汉英对照：林则徐致英国维多利亚女王信

第一篇：汉英对照：林则徐致英国维多利亚女王信

林则徐 致英国维多利亚女王信

Commissioner Lin: Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839

【Lin, high imperial commissioner, a president of the Board of War, viceroy of the two Keäng provinces, &c., Tang, a president of the Board of War, viceroy of the two Kwang provinces, &c., and E., a vice-president of the Board of War, lieut.-governor of Kwangtung, &c., hereby conjointly address this public dispatch to the queen of England for the purpose of giving her clear and distinct information(on the state of affairs)&c.From Ssuyu Teng and John Fairbank, China's Response to the West,(Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), repr.in Mark A.Kishlansky, ed., Sources of World History, Volume II,(New York: HarperCollins CollegePublishers, 1995), pp.266-69

Lin Tse-Hsu(1785-1850)was the Chinese Commissioner in Canton whose actions precipitated the Opium Wars(1839-1842).Although opium was used in China for centuries, it was not until the opening of the tea trade to Dutch and British merchants that China was able to import large quantities of the drug.By the early nineteenth century opium was the principal product that the English East India Company traded in China and opium addiction was becoming a widespread social problem.When the emperor's own son died of an overdose, he decided to put an end to the trade.Lin Tse-Hs? was sent.to Canton, the chief trading port of the East India Company, with instructions to negoiate an end to the importation of opium into China.The English merchants were uncooperative, so he seized their stores of opium.This led to immediate military action.The Chinese were decisively defeated and had to cede to a humiliating treaty that legalized the opium trade.As a result commissioner Lin was dismissed from office and sent into exile.】

1洪惟我大皇帝抚绥中外，一视同仁，利则与天下公之，害则为天下去之。盖以天地之心为心也。贵国王累世相传，皆称恭顺。

It is only our high and mighty emperor, who alike supports and cherishes those of the Inner Land, and those from beyond the seas-who looks upon all mankind with equal benevolence---who, if a source of profit exists anywhere, diffuses it over the whole world---who, if the tree of evil takes root anywhere, plucks it up for the benefit of all nations;---who, in a word, hath implanted in his breast that heart(by which beneficent nature herself)

governs the heavens and the earth!You, the queen of your honorable nation, sit upon a throne occupied through successive generations by predecessors, all of whom have been styled respectful and obedient.观历次进贡表文云：凡本国人到中国贸易，均蒙大皇帝一体公平恩待等语。窃喜贵国王深明大义，感激天恩，是以天朝柔远绥怀，倍加优礼。贸易之利，垂二百年。该国所由以富庶称者，赖有此也。

Looking over the public documents accompanying the tribute sent(by your predecessors)on various occasions, we find the following: “All the people of my country, arriving at the Central Land for purposes of trade, have to feel grateful to the great emperor for the most perfect justice, for the kindest treatment,” and other words to that effect.Delighted did we feel that the kings of your honorable nation so clearly understood the great principles of propriety, and were so deeply grateful for the heavenly goodness(of our emperor):---therefore, it was that we of the heavenly dynasty nourished and cherished your people from afar, and bestowed upon them redoubled proofs of our urbanity and kindness.It is merely from these circumstances, that your country---deriving immense advantage from its commercial intercourse with us, which has endured now two hundred years---has become the rich and flourishing kingdom that it is said to be!

2唯是通商已久，众夷良莠不齐，遂有夹带，诱惑华民，以致毒流各省者。似此但知利己，不顾害人，乃天理所不容，人情所共愤。大皇帝闻而震怒。特遣本大臣来至广东，与本总督部堂巡抚部院，会同查办。

But, during the commercial intercourse which has existed so long, among the numerous foreign merchants resorting hither, are wheat and tares, good and bad;and of these latter are some, who, by means of introducing opium by stealth, have seduced our Chinese people, and caused every province of the land to overflow with that poison.These then know merely to advantage themselves, they care not about injuring others!This is a principle which heaven's Providence repaginates;and which mankind conjointly look upon with abhorrence!Moreover, the great emperor hearing of it, actually quivered with indignation, and especially dispatched me, the commissioner, to Canton, that in conjunction with the viceroy and lieut.-governor of the province, means might be taken for its suppression!

