CounterpointReflections-短期报告:2型糖尿病可逆性的治疗人群反应

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第一篇:CounterpointReflections-短期报告:2型糖尿病可逆性的治疗人群反应

Short Report: Treatment Population response to information on reversibility of

Type 2 diabetes 短期报告:2型糖尿病可逆性的治疗人群反应

S.Steven, E.L.Lim and R.Taylor S.史提芬,E.L.Lim和R.泰勒

Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 磁共振中心,纽卡斯尔大学医学院,蜂窝,泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔,英国 Accepted 10 January 2013 接受10一月2013

1.Abstract摘要

1.1.Aims目的

Following publication of the Counterpoint Study(on the reversibility of Type 2 diabetes using a very low energy diet), the extent of public interest prompted the authors to make available, on a website, general information about reversing diabetes.Shortly thereafter, individuals began to feed back their personal experiences of attempting to reverse their diabetes.We have collated this information on the effects of energy restriction in motivated individuals with Type 2 diabetes that has been achieved outside a research setting.以下的对位研究出版(对2型糖尿病患者采用极低能量饮食的可逆性),公共利益的程度上促使作者提供,网站上,关于糖尿病的一般信息。此后不久,个人开始反馈他们的个人

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经历,试图扭转他们的糖尿病。我们已经整理了对动机的2型糖尿病患者已经实现外研究制定能源约束的影响这一信息。

1.2.Methods方法

Emails, letters and telephone communications received between July 2011 and September 2012 were evaluated(n = 77: 66 men, 11 women).Median diabetes duration was 5.5 years(3 months–28 years).Reversal of diabetes was defined as achieving fasting capillary blood glucose < 6.1 mmol/l and/or, if available, HbA1c less than 43 mmol/mol(6.1%)off treatment.收到的电子邮件,信件和电话之间的通信在七月2011和九月2012进行了评价(77名:66名男子,11名妇女)。中位糖尿病病程5.5年(3个月,28年)。逆转糖尿病被定义为实现空腹毛细血管血糖<6.1 mmol/L和/或,如果可用,糖化血红蛋白小于43毫摩尔/摩尔(6.1%)治疗。

1.3.Results结果

Self-reported weight fell from 96.7 17.5 kg at baseline to 81.9 14.8 kg after weight loss(P < 0.001).Selfreported fasting blood glucose levels fell from 8.3 mmol/l(5.9–33.0)to 5.5 mmol/l(4.0–10.0)after the weight loss period(P < 0.001).Diabetes reversal was considered to have occurred in 61% of the population.Reversal of diabetes was observed in 80, 63 and 53% of those with > 20, 10–20 and < 10 kg weight loss, respectively.There was a significant correlation between degree of weight loss and reported fasting glucose levels(Rs –0.38, P = 0.006).Reversal rates according to diabetes duration were: short(< 4 years)= 73%, medium(4–8 years)= 56% and long(> 8 years)= 43%.自报体重从17.5公斤下降到81.9 96.7公斤,体重减轻14.8公斤(0.001)。问卷访空腹血糖水平从8.3 mmol/L下降(5.9–33)5.5毫摩尔/升(4–10)减肥期后(P<0.001)。糖尿病逆转被认为是发生在61%的人口。观察20、63、53%、10、80和的糖尿病逆转情况,分别为20和10。有一个显着的相关性程度的减肥和空腹血糖水平(卢比)-0.38,磷= 0.006)。根据糖尿病病程逆转率:短(4年)= 73%,中(4104)。

Self-reported weight fell from 96.7 17.5 kg at aseline and was 81.9 14.8 kg after weight loss(P < 0.001).Selfreported fasting blood glucose levels fell from 8.3 mmol/l(5.9–33.0)to 5.5 mmol/l(4.0–10.0)after the weight-loss period(P < 0.001).Pre-and post-diet HbA1c was available in 20 subjects and fell from 58 mmol/mol(40–115)[7.5%(5.8–12.7)] to 45 mmol/mol(26–57)[6.3%(4.5–7.4)](P < 0.001).Diabetes reversal was considered to have occurred in 61% of the 同方股份有限公司

