2018年11月4日托福考试考情回顾【雷哥托福】(共5篇)

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第一篇:2018年11月4日托福考试考情回顾【雷哥托福】

2018年11月4日托福考试考情回顾【雷哥托福】

阅读回顾

1、考古的遗失

2、变色的水母

3、早先农业社会的性别差异

4、美国文学

5、章鱼

6、green crab青蟹

7、中国钱币发展

8、画廊/博物馆灯光控制

9、Attempts at determining earth's age 确定地球年龄的尝试

10、讲地球板块怎么分开的

11、北美人的动物驯化

12、heavy plow重型犁,有很多插图

13、始祖鸟

14、清洁剂的发展

15、落叶林和针叶林的比较

16、英国对美洲的殖民统治与美国经济

听力回顾 Conversation 1.一个女生开始找博物馆的工作,但是需要研究生,她才大三

2.学生把教授的钥匙弄丢了,去找另一个老师说,然后后面讲了 concert 3.女生参不参加每周一次读书会的事 Lecture 1.细菌的抗药性及解决方法

2.达芬奇发明的O开头的帮助飞的装置 3.一个科学原则和一个化学家的实践 4.考古学 5.green house 6.lizard 逃跑的时候要发出巨大的声音的原因

7.艺术史 high renaissance 艺术家和 buyers 如何下单

口语回顾 Task 1 学校获得了毕业生的捐助。你觉得用于建设以下哪三种设施比较好: 看比赛的运动场 剧院,还可以开音乐会 游戏中心 Task2 同意不同意 it is easier to be an adult than to be a child Task3 大学让艺术生暑假的时候装饰学校楼梯,理由是让学生有地方展示作品,而且是永久的。听力同意,本来只有一年一次的艺术展有机会展示自己的艺术作品,这样一来可以让更多人看到,而且是永久的;大学把这个装饰的事情放在暑假很好,因为放假的时候,没有人打扰。

Task4 pseudoscience伪科学。商家在广告中用貌似真实的实验说明他们产品有什么样的功能,让产品更吸引人。举例是一个游戏公司说玩他们的游戏可以更intelligent,但心理学家说这个广告采用的研究基础都没有说服力。

Task5 女生的工作时间与读书俱乐部的讨论时间相冲突,解决方法:1.工作完大概晚上10点再去俱乐部与其他人讨论;2.不去俱乐部,自己读书,然后发邮件给大家

Task6 恐龙的运动。有一种类似鸟的翅膀,不是用来飞而是用来保持平衡;怎么移动尾巴,是拖在地上还是悬在空中,在化石里面发现有尾巴拖拽的痕迹,所以是拖在地上的。

写作回顾 独立写作

现在人们对跟上时代的技术发展有困惑,政府spend money on training courses给25岁以上的adult,是否effective。

英文版:

A government spend money on all adults after 25-year-old on a training course for the most up-to-date skills at workplace.Do you think

it is effective? Why or why not?

综合写作

海水的去盐,会因为pipes伤害鱼群,浪费energy,byproduct会损伤ecosystem 解决办法是:用声音模仿predator和make light赶走鱼,用solar energy因为当地很热不怎么有cloudy day 做一个evaporation pods水蒸发后byproduct里可以分解成或做成别的材料。

文章来源:雷哥托福

第二篇:2018年6月23日托福考试考情回顾

2018年6月23托福考试考情回顾

上周六ETS粑粑考的口语,题目长到还没看完时间就到了?听力依旧让人扎心...下面跟小托君一起看看考了哪些题,说不定下次的托福考试就重复了今天的考题呢? 口语部分 Task 1

你的朋友想出国留学交流一年,但是会晚毕业一年,你要不要鼓励她出国?

Task 2

网上查资料很方便 那还需不需要图书馆。

Some people think ,with the development of technology and Internet,libraries will disappear,while others think libraries are always necessary.Which one do you agree, and please give specific details to support your opinion.2017年9月17日真题

Task 3

女生想要入住单人宿舍,她认为室友会影响自己学习,但是她没有足够的钱支付单人宿舍。而且朋友们也都有室友了。她决定做一些无聊的工作来挣钱从而支付明年的宿舍费用。

Task 4

学校为新生开展让家人来参观学校以此来了解她们的daily life和academic,听力材料里的男生非常赞同,第一点大概是可以和父母讨论未来,第二点认为这样父母们能够更了解学校情况减少担心。

