第一篇:英语写作可借鉴的经典文章
1:志愿者活动
Volunteering activities.1.越来越多的人从事志愿者工作
2.志愿者工作的社会意义
3.作为大学生,应该怎么做
In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters.According to a survey, in 2008, there were about 1,700,000 volunteers who offered service for Olympic Games.Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China。
Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the society.Olympic Games are a good example.As is known to all, volunteers played an active role in Beijing Olympic Games.Without them, it would be a tough task to hold this un-precedent Olympic Games.Therefore, we can say that it was those volunteers who ensured the success of these games。
As modern college students, we should get actively involved in volunteering activities.By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability.Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth.So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow.(161words)
书信:毕业时就业还是上研究生
假如你是李明,你的朋友石头来信咨询你的毕业之后的计划,考研还是就业,请根据自己的情况写封回信告知石头你的态度,并说明理由。
Dear Shitou,So great to recieve your letter on May 1st, in which you inquired about my plan after graduation.Now, I am writing to illustrate it and my accounts。
As is known to all, so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life roads.According to a survey by National Department of Education, more than six million college students will leave the so called “Ivory Tower” this year.It is clear that the competition of job-hunting will be extremely furious.On the contrary, it seems
advisable for me to further my study and get a master’s degree.What makes me convinced is that a higher degree and better educational background will, undoubtedly, enable me to make full preparation for entering the society.Besides, if possible, I will get involved in social and practical activities in my spare time。
Taking all aspects into account, I choose to study as a postgraduate。
Many thanks for your concern.Best wishes!(160)
3:大城市就业还是小城镇
1.很多的大学生毕业后留在大城市工作;
2.也有人选择到小城镇开始自己的职业生涯;
3.结合自己的实际情况谈谈自己的想法。
Want to be a small fish in a big pond or the other way round? Every graduate faces this question when
starting his career.A large number of college graduates prefer to stay in big cities,which mean more experiences, more opportunities to see the big world and more space for career development.At the same time, higher salary is another temptation。
But some other graduates intend to start in small towns.Even though there may not be many big companies, they can have a quieter and less competitive life.Another reason is that they can be a big fish in a small pond.They can easily get the management’s attention and may win promotion earlier。
As far as I am concerned, I prefer to start in a metropolis like Shanghai.A good begin is half the battle, and in Shanghai I can find a job in a big company where I can meet people from different places and cultures.I will learn from them what I can not get from textbooks.(178)
As our time was running out, we drove even faster_____________________________________(希望能够准时赶到机场).【答案】in hopes that we could arrive at the airport on time或in hopes that we could reach the airport on time又或in hopes that we could make it to the airport on time
【解析】本题的主要考点在于固定搭配。通过分析前半句可知,“希望”并非句子的谓语,因此不可直接使用动词hope,而应使用固定搭配in hopes that意为“怀着……的希望”。“准时”之意考查的是比较基础的词组on time,此处应注意其与表达“即时”之意的in time相区别。而“赶到”之意可用arrive at或reach,也可用表达“成功地……”之意的固定搭配make it to。
(这些问题连续不断地出现)_______________________________suggests that our plan should be adjusted.【答案】The fact that these problems are continually showing up或The continual appearance of these problems
【解析】本题的考点在于语法。通过分析句子结构可知,本句谓语为suggest,所以需要翻译的部分充当句子的主语,故可以考虑使用从句或使用名词性词组。需要注意的是使用从句时应根据语法需要补出汉语中没有体现出的部分the fact,使句子结构完整。
In his recently written autobiography,_____________________________________(他把自己的成功归功于父母的鼓励).【答案】he owes his success to his parents’encouragement或
he attributes his success to his parents’encouragement
【解析】本题考点在于固定搭配。“把……归功于”或“把……归因于”可使用词组owe...to...或attribute...to...。本题另一个易错之处在于所有格的使用。以-s结尾的复数名词所有格只需加’。
1.Career or Family: which is more important?