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population.In the non-reversal group, improvements sufficient to allow discontinuation of anti-diabetic medications occurred in five individuals.自我报告的体重从96.7公斤到17.5从81.9下跌,14.8公斤减肥后(P<0.001)。问卷访空腹血糖水平从8.3 mmol/L下降(5.9–33)5.5毫摩尔/升(4–10)减肥期后(P<0.001)。前和后的饮食20者HbA1c可从58毫摩尔/摩尔下降(40–115)[ 7.5%(5.8–12.7)] 45毫摩尔/摩尔(26–57)[ 6.3%(4.5–7.4)](P<0.001)。糖尿病逆转被认为是发生在61%的人口。在非逆转组中,有足够的改善,使五个人的抗糖尿病药物的停止发生。

Reversal of diabetes was observed in 80% of those with > 20 kg weight loss, 63% of those with weight loss 10–20 kg and in 53% of those with < 10 kg weight loss.The mean weight loss in individuals who reported diabetes reversal was 16.0 6.9 kg, and was 12.8 4.9 kg in those who did not achieve reversal of diabetes.There was a significant correlation between degree of weight loss(%)and reported fasting glucose levels(Rs –0.38, P = 0.006)(see Fig.1).Of those achieving loss of > 20% of body weight, only three people did not achieve reversal of diabetes.The reversal rates in the short, medium and long duration groups were 73, 56 and 43%, respectively, and in those losing > 15 kg in weight the reversal rates were 82, 64 and 75%, respectively.在80%的减肥者中有20的体重下降,63%的体重下降10,20公斤,53%的体重下降,其中10的人体重下降。在个人谁报告糖尿病逆转的平均体重损失为6.9,16公斤,并在那些没有达到逆转糖尿病4.9 12.8公斤。有一个显着的相关性之间的重量损失(%)和空腹血糖水平(卢比-0.38,磷= 0.006)(见图1)。其中20%的减肥者达到减肥,只有三人没有达到逆转糖尿病。短、中、长时间组的逆转率分别为73、56和43%,而在减肥中的逆转率分别为82、和64,分别为15和75%。

Longer-term data from eight of these individuals are available, indicating a sustained benefit on blood glucose levels following cessation of tight energy restriction.These individuals, all male, undertook an 8-week period of energy restriction, with four individuals using a meal replacement product.Sustained reversal of diabetes was confirmed by HbA1c in six individuals and by oral glucose tolerance test in two individuals.Details on glycaemic control and weight change for these individuals are shown in Table 1.同方股份有限公司

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从这些人中的八个较长的长期数据是可用的,表明持续的利益,对血糖水平停止严格的能量限制。这些人,全部为男性,进行了能量限制8周,用代餐产品四个人。糖尿病持续逆转证实了HbA1c在六个人和两个人口服葡萄糖耐量试验。这些人在控制血糖及体重变化情况如表1所示。

FIGURE 1 Self-reported fasting blood glucose levels at the end of the diet period in relation to the degree of achieved weight loss.The solid line at 6.1 mmol/l represents the diagnostic cut-off for diabetes reversal.图1自我报告的空腹血糖水平在结束时的饮食与体重减轻的程度有关。在6.1毫摩尔/升的固体线代表诊断截断糖尿病逆转。

5.Discussion The data suggest that very significant improvements in blood glucose levels can be made by energy restriction undertaken by motivated individuals in their usual environment.This is possible with minimal or no support from a healthcare practitioner.It is still widely believed that long-duration Type 2 diabetes results in an inevitable and irreversible decline in insulin secretion, 同方股份有限公司

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with the inevitable requirement for insulin therapy after an average of 10 years [4].Six individuals with long-duration disease(9–28 years)reported reversal of diabetes.讨论的数据表明,在血液中的葡萄糖水平的非常显着的改善,可以通过在其通常的环境中的动机的个人进行的能量限制。这是可能的,最小的或不支持的医疗保健医生。它仍然被广泛认为,持续时间长2型糖尿病的结果是不可避免的和不可逆的胰岛素分泌下降,胰岛素治疗的必然要求,平均10年后[ 4 ]。六个人的长期病程(9年)报告逆转糖尿病。

This is in keeping with observations following bariatric surgery, that some individuals will achieve normalization of blood glucose levels, even although remission rates decrease when disease duration is more than 10 years [5].Although the use of very low energy diets tends to be followed by weight regain, some people are able to avoid this [6,7] and our data confirm this.Modification of dietary fat content may have a beneficial effect following intentional weight loss [8].Further work is needed to define the optimum method for maintaining normal glucose toleranceafter the return to normal eating.这是符合减肥手术后的观察,一些人将实现血糖水平正常,即使当病程超过10年[ 5 ]降低缓解率。虽然极低能量饮食的使用往往是由体重恢复,有些人能够避免这个[ 6,7 ]和我们的数据证实了这个。膳食脂肪含量的修改可能有一个有益的影响以下故意减肥[ 8 ]。进一步的工作是需要定义为维持正常血糖toleranceafter恢复正常饮食的最佳方法。