Task 5

食草动物,植物中的能量和营养是不够的,动物怎么解决这种问题?有一种非洲的动物chimpanzee在特定时间吃树叶,在下午吃,因为这时叶子中的营养成分最高,还有一种动物吃因为树叶缺少蛋白质,会吃其他有蛋白质的食物来补充,吃自己羽毛上的蛋白质,还有微量元素也是。

Task 6

人们看到包装会对包装的质量的认知影响对内容物的认知的心理。例子:桃子罐头公司的例子来证明。这个公司因为桃子的销量不好,所以找了志愿者来测试,志愿者们认为在glass jar 里面的桃子品质更好更加新鲜,像是在家里面做的,但是桃子是一样的,公司没有改变桃子本身而是改变了包装,这个罐头卖得更好了。

写作部分 1.独立写作

Some people prefer to do sports alone(walking, bicycling, etc.)while others prefer to join a group to do exercises(participating a sports team).有些人喜欢单独运动,有些人喜欢和一群人一起运动,你喜欢哪种方式?

exercise alone or with a group,study alone还是 in group的变体,再加上运动这个常见话题,相信大家都有话可写。2013年9月29日口语考了这个。

Some people prefer to play others prefer to

play

team sports, individual sports,while which one do you prefer and why? 参考思路

开头:我更喜欢一群人一起锻炼。理由有两个:

①一起锻炼的时候相互鼓励和督促,更能坚持下来。

②一起锻炼可以认识志同道合的朋友,扩大社交圈。

让步段:诚然,一个人锻炼可以按照自己的节奏来,比较自由,但是一起锻炼更容易相互督促,坚持更久。

结尾:综上所述,我会选择一群人一起锻炼,因为这样不仅有利于我运动习惯的培养,还可以扩大社交。

2.综合写作

关于长颈恐龙的脖子一般是竖直的还是横的。——2013年3月30日真题

阅读部分:恐龙的脖子一般是horizontal的,因为:

(1)骨骼化石连接起来是横着的they held their necks horizontally;(2)必须高血压才能把血液供到大脑和循环;(3)抬着脖子够树叶太高了消耗能量 听力反驳: 说不够convincing,因为:

(1)脖子除了骨骼还有肌肉和另一个什么东西(给了单词)支撑hey held their necks vertically;(2)有一个另外一个动物同样情况,但发展了一个强劲的心脏;(3)下面树叶还有其他的类型的恐龙竞争,他们吃不到,只好努力抬头吃,吃了还能补充能量。

听力部分 Conversation

1.男生想要在姐姐的婚礼上读诗,去请教教授,教授说,分析和创作是不同的,男生听完举例painting例子说懂了。然后教授给了两个意见,一个是上这方面的课,另一个是找专业教授指导,但是男生认为来不及了,教授说那可以加入诗歌的club。

2.女生要在电脑上看一个basketball主题的作业,但是出不来了。

3.女生这学期在学校停车比上学期难,经常找不到停车位。原因一个是改变了上课计划,另一个是教职工的停车场在修缮所以停车位紧张。

4.女生错过了论文要求的课程,问教授具体要求是什么,她想写关于oil palm 的。

5.男生想把之前学校的学分换成现在所在学校的学分。

6.学生说自己这周末做了个决定,要上medical school。Adviser很惊讶,觉得她的决定有点草率。接着聊到学生申请学校的Essay, adviser希望她把focus 放在陈述自己多么想加入到医学院的program里,而不是说自己如何想帮助他人。然后说她需要学很多science课程,学生已经开始了intro of biology,但是建议difficult courses要尽早开始学习。要在4个学期内完成不容易,而且学生开始的晚,就像只有20分钟时间准备,还要去跑一个马拉松一样。但是也值得一试。

Lecture

1.一种濒临灭绝的鱼

2.主要讲了牛顿第三定律,力和反作用力,for example,我推墙,墙也在推我。学生理解不了,于是professor说想象你坐在轮椅上推墙会怎样?以此提出action & reaction pairs。提到火箭,很多人最开始认为火箭是没有

办法上天的,因为在vacuum状态中,没有什么可以相互推动的。但是 Robert G做了一个实验,在真空状态下模仿火箭推动且成功了,可惜没有足够的publicity。现在就已经实现火箭上天了。这就证明了牛3理论。