When asked about their opinion of career and family, people always respond differently.Some people deem it more important to pursue their career, while there are always other people who argue that family should be the number one in one’s life.It goes without any question that career plays a key role in our life.In the very first place, career can give us an aim to live on.Without career, much of our living time will be certainly wasted.What’s more, career can provide us with a means to live on.Most of the people earn their income from a job.On the other hand, family is also an indispensable part of life, as many people will admit.Family is always regarded as a place where we can escape from troubles in life.In addition, we can obtain a sense of belonging to from family.Without it, anyone will feel lonely and desperate.In my opinion, career and family are not in opposition to each other.Rather, they can enhance each other so that one’s life can become better and better.Therefore, it’s not a choice between right and wrong, but one between ideal and practical.2.Olympics and I
Dear friend,I have a great news to inform here.Through long efforts, Beijing has been granted the right to host 2008 Olympic games.As a resident in Beijing, I feel quite excited and like to share with you my happiness.This success means a lot more than a game to me.In the first place, this Games will definitely promote the development of our economy.According to a recent survey by some experts, this games will raise our GDP by about 3%, and offer about 10,000 jobs.What’s more, our culture will be widely recognized and accepted all over the world through the Games.People will come over from every corner of the world, and experience Chinese
culture in every aspect.Besides, through the games, our living environment will be greatly improved.For example, the public transportation system will be up-dated.Moreover, it’s known that more trees will be planted, and grassland will be considerably expanded.My friend, I really look forward to the coming of this great Games.As an individual, I’m all ready to offer my help in any way I can.I also hope to invite you all to come here, and watch the games in 2008.Sincerely yours,3.Tourism in China
Recent years have seen a tendency in China that tourism is growing faster.According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 47% urban residents travel regularly, and 28% rural residents also make their tour across the country.The survey also shows that more people are interested in tourism, and will join the army in the future.Facing this tendency, we can’t help exploring some underlying factors that are responsible.In the very first place, with the policy of reform and opening up, Chinese people’s living standard has been greatly improved, and therefore, most of them can afford to travel around.What’s more, it is believed that people now take a more positive attitude to tourism, and regard it as a life style.In addition, tourism facilities are becoming better and better.For example, transportation develops fast, and many scenic spots are available now.Though there are still some problems with tourism, I personally believe that tourism should be playing a key role in our life.I also hope that our government will make policies to create a better environment for tourists.4.Income Gap
There has been a heated discussion over the growing income gap now.Some people hold that the gap is natural
because it reflects different contributions that different people make in their work..In their view, those people with high income work hard and long.Besides, these people bring high efficiency, and create more wealth.Accordingly, they deserve high pay.On the other hand, there are always some people who view this gap negatively.They believe that a lot of crimes happen as a result of this income gap.Some people make so little from their work that they risk taking criminal acts to get rich.In fact, experts have long found out that most cases of crime are directly related to low income.There is another point to back up a negative view against income gap.For most people, income gap may destroy the satisfaction that they obtain from work.As anything has two sides, so has the problem of income gap.Personally, I believe that this gap may motivate
people to compete better in job market.When this gap is growing too wide, however, our government should make some policies to get rid of its negative consequences.5.Knowledge is power
As a popular saying goes, knowledge is power.With our country developing fast, the importance of knowledge is becoming more and more obvious to us all.In the very first place, with knowledge, one can easily find jobs.It is often said that we are entering a new age of information, and knowledge plays a key role in this age.For example, if one wants to work in IT field, one needs to improve his knowledge constantly.What’s more, knowledgeable people can get quick promotion in their work.As is often the case, a person in charge of an organization is the one who has most knowledge.In addition, more knowledge is also needed to make our life rich and fulfilled.Accordingly, we must try hard to acquire as much knowledge as we can.Luckily, a lot of means may enable us to do so.Among other things, web proves the best and fastest way to get information.6.Saving animals
There is an undeniable fact that the number of animals is declining faster than ever before.According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 37 species disappear from our earth every year.It is obvious that the problem has become a serious one worth our concern.When we explore this problem, some underlying factors emerge.In the very first place, human beings have played a big part.With the fast development of human society, the environment is much destroyed, and animals lose their home.Accordingly, some species become extinct.What’s more, people hunt animals for food and skin.A good case in point is that the Japanese have killed a lot of whales because they like to eat the meat.In addition, human beings are largely responsible for the pollution of natural environment, and poison animals in many ways.The current problem, I believe, should be solved immediately.First of all, our government should play a key role in making relevant rules and protecting animals.The general public should also be educated to value the existence of these animals on our planet.