The study population represents a group of individuals motivated to regain their health, and this is an important point.The crucial factor which differentiates this dietary intervention from previous attempts is the clearly identified goal of becoming free of Type 2 diabetes.The distinction between the treatment of a potentially curable disease and that of a chronic progressive condition was made eloquently by one individual, who contrasted the often reported battle to ‘beat’ a life-threatening disease such as cancer with the learned helplessness induced by advice that diabetes was inevitably progressive.研究人群代表了一组个人的动机,以恢复他们的健康,这是一个重要的观点。的关键因素,区分这一饮食干预,从以前的尝试是明确确定的目标,成为自由的2型糖尿病。区别可同方股份有限公司

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能治愈的疾病的治疗之间,慢性进展性条件是充分的一个人,他对比了经常报道的战斗,打败一个危及生命的疾病,如与习得性无助的建议,糖尿病是不可避免的进步引起的癌症。

The responses clearly show that this minority of health-motivated people strongly resent being told that there is nothing that can be done to escape from Type 2 diabetes and that they must take medication.The overwhelming impression gained by doctors from their routine clinical practice is that people with Type 2 diabetes rarely succeed in losing weight, and the critical point that there is a subgroup who are strongly motivated by desire to regain health has not been widely recognized.Some doctors do know that occasionally people do reverse their diabetes, but this is not acknowledged by clinical guidelines [9].The pathophysiological basis for this has previously been described [10].反应清楚地表明,这少数的健康动机的人强烈不满被告知,没有任何可以做,以摆脱2型糖尿病,他们必须采取药物。医生从他们的日常临床实践中得到的压倒性的印象是,2型糖尿病患者很少能成功地减肥,而关键的一点是,有一个亚组谁是强烈动机的愿望,恢复健康并没有得到广泛认可。有些医生确实知道,偶尔的人会改变他们的糖尿病,但这是不承认的临床指南[ 9 ]。以前被描述的病理生理基础[ 10 ]。

Table 1 Sustained benefit on weight and blood glucose levels following a period of energy restriction in eight individuals 表1: 持续的获益于体重和血糖水平, 在八个个体的能量限制期后

Observations in uncontrolled free-living populations make this study unique and reflect the prospects for what can be achieved beyond the research environment.However, the limitations 同方股份有限公司

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inherent to this study design must be acknowledged.Firstly, there will have been self-referral bias, with the observations demonstrating proof of principle rather than any estimate of likely reversal rates.The precision of the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes is uncertain.The inclusion of individuals with maturity-onset diabetes of youth or slow-onset Type 1 diabetes would result in an underestimation of rates of diabetes reversal using a very low energy diet.在不受控制的自由生活的人群的观察,使这项研究独特的反映所能取得的成就超越环境的研究前景。然而,固有的局限性,本研究设计必须承认。首先,将有自我转介偏见,与观察证明的原则,而不是任何可能的逆转率的估计。2型糖尿病诊断的准确性是不确定的。与青年或缓慢起病的1型糖尿病发病的成年型糖尿病患者纳入会导致低估率糖尿病逆转用极低能量饮食。

The significant degree of heterogeneity in the intervention must also be acknowledged, including the degree of energy restriction(particularly in those who did not use a meal replacement product)and the length of diet period undertaken.Finally, diabetes reversal was mostly based on self-reported, unverified measurements of glycaemic control in the form of capillary blood glucose results, fasting plasma glucose results, HbA1c or oral glucose tolerance tests.在干预的显着程度的异质性,也必须承认,包括限制的能量限制(特别是在那些没有使用的膳食替代产品)和饮食期间的长度进行。最后,糖尿病逆转主要是基于自我报告,在毛细管血糖结果形成血糖控制未经证实的测量结果,空腹血糖,糖化血红蛋白或口服葡萄糖耐量试验。

These data demonstrate that intentional weight loss achieved at home by health-motivated individuals can reverse Type 2 diabetes.Diabetes reversal should be a goal in the management of Type 2 diabetes in these individuals.The durability of the effect on glucose metabolism requires further study.Long-term avoidance of weight gain must be the top priority after reversal of diabetes, and the dietary regimen best able to achieve this must now be established.这些数据表明,故意减肥,实现在家中的健康动机的个人可以逆转2型糖尿病。糖尿病的逆转应该是一个目标,在这些人的2型糖尿病的管理。对糖代谢的影响的耐久性需要进一同方股份有限公司