凡内地民人贩食者，皆应处死。若追究夷人历年贩卖之罪，则其贻害深而攫利重，本为法所当诛。惟念众夷尚知悔罪乞诚，将趸船二万二百八十三

箱，由领事官义律，禀请缴收，全行毁化。叠经本大臣等据实具奏。幸蒙大皇帝格外施恩，以自首者，情尚可原，姑宽免罪。

Every native of the Inner Land who sells opium, as also all who smoke it, are alike adjudged to death.Were we then to go back and take up the crimes of the foreigners, who, by selling it for many years have induced dreadful calamity and robbed us of enormous wealth, and punish them with equal severity, our laws could not but award to them absolute annihilation!But, considering that these said foreigners did yet repent of their crime, and with a sincere heart beg for mercy;that they took 20,283 chests of opium piled up in their store-ships, and through Elliot, the superintendent of the trade of your said country, petitioned that they might be delivered up to us, when the same were all utterly destroyed, of which we, the imperial commissioner and colleagues, made a duly prepared memorial to his majesty;---considering these circumstances, we have happily received a fresh proof of the extraordinary goodness of the great emperor, inasmuch as he who voluntarily comes forward, may yet be deemed a fit subject for mercy, and his crimes be graciously remitted him.再犯者法难屡贷，立定新章。谅贵国王向化倾心，定能谕令众夷，兢兢奉法。但必晓以利害，乃知天朝法度，断不可以不懔遵也。

But as for him who again knowingly violates the laws, difficult indeed will it be thus to go on repeatedly pardoning!He or they shall alike be doomed to the penalties of the new statute.We presume that you, the sovereign of your honorable nation, on pouring out your heart before the altar of eternal justice, cannot but command all foreigners with the deepest respect to reverence our laws!If we only lay clearly before your eyes, what is profitable and what is destructive, you will then know that the statutes of the heavenly dynasty cannot but be obeyed with fear and trembling!

3查该国距内地六七万里，而夷船争来贸易者，为获利之厚故耳。以中国之利利外夷，是夷人所获之厚利，皆从华民分去。岂有反以毒物害华民之理。即夷人未必有心为害，而贪利之极，不顾害人，试问天良安在？

We find that your country is distant from us about sixty or seventy thousand miles, that your foreign ships come hither striving the one with the other for our trade, and for the simple reason of their strong desire to reap a profit.Now, out of the wealth of our Inner Land, if we take a part to bestow upon foreigners from afar, it follows, that the immense wealth which the said foreigners amass, ought properly speaking to be portion of our own native Chinese people.By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug, which involves in

destruction those very natives of China? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us!And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? 闻该国禁食甚严，是固明知之为害也。既不使为害于该国，则他国尚不可移害，况中国乎？

We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity:---this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind.Since then you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land!4中国所行于外国者，无一非利人之物。利于食，利于用，并利于转卖，皆利也。中国曾有一物为害外国否？况如茶叶大黄，外国所不可一日无也。中国若靳其利而不恤其害，则夷人何以为生？又外国之呢羽哔叽，非得中国丝斤不能成织。若中国亦靳其利，夷人何利可图？其余食物，自糖料姜桂而外，用物自绸缎磁器而外，外国所必需者，曷可胜数。而外来之物，皆不过以供玩好，可有可无。既非中国要需，何难闭关绝市。乃天朝于茶丝诸货，悉任其贩运流通，绝不靳惜。无他，利与天下公之也。

Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.There are those which serve for food, those which are useful, and those which are calculated for re-sale;but all are beneficial.Has China(we should like to ask)ever yet sent forth a noxious article from its soil? Not to speak of our tea and rhubarb, things which your foreign countries could not exist a single day without, if we of the Central Land were to grudge you what is beneficial, and not to compassionate your wants, then wherewithal could you foreigners manage to exist? And further, as regards your woolens, camlets, and longells, were it not that you get supplied with our native raw silk, you could not get these manufactured!If China were to grudge you those things which yield a profit, how could you foreigners scheme after any profit at all? Our other articles of food, such as sugar, ginger, cinnamon, &c., and our other articles for use, such as silk piece-goods, chinaware, &c., are all so many necessaries of life to you;how can we reckon up their number!On the other hand, the things that come from your foreign countries are only calculated to make presents of, or serve for mere amusement.It is quite the same to us if we have them, or if we have them

not.If then these are of no material consequence to us of the Inner Land, what difficulty would there be in prohibiting and shutting our market against them? It is only that our heavenly dynasty most freely permits you to take off her tea, silk, and other commodities, and convey them for consumption everywhere, without the slightest stint or grudge, for no other reason, but that where a profit exists, we wish that it be diffused abroad for the benefit of all the earth!该国带去内地货物，不特自资食用，且得以分售各国，获利三倍。即不卖，而其三倍之利自在。何忍更以害人之物，恣无厌之求乎？设使别国有人贩至英国，诱人买食；当亦贵国王所深恶而痛绝之也。

Your honorable nation takes away the products of our central land, and not only do you thereby obtain food and support for yourselves, but moreover, by re-selling these products to other countries you reap a threefold profit.Now if you would only not sell opium, this threefold profit would be secured to you: how can you possibly consent to forgo it for a drug that is hurtful to men, and an unbridled craving after gain that seems to know no bounds!Let us suppose that foreigners came from another country, and brought opium into England, and seduced the people of your country to smoke it, would not you, the sovereign of the said country, look upon such a procedure with anger, and in your just indignation endeavor to get rid of it?

5向闻贵国王存心仁厚，自不肯以己所不欲者，施之于人。并闻来粤之船，皆经颁给条约，有不许携带禁物之语。是贵国王之政令本属严明。只因商船众多，前此或未加察。今行文照会，明知天朝禁令之严，定必使之不敢再犯。

Now we have always heard that your highness possesses a most kind and benevolent heart, surely then you are incapable of doing or causing to be done unto another, that which you should not wish another to do unto you!We have at the same time heard that your ships which come to Canton do each and every of them carry a document granted by your highness' self, on which are written these words “you shall not be permitted to carry contraband goods;” this shows that the laws of your highness are in their origin both distinct and severe, and we can only suppose that because the ships coming here have been very numerous, due attention has not been given to search and examine;and for this reason it is that we now address you this public document, that you may clearly know how stern and severe are the laws of the central dynasty, and most certainly you will cause that they be not again rashly violated!

且闻贵国王所邻之兰顿，及嘶噶兰、嗳伦等处，本皆不产。惟所辖印度地方，如孟啊啦、曼哒啦萨、孟买、叭哒拏默拏、嘛尔洼数处，连山栽种，开池制造。累月经年，以厚其毒。臭秽上达，天怒神恫。贵国王诚能于此等处拔尽根株，尽锄其地，改种五谷。有敢再图种造者，重治其罪。此真兴利除害之大仁政，天所佑而神所福，延年寿，长子孙，必在此举矣。Moreover, we have heard that in London the metropolis where you dwell, as also in Scotland, Ireland, and other such places, no opium whatever is produced.It is only in sundry parts of your colonial kingdom of Hindostan, such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Malwa, Benares, Malacca, and other places where the very hills are covered with the opium plant, where tanks are made for the preparing of the drug;month by month, and year by year, the volume of the poison increases, its unclean stench ascends upwards, until heaven itself grows angry, and the very gods thereat get indignant!You, the queen of the said honorable nation, ought immediately to have the plant in those parts plucked up by the very root!Cause the land there to be hoed up afresh, sow in its stead the five grains, and if any man dare again to plant in these grounds a single poppy, visit his crime with the most severe punishment.By a truly benevolent system of government such as this, will you indeed reap advantage, and do away with a source of evil.Heaven must support you, and the gods will crown you with felicity!This will get for yourself the blessing of long life, and from this will proceed the security and stability of your descendants!

