第一篇:托福听力中最让人难解决的几点
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托福听力中最让人难解决的几点
托福听力对于很多人来说可能都是陷阱遍布充满困难的,的确不得不说目前托福英语听力还是有一些难点存在的,但这并不是说托福听力试题就没有办法解决,恰恰每个难处都是有方法应对的。
近年来,ETS在托福听力方面益发重视试题的仿真性(authenticity),要求在最大的可能模拟真实校园场景,考察真实场景中学生对于教授授课和日常对话的理解能力。基于这种出题原则,为使试题更符合口头交际的实际情况,ETS减少了针对客观事实直接回答的初级交际方式的题量,提出了根据语用原则,包括上下文、言语行文(speech act)、会话含义(conversation implicature)等理论,来设臵考点的新的出题方法。这种改变无疑加大了对考生听力能力的要求,尤其是听言外之意的能力。基于语用原则的前提,我们可以把托福听力测试的难度主要分为以下几点:
在托福英语听力测试中,考生普遍反映语速过快,单词量过大,常常听到一半就摸不着头脑,甚至出现从头到尾都听不懂的情况。实际上,除了一些单词基础过于薄弱的考生,大部分人的问题都出在听音辨析上。托福的听力辨音难度主要包括以下几点:辨音(sound recognition),重音(stress),略读(contraction)和语调(contour)。例如:
1.The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style.(TPO1, L1)
2.It's more of an oval, it's elliptical.(TPO17, L2)
3.Um, I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of tree bark? ↗(TPO7,L3)
首先,第一句中,不少中国考生会把’aspect/’ ?spekt/这个单词读成as’pect / ?s’pekt /。重音与辨音的不准确导致有些考生误把这个词当做生词,影响理解。
第二句中,elliptical / ??l?pt?k?l/与之前的it’s 发生连读现象,elliptical首字母发音很弱,e被略读,导致不少考生不能理解此处含义。
第三句也是TPO 7中第三个讲座中重听题的重听内容。通过这句话句尾的上扬语调可知,这是一句疑问句,推出疑问句需要的是一个解答,从而得到了答案,学生说这句话是为了 “To request more explanation from the professor”。
托福听力试题中的生词难词恐怕是最让考生望而生畏的内容了,词法上的困难主要体现在:固定词组(set phrase)、习语谚语(proverb)、小品词(particle)、专业词汇(term)几方面。因此应对这一类生词难词,考生们必须对英语词汇方面有一些积累,才能明白说话人的言下之意,选对选项。
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1.You look a little bit taken aback.(TPO18, L4)
2.Before we get into that though, it’s probably a good thing to back up a bit.(TPO3, L4)
第一句,很多同学听过take back,却没有听过take aback。这种不太常见的固定词组常常出现在托福听力中,迷惑考生,增加难度。从词义上看,take aback的意思是“使……吃惊,使惊讶”。因此这句话的含义就是你看起来有点惊讶。
所谓的小品词指的是英语中一些形似介词的副词,这是一类比较特殊的词,它兼具副词特征与介词词性,与不同的动词相连可以形成不同的词义。第二句中back up,up就是一个小品词。可能很多同学都知道它有备份的意思,但是这个词组在托福里一般只考它 “回顾”的释义。托福考试中的词的特殊性也加大了听力测试的难度。
在托福听力中,讲座占了很大比例。讲座的专业性特点决定了专业词汇的出现。托福中的专业词汇往往让考生退而却步,甚至出现畏难情绪,对听力不再自信。但是,经过对历年真题的分析,我们也找到了一些应对专业词汇的方法。首先,进行听力测试时,ETS会将影响文章理解的专用词汇提示在考试界面,同时会借教授的讲述,在文中进行浅显的解释。其次,托福听力测试的讲座内容主要集中在天文、生物、地理、音乐艺术史、以及人文科学等几方面。其中容易出现专有词汇词的天文、生物、地理的词汇量都是有限的,通过背诵对应的单词表,大家可以很有信心得应对此类生词。
在真实对话中比较容易出现的句式包括真实与非真实条件句、虚拟语态、反义疑问句、双重否定、不规则句式几种。而托福听力测试也验证了这一点。前文提到,根据语用原则设计的托福听力测试着重考察考生在真实场景下的反应、理解能力。因此,通过多种句式交替使用考察考生对“言外之意”的理解是听力测试的重中之重。
1.And therefore, if it ever had been present on earth, it would have decayed ages ago.(TPO8, L4)
2.Now I would have thought the bigger the tree, the farther the beaver would be willing to travel for it.(TPO16, L3)
3.So it wasn’t uncommon for the scribes or monks who produce the manual scripts.(TPO15, L3)
