土木工程专业毕业论文中英文摘要

第一篇：土木工程专业毕业论文中英文摘要

XX大学毕业设计（论文）

摘要

本文主要针对新建铁路精伊线莫仁至阿恰勒段的初步设计及相关程序设计。设计的具体内容由以下几个部分组成：结合地形、地质条件，在带状等高线地形图上，按初步设计的步骤，选定线路的基本走向，并进行路基设计，包括线路的平面定线、平面设计、纵断面设计、横断面设计、路基土石方计算程序设计、平面坐标计算程序设计、及相关外文科技文献翻译一篇。

平面定线过程中，根据坡度的变化，注意紧坡地段和缓坡地段的定线要求及定线技巧，在设计过程中，由于两站之间有较大的高程差，所以为了减少挖方量和争取最大高程，线路采用较大的坡度上坡，并注意使直线与曲线相互协调，充分考虑夹直线和缓和曲线长度的要求；纵断面设计中，注意最大坡度、坡段长度、坡段连接与坡度折减等问题，在变坡点处应合理设置竖曲线 ；在平面坐标计算程序设计中，对两种方法进行比较，采用Fortran语言编制计算程序；在横断面设计过程中，考虑曲线地段路基面加宽等问题。

整个设计分几个阶段进行，每一阶段的工作都需要综合考虑、精心设计。设计的前后都要进行必要的比较、检算，符合标准以后，提交有关设计成果，完成设计。

关键词：平面纵断面竖曲线路基横断面

XX大学毕业设计（论文）

Abstract

The article aims in designing new-built railway preliminarily for JingYi line from Moren to Aqiale section and relevant programs.The concrete contents of the design are as follows : Following the procedures of preliminary design , combine the topography、geology condition , select the basic trend of the line on the topographic map of belt contour , and start the subgrade design，including level location、level section design、profile design、cross section design、subgrade cubic meter of earth and stone calculation program and design、level coordinate calculation program of line and design、translating a relevant foreign technological bibliography.During the course of level location, follow the gradient changes to locate the line;pays attention to the tight slope land sector and the gentle slope land sector decides the line request and decides the line skill, in design process between, because two stands has a bigger elevation difference, therefore in order to reduce the volume of excavation the quantity and strives for the maximum elevation, the line uses an greater slope uphill, and the attention causes the straight line and the curveinter coordination, the full consideration clamps the straight line to be gentle and the length of curve request;In profile design , we must pay attention to the maximum grade、the connection of grade section and compensation of gradient etc;On the grade change point, we should dispose the vertical curve reasonably.During the course of level coordinate calculation program and design, compare thee two methods and use the C Language to program;In the cross section design, consider the problems of broadening subgrade on curve section.The whole design is divided into several stages to conduct.Every stage requires integrated consideration and careful design.The essential comparison and checkout both are required to do before and after designing.When the design conforms to the standard, submit relevant achievements of design, and then finish the design

Key Words:Level section、Profile、Vertical curve、Subgrade、Cross Section-2-

第二篇：土木工程毕业论文摘要(中英文)

摘要

随着社会经济的不断发展，房地产的开发处于上升空间。伴随而来的是人们对商业用房、住宅越来越高的要求，这主要表现在环境、经济、功能和舒服度等方面。所以现在对项目编制者来说有了更高的要求。工程项目的开发一般分为项目前期计划阶段，项目实施阶段和项目竣工交付使用段。在编制项目策划书过程中，我们要详细介绍这三个阶段考虑的问题以及解决方案。项目的前期策划主要是识别项目的需要，确定项目的方向，对项目作出决策，是项目的孕育阶段。工程项目前期策划过程中可以按以下方法：项目构思的产生和选择、项目目标设计和项目定义、可行性研究、评价和决策。同时在这个阶段中对项目实施的成本和工期有一定的计划。项目实施阶段是把平面实现立体复杂的过程，里面包含了项目的管理模式和技术要领。确立这些关键性的事物才能高效的实现目标。项目实施过程中主要考虑到工程进度控制、工程成本控制以及工程项目质量管理。最后，项目经过各方验收达到标准以后交付使用。在接下去的章节中详细项目策划书的各个过程。