6至夷商来至内地，饮食居处，无非天朝之恩膏，积聚丰盈，无非天朝之乐利。其在该国之日犹少，而在粤东之日转多。弼教明刑，古今通义。

In reference to the foreign merchants who come to this our central land, the food that they eat, and the dwellings that they abide in, proceed entirely from the goodness of our heavenly dynasty: the profits which they reap, and the fortunes which they amass, have their origin only in that portion of benefit which our heavenly dynasty kindly allots them: and as these pass but little of their time in your country, and the greater part of their time in ours, it is a generally received maxim of old and of modern times, that we should conjointly admonish, and clearly make known the punishment that awaits them.譬如别国人到英国贸易，尚须遵英国法度，况天朝乎？今定华民之例，卖者死，食者亦死。试思夷人若无带来，则华民何由转卖，何由吸食？是奸夷实陷华民于死，岂能独予以生？彼害人一命者，尚须以命抵之，况之害人，岂止一命已乎？故新例于带来内地之夷人，定以斩绞之罪。所谓为天

下去害者此也。

Suppose the subject of another country were to come to England to trade, he would certainly be required to comply with the laws of England, then how much more does this apply to us of the celestial empire!Now it is a fixed statute of this empire, that any native Chinese who sells opium is punishable with death, and even he who merely smokes it, must not less die.Pause and reflect for a moment: if you foreigners did not bring the opium hither, where should our Chinese people get it to re-sell? It is you foreigners who involve our simple natives in the pit of death, and are they alone to be permitted to escape alive? If so much as one of those deprive one of our people of his life, he must forfeit his life in requital for that which he has taken: how much more does this apply to him who by means of opium destroys his fellow-men? Does the havoc which he commits stop with a single life? Therefore it is that those foreigners who now import opium into the Central Land are condemned to be beheaded and strangled by the new statute, and this explains what we said at the beginning about plucking up the tree of evil, wherever it takes root, for the benefit of all nations.7复查本年二月间，据该国领事义律，以禁令森严，禀求宽限。凡印度港脚属地，请限五月，英国本地，请限十月。然后即以新例遵行等语。今本大臣等奏蒙大皇帝，格外天恩，倍加体恤。

We further find that during the second month of this present year, the superintendent of your honorable country, Elliot, viewing the law in relation to the prohibiting of opium as excessively severe, duly petitioned us, begging for “an extension of the term already limited, say five months for Hindostan and the different parts of India, and ten for England, after which they would obey and act in conformity with the new statute,” and other words to the same effect.Now we, the high commissioner and colleagues, upon making a duly prepared memorial to the great emperor, have to feel grateful for his extraordinary goodness, for his redoubled compassion.凡在一年六个月之内，误带，但能自首全缴者，免其治罪。若过此限期，仍有带来，则是明知故犯，即行正法，断不宽宥。可谓仁之至义之尽矣。Any one who within the next year and a half may by mistake bring opium to this country, if he will but voluntarily come forward, and deliver up the entire quantity, he shall be absolved from all punishment for his crime.If, however, the appointed term shall have expired, and there are still persons who continue to bring it, then such shall be accounted as knowingly violating the laws, and shall most assuredly be put to death!On no account 7

shall we show mercy or clemency!This then may be called truly the extreme of benevolence, and the very perfection of justice!我天朝君临万国，尽有不测神威，然不忍不教而诛。故特明宣定例。该国夷商欲图长久贸易，必当懔遵宪典，将永断来源，切勿以身试法。

Our celestial empire rules over ten thousand kingdoms!Most surely do we possess a measure of godlike majesty which ye cannot fathom!Still we cannot bear to slay or exterminate without previous warning, and it is for this reason that we now clearly make known to you the fixed laws of our land.If the foreign merchants of your said honorable nation desire to continue their commercial intercourse, they then must tremblingly obey our recorded statutes, they must cut off for ever the source from which the opium flows, and on no account make an experiment of our laws in their own persons!