3.social control的两种形态:一种law,一种other informal way

4.一个太阳系里的行星,证明核是什么物质。

5.弗洛伊德的有意识和无意识,Psychology Class貌似是巴郎里的听力

6.Professor先聊什么是representational art, 然后聊到 Aurignacian culture,起源可能比预料中要早,在caves当中发现了一些artifacts,其中包括ivory制品。然后指出它的位置,是在匈牙利和德国交界处,一个叫Swabia的地方。这个地区极其寒冷,这些人为了生存下来,变得非常creative,采用new tools去捕猎。提到culture pump theory,科学家们不太赞同。1.提出这个理论的C(人名)使用的是比较老的技术—radiocarbon dating,这个技术会需要考虑到自然条件改变带来的影响; 2.他并没有直接探测,而且按照常识,layer越深,发现的东西越老;但是他检测的一个4100前的东西竟然在2900前的东西上一层。

7.美国电影,先提到这个电影具体是什么样子的,就像一场trip to Russian history一样,有梦幻的感觉。然后说到是在State Hermitage

Museum里面拍摄的。影片没有任何的sharp changes,是因为采用了一种特殊的技术:一镜到底。缺点是 1.一旦有错就要重新开始,不能剪辑。2.体能上很累,要扛摄像机十几小时。Rehearsal要几个月的时间。Professor强调技术只是一个实现艺术手段的工具。

阅读部分

1、Hunting gathering 过渡到农业

2、雪对温度的影响

3、城市热岛效应

4、生物:濒危鱼

5、物理:相互作用力

6、学生问老师论文题目有关伦勃朗的绘画还有古画收藏的现代手段

7、青蛙突然大量死亡的原因,后来发现是一种真菌

8、一种猴子的示威行为,以贏得自己的高低位,但不会真的打架

9、欧洲前工业化阶段,从rural到工业化阶段

10、人类种植可食用植物的历程

11、光照气流对地球温度的影响

12、植物根系对土壤的影响

13、光照气流对地球温度的影响

14、农业文明的发展(是社会发展导致农业进步还是相反)

15、tropical forest里的一种tree(emergents?)它的canopy很高挡住了下面的植物的阳光。然后说了它三个缺点:temperature wind rain

16、Roman Values的就说 Roman values之所以会长盛不衰是因为很多地方的local people他们打心底认同这个values然后模仿 roman建筑等东西去自发模仿并建立当地的Roman value。

17、纸张的出现促进活字印刷术的发展:活字印刷,第一段说活字印刷的前提有一点是造纸术,然后说造纸术从中国引进到意大利(有题),然后讲在意大利这个虽然纸造出来容易受损(词汇题)但是很方便后面讲了制作的方法(有题),之后讲了这个技术传到了德国有一些影响举了一个例子(有题),然后活字印刷发明出来了对这些造书有影响(有题)。然后说有一个圣经特别贵只有有钱人有地位的人才能买(有题)一共只生产了 180多本。2016年2月27日

18、新石器时期农业的兴起,促使人们之前已打猎集会为主,转而开始驯养业以及农业的转变。并且人数增加。从小型的25人为一个群体转变成更大的community,社会的复杂性变强。由之前的hunting和gathering会逐渐转向驯养业,然后才是农业,这并不是一夜之间的事,是缓慢形成的。2017年9月30日

19、Roman Values的就说 Roman values之所以会长盛不衰是因为很多地方的local people他们打心底认同这个values然后模仿 roman建筑等东西去自发模仿并建立当地的Roman value。20、16世纪欧洲的人口增长带了经济的增长,增加的人口带来了劳动力,从而带来了生产力,乡镇里经济状况好了,农民收入高了,为很多农民的孩子提供了工作,但后来随着大量劳动力的流入,形成劳动力泛滥,公认的实际工资开始下降,购买力逐渐降低,只有摘葡萄的农民的收入还可以维持,因为他们保持最强壮的劳动力。再后来政府经济出现了严重的财政赤字,政府也试图寻求解决方案。

整理至托福考生考情回顾,听力阅读现在已经不仅仅是AB卷了,都快NB卷,如果有不一样的内容,欢迎留言补充!