关键字：项目概况；项目计划；工作目标；成本控制；工作程序；工程管理；

Abstract

With the continuous development of the socio-economic, the real estate development is raising space.Accompanied by the pursuit of commercial buildings, residential increasing, this was reflected in the environmental, economic, functional and comfortable degree.So now,on project preparation for higher requirements.Project development generally divided into pre-project planning phase, the project implementation stage and project complete consign is used section.In the process of compiling project planning book, we will detail the three stage considering problems and solutions.The planning stage of the project is to identify the needs of the project, to determine the direction of the project, to make decisions on the project, is a nascent stage of the project.Project early in the planning process by the following methods: idea generation and selection of the project, the design of the project objectives and the project definition, feasibility study, evaluation and decision-making.At the same time in the stages of project implementation cost and time limit for a project has a certain plan.The project implementation phase plane dimensional complex process, contains the project management mode and technical main point.We establish these critical things to achieve goals efficiently.In the process of project implementation main consideration to project progress control, engineering cost control and project quality management.Finally, project delivered after the acceptance of all parties to achieve the standard.Project planning book described in detail in the next chapter.Key words：Project Overview；Project plan；Work target； Cost control；Working procedures； Project management；

第三篇：5、毕业论文中英文摘要

某某大学2008届毕业论文

互动——广播新闻发展的必然选择

摘要：在当今时代，互动已成为构成传播意识的重要元素，并逐渐成为各类媒体的发展趋势。它不仅是新闻节目制作的突出亮点，更是新闻节目中增添生气活力和提升传播效应的原动力。在现今激烈的媒体竞争之下，广播新闻应如何发挥自身优势，提升互动意识、增强互动效应就成了值得广播媒体人思考的重要问题。本文以广播新闻为切入点，由挖掘互动广播新闻的内涵入手，分析了广播新闻节目为何要互动的原因以及互动的途径，通过对其前景所作展望得出结论，互动确实是广播新闻发展的必然选择。

关键词：互动，广播，新闻

某某大学2008届毕业论文

Interaction: The Inevitable Choice of the Development of

Broadcast News

Abstract: Nowadays, interactive communication has become an important element and has gradually become a trend of media.It is not only a prominent bright spot in news program production, but is also the driving force to increase vitality and enhance the dissemination.Thus, in the highly competitive media today, how broadcast news play their own advantages, enhance interaction awareness and strengthen the interactive effect become important issues.This paper excavates the conception of the interactive broadcast news, and analyzes the reasons and ways of interaction in programmers.Furthermore, by making a summary of its prospect, we could get a conclusion that interaction is the inevitable choice of the development of broadcast news.Key words: interaction, broadcast, news

以上为往届同学论文的中英文摘要格式示例，需要大家根据自己文章的实际撰写内容以相同格式书写。

第四篇：旅游毕业论文中英文摘要

摘 要

人类旅游活动在本质上是一种文化活动，是自由生命表现的一种形式，属于精神性的享受，是文化驱使的结果。在多维文化视野中，现代旅游愈益突出了文化的内涵与价值。

但伴随着旅游业的快速发展，各种旅游经营者盲目开发建设、监管部门保护不力以及旅游者对旅游环境的破坏等，导致我国旅游资源遭到了极大的破坏，其原有的内涵与价值正在逐步降低直至消失。从文化的独特视野，本文首先分析了我国旅游资源保护问题的提出，并阐述了其保护现状，最后论文着重提出了如何对我国旅游资源进行保护的有效措施。

关键词： 文化；文化视野；旅游资源；旅游资源保护

I

Abstract

Human tourist activity is a kind of cultural activity in essence and which is a form of the expression of free life, it belongs to the spiritual enjoyment, which is the result that the culture drives.In the vision of multi-culture, modern tourist has highlighted the connotations and values of the culture.With the rapid development of tourism, unreasonable and blind development and construction of the resources conducted by various sorts of tourist proprietors, the inefficient preservation the supervising sections provide and the destruction tourists bring to the tourist resources have led to the great damage to our country’s tourist resources, which gradually diminish and consume the original connotations and values of culture.In the unique prospect of culture, firstly, this paper analyzes the preservation problems of our country’s tourist resources and explains the current situation of it.In the end of the paper, it emphatically comes up the measures to the preservation of the tourist resources in our country.Key words: culture；culture prospect；tourist resources；the protection of tourism resources