王其诘奸除慝，以保乂尔有邦，益昭恭顺之忱，共享太平之福，幸甚，幸甚！

Let then your highness punish those of your subjects who may be criminal, do not endeavor to screen or conceal them, and thus you will secure peace and quietness to your possessions, thus will you more than ever display a proper sense of respect and obedience, and thus may we unitedly enjoy the common blessings of peace and happiness.What greater joy!What more complete felicity than this!接到此文之后，即将杜绝缘由，速行移覆，切勿诿延。

Let your highness immediately, upon the receipt of this communication, inform us promptly of the state of matters, and of the measure you are pursuing utterly to put a stop to the opium evil.Please let your reply be speedy.Do not on any account make excuses or procrastinate.A most important communication.P.S.We annex an abstract of the new law, now about to be put in force.“Any foreigner or foreigners bringing opium to the Central Land, with design to sell the same, the principals shall most assuredly be decapitated, and the accessories strangled;and all property(found on board the same ship)shall be confiscated.The space of a year and a half is granted, within the which, if any one bringing opium by mistake, shall voluntarily step forward and deliver it up, he shall be absolved from all consequences of his crime.”

This said imperial edict was received on the 9th day of the 6th month of the 19th year of Taoukwang, at which the period of grace begins, and runs on to the 9th day of the 12th month of the 20th year of Taoukwang, when it is completed.Source: From: Chinese Repository, Vol.8(February 1840), pp.497-503;reprinted in William H.McNeil and Mitsuko Iriye, eds., Modern Asia and Africa, Readings in World History Vol.9,(New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp.111-118.Scanned by Jerome S.Arkenberg, Cal.State Fullerton.The text has been modernized by Prof.Arkenberg.

第二篇：2018翻译硕士百科知识：维多利亚女王时代的英国

凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构

2018翻译硕士百科知识：维多利亚女王

时代的英国

1、狄更斯——长篇小说《大卫•科波菲尔》，为幽默连环画配写的故事《匹克威克外传》，讽刺小说《董贝父子》，长篇小说《艰难时世》，历史小说《双城记》，小说《远大前程》(即《孤星血泪》)

2、萨克雷——长篇小说《名利场》，历史小说《亨利•艾斯蒙德》，自传体小说《潘登尼斯》

3、女作家夏洛蒂•勃朗特——长篇小说《简•爱》(作家与萨克雷同时代，她十分崇拜他，《简•爱》第二版题辞就是“献给萨克雷”)

4、夏洛蒂•勃朗特的妹妹艾米丽•勃朗特——长篇小说《呼啸山庄》

5、夏洛蒂•勃朗特和艾米丽•勃朗特的妹妹安妮•勃朗特——小说《野岗庄园房客》，记述了三姐妹的家事。

6、女作家盖斯凯尔夫人——《夏洛蒂•勃朗特传》《南与北》《露丝》

7、哈代——长篇小说《还乡》《德伯家的苔丝》《卡斯特桥市长》《无名的裘德》

8、1932年诺贝尔文学奖获得者现实主义小说家高尔斯华绥——《天涯海角》，《福尔赛世家》三部曲(《有产者》《骑虎》《出租》)，《现代喜剧》三部曲(《白猿》《银匙》《天鹅之歌》)

9、女作家伏尼契——《牛虻》

10、主张“为艺术而艺术”的唯美主义者王尔德——童话代表作《快乐王子》，小说《格雷的画像》 11、1925年诺贝尔文学奖获得者萧伯纳——戏剧集《不愉快的戏剧集》《愉快的戏剧集》，戏剧杰作《巴巴拉少校》，著名剧本《英国佬的另一个岛》《伤心之家》《苹果车》

12、毛姆——剧本《腓特烈夫人》，长篇小说《人生的枷锁》《月亮和六便士》

13、史蒂文生——传奇小说《宝岛》，《绑架》《卡特琳娜》，短篇故事集《新天方夜谭》，《化身博士》

14、科幻小说家威尔斯——《时间机器》《星际大战》《空中战争》《未来事物的面貌》《莫洛博士岛》《隐身人》《月球上的第一批人》

15、侦探小说家柯南道尔——《血字的研究》《四签名》《波希米亚丑闻》《五彩带》《红发会》《巴丝克维尔猎犬》„„(福尔摩斯)