4.But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too, um… not the least of which is trying to pinpoint the moon’s age.(TPO5, L2)
以上几句都是来自TPO中的例句,分别代表了托福听力中常常出现的几种句式。
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第一句,表示过去的非真实条件句,主要特点是if + 过去完成时做从句,would have done 做主句。表示的就是如果当时存在在地球上,那多年前也已经衰变了。这是一个对过去的非真实的假设。
第二句是虚拟语态,主要特点是would/should/could have done sth.。这句话中would have thought 是对过去的假设,表示本来会这样想。从这个虚拟语态,我们可以知道这是一种假设,实际并没有发生,因此实际上我不会这样想,所以表述的“树越大,海狸愿意走的越远”是错误的。
第三、四句都是双重否定,表示肯定含义。第三句中not uncommon就等于common,所以书记员和和尚这样做是很常见的。第四句中,not the least,least最少的,否定词not与之相加,含义不是最少了,而变成的最重要的。所以整句话的含义是有一些强有力的支持去月球探险的原因,其中最重要的就是要确定月球的年龄。
要了解说话人的意图,我们必须了解一些语用原则,其中就包括我们的言语行为(speech act)理论。根据言语行为理论,每说一句话都在实行三种言语行为:言内行为(locutionary act),言外行为(illocutionary act)和言后行为(perlocutionary act)。而其中最重要的就是言外行为,也就是我们日常说的“言外之意”。仅听懂文意是不够的,考生需要根据上下文、句式、语气等等综合判断说话人是疑问、建议、抱怨等等。托福测试的一大出题点就是“言外之意”,尤其是容易出现在重听题、观点组织题与推断题中。
1.No…, but such crude estimates.(TPO5, L2)
2.This is the inciting incident.It sets off, the plot of the play.(TPO7, L2)
这两句都来自重听题的重听内容。第一句中,such crude estimates.听力中教授的语气有一点迟疑,表现了他的不赞同。而这句话本意也是“如此粗略的估计”更加表现了教授的不赞同。第二句中,前文提到了一个术语inciting incident。随后说到重听的这句话,it sets off, the plot of the play。它推动了戏剧情节的开展。这个“它”就是前文的inciting incident。所以这句话是通过解释 “inciting incident”,引发事件,的功能来解释这个词的含义,起解释说明的作用。这两个例子都说明了托福听力测试是如何展示说话人的言外行为的,也是我们需要最注意的地方。
总的来说,托福听力测试减少了对细节的考察,加大了对文章逻辑、文本内涵、说话人隐含意义的考察,这无疑加大了我们做听力的难度。但是对这些难度进行的详细分析可以帮助我们了解托福的出题思路,从而有针对性的展开复习,更加高效的备考。
上面对于托福听力试题的难度和形式做了一个比较全方位的评估,相信对于大家准备托福英语听力会很有帮助,希望大家能在以后的托福听力考试中有所收获。最后,小编预祝大家在托福考试中取得好成绩。
第二篇:解析托福听力中的 paraphrase 现象
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解析托福听力中的 paraphrase 现象
托福听力教学中,经常遇到此类型的学生:无 paraphrase 意识,过分专注于捕捉细节,抓不到音频逻辑思路,听到啥就记啥,做起笔记来很累。但是此类型学生在听力过程中可以跟上音频,能够听懂文章大意,能够熟练记笔记(不用想听到的信息到底用简写还是用符号,可以听完后马上转换成笔记信息),托福听力分数进入瓶颈期,分数一直在 20-22 徘徊。
经过教学总结得出,有这种情况的学生大部分都没有 paraphrase 意识,对于入耳的信息没有进行有效的筛选分析,甚至不去理解,听到什么就马上记下什么,眉毛胡子一把抓,结果记下的信息也不能串联起来,因为没有理解。
托福听力以理解为基础,在此前提下,再对所听信息进行有效筛选,有主次的记笔记帮助自己理顺思路。
听力中的 paraphrase 现象
托福听力中,除总-分的语言结构外,最大的特点就是 paraphrase 现象(这也是其他三个单项的考查本质重点所在)。
托福听力中,paraphrase 现象从词性、词义和语义三个方面体现。词性的 paraphrase
词性的 paraphrase 是最基础也是最简单的,比如 TPO12-conversation 1 里讲改论文的文章前后用到了动词revise 及名词 revision。词义的 paraphrase 三立教育ap.sljy.com
词义的 paraphrase 是托福听力里最常见的 paraphrase 现象,即以不同的近义词的形式出现表达同样的意思,通常情况下,一个是经常见到的单词,另外一个有可能学生不太常见,在听到这种表达时,要有 paraphrase意识,不要被不常见的单词给干扰了。
比如:TPO14-lecture 4 里面讲考古学的文章里出现chamber or room,room 是常见单词,chamber 很多学生没怎么听过,但是两个单词间用了or,所以我们应该能马上反应两个单词意思相同。
语义的 paraphrase