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步研究。长期避免体重增加必须是糖尿病逆转后的重中之重,而现在必须建立的饮食方案最好能达到这个。

Funding sources 资金来源 None.无。

Competing interests 竞争利益 None declared.没有声明。

6.References 1 Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC,Taylor R.Reversal of type 2 diabetes is associated with decrease inpancreas and liver fat.Diabetologia 2011;54: 2506–2514.2 Taylor R.Reversing Type 2 Diabetes.2011.Available at http://www.xiexiebang.commendationon reporting results for blood glucose.ClinChimActa 2001;307: 205–209.4 UK Prospective Diabetes Study.Intensive blood glucose controlwith sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatmentand risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes(UKPDS 33).Lancet 1999;352: 837–853.5 Hall TC, Pellen MGC, Sedman PC, Jain PK.Preoperativefactors predicting remission of Type 2 diabetes mellitus after Rouxen-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity.ObesSurg 2010;20:1245–1250.6 Paisey RB, Frost J, Harvey P, Paisey A, Bower L, Paisey RM et al.Five-year results of a prospective very low calorie diet or conventionalweight loss programme in type 2 diabetes.J Hum Nutr Diet2002;15: 121–127.同方股份有限公司

此处替换为文档标题 Ross HM, Laws R, Reckless J, Lean M, Counterweight Project T.Evaluation of the Counterweight Programme for obesity managementin primary care: a starting point for continuous improvement.Br J Gen Pract 2008;58: 548–554.8 Low CC, Grossman EB, Gumbiner B.Potentiation of effects ofweight loss by monounsaturated fatty acids in obese NIDDMpatients.Diabetes 1996;45: 569–575.9 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.NationalCollaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions: Type 2 Diabetes:National Clinical Guideline for Management in Primary andSecondary Care.NICE-CG66(update).London: Royal College ofPhysicians, 2008.10 Taylor R.Pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes: tracing the reverse routefrom cure to cause.Diabetologia 2008;51: 1781–1789.同方股份有限公司

第二篇:治疗2型糖尿病新药的心血管风险评价指导原则

治疗2型糖尿病新药的心血管风险评价指导原则

一、引言

本指导原则仅针对如何证明一种新的治疗2型糖尿病的药物不会造成不可接受的心血管风险的增加提出建议。

本指导原则仅视为推荐性的建议。

二、背景

近期糖尿病的发病率在中国及世界范围内已经达到了流行的程度。与糖尿病相关的发病率和死亡率预计占医疗费用支出的相当大比例。尽管目前已有几种糖尿病治疗药物可应用,但仍然需要新的药物用于糖尿病的预防和治疗(例如:药物和治疗性生物制品的开发)。

糖尿病是一种以胰岛素分泌不足、胰岛素抵抗或者二者并存引起的高血糖症为特征的慢性代谢性疾病。脂质和蛋白质代谢的改变也是胰岛素分泌不足或作用缺陷的重要表现。

大部分糖尿病患者为1型糖尿病(免疫介导的或特发性的)或者2型糖尿病(具有复杂的病理生理学,合并有渐进性的胰岛素抵抗和β细胞衰竭)。1型和2型糖尿病均有遗传基础。糖尿病还可能与妊娠激素环境、遗传缺陷、其他的内分泌疾病、感染和某些特定药物相关。

目前糖尿病患者的治疗目标出现了显著变化,从预防近期死亡到缓解症状,再到目前公认的目标,旨在使血糖水平正常化或接近正常以预防糖尿病的并发症。糖尿病控制与并发症的临床研究已经明确证明,对1型糖尿病患者进行严格的血糖控制可以显著减少慢性糖尿病并发症(例如:视网膜病变、肾脏病变和神经病变)的发生和进展。在糖尿病干预与并发症的流行病学研究中(Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study,EDIC study),通过对这些患者进行的长期随访证实了血糖控制对大血管结局产生有益的作用。