文章来源:雷哥托福

第三篇:2018年11月10、11日托福考试机经预测【雷哥托福】

2018年11月10日、11日托福考试机经【雷哥托福】

在托福考试前夕,同学们的心情都会比较紧张。为了帮助大家缓解紧张的氛围,雷哥托福小托君为大家带来了考前机经,希望通过这些内容的整理和学习,能够帮助大家做好考前冲刺!2018年11月10日、11日托福考试机经,希望考生在得到很好的命中率之余,能够多掌握托福考试真题的答题方法。

听力部分

一、学生先问这里是不是有视频播放,职工说是,播放关于爬山的内容,学生表示自己对在学生中心播放电影很感兴趣,她是地球科学社的成员,想在这里播放有关水资源的公益视频。她需要:先填表,马上填或者在线填,会有一位老师跟她联系。对于这些活动,学校是禁止收费的,但是他们可以用学校提供的funding,最后学生问哪里有drinking fountain,职工说在xx楼旁边。

二、学生找教授咨询如何写诗给自己下个月结婚的妹妹,但是教授说她的课是分析特定社会下的诗和写作手法,学生举例子,就像他会分析画,但是不代表自己能画的很好,教授建议他下学期去上写作课或者现在参加写作社团。

三、学生来问起professor课堂上提到的series novels,就是英国维多利亚时代在报刊上连载的小说。Professor先谈到了狄更斯,说他很擅长写这类,绝大多数都是连载的,而且还有一次写很多本的能力。然后问到学生问这个的目的是啥,学生说是想写paper,把连载和今天流行的电视短剧结合到一起。Professor于是告诉他这些series的好处:1.会使用

open-ended,建立起和readers之间的关系;2.financially accepted by readers,更多人会付得起连载的费用。

四、主要谈到coral reef如何受到lionfish的影响。先介绍这种鱼,然后说它是入侵物种,原因可能是之前作为宠物鱼,但是被放到了Pacific ocean。因为它会吃很多当地的小鱼,而这些小鱼本来会吃珊瑚上的寄生虫和algae。然后说如何搞定lionfish:1.放shark来吃2.应急小组处理掉 3.鼓励人们消费,吃掉它。Professor认为第二个大范围解决不了问题;第三个值得鼓励。

五、先说CO2是大家都公认的greenhouse gas。但是事实上methane天然气也是一种,而且level很高。天然气如何进入大气的呢?1.nonbiologic way2.Underground3.biogenic methane.第3种是dead plants释放的。提到在刚果、亚马逊的rainforest中有很多methane产生,1.死植物decay;2.活着的植物也释放大量methane,甚至是dead plants的3倍。目前不知道是从哪来的,也不是像媒体报道那样现在砍掉树就能解决问题。但是professor强调reforestation中要考虑森林对环境的影响。

口语部分

1.In every culture there are some customs or traditions from the past that young people no longer follow.Describe a custom or tradition which formed in the past but you wish it is still popular today.Give specific reasons why you wish it still popular.2.Which one of the following would you donate your money to? Community charity, environment protection, animal rescue.Choose one, and explain how you would use the money.3.Talk about an activity you enjoyed doing with your family when you were a child, explain you answer in details.4.Your friend studies in a business school now, but he likes playing musical instrument.Would suggestion would you give to your friend? To keep studying business, or to learn to play music? 5.What advice will you like to give to a friend who is going to take a job interview? Explain why this suggestion is important.Include reasons and details to support your response.6.Researchers suggest that most people need eight hours of sleep per night to function at their best the next day.Explain how lack of sleep affects you or someone you know.7.What parents can do to make their children be successful in school? 8.Which of the following new skills would you like to acquire: repairing things, doing sports, playing an instrument, flying a plane? 9.Students would like take part in some free volunteer work, what kind of volunteer work do you prefer? Explain why it is important.10.School decides to open a cafe in campus.What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

阅读部分

一、The Population Increase in Ming Dynasty中国明朝人口增加的原因

(相似话题参考TPO48 Chinese Population Growth)元朝末年由于战乱,没有充足的食物导致人口下降,后来明初政治稳定了,人们开始广泛应用原有农业技术,粮食又变的富足,人口开始慢慢增加,与此同时人们也可以把一些物料等商品卖到很远的地方。后来由于冰河期的到来,再加上政局不稳,粮食又陷入短缺状态,人口数量开始波动。当时的政府采用两个方法解决问题,一个是从西方进口粮食,一个是改善农业生产技术。可愔并没有解决实质问题。后来随着清军入关,粮食开始慢慢增加,人口也随之渐渐变多。