语义的 paraphrase 是听力中最难的现象,因为这往往是整句话的 paraphrase,音频里有时出现 5 或 6 句不一样的句子表达,但是却是同一个意思,学生在听不同句子的时候,通常比较紧张,往往不理解意思就马上记笔记,如果要是有paraphrase 的意识在,就会从本质上去理解。而语义的 paraphrase 往往是以词义的paraphrase 为基础,下面来看一个语义上 paraphrase 的例子: The key to the Pacific islanders' success was probably their location near the equator.What that meant was that the sky could be partitioned, divided up, much more symmetrically than it could farther away from the equator.Unlike the Vikings, early observers of the stars in Polynesia or really anywhere along the equator would feel that at the very center of things, with the skies to the north and the skies to the south behaving identically.They could see stars going straight up in the east and straight down in the west.So it was easier to discern the order in the sky than farther north or farther south, where everything would seem more chaotic.(TPO14-lec.3).三立教育ap.sljy.com
以上音频截断中,第一句是本意群点的主旨句,后面虽有 4 个长句子,但是都在表述一个意思:赤道附近的天是对称的。
第一次解释是 What that meant was that the sky could be partitioned, divided up, much more symmetrically than it could farther away from the equator.此句里面首先出现“partition”、“divide up”,词义的 paraphrase 来解释分割,而这一句中的“symmetrically”是此句的重点词汇。
第二次解释是 Unlike the Vikings, early observers of the stars in Polynesia or really anywhere along the equator would feel that at the very center of things.第二句的前半句,center 是重点词汇。
第三次解释是 with the skies to the north and the skies to the south behaving identically.第二句的后半句,“identically”是重点词汇。
第四次解释是 They could see stars going straight up in the east and straight down in the west.句中的“straight”是重点词汇。
第五次解释是 So it was easier to discern the order in the sky than farther north or farther south.句中的“easier to discern the order”是重点表达。
第六次解释是 where everything would seem more chaotic.句中的“chaotic”是重点词汇。我们再回看本段的所有解释,不难发现这 4 个长句里面有六次解释让听者明白是什么意思,而这六次解释都是重点词汇的 paraphrase 为基础。三立教育ap.sljy.com
如果学生在听的时候有paraphrase 的意识在,那么在听力过程中就不会慌张,有效记下各次解释中重点信息帮自己理顺。
综上,同学们在日常练习中,注意结合题目分析音频中的 paraphrase 现象,脑袋里面形成 paraphrase 的意识,这样在听力的时候就不会手忙脚乱,做到理智处理自己所听到的信息。
第三篇:托福听力习语总结
主题: 托福听力笔记(习语总结)
托福听力笔记(习语总结)
lose his cool失去冷静
cool off 冷静,天气变冷
play it cool 冷静
不介意:not at all, not a bit/little, not in the slightest, not in the least
-不愿让人做某事:make sb uncomfortable to do sth
-对人宽容go easy on sb.Be lenient with.Be kind to
-挤时间做某事:get around to do sth, take time out/off from doing sth, spare time to do sth, afford time to do sth, squeeze/steal time to do