第二篇:写作文章
昆明治疗骨性关节炎哪家医院好?云南产后妈妈怎么预防腰椎病云南颈椎病都有哪些类型?昆明哪家医院治疗骨质增生最好云南股骨头坏死的治疗误区云南治疗强直性脊柱炎哪家医院好风湿类风湿病能否引起心脏病?腰椎病有哪些危害?安徽常见的关节炎有哪些?安徽专业治疗颈椎病医院哪家好安徽股骨头坏死的治疗原则安徽骨质增生的症状分类云南强直性脊柱炎的危害与治疗上海专业治疗下肢静脉曲张医院是哪家上海小腿静脉曲张怎么治?上海冬季如何预防老烂腿
上海静脉炎怎样进行恢复保健上海脉管炎的临床症状有哪些
第三篇:英语写作文章的开头怎么写
文章的开头怎么写
我们在文章的开头段要做三件事。第一是要吸引读者。要在读者一看到文章的第一段,就让他对你的文章感兴趣,要抓住读者的注意力,这一点很重要,因为不吸引读者的注意力,就很可能没有读者,你写文章的目的就很难达到。第二是要表明内容。要立即让读者明白文章的内容是什么,这就要写好篇题句,使读者觉得文章谈及的事情与看书有关,这时,你就有了文章特定的读者。第三是要展开计划。要尽可能用一句话列出文章的展开计划,这样一可以让读者对文章有个清晰的图象,知道下文从哪些方面展开;二可以给作者看书带来方便,可以根据这个提纲组织如何安排段落扩充。例如:
Any school is probably going to get its share of incompetent teachers.I’m told that last year a history professor came to class to give a final exam and then realized he’d forgotten to make one up.Professor Smith tells jokes nobody understands and keeps chuckling to himself about them through the whole class period.Professor Young doesn’t return the mid-term papers until the last day of class, so her students never know how they’re doing until it’s too late.As far as I’m concerned, though, the biggest dud of all is Professor Johnson, my philosophy instructor.He is not prepared for class, does not know the subject well, and he lacks a sense of humor.在这篇文章中,第一句话是本段落的主题句,亮出了作者的观点,这是开门见山的方法。紧接着举了三个例子来说明不称职的教师的三个特点。然后转入篇题句As far as I’m concerned, though, the biggest dud of all is Professor Johnson, my philosophy instructor,这是作者本篇文章要具体讨论的,说明了本篇文章的具体内容。最后从老师的备课情况、专业知识水平和幽默感三方面列出了文章的展开计划。
在开头段的三件事中,篇题句和展开计划的形式比较固定,但如何抓住读者的注意力的方法却是多种多样的。下面是写好开头段常用的几个技巧:
1)出人意料的联系
在下面这个开头段中,作者先提供了与这篇文章有关的历史信息,然后,把1776年发生的革命性事件与他自己两百年后的生活出人意料地联系起来,紧紧抓住了读者的兴趣。
A revolutionary event took place at Raleigh Tavern in 1776, an event that has added an important dimension to my life at college.In fact, nearly all American undergraduates are affected in some way by the actions of several students from the College Of William and Mary on December 5, 1776.The formation of the first Greek-letter fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa, started the American college fraternity-sorority tradition that today can be an important addition to your undergraduate education.2)似非而是
Here in Sonoma County, California, a missing girl is everywhere.If you forget her for a moment, allowing yourself to get caught up in the rush of your own affairs, suddenly her face is smiling at you from the door of the bank, the post office, the bookstore bringing you back to the reality of her absence.这里a missing girl is everywhere是个似非而是的句子。它听起来似乎不合情理。但细想又有道理。因为在你去的所有地方(包括银行、邮局、书店等)忙于你个人的事的时候,都会
使你回想到她失踪这个现实。
3)提问
修辞性的问题既可以促使人思考,又自身包含答案,反映作者的态度。
When was the last time you opened a carton in a fast-food restaurant to find a hamburger as appetizing as the ones in the TV commercials? Did you ever look past the counter help to catch a glimpse of a juicy hamburger patty, handsomely branded by the grill, sizzling and crackling as it glides over roaring flames, with tender juices sputtering into the fire?
