国家主要领导职务英文翻译

第一篇：国家主要领导职务英文翻译

国家主要领导职务英文翻译

中国共产党第十五届中央委员会

the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

中共中央总书记

General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

中共中央政治局

Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

政治局常务委员会委员

Members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau

政治局委员

Members of the Political Bureau

中央政治局候补委员

Alternate Members of the Political Bureau

中央书记处书记

Members of the Secretariat of the Central Committee

中共中央军事委员会

Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee

主席 Chairman

副主席

Vice-Chairmen 委员 Members

中共中央纪律检查委员会

CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 书记

Secretary

副书记

Deputy Secretaries：中共中央直属机构

Institutions Directly Under the CPC Central Committee

中共中央组织部部长

Head of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央宣传部部长

Head of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央统战部部长

Head of the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央对外联络部部长

Head of the International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央办公厅主任

Director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央党校校长（兼）

President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee(concurrently)

《人民日报》社社长

Director of the People's Daily

中共中央党史研究室主任

Director of the Party History Research Center of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央文献研究室主任

Director of the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央编译局局长

Director of the Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央国家机关工作委员会书记

Secretary of the Work Committee of the Central Government Departments Under the CPC Central Committee

中共中央中直机关工作委员会书记

Secretary of the Work Committee of the Departments Under the CPC Central Committee

中央政法委员会书记

Secretary of the Committee of Political Science and Law under the CPC Central Committee 中央社会治安综合治理委员会主任

Director of the Central Committee for Comprehensive Management of Public Security

中共中央政策研究室主任

Director of the Policy Research Office of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央台湾工作办公室主任

Director of the Taiwan Work Office of the CPC Central Committee

中共中央对外宣传办公室主任

Head of the International Communication Office of the CPC Central Committee

中央外事办公室主任

Minister in charge of the Central Foreign Affairs Office

中央保密委员会主任

Director of the Central Secrets Committee

中央警卫局局长

Director of the Central Guard Bureau

第二篇：领导职务

领导职务层次分为：国家级正职、国家级副职、省部级正职、省部级副职、厅局级正职、厅局级副职、县处级正职、县处级副职、乡科级正职、乡科级副职。非领导职务层次在厅局级以下设置。

1.国家级正职：

（包括国家主席、中央军委主席、中共中央政治局常委、国务院总理、全国政协主席、全国人大常委会委员长等国家头号人物）

2.国家级副职：

（包括国家副主席、中央军委副主席、中共中央政治局委员、国务委员、全国政协副主席、全国人大常委会副委员长、全国人大常委等）

3.省部级正职：

（包括各个省级行政区的省委书记、省长、省政协主席、省人大常委会主席等、特别行政区行政长官、直辖市市委书记等。以及国家各部部长等）

国务院各部委正职干部（如教育部部长、国家发改委主任）

各省、自治区、直辖市政府正职干部（如江苏省省长、天津市市长）

部队正军职干部（如江苏省军区司令员、12军军长）

4.省部级副职：

（包括各个省级行政区的省委副书记、副省长、省政协副主席、省人大常委会副主席、省人大常委等（行、直辖市市委副书记等。以及国家各部副部长等，还有一些行政级别是正厅但是必须要副布来兼任的，一般认为那个单位是副部单位，如省宣传部、组织部、纪委等必须由省委常委或者省委副书记兼任。

国务院各部委副职干部（如公安部副部长、国家体育总局副局长）

国务院部委管理的国家局正职干部（如国家文物总局局长）

各省、自治区、直辖市政府副职干部（如安徽省副省长、重庆市副市长）

各副省级市政府正职干部（如南京市市长）

部队副军职干部（如浙江省警备司令部副司令、31军副军长）5.厅局级正职：

以前叫地厅级，主要是地级市（各自治州）市委书记、市长、市人大主席、市政协主席、省级下属单位，如省公安厅厅长、国家各部下属单位，如外交部新闻司司长

国务院部委各司正职干部（如教育部社会科学研究与思想政治工作司司长）

各省、自治区、直辖市厅局正职干部（如河北省交通厅厅长，北京市财政局局长）各副省级市政府副职干部（如宁波市副市长）

各地级市政府正职干部（如无锡市市长）

部队正师职干部（如1军后勤部部长、34师政委）

注：以上为高级干部 6.厅局级副职：

地级市市委副书记、市委常委、副市长、市人大副主席、市政副协主席、，省级下属单位，如省委宣传部副部长、国家各部下属单位，如外交部新闻司副司长等，还有一些行政级别是正处但是必须要副厅来兼任的，一般认为那个单位是副厅单位，如市政法委，市宣传部、组织部、纪委等必须由市委常委或者市委副书记兼任。

