时面对的问题较多,例如贷款偿还,员工安置等。中国第一条高 铁客运专线——从北京到天津,它在 2008 年 8 月通车后一年就亏损了 7 个亿。武广高铁总投资约 1166 亿元,目前的线路至少能开 120 对车,但实际上只开了 33 对,而且还坐不满,这是资本的严重浪费。所 以说高铁建设不仅需要大笔的投资,而且从运用的实际的情况来看,短期收回成本的可能性根本就没有。The fast building speed will violate the rule of economic development, and at same time it faced many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.First high-speed railway of China-from Beijing to Tianjin, it was launched in August 2008, after one year it lossed 70 millions.The total investment of

Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed rail was about 110 billions yuan, now it is able to drive at least 120 pairs of cars, but in fact only 33 to drive, and lots of seats are empty, this is a serious waste of capital.The high-speed railway not only requires large construction investment, but also, it is impossible to recovery the short-term cost based on its actural implement.Poiimnt2: The building of the high spee

d rail can drive the development of the industry related.for example, the building need many workers and the new technology, so it expand the employment and promiot the technological innovation.In another word through the building, more steel products are needed.Another important hand is transport during the Spring Festival.During this period of time, large numbers of people going home together.So the high speed rail can relieve the transportation pressure ectively 高铁的票价较高,例如京津高铁,它行驶 30 分钟,却要 69 元票价,让人望而生叹啊。中国的 GDP 总量 高居世界第二,但人均 GDP 在世界的排名却还在百名开外,穷人还是绝大多数。武广高铁开通后,原有 的一些客运列车停运,意味着中低收入者将被迫选择高铁,接受高票价。这种行为伤及了底层人民的最根 本利 e 而且建设过程中容易出现贪污腐败问题。The fare of high Speed Rail is higher, for example, the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail, it costs 69 yuan for only drive 30minuts.China's GDP ranks the second in the world, but per capita GDP still ranks out of hundreds in the world, the poor is the majority.When Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway was used, the original passenger trains were stopped, which means low-incomer will be forced to choose high-speed rail and accept the high fares.This action has

impair interests of the low class people, and the corruption problem will be prone to easily during the process of building.新建高铁实际是在现有几种交通方式的基础上新增一种交通方式。建成之后会与高速公路、现有铁路、飞 机、船运形成竞争关系,在原有运力并不紧张的背景下必然形成运力过剩。新建的高铁主要是客运专线,因此高铁并不会加快货物与资金的周转速度,不会降低全社会运行成本。要修建如此庞大的高速铁路网,必将消耗大量的资金,必将挤占人们收入上涨的空间与企业利润空间(加重税负)如果将此财政投入医疗、。社保、教育、技术研究,则会消除人们存钱的预防养老动机从而扩大消费,利于中国经济可持续发展。综 上所述,在中国大规模修建高铁对中国经济的长远发展来讲是弊大于利,不利于扩大内需、不利于产业结 构调整 结论:The high-speed railway will compete with the existing highway, railway, aircraft, shipping after it consummation which will lead to a situation capacity.The new high-speed railway is mainly to carry passenger, so it will not speed up the turnover rate between cargos and the capital and will not decrease the costs of the whole social transportation.To build such a large network of high-speed rail will need a large amount of money, the government must increase the taxes of people and enterprise to raise the capital.If this financial investment used in health care, social security, education, tec

第五篇:英文翻译

Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications 1 History of GSM During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany.Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else’s in equipment and operation.This was an

undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized.The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European s Posts and Telegraphs(CEPT)formed a study group called the Group Special Mobile(GSM)to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system.The proposed system has to meet certain criteria: ·Good subjective speech quality ·Low terminal and service cost ·Support for international roaming ·Ability to support handheld terminals ·Support for range of new services and facilities ·Spectral efficiency ·ISDN compatibility In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute(ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries.Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard.Over 200 GSM networks are operational in 110 countries around the world.In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997.With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.The developers of GSM chose an unproven(at the time)digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom.They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost.The over 8,000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper interworking between the components of the system.This done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.2 General Concepts 2.1 Analog Versus Digital Telephony Systems First-generation systems were analog.During the early 1980s these underwent rapid development in Europe.Although the NMT system was used by all the Nordic countries, and the TACS system in the United Kingdom and Italy, there was a variety of systems and no compatibility among them.Compared with these systems, the main advantages offered by GSM, which is the most important of the second-generation digital systems, are: ·Standardization;·Capacity;·Quality;·Security.Standardization guarantees compatibility among systems of different countries, allowing subscribers to use their own terminals in those countries that have adopted the digital standard.The lack of standardization in the first-generation system limited service to within the borders of a country.Mobility is improved, since roaming is no longer limited to areas covered by a certain system.Calls can be charged and handled using the same personal number even when the subscriber moves from one country to another.Standardization also allows the operator to buy entities of the network from different vendors, since the functional elements of the network and the interfaces between these elements are standardized.This means that a mobile phone from any manufacturer is able to communicate with any network, even if this network is built with entities from different vendors.This leads to a large economy of scale and results in cost reduction for both the operator and the subscriber.Furthermore, the phone cost is also reduced, because GSM is an international standard, produced quantities are greater and the level of competition is high.With respect to capacity, the use of the radio resource is much more efficient in a digital system such as GSM than in an analog system.This means that more users can be allocated in the same frequency bandwidth.This is possible with the use of advanced digital techniques, such as voice compression algorithms, channel coding, and multiple access techniques.Note that capacity gains are also achieved with radio frequency reuse, which had also used in analog systems.Frequency reuse means that a given carrier can be employed in different areas.The quality in digital transmission systems is better, thanks to the channel coding schemes that increase the robustness in the face of noise and disturbances such as interference caused by other users or other systems.The quality improvement is also due to the improved control of the radio link, and adaptations to propagation conditions, with advanced techniques such as power control or frequency hopping.This will be explained in greater detail in the next section.In terms of security, powerful authentication and encryption techniques for voice and data communications are enabled with GSM, which guarantees protected access to the network, and confidentiality.2.2 Cellular Telephony In mobile radio systems, one of the most important factors is the frequency spectrum.In order to make the best use of the bandwidth, the system is designed by means of the division of the service area into neighboring zones, or cells, which in theory have a hexagonal shape.Each cell has a Base Transceiver Station(BTS), which to avoid interference operates on a set of radio channels different from those of the adjacent cells.This division allows for the use of the same frequencies in nonadjacent cells.A group of cells that as a whole use the entire radio spectrum available to the operator is referred to as a cluster.The shape of a cell is irregular, depending on the availability of a spot for the BTS, the geography of the terrain, the propagation of the radio signal in the presence of obstacles, and so on.In dense urban areas, for instance, where the mobile telephony traffic is important, the diameter of the cells is often reduced in order to increase capacity.This is allowed since the same frequency channels are used in a smaller area.On the other hand, reducing the cell diameter leads to a decrease in the distance necessary to reuse the frequencies(that is, the distance between two co-channel cells), increasing co-channel interference.In order to minimize the level of interference, several techniques are used on the radio interface.A basic example of cluster organization is shown in Figure 1.In this example, we see a reuse attern for seven different frequencies, f1 to f7.These frequencies correspond to the beacon carrier of each cell, on which signaling information about the cell is broadcast(see Section 2.7).It can be seen from this figure that a given carrier can be reused in two separate geographical areas, as long as these areas are far enough from each other to reduce the effect of interference.With this technique of dividing the area in cells and clusters, the operator can increase the area it is able to cover with a limited frequency bandwidth.Figure 1 Example of a Cell Planning

在80 年代初期期间,模式手机系统在欧洲体验迅速增长,特别在斯堪的那

维亚和英国,以及法国和德国。每个国家开发了它自己的系统,在设备和操作 上是互不相容的。这是一个不受欢迎的情况,因为不仅移动通信设备被限制在国 界之内,这在统一的欧洲是越来越不重要的,而且每种类型的设备都只有一个非 常有限的市场,因此经济尺度及随后的储蓄不可能体会。

欧洲人早就意识到了这点,并且在1982 年欧洲邮电管理联合会(CEPT)上形 成了移动通信特别研究组(GSM)来研发一个能在全欧洲大陆通用的移动通信系 统。提出的系统必须符合以下标准: 〃通话质量好

〃终端及服务费用低 〃支持国际漫游

〃能够支持可随身携带的终端 〃支持一系列新的服务和设备 〃效率高

〃与ISDN 兼容

1989 年,GSM 的责任转移了到欧洲电信标准学院(ETSI),并且GSM 规格的

第一阶段也在1990 年出版了。商业服务在1991 年中期开始了,截至1993 年有 36 个GSM 网络在22 个国家诞生了。GSM 不仅仅是欧洲标准,尽管它是在欧洲 规范化的。现已有200 多个GSM 网络在全球110 个国家和地区运行。1994 年初 期全球有1,300,000 用户,截至1997 年10 月已突破55,000,000 用户。随着美国

后来在GSM 领域制造了一个词条PCS1900 作为GSM 的拓展,GSM 系统已发展至 各大洲,并且缩写词GSM 现在已可以代表移动通信的全局系统。

GSM 开发商选择了一个当时未经证明的数字系统,与后来的标准模式蜂窝系 统相对,就象美国叫AMPS,而英国叫TACS 一样。他们坚信能够推进压缩算法 和数字信号处理器使其能够根据质量和费用将原始标准和系统连续改善。GSM 推荐8,000 页设法使得在与供应商竞争之中体现灵活性和创新,但提供 足够的标准来保证在系统的组分之间适当配合工作。完成提供功能和接口描述的 功能个体在系统中都有定义。

第一代系统是模拟的。上个世纪80 年代初期在欧洲迅速发展。虽然所有北 欧国家使用TACS 系统,英国和意大利使用NMT 系统,它们之间还有各式各样 的系统不兼容。和这些系统相比,GSM 提供的更重要的第二代数字系统主要优势 体现在: 〃标准化; 〃容量; 〃质量; 〃安全。