二、The Development of Printing印刷术的发展

造纸术(paper making)从中国引入欧洲,在意大利开始发展起来,一些比较大的家族垄断了这个行业。刚开始生产的bible很贵,普通人是买不起的。后来新的印刷术发明了,人们可以更便捷地接受传播的知识。

三、Tree Rings树的年轮

(重复2015-10-25,2015-12-20,2017-04-23)

第一段篇幅较长,介绍了年轮的定义,其形状与气候变化分析的关系,如春天间距会很窄之类的。科学家用同种大数量的年轮找重叠的年轮形状,可以借此分析气候的变化。第二段由年轮重叠提到了放射碳技术。第三段说除了气候还有很多因素影响年轮,这不好判断,但是对于一些气候变化中比较主要的事件是可以依据年轮来判断,举了个边缘带的例子,可以判断出某些年份冬天的降水量等信息。

四、第一段:大洋洲分布在太平洋上的岛屿,在生态上可以发现明显的异同。原先属于大陆一部分的岛屿上,不仅可以看到原始生物留下的痕迹,还有经过进化改造后的后代物种与新到来的物种;而其他经过地质变化如火山爆发等原因诞生的新的岛屿上,没有陆生物种栖息的起源,随着时间的过去逐渐有鸟类带来植物的种子和少数新动物物种在此安定下来。植物新物种长途跋涉到岛上的途径主要有:75%靠鸟类传播,23%随海水漂流,2%通过风实现迁徙。

第二三段:大洋洲物种迁移方向主要是由西向东,其分布与成活率收到主要四个方面的影响:着陆岛屿的面积与土壤肥力;迁徙距离,即岛屿的位置越向东物种多样性越低;岛屿的纬度即温度,如高纬度岛屿上热带物种的成活率必然很低;海岛的盛行风既可以塑造当地的气候,也可以影响新物种在岛上的分布。

第四段:植物物种的分布与岛屿气候条件特征都非常明显,大洋洲整体的生物多样性并不足够丰富,尤其是随着岛屿面积缩小与位置向东分部,以上两方面的特征体现的越不充分。新物种占领海岛之后,与外界其他物种的交流也并不频繁,处在一种相对与世隔绝的独立发展状态之中,所以随着物种进化,海岛环境也孕育了一些独特的生物物种。

五、生物类。科学家关于人类是否导致megafauna灭绝的讨论。因为有的动物在人类定居某地以后就灭绝了,所以有科学家认为人类的捕猎造成动物灭绝。一个科学家还说有的地方动物没灭绝是因为人们和动物都互相习惯了彼此的存在。然而,事实证明人们的饮食只有一部分是megafauna,人们还吃其他的,所以这个不是很可信。另外,在人们还没出现的时候一些动物就已经灭绝了所以一些动物的灭绝不是人类造成的。关于人类是否导致动物灭绝还要经过很长时间的考证和讨论。

写作部分

生活方式类写作思路:

1、旅行的益处

•可以结交更多(志同道合)的朋友;

•欣赏到很多的风景;

•了解不同的文化和人文风俗。

2、娱乐

•娱乐的条件增多(如娱乐设施、时间等增多);

•目的是为了娱乐;

•娱乐对人们的好处;

3、体育锻炼

•增强体质,让人能够强身健体;

•体育锻炼能够培养人一种不服输的精神;

•当和别人一起运动的时候,能够了解团结的重要性;

4、居住地选择

1)选择居住比较便宜的地方

•这样可以节省开资

•节省下来的钱可以用到更需要的地方

2)选择例亲人近的地方

•离亲人近一点能够促进亲人之间的感情;

•住在亲人附近方便照顾

3)选择有超市和餐馆的地方居住

•住在超市和餐馆附近,生活会比较方便;

•餐馆和超市聚集的地方一般在郊区,那里的物价也比较便宜;

•超市和餐馆附近的交通比较方便。

生活方式类机经题目:

1、题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? More and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.2、题目:Do you agree that people should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from one's work?

3、题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It's better to relax by watching a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercises.