2型糖尿病患者中也有足够的证据支持长期良好的血糖控制可以降低微血管并发症的风险。这些研究中的血糖控制是通过糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的变化来判定的。该终点指标反映了糖尿病的直接临床表现(高血糖及其相关症状)的获益作用,降低HbA1c可以合理地预期降低微血管并发症的长期风险。因此,在批准糖尿病高血糖治疗药物时,可以将HbA1c作为主要疗效终点指标。然而,与糖尿病相关的心血管疾病风险的升高,是导致这些人群心血管疾病发病和死亡的首要病因。尽管这种过高的心血管风险在1型和2型糖尿病患者中均存在,但是1型糖尿病患者胰岛素的绝对缺乏使其必须将胰岛素治疗作为直接挽救生命的治疗,对其进行长期的心血管风险评价可能不切合实际。对于2型糖尿病而言,在胰岛素治疗前更广泛的控制高血糖的治疗手段使得有机会去评价这些治疗对心血管风险的影响,从而使在治疗2型糖尿病方面做出更为明智的决策。

三、建议

为了确定治疗2型糖尿病的新药的安全性,并确保该治疗将不会造成不可接受的心血管风险的增加,开发计划应当包括下列几点。

(一)对于处于计划阶段的新的临床研究

 申办者应当建立一个独立的心血管终点委员会,要预先确定用盲法对所有Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期试验的心血管事件进行裁定。这些事件应当包括心血管疾病死亡率、心肌梗死和卒中,还可包括因急性冠脉综合症而住院治疗、紧急血管再造术以及其他可能的终点指标。

 申办者应当确保Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期临床试验恰当地设计和实施,以便在这些研究完成时能够进行荟萃分析,对重要的研究设计特点、患者情况、研究水平的协变量给予合理的说明。为了获取足够的终点事件以进行有意义的风险评估,Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的开发计划应当入选具有较高心血管事件风险的患者,如相对晚期疾病的患者、老年患者和具有一定程度肾脏损害的患者。由于此类患者可能接受降糖药物治疗,如果获得批准,该人群比年轻和健康人群更加适合进行药物安全性试验的其他方面的评价。

 申办者还应当提供一个研究方案对拟定的荟萃分析的统计学方法进行描述,包括拟评价的终点指标。此时,合理的荟萃分析应当包括所有的安慰剂对照试验、联合治疗试验(即在标准治疗基础上加用药物,进行药物与安慰剂的比较)以及阳性对照试验;应当保证研究水平上的随机化比较;但在荟萃分析时,若有可能,应纳入研究差异的重要指标或其他因素(例如:剂量、暴露持续时间、附加药物)。为了获得足够的事件,为了给慢性治疗提供长期心血管风险相关数据(例如:至少2年的数据),对照试验可能需要持续3到6个月以上。

 申办者应当针对Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期对照临床试验的重要心血管事件进行荟萃分析,若有可能,应当针对亚组(例如:年龄、性别、种族)之间的相似性和/或差异性进行探索。

(二)对于已经完成的研究,在提交新药或新生物制品上市申请之前

 申办者应对研究药物组中重要的心血管事件的发生率与对照组中同类型事件的发生率进行比较,以表明所估计的风险比的双侧95%臵信区间的上限低于1.8。可以通过几种方法实现该目的。可以使用上述针对Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期临床研究的综合分析(荟萃分析);或者,如果作为荟萃分析组成部分的所有研究数据的本身不能够表明所估计风险比的双侧95%臵信区间的上限低于1.8,则应当进行一项附加的单项、大规模的安全性研究(单独进行或加到其他的研究中),使在NDA/BLA提交前能够满足该上限的要求。无论采用何种方法,申办者都应当考虑到可能风险增加的幅度与风险增加的臵信区间及点估计值保持一致。例如:即使95%臵信区间的上限低于1.8,也不保证点估计值是否到1.5(所谓的有统计学意义的增加)。

 如果在上市前申请中,临床数据表明所估计的风险增加(即,风险比)的双侧95%臵信区间的上限介于1.3与1.8之间,并且总体风险/受益分析支持批准该申请,则通常需要进行一项上市后研究以最终表明所估计的风险比的双侧95%臵信区间的上限低于1.3。可以通过实施一项具有足够统计效能的单独临床研究或者将上市前安全性研究的结果与类似设计的上市后安全性研究的结果合并来实现上述目标。该临床研究将是一项必需的上市后安全性研究。

 如果上市前申请包含能够表明所估计的风险增加(即,风险比)的双侧95%臵信区间的上限低于1.3的临床数据,而且总体风险/受益分析支持批准该申请,则通常不需要进行上市后的心血管临床研究。

 本项荟萃分析的报告应当包括:充分的所有分析的细节;按研究、亚组和总体风险比绘制的荟萃分析结果的常规图表;所有能够用于对结果进行验证的分析数据集。

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