标准化保证了不同国家系统之间的兼容性,允许采取了数字化标准的国家的 订户使用他们自己的终端。在第一代系统中缺乏标准化的有限服务为在国家的边 界之内。流动性被改进,漫游不再被限制到某一系统包括的面积之内。既使当用 户从一个国家移动到另一个国家,电话也可以使用同一个个人号码。因为网络的功能元件和这些元素之间的接口被规范化,操作员可以从不同的 供营商购买。这意味着所有制造商的移动电话能与任何网络沟通,即使这个网络 是由不同的供营商的功能元件建立的。这为操作员和订户带来费用成本的降低。此外,电话费用也降低了,因为GSM 是国际标准,生产数量大,竞争水平高。能力方面,数字系统如GSM 比模拟系统使用的无线资源更有效。这意味着 更多的用户可以使用同一频带。这就有可能利用先进的数字技术,如语音压缩算 法,信道编码和多址接入技术。请注意,无线电频率复用也取得了一定增益,这 也已用于模拟系统。频率复用意味着同一载波可以在不同的地区重复使用。由于这种信道编码方案,提高了可靠性及对噪音和其他用户或系统的干扰能 力,数字传输系统的质量更好了。质量改进的原因还在于改善了对无线连接的控 制,并适应传播条件下,使用先进的技术,如电源控制或跳频。质量改进的原因 还在于使用先进的技术如电源控制或跳频改善了无线连接的控制,,传播条件的适

应性等。这些将在下文中做更详尽的解释。

在安全方面,GSM 具有语音和数据通信的强大的认证和加密技术的功能,保 证了保护接入网络和保密性。

在移动通信系统中,一个最重要的因素就是频谱。为了最有效地利用带宽,系统设计的目的是通过基站的服务区到周边小区,理论上是一个正六边形。每个 小区有一个收发基站(BTS),其中,以避免相邻小区的不同无线信道在运行时 产生相互干扰。这样可以在不相邻的小区使用同一载频。一组小区,作为一个整 体,给运营商提供整个无线电频谱是指一个区群。小区的形状是不规则的,这取 决于是否有现成的基站,地理地形,无线电信号传播中存在的障碍,等等。例如,在人口密集的城市地区,移动电话的通行非常重要,小区的直径往往 会减小,以提高其通行能力。

这是允许的,因为同一频道只在一个较小的地区内使用。另一方面,小区直 径的减小导致使用同一频率的小区间的距离(即两个公共通道小区间的距离)缩 小了,增强了各频道之间的相互干扰。为了尽量提高抗干扰的能力,无线接口使 用了一系列技术。

一个基本的区群组织的结构如图1 所示。在这个例子中,我们看到了一个复 用模式的7 个不同的频率,f1 至f7。这些频率对应于每个小区的信标载波,整个

小区的信号信息就靠它们被传播出去(见第2.7 节)。从图中可以看出,某一载 波可在两个不同的地理区域重复使用,只要这两个地区离的足够远,相互之间的 干扰足够小。这一技术把地区分成小区和区群,经营者可以利用有限的带宽增加 覆盖区域的面积。

下载2014最新标准:路名英文翻译方案word格式文档
下载2014最新标准:路名英文翻译方案.doc
将本文档下载到自己电脑,方便修改和收藏,请勿使用迅雷等下载。
点此处下载文档

文档为doc格式


声明:本文内容由互联网用户自发贡献自行上传,本网站不拥有所有权,未作人工编辑处理,也不承担相关法律责任。如果您发现有涉嫌版权的内容,欢迎发送邮件至:645879355@qq.com 进行举报,并提供相关证据,工作人员会在5个工作日内联系你,一经查实,本站将立刻删除涉嫌侵权内容。

相关范文推荐

    英文翻译

    School Profile Jin Yuan Primary School was founded in 1966,and now it has 40 years‟ history. Thepredecessor of the school is ShiMian kuang Children Shool. In Ma......

    英文翻译

    whether the university student should pay more atteion on studying or not ?the answer issure .First of all,during these time,we can touch more things,whichwehav......

    英文翻译

    1. Add up all the money that I owed you . 2. We calmed the upset boy down quickly. 3. The country were going through too many wars. 4. Many people are still suf......

    英文翻译

    Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in people’s attitude towards some traditional pra......

    英文翻译

    Activating welding can greatly improve the weld penetration and thus enhance the process efficiency and economic benefits. With the further study on activating......

    英文翻译

    Sensor pattern of future industry Sensor technology is cutting-edge technology of modern technology, the sensor industry is also recognized at home and abroad w......

    英文翻译

    基督教在寻甸彝族地区传播研究摘要:基督教于20世纪初由西方传教士传入寻甸,其后的的半个世纪里,在寻甸的彝族山区得到广泛传播。寻甸彝族山区由于自然、历史原因造成的贫困落后......

    英文翻译

    微软的Visual Studio产品 产品支持 包括产品 这一部分需要额外的引文进行核查。请协助添加引用可靠的消息来源改善这篇文章。今天的材料可能面临挑战和删除。(2008) 微软的Vis......