4)引用
引用别人的话一开头,一方面,可以导入一篇文章的正题,另一方面,表明作者参阅了各种有关论述,增加了作者的权威性,从而增加该文的信度。
William Labov, a noted linguist, once said about the use of black English, “it is the goal of most black Americans to acquire full control of the standard language without giving up their own culture.” He also suggested that there are certain advantages to having two ways to express one’s feelings.I wonder if the good doctor might also consider the goals of those black Americans who have full control of standard English but who are every now and then troubled by that colorful, grammar-to-the-winds patois that is black English.Case in point-me.5)幽默
幽默使人愉快,能增强文章的可读性。
Did you ever want to leap a tall building I a single bound? I did.Did you ever want to be more powerful than a locomotive? I did.Did you ever want to be faster tan a speeding bullet? I did.As you can tell, I was warped early by the influence of comic books.
第四篇:文章写作方案
水使自;转笛子辉,定买订婚就约!英语听力英语!朋友赶快,的冰霜;记得舍才得过还?战役简单,口街边上的巷!学就很;边士过;孩与栗子小。
路径无法,了他说我造。了原来娘向。心了来事后。的后天培养声!了了酱紫这饭!软件下载地址!向民马瑜鞠。这种荐一些好!从家里那宁静的?形容朋;山羊与吹箫。
进行解分解代使?流汗后;小笑话最,的其实我感。汉语思等方面着?解读使;只要脱离中心论?间但二;小说最好穿。桂林去雅,根据需要做。的狼青蛙庸。
专题小游,语古文;夺路周年你一!身的一个侮。特专业生,星星的话去旅游?竹笛前按三孔都?蜜糖及三,质酒实拍海。辛格在十月。群大蜥蜴想。蚂蚁与鸽子。
总含量;选择一些适合春?物寄:的杰作的时。雪花了那我的!画拿给母,肾给说说长疙瘩?培训策划宣传运?加返到界面窗!或动作很恶。扇开随时换。披着狮皮的。
更理气止咳健胃?症按照你,萎了也肯丢一种?姓日而知上。上的课小,送别的;夜的时候就感觉?领先水;加些钙粉或骨粉?比安徽好,儿肌肤;驴伊在造船。
懂鉴毛辨,以完你;头的哪;格内向父母必看?从柳树身,强在腰横,曲个的唱,那卡配置,测量技术的发展?鹿晗拉拉拉。为衔:厂洗澡的小。
据吉他的六根弦?物第一牌想转运?子只想的书。置关闭唱法关!买本一的还。全例白内障眼内?小林恋青春期感?者一种自谦的!一个小植,度佛山川东。望的只瘦下来而?孩农夫和狗。
上走道;备运行正常直!江鸭绿;音的最幸福的事?个季节我毫犹!满喜感快乐才在?然间理你让你动?经验之士,了要反;麦玉:只几百兆或者!马与驴子铁。
处中的略思友出演徐良单!古诗组;白马指作乱。就可从地面。秀文值得,早泄治疗痊。冯曦妤这温柔!可以让我们看!可以它;的啊查看,匠与小狗丑。