第四篇:新东方名师:3月28日托福听力考情回顾

新东方名师:2015年3月28日托福考试听力真题回顾

新东方 沈婷老师

第一套

Conversation 1

学生要在校内卖艺术品,商店不允许,然后给学生建议哪里去卖。有三种渠道:公开展出; online;专门卖这种的集市。

-TPO部分对应参考(校内活动/社团生活 TPO16-C1/TPO17-C2)-TPO对应词汇

Lecture 1 艺术。介绍静物画,要讲究真实精确自然。不能让人感到刻意。然后画面的均衡,创作静物画的步骤。强调画之前一定要想好构图。

-TPO部分对应参考(美术类TPO19-L4/TPO21-L4)-参考背景

A still life(plural still

lifes)

is

a work

of

art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural(food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, or shells)or man-made(drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on).With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Graeco-Roman art, still-life painting emerged as a distinct genre and professional specialization in Western painting by the late 16th century, and has remained significant since then.Still life gives the artist more freedom in the arrangement of elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as landscape or portraiture.Early still-life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted.Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound.Still life emerged from the painting of details in larger compositions with subjects, and historically has been often combined with figure subjects, especially in Flemish Baroque painting.The term includes the painting of dead animals, especially game.Live ones are considered animal art, although in practice they were often painted from dead models.The still-life category also shares commonalities with zoological and especially botanical illustration, where there has been considerable overlap among artists.Generally a still life includes a fully depicted background, and puts aesthetic rather than illustrative concerns as primary.Still life occupied the lowest rung of the hierarchy of genres, but still has been extremely popular with buyers.As well as the independent still-life subject, still-life painting encompasses other types of painting with prominent still-life elements, usually symbolic, and “images that rely on a multitude of still-life elements ostensibly to reproduce a 'slice of life'.The trompe-l'œil painting, which intends to deceive the viewer into thinking the scene is real, is a specialized type of still life, usually showing inanimate and relatively flat objects.Lecture 2 环境科学。介绍ecosystem的interactions。开头的动物和树之间互惠互利。孵蛋要干净的冷水而树提供shade防止水土流失,对树也有帮助。熊冬眠的时

候会抓吃完之后的骨头留在土里给树提供肥料。

-TPO部分对应参考(环境科学类TPO10-L3/TPO13-L2)-参考背景

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms(plants, animals and microbes)in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment(things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces(although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem.The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun.It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the

atmosphere.By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.They

also

influence

the

quantity

of

plant and microbial biomass present.By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors.External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem.Other external factors include time and potential biota.Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species.The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function.Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops.While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is

controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading.Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present.Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects

ecosystem

function,as

do

the

processes of disturbance and succession.Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend;the principles of ecosystem management suggest

that

rather

than

managing

individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself.Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.Conversation 2 学生和教授讨论writing课的作业。学生觉得N开头的诗人写得诗很好,写的都是很平常的事物但语言风格很独树一帜,画面很美。然后学生自己写诗时有点strange,因为选择了那个诗人的一个topic,但是用的是自己的语言风格。

-TPO部分对应参考(作业TPO12-C1/TPO22-C2)

-TPO对应词汇 作业:

assignment 作业

homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业

lab report 实验报告

book report 读书报告

project 作业

presentation 发言

term paper 学期论文(research paper)thesis/essay/dissertation 论文

journal 学术期刊

social investigation 社会调查 survey 调查

questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷

observation n.观察 interview vt.n.采访

collect data 收集数据 broad(论文等)内容宽泛 narrow down(论文等)缩小范围

source(写论文的)参考资料

critical thinking 评判性思维 lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法

deadline n.最终期限 extension 延期 due date/time期限

outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap)bibliography n书目, 参考书目

reference 参考 plagiarism n.抄袭 revise v.修改 rewrite v.重写 final draft 完成稿 speech n.演讲

presentation 演讲,陈述 eye contact 目光接触 intonation 音调

Lecture 3 考古。介绍post classical时期的玛雅文明。传统认为这个时期玛雅文明已经衰落了。但一个地区的考古发现其实并没有,但其他地区的确衰落了。

-TPO部分对应参考(考古类TPO23-L1/TPO24-L3)-参考背景

The ancient Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, noted for Maya script, the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems.The Maya civilization

developed

in

an

area

that

encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.This region consists of the northern lowlands, encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain.The Pre classic period saw the establishment of the first sedentary communities in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers.The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture, including large temples with elaborate stuccofaçades.Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the