II

第五篇：土木工程毕业论文中英文翻译

外文翻译

班级：xxx 学号：xxx 姓名：xxx

一、外文原文：

Structural Systems to resist lateral loads Commonly Used structural Systems With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts.Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts.Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved.Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology.Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows: 1.Moment-resisting frames.2.Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.3.Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.4.Tube-in-tube structures.5.Core-interactive structures.6.Cellular or bundled-tube systems.Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems.Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings.These combinations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights.This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture.To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed

without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect.In any event, the best of both is needed to formulate a truly extraordinary design of a high-rise building.While comprehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here.The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion.Moment-Resisting Frames Perhaps the most commonly used system in low-to medium-rise buildings, the moment-resisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints.Such frames are used as a stand-alone system or in combination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads.In the taller of high-rise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a stand-alone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces.Analysis can be accomplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriate computer programs;analysis by the so-called portal method of the cantilever method has no place in today’s technology.Because of the intrinsic flexibility of the column/girder intersection, and because preliminary designs should aim to highlight weaknesses of systems, it is not unusual to use center-to-center dimensions for the frame in the preliminary analysis.Of course, in the latter phases of design, a realistic appraisal in-joint deformation is essential.Braced Frames The braced frame, intrinsically stiffer than the moment –resisting frame, finds also greater application to higher-rise buildings.The system is characterized by linear horizontal, vertical, and diagonal members, connected simply or rigidly at their joints.It is used commonly in conjunction with other systems for taller buildings and as a stand-alone system in low-to medium-rise buildings.While the use of structural steel in braced frames is common, concrete frames are more likely to be of the larger-scale variety.Of special interest in areas of high seismicity is the use of the eccentric braced frame.Again, analysis can be by STRESS, STRUDL, or any one of a series of two –or three dimensional analysis computer programs.And again, center-to-center dimensions are used commonly in the preliminary analysis.Shear walls The shear wall is yet another step forward along a progression of ever-stiffer structural systems.The system is characterized by relatively thin, generally(but not always)concrete elements that provide both structural strength and separation between building functions.In high-rise buildings, shear wall systems tend to have a relatively high aspect ratio, that is, their height tends to be large compared to their width.Lacking tension in the foundation system, any structural element is limited in its ability to resist overturning moment by the width of the system and by the gravity load supported by the element.Limited to a narrow overturning, One obvious use of the system, which does have the needed width, is in the exterior walls of building, where the requirement for windows is kept small.Structural steel shear walls, generally stiffened against buckling by a concrete overlay, have found application where shear loads are high.The system, intrinsically more economical than steel bracing, is particularly effective in carrying shear loads down through the taller floors in the areas immediately above grade.The system has the further advantage of having high ductility a feature of particular importance in areas of high seismicity.The analysis of shear wall systems is made complex because of the inevitable presence of large openings through these walls.Preliminary analysis can be by truss-analogy, by the finite element method, or by making use of a proprietary computer program designed to consider the interaction, or coupling, of shear walls.Framed or Braced Tubes The concept of the framed or braced or braced tube erupted into the technology with the IBM Building in Pittsburgh, but was followed immediately with the twin 110-story towers of the World Trade Center, New York and a number of other buildings.The system is characterized by three –dimensional frames, braced frames, or shear walls, forming a closed surface more or less cylindrical in nature, but of nearly any plan configuration.Because those columns that resist