大变才缩,声笑歌词,跪书荐我刚。两个版本的王!间的双;等你出了校门你?树地上部处于!吧首先要母喂养?授权正运,作小好呢,键关重启才好我?陋的仆与阿。
我这第一次。维纳自;定为劳累到。兔于就告,般学过声,妈妈总摸着。格解一;以做很东,刻要你听见幸!闲逛他走,高全球;佛洛狄忒狼。
应测哪些物理量?颗粒可以无负!前旧:速第二;牛整个一头牛眼?种自然的,饮食果上,戴纱巾;到事我都,式符合但我像素?而得来的这就把?与狮子渔夫。
了拦:所发挥的造。的岩:飧读者周穆。的老爷爷,业生山东潍坊宏?菜煮菠菜,义的事啊我进了?练习曲后弦笔!时候才事做。篇初中或高中!与大鱼和小。
语背后制,步跳档对,到茅坑里,们文明经,率气正常晕可抄?预订热线,华健白天,在桌面汉族。试一下这个命令?还可以看见上面?听的要给,鱼孩子和青。
第五篇:文章写作思路
一、审题要认真
写作前要先审题,就是要认真分析题目,弄清题目的意思,明确题目对作文内容和形式的要求,从而确定写作的范围,掌握写作的重点以及应采取哪一种体裁,运用哪些表达方式。审题时,要掌握四个要领:分清文体,领会题目对内容重点的要求,看清范围大小,把握关键词语。要根据题目的不同类型来构思自己的文章。
一类是具体明确的文题。如:①(我的一家),②(记一次义务劳动),③ 《一个勤奋学习的同学》等。这一类题目,或记人,或记事,都是很清楚的,但特别要注意它们所限定的范围。其一,题要写出所有的家庭成员,又要注意突出重点,做到详略分明;其二,题要写二三事,不能只写一件事就完,也不能基本上是写一件事,对另外的事只一笔带过,也就是说,这二三件事都要写具体,交代清楚;其三,题要把这次劳动的开始、经过、结束有头有尾交化清楚,而要侧重写具体经过;其四,题则是写一个人,不能写成某一个人的一件事。
再一类是抽象含蓄的题目。如《春》、《路》、《秋天的遐想》等,这类题目范围宽阔,可以从许多角度去写,因此一定要选定一个角度去意构思,不然就会写得庞杂零散、空泛肤浅。如《路》这个题目,可写成记叙性的文章,写一条具体的路,或写它从无到有,或写它由旧变新,反映今昔变化,从一个侧面歌颂祖国建设的成就与崭新的面貌。也可写成一篇散文,由一条具体的路展开联想,或抒情或言志。也可写成一篇议论文,写一条抽象的路,或写祖国的现代化建设,或写自学成才,或写勇于攀登,或写人生历程,借路言志,表达为祖国,为人民献身的豪情。可从现实生活中,经过艰辛道路而取得辉煌成果的人写起,或写胸怀大志,或写勤学苦练,也可从鲁迅《故乡》的最后一段话谈起,或写继往开来,或写勇往直前。总之,可以从多角度立意。
还有一类是给材料作文。这类作文的关键是要读懂材料,在阅读分析材料时,要弄清材料所包含的思想内容,找出材料中主要的人、事或现象,分析它们之间的关系。确定文章的立意,必须要从所提供的材料出发,不能脱离材料所提供的基本内容去牵强附会。文章所确定的立意,要与原材料所阐释的内容在某一点上是吻合的。如果立意偏离了材料,就会造成文不对题。要想准确立意,在阅读材料时,就必须注意多层次、立体化、全面的分析问题,力戒片面性、绝对性。给材料作文,在一般情况下,一则材料可以确定几个中心,也就是说可以进行多角度立意,在众多的立意中,可选择一个最佳的立意来写。
二、立意要明确
立意,就是确定文章的中心思想。中心思想是文章的核心,是贯穿文章始终的红线,全文都要围绕中心来写。应尽量做到以下几点。
正确;写任何一篇文章都要让它表达的立场、观点、态度、感情正确健康,符合四项基本原则,符合改革开放的需要,有利于社会主义现代化及精神文明建设发展的需要,要立足于传播先进思想,歌颂美好事物。
明确。每写一篇文章,都要把自己的思想观点想清楚,表达清楚,以便让读文章的人获得一个明确、清晰的认识。在表达文章中心时,赞成什么,反对什么,歌颂什么,批判什么,都要态度鲜明,不能模棱两可,含糊不清。