Maya region by the 3rd century BC.In the Late Pre classic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin, and Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands.Beginning around 250 AD, the Classic period is largely defined by when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates.This period saw the Maya civilization give rise to a large number of city-states linked by a complex trade network.In

the

Maya

Lowlands,the

two

great rivals Tikal and Calakmul became powerful.The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics.In

the 9th

century,there

was

a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of polulation.The Post classic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north, and the expansion of the aggressive K'iche' kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands.In

the

16th

century,the Spanish Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of the last Maya city in 1697.Classic period rule was centred around the concept of the ”divine king“, who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm.Kingship was patrilineal, and power would normally pass to the eldest son.A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader.Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage, although

the exact political make-up of a kingdom varied from city-state to city-state.By the Late Classic, the aristocracy had greatly increased, resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king.The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated art forms, and the Maya created art using both perishable and non-perishable materials, including wood, jade, obsidian, ceramics, sculpted stone monuments, stucco, and finely painted murals.Maya cities tended to expand haphazardly, and the city centre would be occupied by commercial and administrative complexes, surrounded by an irregular sprawl of residential districts.Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways.The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces, pyramid-temples, ceremonial ballcourts, and structures aligned for astronomical observation.The Maya elite were literate, and developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was the most advanced in the pre-Columbian Americas.The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screen fold books, of which only three uncontested examples remain, the rest having been destroyed by the Spanish.There are also a great many examples of Maya text found on stelae and ceramics.The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual calendars, and employed mathematics that included one of the earliest instances of the explicit zeroin the world.Lecture 4 化学。介绍雪花六角形的形成。water vapor会通过不同路径附着在上面,雪花表面有一层特殊的水,低于零度但没有frozen。因为没有被locked,然后雪花能释放一种化学物质减少靠近地面的臭氧。

-TPO部分对应参考(化学类TPO5-L3/TPO8-L4)-参考背景

A snowflake is either a single ice crystal or an aggregation of ice crystals which falls through the Earth's atmosphere.They begin as snow crystals which develop when microscopic super-cooled cloud droplets freeze.Snowflakes come in a variety of sizes and shapes.Complex shapes emerge as the flake moves through differing temperature and humidity regimes, such that individual snowflakes are nearly unique in structure.Snowflakes encapsulated in rime form balls known as graupel.Snowflakes appear white in color despite being made of clear ice.This is

due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small crystal facets.In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or ”ice nucleus“ must be present in(or in contact with)the droplet to act as a nucleus.The particles that make ice nuclei are very rare compared to nuclei upon which liquid cloud droplets form;however, it is not understood what makes them efficient.Clays, desert dust and biological particles may be effective, although to what extent is unclear.Artificial nuclei include particles of silver iodide and dry ice, and these are used to stimulate precipitation in cloud seeding.Once a droplet has frozen, it grows in the supersaturated environment, which is one where air is saturated with respect to ice when the temperature is below the freezing point.The droplet then grows by deposition of water molecules in the air(vapor)onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected.Because water droplets are so much more numerous than the ice crystals due to their sheer abundance, the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers or millimeters in size at the expense of the water droplets.This process is known as the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process.The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the droplets to evaporate, meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets' expense.These large crystals are an

efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates.These aggregates are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground.Guinness World Records list the world's largest(aggregate)snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana;allegedly one measured 15 inches(38 cm)wide.Although this report by a farmer is doubtful, aggregates of three or four inches width have been observed.Single crystals the size of a dime have been observed.The exact details of the sticking mechanism remain controversial.Possibilities include mechanical interlocking, sintering, electrostatic attraction as well as the existence of a ”sticky" liquid-like layer on the crystal surface.The individual ice crystals often have hexagonal symmetry.Although the ice is clear, scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows/imperfections mean that the crystals often appear white in color due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small ice particles.The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed.Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C(28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry — triangular snowflakes.The most common snow particles are visibly irregular, although near-perfect snowflakes may be more common in pictures because they are more visually appealing.It is unlikely that any two snowflakes are alike due to the estimated 1019(10

quintillion)water molecules which make up a typical snowflake, which grow at different rates and in different patterns depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground.加试部分还是经典加试,第一个Section 鸟类迁徙+大王花+爵士乐