lateral forces are placed as far as possible from the cancroids of the system, the overall moment of inertia is increased and stiffness is very high.The analysis of tubular structures is done using three-dimensional concepts, or by two-dimensional analogy, where possible, whichever method is used, it must be capable of accounting for the effects of shear lag.The presence of shear lag, detected first in aircraft structures, is a serious limitation in the stiffness of framed tubes.The concept has limited recent applications of framed tubes to the shear of 60 stories.Designers have developed various techniques for reducing the effects of shear lag, most noticeably the use of belt trusses.This system finds application in buildings perhaps 40stories and higher.However, except for possible aesthetic considerations, belt trusses interfere with nearly every building function associated with the outside wall;the trusses are placed often at mechanical floors, mush to the disapproval of the designers of the mechanical systems.Nevertheless, as a cost-effective structural system, the belt truss works well and will likely find continued approval from designers.Numerous studies have sought to optimize the location of these trusses, with the optimum location very dependent on the number of trusses provided.Experience would indicate, however, that the location of these trusses is provided by the optimization of mechanical systems and by aesthetic considerations, as the economics of the structural system is not highly sensitive to belt truss location.Tube-in-Tube Structures The tubular framing system mobilizes every column in the exterior wall in resisting over-turning and shearing forces.The term‘tube-in-tube’is largely self-explanatory in that a second ring of columns, the ring surrounding the central service core of the building, is used as an inner framed or braced tube.The purpose of the second tube is to increase resistance to over turning and to increase lateral stiffness.The tubes need not be of the same character;that is, one tube could be framed, while the other could be braced.In considering this system, is important to understand clearly the difference between the shear and the flexural components of deflection, the terms being taken from beam analogy.In a framed tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the bending deformation of columns and girders(i.e, the webs of the framed tube)while the flexural component is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns(i.e, the flanges of the framed tube).In a

braced tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the axial deformation of diagonals while the flexural component of deflection is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns.Following beam analogy, if plane surfaces remain plane(i.e, the floor slabs),then axial stresses in the columns of the outer tube, being farther form the neutral axis, will be substantially larger than the axial stresses in the inner tube.However, in the tube-in-tube design, when optimized, the axial stresses in the inner ring of columns may be as high, or even higher, than the axial stresses in the outer ring.This seeming anomaly is associated with differences in the shearing component of stiffness between the two systems.This is easiest to under-stand where the inner tube is conceived as a braced(i.e, shear-stiff)tube while the outer tube is conceived as a framed(i.e, shear-flexible)tube.Core Interactive Structures Core interactive structures are a special case of a tube-in-tube wherein the two tubes are coupled together with some form of three-dimensional space frame.Indeed, the system is used often wherein the shear stiffness of the outer tube is zero.The United States Steel Building, Pittsburgh, illustrates the system very well.Here, the inner tube is a braced frame, the outer tube has no shear stiffness, and the two systems are coupled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat” structure.Note that the exterior columns would be improperly modeled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat” to the foundations;these columns are perhaps 15% stiffer as they follow the elastic curve of the braced core.Note also that the axial forces associated with the lateral forces in the inner columns change from tension to compression over the height of the tube, with the inflection point at about

5/8 of the height of the tube.The outer columns, of course, carry the same axial force under lateral load for the full height of the columns because the columns because the shear stiffness of the system is close to zero.The space structures of outrigger girders or trusses, that connect the inner tube to the outer tube, are located often at several levels in the building.The AT&T headquarters is an example of an astonishing array of interactive elements: 1.The structural system is 94 ft(28.6m)wide, 196ft(59.7m)long, and 601ft(183.3m)high.2.Two inner tubes are provided, each 31ft(9.4m)by 40 ft(12.2m), centered 90 ft(27.4m)apart in the long direction of the building.3.The inner tubes are braced in the short direction, but with zero shear stiffness in the long direction.4.A single outer tube is supplied, which encircles the building perimeter.5.The outer tube is a moment-resisting frame, but with zero shear stiffness for the center50ft(15.2m)of each of the long sides.6.A space-truss hat structure is provided at the top of the building.7.A similar space truss is located near the bottom of the building 8.The entire assembly is laterally supported at the base on twin steel-plate tubes, because the shear stiffness of the outer tube goes to zero at the base of the building.Cellular structures A classic example of a cellular structure is the Sears Tower, Chicago, a bundled tube structure of nine separate tubes.While the Sears Tower contains nine nearly identical tubes, the basic structural system has special application for buildings of irregular shape, as the several tubes need not be similar in plan shape, It is not uncommon that some of the individual tubes one of the strengths and one of the weaknesses of the system.This special weakness of this system, particularly in framed tubes, has to do with the concept of differential column shortening.The shortening of a column under load is given by the expression

△=ΣfL/E For buildings of 12 ft(3.66m)floor-to-floor distances and an average compressive stress of 15 ksi(138MPa), the shortening of a column under load is 15(12)(12)/29,000 or 0.074in(1.9mm)per story.At 50 stories, the column will have shortened to 3.7 in.(94mm)less than its unstressed length.Where one cell of a bundled tube system is, say, 50stories high and an adjacent cell is, say, 100stories high, those columns near the boundary between.the two systems need to have this differential deflection reconciled.Major structural work has been found to be needed at such locations.In at least one building, the Rialto Project, Melbourne, the structural engineer found it necessary to vertically pre-stress

the lower height columns so as to reconcile the differential deflections of columns in close proximity with the post-tensioning of the shorter column simulating the weight to be added on to adjacent, higher columns.二、原文翻译：