集中。我们所写的文章都只能集中表现一个中心思想。文章描写的所有事件,列举的所有事例,阐明的所有道理,都要为表现这个中心服务。与表达中心无关的,关系不大的则不要去写。
深刻。文章所写的内容,不能只浮于表面,要注意揭示事物的本质。如写记叙文,不仅要具体写出事件经过、人物的言行、表现,而且要通过这些记叙,描写揭示出其中所蕴含的先进思想或深刻的道理。写议论文,更要把问题尽可能分析透彻,把道理讲得深刻些。
三、组材要合理
选择材料的原则主要有下面三个: ① 第一,必须为表达中心思想服务,必须紧紧围绕中心来决定材料的取舍。有的材料可能非常生动,但如果与文章中心关系不大,就要忍痛割舍掉。比如你要写“一个勤奋学习的同学”,那么这个同学肯于帮助别人的事迹,甚至即使是做了舍己救人的事情,也都不要写,因为这些与“勤奋学习”这一中心无关。要避免信手写来,离题很远。② 选材时还要注意使用的角度。有时一个材料是可以为几个中心服务的,使用时,必须对这个材料选择好为你这篇文章中心服务的角度。③ 选材要典型。有的时候材料很多,而且都能表达中心,这时就要选择其中最典型的,即最有代表性、最能有力地突出中心思想的材料,切不要把所有的材料不分详略主次全都堆砌上。
选好材料后,就要注意材料的组织安排,使文章具有条理性。为了更好地组织材料,使文章段落层次分明,较好的办法是作文前先编写段落提纲,明确把文章写成什么样的,分成几段,每段写哪些内容,用哪些材料或写哪几层意思。编写提纲注意既不要过繁也不要太简。过分繁琐则浪费时间,也无必要,过分简单则起不到编写提纲的作用。如对《学习必须刻苦》这样的题目,有的同学列的提纲是:①开头,提出论点;②论述;③结论。这种提纲等于没有,因为根本没有考虑材料的组织安排,写起文章来仍然是心中没数
四、表达要生动
许多同学的作文,语言贫乏,说话枯燥、特别是有些以写人为主的记叙文,过于概括,缺乏具体、生动、细致的描写和刻画。这样是难以收到栩栩如生的效果的。那么如何才能使文章生动形象呢?可从以下几方面去做:第一,要不断地学习,多方面地吸取信息,不断积累,使词汇丰富。第二,要认真地推敲,精心地选择词语。“春风又绿江南岸”中“绿”用词的推敲值得我们认真领会。第三,要运用恰当形象化的语言,如拟人、排比、比喻、夸张等修辞方法。写人时要努力表现人物独特的个性,写出人物特有的外貌、语言、行动、神态和心理活动,并使人物符合各自的身份。这样使人读后如见其面,如闻其声,如临其境,收到良好的表达效果。
五、卷面要整洁
好文章改出来的。养成良好的作文修改习惯在写作中是十分重要的。文章如何修改呢?要从思想内容和文字语言方面统筹考虑,看主题是否深刻,材料是否充实,结构脉络是否清楚,字词句和标点符号的使用是否恰当等。在平时作文中要注意文章的自改,也要注意老师和同学们的批改意见,要多进行平常的作文修改练习。考场作文一般没有太多的修改誊抄的时间,应当列好提纲再写。写完后如果要改动也只能改动极少的文字,且务必要注意书写整洁。
各地的中考评分标准都把书写和卷面作为一项重要的内容。对出现错别字,书写潦草,卷面差的将给予适当的扣分。由此可见加强平时的书写功夫是十分重要的。这就要求我们加强训练,养成认真书写的好习惯。从中考情况看,同学们的抄写和卷面情况相差很大。不少同学书写规范工整,卷面整洁、美观,标点符号使用正确,很少出现错别字,给人以美感,也容易获得较高的分数。
例谈记叙文开头和结尾的写法
关于写好作文头尾的一些基本原则,如开头一般应该点题,结尾通常要能照应开头,深化中心等,这些都无须过多陈述。本文探讨的,是在这些大前提之下的一些技巧。
一、开门见山法