16、意识流小说家乔伊斯——现代派作品的经典《尤利西斯》(模仿《奥德修记》)

17、现代派大诗人艾略特(注：十九世纪英国文学里，有两个艾略特，艾略特•G是位女作家，著有《弗洛斯河上的磨房》《织工马南》《米德尔马奇》等小说)艾略特•T•S是个男作家——著名长篇《荒原》，被推为现代派诗歌划时代的里程碑。1948年，诗作《四个四重奏》使诗人获诺贝尔文学奖。

(现代派文学的鼻祖：乔伊斯，艾略特，法国的普鲁斯特，奥地利卡夫卡)

第三篇：致女儿的信__苏霍姆林斯基ppt教案

致女儿的信苏霍姆林斯基

作者介绍

苏霍姆林斯基:苏联教育家，苏联教育科学院通讯院士，主要著作有《把整个心灵献给孩子》、《给教师的一百条建议》、《学生的精神世界》等

提前预习

掌握下列字词的音、形、义

tǎntè yǎn yǎn 忐忑 繁衍 无与伦比 Póuwūè

一抔黄土 化为乌有 怒不可遏 学习目标

1.体会运用小故事阐述抽象道理写法的好处。

2.品味含义深刻的语句，理解爱情的真谛，树立正确的爱情观。研讨

故事中提到上帝在创造人后，三次来到人间，他从人的眼神中先后读到了哪三种不同的东西？想一想，这三者之间有什么联系？为什么把它们放在一起解释爱情？

一个窝棚 一幢圆木的房子 一片谷物 一片果园 一个婴儿 一群儿女

作者为什么不直接告诉女儿什么是爱情？

爱情是抽象的，引用小故事生动形象，通俗易懂······ 寻章摘句

 做一个幸福的人，只能是在你成为有智慧的人的时候。

 ⒉上帝久久地伫立凝视着。随后深沉地思索着 离去了。从那时起人就成了大地上的上帝。

 ⒊爱情，它高于上帝，是人类永恒的美和力量。 ⒋爱情是人类种族的生命力永不衰败的纽带。 ⒌从人本身来说，只有以人的方式去爱的人，才成为真正的人。先哲的风采

人的爱情应当不仅是美好的、诚实的、坚贞的，同时也应该是理智的、慎重的、机警的、严肃的，只有那样的爱情才能带来欢乐和幸福。

爱情是人类独有的，他不同于其它生物的生理需求，它是人类文明的产物。人类的爱情不是仅仅为了繁衍后代，还要给对方以幸福，忠诚的捍卫感情，生死相依。

你知道有哪些关于爱情的成语吗？ 海枯石烂 地老天荒 举案齐眉 信誓旦旦 执子之手 与子偕老 辗转反侧 如胶似漆 永结同心

情投意合 甜言蜜语

一心一意

你知道有哪些关于爱情的传说、故事、文学作品吗？ 《红楼梦》中的贾宝玉与林黛玉 梁山伯与祝英台的传说故事 《聊斋志异》中人与鬼狐的爱情 《泰坦尼克号》中的杰克与露丝 董咏和七仙女的神话故事

外国名著《飘》中的郝思嘉和白瑞德

你知道有哪些关于爱情的诗词吗？ 红豆生南国，春来发几枝，愿君多采撷，此物最相思。

——《相思》 身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通。

——李商隐《无题》 两情若是久长时，又岂在朝朝暮暮。

——秦观《鹊桥仙》

当你老了，头白了，睡思昏沉的在炉火旁打盹，请取下这部诗歌 慢慢读，回想你过去眼神的柔和 回想往日那一个个小小的甜蜜

多少人爱你年轻欢畅的时刻 爱慕你青春美丽的容颜。只有一个人爱你那朝圣者的灵魂 爱你衰老脸上痛苦的皱纹

多少人爱你殷实的生活，爱慕你头 上闪耀的金冠，爱你手中高高的权杖，唯有一个人爱你的善良

爱你蹒跚步履里饱含着的艰辛