国务院部委各司副职干部（如人事部人才流动开发司副司长）

各省、自治区、直辖市厅局副职干部（如黑龙江省建设厅副厅长、上海市文化局副局长）

副省级市所属各局及各区县政府正职干部（如南

部队副师职干部（如35师副政委、179旅旅长）

7.县处级正职：

包括县（县级市、区、旗等）委书记、（区）县长、（区）县人大、（区）县政协主席、市各单位局长，如市公安局、司法局等，还有厅级各单位下属，如省公安厅X处，省委办公厅主任等

国务院部委各司所属处室正职干部（如农业部种植业管理司经济作物处处长）各省、自治区、直辖市厅局所属处室正职干部（如江苏省科技厅农村科技处处长）

副省级市所属各局及各区县政府副职干部（如沈阳市卫生局副局长、浦口区副区长）

地级市所属各局及各区县政府正职干部（如扬州市劳动局局长、滨海县县长）部队正团职干部（如105团政委）

8.县处级副职：

包括县（县级市、区、旗等）委副书记、县（区）委常委、（区）副县长、（区）县人大、（区）县政协主席、市各单位局长，如市公安局、司法局等，还有厅级各单位下属，如省公安厅X处，省委办公厅主任等。

国务院部委各司所属处室副职干部（如农业部兽医局防疫处副处长）

各省、自治区、直辖市厅局所属处室副职干部（如江苏省教育厅人事处副处长）

副省级市所属各局处室及区县各局正职干部（如南京市科技局科技成果处处长、玄武区卫生局局长）

地级市所属各局及各区县政府副职干部（如镇江市民政局副局长、张家港市副市长）

部队副团职干部（如105团参谋长）

9.乡科级正职：

包括各乡、镇、办事处党委书记、乡长、镇长、办事处主任、以及镇级人大等，还有处级下属，如县公安局长等

10.乡科级副职：

包括各乡、镇、办事处党委副书记、党委委员、副乡长、副镇长、办事处副主任、以及镇级人大副主任等，还有处级下属，如县公安副局长等

乡科级在往下，就是所谓股级，是中国行政当中最小的，一般是乡里边财政所、派出所之类的。

第三篇：国家政策术语英文翻译

国家政策术语 “四个全面”战略布局

[释义] 全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党。

[英文] Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy

The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy is to make comprehensive moves to:

1)finish building a moderately prosperous society;2)deepen reform;

3)advance the law-based governance of China;and 4)strengthen Party self-discipline.“两个一百年”奋斗目标

[释义] 在中国共产党成立一百年时全面建成小康社会，在新中国成立一百年时建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。

[英文] Two Centenary Goals

The Two Centenary Goals are: to finish building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the time the Communist Party of China celebrates its centenary in 2021;and to turn China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the time the People’s Republic of China celebrates its centenary in 2049.双目标

[例] 保持中高速增长和迈向中高端水平双目标。

[英文] dual objectives

We must focus on achieving the dual objectives of maintaining a medium-high rate of growth and moving toward a medium-high level of development.双引擎

[例] 打造大众创业、万众创新和增加公共产品、公共服务双引擎。[英文] twin engines

We need to develop twin engines – popular entrepreneurship and innovation, and greater supplies of public goods and services – to drive development.新常态

[例] 经济发展进入新常态，精神面貌要有新状态。

[英文] new normal

China’s economic development has entered a new normal, meaning we must adopt a new mindset.高压态势

[例] 始终保持反腐高压态势，对腐败分子零容忍、严查处。

[英文] tough stance

Our tough stance on corruption is here to stay;our tolerance for corruption is zero, and anyone guilty of corruption will be dealt with severely.硬骨头