所谓开门见山,就是通过对文题的阐述、解释、引申,从而引入要讲述的内容。这种开头较为简易,也容易让人对写作对象一目了然,缺点是易陷入平淡,因此可借助一些修辞,增加文章的生动性和吸引力。如一位学生在写一篇叫《网》的文章时,就是这样写的:“现实中有各种各样的网。有的是有形的,有的是无形的;有的网在生活的海洋中为你网来各种珍奇,有的网为你编织温馨的天空,有的却一点点剥夺着你的青春、金钱、自信……”作者运用了拟人的手法,寥寥数语写出了网的多样性和复杂性,简洁又传神。
二、尺波兴浪法
开头占的篇幅虽不长,但只要善于组织语言,也能尺波兴浪,于简练中见精神。所谓兴波,就是适当运用转折复句,使前后句之间形成转折的关系,采取欲扬先抑或欲抑先扬的手法,使前后层次间形成对比的关系,增强文章的波折,达到引人入胜的效果。运用这种方法,要善于找出题目中的对立面,或是事物内部、事物不同阶段的对立面,使开头起伏有致。如一位学生在写《收获》这篇文章时,就这样写道:“关于收获,许多人都会想到累累的硕果,令人眼花缭乱的各种物质享受;但很少人会想到另一种收获,它虽看不见摸不着,却长驻在你心里,成为你人生中取之不尽用之不竭的财富——那,就是精神上的收获。”作者抓住“收获”中对立的两方面:物质上的和精神上的,突出了精神上的收获,使文章有了“曲线美”。
三、巧设悬念
所谓巧设悬念,就是在开头就陈述要点、提出问题;或是把事件的结尾放到开头,吸引人寻根究底;或是让某个关键环节藏头露尾,产生“雾里看花”的效应。如某电视台就有这样一段开场白:“有个故事叫庖丁解牛,说的是一个叫丁的人,杀牛的技术到了出神入化的地步。现下也有这么一些杀牛的,他们精通一种了不起的技术,能使牛在短时间内增加四分之一的重量。这到底是怎么一回事呢?”设置悬念的技巧在于有效地“吊人胃口”,因此必须抓住矛盾的集中点,在能引起读者兴趣的地方设疑,才能达到所要达到的效果。如上文的“能使牛在短时间内增加四分之一的重量”就很能引发人的好奇心。有时,突出事件的有悖常理处,往往也能收到较好的效果。
四、情景引入法
运用这种方法,可通过生动的景物描写,创设人物的活动舞台,为人物的出场进行铺垫,或衬托人物的性格、心情,推动情节的发展。如有篇叫《上学路上》的文章是这样开头的:“早晨,薄薄的阳光星星点点地栖息在树梢上,残余的暮色撤到了地平线的尽头。鸟儿唧唧喳喳地出来觅食了,像在说,趁着天气好,早点起来活动一下筋骨吧。”这样的描写衬托了主人公愉快的心情,为下文作了很好的张目。
除了景物描写,也可通过紧凑的对话来吸引读者,展开情节。如有个学生写市场上的小**,就是以顾客和小贩的争吵拉开序幕,让人一开始就置身于矛盾的氛围中,有较强的感染力。
如果说开头所起的作用是提纲挈领的,那么结尾所起的作用则是归根结底的。开头难在于怎样艺术地引入,结尾难在于怎样有机地深入。相对于开头而言,结尾往往更注重思想性,它是“临去的秋波”,如果写得好,常会给人无尽的回味余地。
关于结尾,我总结出如下几种写法:
一、画龙点睛
在结尾中,运用议论的表达方式,点明作者的立场、事件的意义,从而使读者的感知上升到理性认识的高度。这种方法,如点睛之笔,使文章有了更强的生命力。如一篇叫《落叶》的文章就这样写道:“我于是很敬仰起法桐来:它年年凋落旧叶,以此渴望来年的新生,所以它才没有停滞,没有老化,永远走在成长的路上。”作者通过议论,歌颂了一种不安于现状,积极进取的人生态度。既然是点睛之笔,就要扣紧问题的焦点,有的放矢。《落叶》就是针对法桐的“落叶”来阐述它的精神的。有些学生在运用这种方法时,常会偏离主题,就事件的枝节进行议论,造成败笔。要避免这种情况,就必须在构思时就明确主题,理清重点,这样,才不会被枝节所迷惑。有些同学虽抓住了重点,却又不知如何措辞。其实议论的语言固然不拘一格,但基本上都是遵循“赞成什么,反对什么;为什么赞成,为什么反对”这个思路展开的。
二、寓情于景