第五篇:2009—2010学年第一学期九年级语文期中考试考情分析

文章来 源

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w.5 Y K J.Com 1

2009—2010学年第一学期九年级语文期中考试考情分析

期中考试圆满结束了,为了更好地开展以后的教学工作,从考试中吸取经验教训,现对本次考试作一全面反思。

一.试题安排

本次考试的范围是九年级上册第一、第二、第三、第六单元。分五大部分。第一、基础知识部分16分。包括读音、字词、文学常识、病句内容,共8个小题。第二、填空题10分,6个小题。内容涉及学过的诗词及课外古诗词。第三、拓展延伸10分,内容涉及《西游记》、网络、短信。第四、阅读文段,包括一个记叙文,一个议论文,一个文言文。共34分。第五、作文50分。本次考试时间为120分钟,分值为120分。

二.班级得分情况(和其它班比较)

人数

总分

平均分

最高分

及格率

1班

42

2970

70.71

97

59.5﹪

2班

38

2875

75.66

101.5

60.5﹪

3班

36

2634

75.26

100.5

66.7﹪

4班

38

2366.5

63.96

88

26.3﹪

由上表可以看出,2班平均分是75.66最高,但和三班差距不大,三班是75.26。及格率方面,2班是60.5﹪,并不占优势。

三.学生答题分析

第一部分失分的主要原因在于学生对基础的掌握不深刻,满分占16分,多数同学在5--14分之间,满分率为0。其中有3名同学得分在4分以下。本部分包括8个小题,1题写字注音题,所选的都是重点课文里的词,但竟然有5个学生一分没得,说明学生对课文掌握不好。2小题是词语题,找错别字,3小题属于词语理解,这两题属于平常积累题,学生得分一般。4小题属于课文理解,学生对小说中的人物和作者混淆,虽容易,但不得分。5小题属于搭配题,学生得分可以。

6、7小题不难,学生也能得分。8小题属于病句修改,第一个病句难一点,学生失分多。

第二部分是填空题10分,都是学过的古诗词。学生失分多是由于错别字。

第三部分是拓展延伸题10分,三个小题。1小题属于名著阅读,学生虽知道答案,但由于平常不细心,不知道字怎么写,以致失分。

2、3小题都属于口头表达,学生都能答出,失分不大。这类题大都得6分左右。

第四部分是阅读理解,包括三个阅读文段,共34分。

《购买上帝的男孩》,属记叙文阅读,10分,第一题是词语把握题,学生能做出来。第二题,对文中词语的理解,由于文中有答案,学生能做出来。第三题属于句子分析,学生知道意思,但由于大部分学生不得要领,不知道怎样说,也造成失分。第四题,分析人物心理,学生不会写。第五题,也是对文章的理解,容易,大部分学生都能得分。

《学会倾听》,属于议论文阅读,12分。1、2、3小题属于论点和论证方法,比较简单,学生得分率高。4小题仿写,学生得分一般。5小题补充事实论据,学生语言不精练,失分。6小题考查古文知识,学生大部分不会。使分严重。

文言文阅读,考查了《出师表》和《隆中对》,题比较简单,学生得分率高。只是最后翻译题,学生意译而不指译,失分多。

第五部分,作文,50分。两个作文题,任选一个作文。但学生写的话题作文抓不住话题,议论文没有议论文的框架。

一类文:8个。二类文:12个。三类文:18个。最高分43分,最低分8分。

作文失分原因:

①文体不分,杂糅。

②中心不突出。

③字体潦草,字数不够。

四.反思自己教学方面存在的问题

针对以上情况分析,发现在教学中存在以下问题:

1、背诵力度不够,不严,至使一些同学有懒惰思想,检查不到位,使一些同学无紧迫感得过且过。

2、阅读教学中有时为了赶课,存在开快车的现象,使一些重要的知识点无重点训练,同学记忆不深,运用不好,另外,未重视生字词等基础知识的训练。对古诗词默写检查不够。

3、作文中对中、差生指导不到位,议论文训练太少。

4、课外阅读面太窄。

这学期,我自认为我尽心尽责了,从教学方法、教学态度,我做到了一位教师的责任。

五.今后措施:

1.继续加强古诗文言文的背诵检查力度,分小组任命小组长,课间检查,自习检查,加强晨读力度,每天明确背诵的任务,加大默写检查力度,每周活动课型式进行古诗文背诵。

2.作文教学中,加大议论作文训练力度。多上一些诸如审题选材,立意方面的知识讲座,加强语言表达能力、日记、摘抄活动,一是提高学习语文的兴趣,二是提高作文的技巧。

3.分类推进:优生促进、中等生优化、差生转化。

4.分期分批谈话,指导优等生,鼓励关心差生,提高辅导质量,增多辅导次数。文章来 源

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