[英文] tough issue

We tackled many tough issues.[例] 啃了不少硬骨头

拦路虎

[例] 体制机制弊端和结构性矛盾是“拦路虎”。

[英文] tiger in the road

Institutional and structural problems have become “tigers in the road” holding up development.扶上马、送一程

[例] 中小微企业大有可为，要扶上马、送一程。

[英文] give(sb)a leg up to get(sb)going

Medium, small, and micro businesses can accomplish great things.We need to give them a leg up to get them going.创客

[例] 众多“创客”脱颖而出。

[英文] maker

We have seen great numbers of makers giving expression to their talents.众创空间

[例] 发展众创空间

[英文] maker space

develop maker spaces 中国制造2025

[英文] Made in China 2025 strategy “互联网+”行动计划

[英文] Internet Plus Action Plan 普惠金融

[英文] inclusive finance 税收法定原则

[英文] principle of law-based taxation 保持战略定力 [英文] maintain strategic focus 经济行稳致远

[英文] maintain sustainable economic growth 强农惠农富农

[英文] strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and raise rural living standards 健康稳定的大国关系框架

[英文] a sound and stable framework for major-country relations

为公平竞争搭好舞台

[英文] level the playing field for fair competition

织密织牢民生保障网

[英文] develop a tightly woven and sturdy safety net 让更多的金融活水流向实体经济

[英文] allow more financial resources to be channeled into the real economy 从制造大国转向制造强国

[英文] transform China from a manufacturer of quantity to one of quality 加强国际传播能力建设

[英文] improve our ability to communicate effectively with international audiences 结构性减税和普遍性降费

[英文] make structural tax reductions and cut fees across the board 精准扶贫、精准脱贫

[英文] take targeted measures to help people lift themselves out of poverty 以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力

[英文] invigorate the market to offset downward economic pressure 保基本、兜底线、建机制

[英文] build up a basic safety net, ensure there is a cushion in place for those most in need, and make due institutional arrangements 有权不可任性

[英文] Power is not to be used arbitrarily.

第四篇：英文翻译

Introduction: with the rapid development of the economy, China ‘smprehensive national power has been improved effectively.As a saying said;“Want to become rich first road”.So China has begun to build the high-speed rail since years ago.The building of the high~speed rail is suited to China's national conditions and help our country to run well in the strong competition of the world.大多数经济学家认为：交通基础设施的供应水平和能力必须适度超前，否则就会影响社会经济持续、稳定和健康发展。这就意味着要加大对交通基础设施的投资，但是政府在加大交通基础设施投资力度的同时，用于改善民生的措施实际却在相对地减少。从中国目前的经济发展和人民的收入状况来说，我认为中国高铁弊大于利.Most economists believe that: the supply and capability of transportation infrastructure must advance appropriately, otherwise it will affect the sustainable, stable and healthy development of social economy.This means that we have to increase the investment into transportation infrastructure,But while government increase the investment into transportation infrastructure, it will to some extent decrease the practical measures to improve people's livelihood.From China's current situation, I think it will do more harm than good to build high-speed railway in China.Piont1: Building too fast go against the laws of economic development, causing many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.And high-speed railway construction needs large investment, from the use of the actual situation, the possibility of short-term cost recovery do not, there is also the problem of capital wasting.建设速度过快，容易违背经济发展规律,同时面对的问题较多，例如贷款偿还，员工安置等。中国第一条高铁客运专线——从北京到天津，它在 2008 年 8 月通车后一年就亏损了 7 个亿。武广高铁总投资约 1166 亿元，目前的线路至少能开 120 对车，但实际上只开了 33 对，而且还坐不满，这是资本的严重浪费。所以说高铁建设不仅需要大笔的投资，而且从运用的实际的情况来看，短期收回成本的可能性根本就没有。The fast building speed will violate the rule of economic development, and at same time it faced many problems, such as loan repayment, staff placement.First high-speed railway of China-from Beijing to Tianjin, it was launched in August 2008, after one year it lossed 70 millions.The total investment of

Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed rail was about 110 billions yuan, now it is able to drive at least 120 pairs of cars, but in fact only 33 to drive, and lots of seats are empty, this is a serious waste of capital.The high-speed railway not only requires large construction investment, but also, it is impossible to recovery the short-term cost based on its actural implement.Poiimnt2: The building of the high spee

d rail can drive the development of the industry related.for example, the building need many workers and the new technology, so it expand the employment and promiot the technological innovation.In another word through the building, more steel products are needed.Another important hand is transport during the Spring Festival.During this period of time, large numbers of people going home together.So the high speed rail can relieve the transportation pressure ectively 高铁的票价较高，例如京津高铁，它行驶 30 分钟，却要 69 元票价，让人望而生叹啊。中国的 GDP 总量高居世界第二，但人均 GDP 在世界的排名却还在百名开外，穷人还是绝大多数。武广高铁开通后，原有的一些客运列车停运，意味着中低收入者将被迫选择高铁，接受高票价。这种行为伤及了底层人民的最根本利 e 而且建设过程中容易出现贪污腐败问题。The fare of high Speed Rail is higher, for example, the Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail, it costs 69 yuan for only drive 30minuts.China's GDP ranks the second in the world, but per capita GDP still ranks out of hundreds in the world, the poor is the majority.When Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway was used, the original passenger trains were stopped, which means low-incomer will be forced to choose high-speed rail and accept the high fares.This action has

impair interests of the low class people, and the corruption problem will be prone to easily during the process of building.新建高铁实际是在现有几种交通方式的基础上新增一种交通方式。建成之后会与高速公路、现有铁路、飞机、船运形成竞争关系，在原有运力并不紧张的背景下必然形成运力过剩。新建的高铁主要是客运专线，因此高铁并不会加快货物与资金的周转速度，不会降低全社会运行成本。要修建如此庞大的高速铁路网，必将消耗大量的资金，必将挤占人们收入上涨的空间与企业利润空间（加重税负）如果将此财政投入医疗、。社保、教育、技术研究，则会消除人们存钱的预防养老动机从而扩大消费，利于中国经济可持续发展。综上所述，在中国大规模修建高铁对中国经济的长远发展来讲是弊大于利，不利于扩大内需、不利于产业结构调整结论：The high-speed railway will compete with the existing highway, railway, aircraft, shipping after it consummation which will lead to a situation capacity.The new high-speed railway is mainly to carry passenger, so it will not speed up the turnover rate between cargos and the capital and will not decrease the costs of the whole social transportation.To build such a large network of high-speed rail will need a large amount of money, the government must increase the taxes of people and enterprise to raise the capital.If this financial investment used in health care, social security, education, tec

第五篇：英文翻译

Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications 1 History of GSM During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany.Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else’s in equipment and operation.This was an

undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale and the subsequent savings could not be realized.The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European s Posts and Telegraphs(CEPT)formed a study group called the Group Special Mobile(GSM)to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system.The proposed system has to meet certain criteria: ·Good subjective speech quality ·Low terminal and service cost ·Support for international roaming ·Ability to support handheld terminals ·Support for range of new services and facilities ·Spectral efficiency ·ISDN compatibility In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute(ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries.Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard.Over 200 GSM networks are operational in 110 countries around the world.In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997.With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.The developers of GSM chose an unproven(at the time)digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom.They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost.The over 8,000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper interworking between the components of the system.This done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.2 General Concepts 2.1 Analog Versus Digital Telephony Systems First-generation systems were analog.During the early 1980s these underwent rapid development in Europe.Although the NMT system was used by all the Nordic countries, and the TACS system in the United Kingdom and Italy, there was a variety of systems and no compatibility among them.Compared with these systems, the main advantages offered by GSM, which is the most important of the second-generation digital systems, are: ·Standardization;·Capacity;·Quality;·Security.Standardization guarantees compatibility among systems of different countries, allowing subscribers to use their own terminals in those countries that have adopted the digital standard.The lack of standardization in the first-generation system limited service to within the borders of a country.Mobility is improved, since roaming is no longer limited to areas covered by a certain system.Calls can be charged and handled using the same personal number even when the subscriber moves from one country to another.Standardization also allows the operator to buy entities of the network from different vendors, since the functional elements of the network and the interfaces between these elements are standardized.This means that a mobile phone from any manufacturer is able to communicate with any network, even if this network is built with entities from different vendors.This leads to a large economy of scale and results in cost reduction for both the operator and the subscriber.Furthermore, the phone cost is also reduced, because GSM is an international standard, produced quantities are greater and the level of competition is high.With respect to capacity, the use of the radio resource is much more efficient in a digital system such as GSM than in an analog system.This means that more users can be allocated in the same frequency bandwidth.This is possible with the use of advanced digital techniques, such as voice compression algorithms, channel coding, and multiple access techniques.Note that capacity gains are also achieved with radio frequency reuse, which had also used in analog systems.Frequency reuse means that a given carrier can be employed in different areas.The quality in digital transmission systems is better, thanks to the channel coding schemes that increase the robustness in the face of noise and disturbances such as interference caused by other users or other systems.The quality improvement is also due to the improved control of the radio link, and adaptations to propagation conditions, with advanced techniques such as power control or frequency hopping.This will be explained in greater detail in the next section.In terms of security, powerful authentication and encryption techniques for voice and data communications are enabled with GSM, which guarantees protected access to the network, and confidentiality.2.2 Cellular Telephony In mobile radio systems, one of the most important factors is the frequency spectrum.In order to make the best use of the bandwidth, the system is designed by means of the division of the service area into neighboring zones, or cells, which in theory have a hexagonal shape.Each cell has a Base Transceiver Station(BTS), which to avoid interference operates on a set of radio channels different from those of the adjacent cells.This division allows for the use of the same frequencies in nonadjacent cells.A group of cells that as a whole use the entire radio spectrum available to the operator is referred to as a cluster.The shape of a cell is irregular, depending on the availability of a spot for the BTS, the geography of the terrain, the propagation of the radio signal in the presence of obstacles, and so on.In dense urban areas, for instance, where the mobile telephony traffic is important, the diameter of the cells is often reduced in order to increase capacity.This is allowed since the same frequency channels are used in a smaller area.On the other hand, reducing the cell diameter leads to a decrease in the distance necessary to reuse the frequencies(that is, the distance between two co-channel cells), increasing co-channel interference.In order to minimize the level of interference, several techniques are used on the radio interface.A basic example of cluster organization is shown in Figure 1.In this example, we see a reuse attern for seven different frequencies, f1 to f7.These frequencies correspond to the beacon carrier of each cell, on which signaling information about the cell is broadcast(see Section 2.7).It can be seen from this figure that a given carrier can be reused in two separate geographical areas, as long as these areas are far enough from each other to reduce the effect of interference.With this technique of dividing the area in cells and clusters, the operator can increase the area it is able to cover with a limited frequency bandwidth.Figure 1 Example of a Cell Planning

在80 年代初期期间，模式手机系统在欧洲体验迅速增长，特别在斯堪的那

维亚和英国，以及法国和德国。每个国家开发了它自己的系统，在设备和操作上是互不相容的。这是一个不受欢迎的情况，因为不仅移动通信设备被限制在国界之内，这在统一的欧洲是越来越不重要的，而且每种类型的设备都只有一个非常有限的市场，因此经济尺度及随后的储蓄不可能体会。

欧洲人早就意识到了这点，并且在1982 年欧洲邮电管理联合会(CEPT)上形成了移动通信特别研究组(GSM)来研发一个能在全欧洲大陆通用的移动通信系统。提出的系统必须符合以下标准：〃通话质量好

〃终端及服务费用低〃支持国际漫游

〃能够支持可随身携带的终端〃支持一系列新的服务和设备〃效率高

〃与ISDN 兼容

1989 年，GSM 的责任转移了到欧洲电信标准学院(ETSI)，并且GSM 规格的

第一阶段也在1990 年出版了。商业服务在1991 年中期开始了，截至1993 年有 36 个GSM 网络在22 个国家诞生了。GSM 不仅仅是欧洲标准，尽管它是在欧洲规范化的。现已有200 多个GSM 网络在全球110 个国家和地区运行。1994 年初期全球有1,300,000 用户，截至1997 年10 月已突破55,000,000 用户。随着美国