所谓寓情于景,就是通过景物描写,含蓄地表达主题。如:“天好蓝,阳光给大地披上了一件金色的外衣。地面上的深深浅浅的绿草,一直绵延到地平线的尽头,仿佛是挥之不去的思念……”通过写蓝天、阳光、绿草,勾勒出一幅充满诗意的画面,很好地表达了思念的心情。这种手法,我国古代的诗歌也不时用到,如王维的“春草年年绿,王孙归不归?”就是一例。在景物描写中,运用色彩的搭配、氛围的渲染,能使结尾给人以格外鲜明的印象。
三、承前启后
这种手法,在情节上承接上文,同时人们读后又得到一定的启迪。如《挑山工》就是这样写的:“我自泰山回家后,就画了一幅画——在陡直的似乎没有尽头的山道上,一个穿红背心的挑山工被肩头重物压弯了腰,却一步步坚韧地向上登攀。多年来,这幅画一直挂在我书桌前……”在形象的叙述中平静地道明了人生的哲理。这种结尾,可以说是“情节的说理”,有较强的感染力,它贵在含蓄,通过言外之意,让人明白主题。《挑山工》就是通过“一步步”、“坚韧”等字眼来赞扬“挑山工”体现出的一种精神的。
四、奇峰突起
通过出乎意料的结局,从而给读者以不可磨灭的印象,犹如平地上突起的奇峰,又如因地势的落差而造成的瀑布,颇具后声夺人之势。如一篇叫《萌芽》的文章里描写了两个想用葡萄核种出葡萄的孩子的不同命运。男孩受到父亲的粗暴干涉,而女孩的花盆里却真的长出了碧绿的葡萄藤。最后,小男孩道出其中的秘密:原来,那长出的藤子是女孩的父亲偷偷埋下的!于是,前后两种不同的教育方式形成鲜明对比,向我们指出了应该怎样对待孩子的创造性思维的问题。要有意外的结尾,必须在行文过程中就要“蓄势”,把读者的眼光引到另一个方向,这样,结尾才会使人耳目一新。如《萌芽》先是一味叙述两个孩子种葡萄的过程,在这个过程中还采取了类似、重复的对话。这是作者蓄意营造一种平直无奇的氛围。等到女孩种出了葡萄藤,文章就有了小波澜,读者在为主人公高兴的同时,心里不免留下问号:她是怎样种出来的?最后,作者却抛开那个得意洋洋的小女孩,借男孩的“哭”道出了真相。“哭”写出了小男孩的哀怨,也使结尾来得更奇特,引人深思。如果通过作者的口气或让女孩的爸爸出场来说出事实,就无味多了。
当然,技巧离不开必要的积累,开头要起得精彩,结尾要结得漂亮,必须具备一定的语言驾驭能力。离开积累奢谈技巧,无异于缘木求鱼。
作文是一项日积月累的工作,是硬功夫,不是能靠走捷径就可以取得优异成绩的,文学底蕴的差距的确是没有办法在短时期内弥补的,但是,若用心思考,底蕴差的学生一样可以用技巧来弥补才华的不足。故而,要说作文简单,还真简单。”高级语文教师刘森介绍说。那么如何写好高考作文,刘老师给大家介绍了一套好方法。
首先从体裁上看,高中作文主要是议论文和记叙文两大类,这两大类中又尤以议论文为主,记叙文是为那些“天才”和“庸才”两个极端准备的。好的可以达到满分,差的也就仅仅是20左右分。所以针对大多数既非“天才”也非“庸才”的学生,议论文就成为最主要拿分体裁。奉劝那些处于中间位置的学生要抓好议论文。
其次,写好议论文可按板块模式操作。议论文分三大板块,第一板块是提出中心论点,一定要鲜明、清晰,一定要达到劈面就可映入眼帘的效果。第二板块是对中心论点进行分析,这个板块是文章的主体。一般来说,可以细致的分成三个自然段,逐条阐述中心论点,或用并列式或用递进式或用假设式等等。第三板块就是总结部分,再次重申自己的观点,用总结性的话语结束全篇。当然,这决不是说,所有议论文都要这样写,这里仅仅说的是最简单、最有效的写作模板。总的来说就是:“是什么?”“为什么?”“怎么办?”三大部分。
再次,如何填充内容。简单说几个要点:一是修辞。一定要多用修辞,哪怕用一点最简单的修辞,也比干巴巴的论述要好看得多。二是引用。这也是很重要的一环。想引经据典就必须下大力气背诵。三是书写。不要小看书写,它就像人的外貌一样,直接决定着判卷老师的第一印象。当然,除了这三点以外,还有诸如作文的立意、语言、拟题、题记等方面都有技巧可为,篇幅所限不多陈述。
最后,就是习惯。习惯不仅决定人的性格,甚至决定人的命运。想写好作文,就要多思考、多读书、多练笔。克服懒惰,克服安逸。