抗侧向荷载的结构体系

常用的结构体系

若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。

这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。

如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类：

1． 抗弯矩框架。

2． 支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。3． 剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。4． 筒中框架。5． 筒中筒结构。6． 核心交互结构。

7． 框格体系或束筒体系。

特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。

将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。

虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。

抗弯矩框架

抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。

我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。

支撑框架

支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

尤其引人关注的是，在强震区使用偏心支撑框架。

此外，可以利用STRESS，STRUDL，或一系列二维或三维计算机分析程序中的任何一种进行结构分析。另外，初步分析中常用中心距尺寸。

剪力墙

剪力墙在加强结构体系刚性的发展过程中又前进了一步。该体系的特点是具有相当薄的，通常是（而不总是）混凝土的构件，这种构件既可提供结构强度，又可提供建筑物功能上的分隔。

在高层建筑中，剪力墙体系趋向于具有相对大的高宽经，即与宽度相比，其高度偏大。由于基础体系缺少应力，任何一种结构构件抗倾覆弯矩的能力都受到体系的宽度和构件承受的重力荷载的限制。由于剪力墙宽度狭狭窄受限，所以需要以某种方式加以扩大，以便提从所需的抗倾覆能力。在窗户需要量小的建筑物外墙中明显地使用了这种确有所需要宽度的体系。

钢结构剪力墙通常由混凝土覆盖层来加强以抵抗失稳，这在剪切荷载大的地方已得到应用。这种体系实际上比钢支撑经济，对于使剪切荷载由位于地面正上方区域内比较高的楼层向下移特别有效。这种体系还具有高延性之优点，这种特性在强震区特别重要。

由于这些墙内必然出同一些大孔，使得剪力墙体系分析变得错综复杂。可以通过桁架模似法、有限元法，或者通过利用为考虑剪力墙的交互作用或扭转功能设计的专门计处机程序进行初步分析

框架或支撑式筒体结构：

框架或支撑式筒体最先应用于IBM公司在Pittsburgh的一幢办公楼，随后立即被应用于纽约双子座的110层世界贸易中心摩天大楼和其他的建筑中。这种系统有以下几个显著的特征：三维结构、支撑式结构、或由剪力墙形成的一个性质上差不多是圆柱体的闭合曲面，但又有任意的平面构成。由于这些抵抗侧向荷载的柱子差不多都被设置在整个系统的中心，所以整体的惯性得到提高，刚度也是很大的。

在可能的情况下，通过三维概念的应用、二维的类比，我们可以进行筒体结构的分析。不管应用那种方法，都必须考虑剪力滞后的影响。

这种最先在航天器结构中研究的剪力滞后出现后，对筒体结构的刚度是一个很大的限制。这种观念已经影响了筒体结构在60层以上建筑中的应用。设计者已经开发出了很多的技术，用以减小剪力滞后的影响，这其中最有名的是桁架的应用。框架或支撑式筒体在40层或稍高的建筑中找到了自己的用武之地。除了一些美观的考虑外，桁架几乎很少涉及与外

墙联系的每个建筑功能，而悬索一般设置在机械的地板上，这就令机械体系设计师们很不赞成。但是，作为一个性价比较好的结构体系，桁架能充分发挥它的性能，所以它会得到设计师们持续的支持。由于其最佳位置正取决于所提供的桁架的数量，因此很多研究已经试图完善这些构件的位置。实验表明：由于这种结构体系的经济性并不十分受桁架位置的影响，所以这些桁架的位置主要取决于机械系统的完善，审美的要求，筒中筒结构：

筒体结构系统能使外墙中的柱具有灵活性，用以抵抗颠覆和剪切力。“筒中筒”这个名字顾名思义就是在建筑物的核心承重部分又被包围了第二层的一系列柱子，它们被当作是框架和支撑筒来使用。配置第二层柱的目的是增强抗颠覆能力和增大侧移刚度。这些筒体不是同样的功能，也就是说，有些筒体是结构的，而有些筒体是用来支撑的。