后来在GSM 领域制造了一个词条PCS1900 作为GSM 的拓展,GSM 系统已发展至各大洲,并且缩写词GSM 现在已可以代表移动通信的全局系统。

GSM 开发商选择了一个当时未经证明的数字系统，与后来的标准模式蜂窝系统相对，就象美国叫AMPS，而英国叫TACS 一样。他们坚信能够推进压缩算法和数字信号处理器使其能够根据质量和费用将原始标准和系统连续改善。GSM 推荐8,000 页设法使得在与供应商竞争之中体现灵活性和创新，但提供足够的标准来保证在系统的组分之间适当配合工作。完成提供功能和接口描述的功能个体在系统中都有定义。

第一代系统是模拟的。上个世纪80 年代初期在欧洲迅速发展。虽然所有北欧国家使用TACS 系统，英国和意大利使用NMT 系统，它们之间还有各式各样的系统不兼容。和这些系统相比，GSM 提供的更重要的第二代数字系统主要优势体现在：〃标准化；〃容量；〃质量；〃安全。

标准化保证了不同国家系统之间的兼容性，允许采取了数字化标准的国家的订户使用他们自己的终端。在第一代系统中缺乏标准化的有限服务为在国家的边界之内。流动性被改进，漫游不再被限制到某一系统包括的面积之内。既使当用户从一个国家移动到另一个国家，电话也可以使用同一个个人号码。因为网络的功能元件和这些元素之间的接口被规范化，操作员可以从不同的供营商购买。这意味着所有制造商的移动电话能与任何网络沟通，即使这个网络是由不同的供营商的功能元件建立的。这为操作员和订户带来费用成本的降低。此外，电话费用也降低了，因为GSM 是国际标准，生产数量大，竞争水平高。能力方面，数字系统如GSM 比模拟系统使用的无线资源更有效。这意味着更多的用户可以使用同一频带。这就有可能利用先进的数字技术，如语音压缩算法，信道编码和多址接入技术。请注意，无线电频率复用也取得了一定增益，这也已用于模拟系统。频率复用意味着同一载波可以在不同的地区重复使用。由于这种信道编码方案，提高了可靠性及对噪音和其他用户或系统的干扰能力，数字传输系统的质量更好了。质量改进的原因还在于改善了对无线连接的控制，并适应传播条件下，使用先进的技术，如电源控制或跳频。质量改进的原因还在于使用先进的技术如电源控制或跳频改善了无线连接的控制,，传播条件的适

应性等。这些将在下文中做更详尽的解释。

在安全方面，GSM 具有语音和数据通信的强大的认证和加密技术的功能，保证了保护接入网络和保密性。

在移动通信系统中，一个最重要的因素就是频谱。为了最有效地利用带宽，系统设计的目的是通过基站的服务区到周边小区，理论上是一个正六边形。每个小区有一个收发基站（BTS），其中，以避免相邻小区的不同无线信道在运行时产生相互干扰。这样可以在不相邻的小区使用同一载频。一组小区，作为一个整体，给运营商提供整个无线电频谱是指一个区群。小区的形状是不规则的，这取决于是否有现成的基站，地理地形，无线电信号传播中存在的障碍，等等。例如，在人口密集的城市地区，移动电话的通行非常重要，小区的直径往往会减小，以提高其通行能力。

这是允许的，因为同一频道只在一个较小的地区内使用。另一方面，小区直径的减小导致使用同一频率的小区间的距离（即两个公共通道小区间的距离）缩小了，增强了各频道之间的相互干扰。为了尽量提高抗干扰的能力，无线接口使用了一系列技术。

一个基本的区群组织的结构如图1 所示。在这个例子中，我们看到了一个复用模式的7 个不同的频率，f1 至f7。这些频率对应于每个小区的信标载波，整个

小区的信号信息就靠它们被传播出去（见第2.7 节）。从图中可以看出，某一载波可在两个不同的地理区域重复使用，只要这两个地区离的足够远，相互之间的干扰足够小。这一技术把地区分成小区和区群，经营者可以利用有限的带宽增加覆盖区域的面积。