在考虑这种筒体时，清楚的认识和区别变形的剪切和弯曲分量是很重要的，这源于对梁的对比分析。在结构筒中，剪切构件的偏角和柱、纵梁（例如：结构筒中的网等）的弯曲有关，同时，弯曲构件的偏角取决于柱子的轴心压缩和延伸（例如：结构筒的边缘等）。在支撑筒中，剪切构件的偏角和对角线的轴心变形有关，而弯曲构件的偏角则与柱子的轴心压缩和延伸有关。

根据梁的对比分析，如果平面保持原形（例如：厚楼板），那么外层筒中柱的轴心压力就会与中心筒柱的轴心压力相差甚远，而且稳定的大于中心筒。但是在筒中筒结构的设计中，当发展到极限时，内部轴心压力会很高的，甚至远远大于外部的柱子。这种反常的现象是由于两种体系中的剪切构件的刚度不同。这很容易去理解，内筒可以看成是一个支撑（或者说是剪切刚性的）筒，而外筒可以看成是一个结构（或者说是剪切弹性的）筒。

核心交互式结构：

核心交互式结构属于两个筒与某些形式的三维空间框架相配合的筒中筒特殊情况。事实上，这种体系常用于那种外筒剪切刚度为零的结构。位于Pittsburgh的美国钢铁大楼证实了这种体系是能很好的工作的。在核心交互式结构中，内筒是一个支撑结构，外筒没有任何剪切刚度，而且两种结构体系能通过一个空间结构或“帽”式结构共同起作用。需要指出的是，如果把外部的柱子看成是一种从“帽”到基础的直线体系，这将是不合适的；根据支撑核心的弹性曲线，这些柱子只发挥了刚度的15%。同样需要指出的是，内柱中与侧向力有关的轴向力沿筒高度由拉力变为压力，同时变化点位于筒高度的约5/8处。当然，外柱也传

递相同的轴向力，这种轴向力低于作用在整个柱子高度的侧向荷载，因为这个体系的剪切刚度接近于零。

把内外筒相连接的空间结构、悬臂梁或桁架经常遵照一些规范来布置。美国电话电报总局就是一个布置交互式构件的生动例子。

1、结构体系长59.7米，宽28.6米，高183.3米。

2、布置了两个筒，每个筒的尺寸是9.4米×12.2米，在长方向上有27.4米的间隔。

3、在短方向上内筒被支撑起来，但是在长方向上没有剪切刚度。

4、环绕着建筑物布置了一个外筒。

5、外筒是一个瞬时抵抗结构，但是在每个长方向的中心15.2米都没有剪切刚度。

6、在建筑的顶部布置了一个空间桁架构成的“帽式”结构。

7、在建筑的底部布置了一个相似的空间桁架结构。

8、由于外筒的剪切刚度在建筑的底部接近零，整个建筑基本上由两个钢板筒来支持。

框格体系或束筒体系结构：

位于美国芝加哥的西尔斯大厦是箱式结构的经典之作，它由九个相互独立的筒组成的一个集中筒。由于西尔斯大厦包括九个几乎垂直的筒，而且筒在平面上无须相似，基本的结构体系在不规则形状的建筑中得到特别的应用。一些单个的筒高于建筑一点或很多是很常见的。事实上，这种体系的重要特征就在于它既有坚固的一面，也有脆弱的一面。

这种体系的脆弱，特别是在结构筒中，与柱子的压缩变形有很大的关系，柱子的压缩变形有下式计算：

△=ΣfL/E 对于那些层高为3.66米左右和平均压力为138MPa的建筑，在荷载作用下每层柱子的压缩变形为15（12）/29000或1.9毫米。在第50层柱子会压缩94毫米，小于它未受压的长度。这些柱子在50层的时候和100层的时候的变形是不一样的，位于这两种体系之间接近于边缘的那些柱需要使这种不均匀的变形得以调解。

主要的结构工作都集中在布置中。在Melbourne的Rialto项目中，结构工程师发现至少有一幢建筑，很有必要垂直预压低高度的柱子，以便使柱不均匀的变形差得以调解，调解的方法近似于后拉伸法，即较短的柱转移重量到较高的邻柱上。