-健忘slip one's mind/memory.Have a shot memory, not good with..be terrible with..forgetful, absent-minded, scatter-brain, go in one ear and out the other.Wops.-快,马上:in no time, by and by, on short notice, right now/away/off, in a moment/minute/second
-去哪里,朝哪里去head to/for sw, make for, leave for, set out for, be off to, be away to
-生气:be put out with sb, be burned up at sb, get one's back up, hit/raise the roof/ceiling, be enraged, get on one's nerve, rub sb the wrong way, annoy/irritate sb.-顺便看望:drop/stop/come by/over/in
-太忙heavy/busy/tight schedule
-太热super/burning/blazing/unbearable/scorcher hot
-听某人的建议:go by/follow/listen to one's suggestion
-一点也不奇怪:no wonder.Little surprise.-有时,偶而:occasionally, sometimes, every so often, every now and them, every once in a while, at times, from time to time, on and off.-在某方面擅长:know the stuff/ropes/tricks/one's beans
-逐步地:gradually, step by step, bit by bit, little by little, inch by inch , piece by piece, line by line, word by word.-bottom line 说话的核心,well, the bottom line is that…
-check out①检查,询问②借书③出院④退房
-come in handy 派上用场,会有用的-for the life of sb无论如何
-get over: ①完成作业②病全愈③忘掉(不愉快)
-go through ①用完②检查③经历过④办手续
-我认为I suspect, 我确认I bet, 我估计I expect, 我不认为I doubt, 我原以为I thought, 我原以为I was hoping, 我曾经是I used to be, 我本应该I was supposed to
-on one's way 马上出发;on the way已经在路
-pick up ①取东西②接人③买东西
-put up ①挂起②住宿
-up to :胜任:it's up to sb to do sth, sb is up to doing sth②熬夜sit/be up to do sth③达到up to sth
托福听力笔记(听力句型总结)
-as…as…
as cool as a cucumber, as fit as fiddle, as healthy as horse, as poor as a church mouse, as strong as an ox, as like as two peas(长得象),peas and carrots(形影不离),apples and oranges(大不相同),as proud as peacock, as changeable as moon, as punctual as a church clock, as sly as fox, as light as feather, as hungry as a wolf.-be the last thing +定从,最不希望的,最不需要的,最不愿意的。
-hasn't he, isn't it +ever/though.可不是吗!(很同意)
-if only 要是…就好了。答案的标志是虚拟语气和wish.-not that, not as…adj….as you think不至于那么过分吧
-不辞辛苦做某事go out of one's way to do.Take great trouble to do sth.Go extra miles to do sth.-吃惊:Jees.Boy!Man!Jesus christ!Dear me!Wow!
-对我都一样:It makes no difference to me.Does it make any difference.What differencedoes it make.It's all the same to me.-感觉如何:What do you think of sth? How do you like sth? How do you find sth? How do you feel about sth? Would you like A or B? Do you feel like sth? Are you in a mood for anything?
-开玩笑吧:So you say.Pull my leg.-流泪my eyes swim in tears, shed tears of remorse, I can't hold back my tears
-你真了不起:You are somebody.You are a big potato.-提醒:I don't think you'll do… I was wondering if you will do sth.I don't imagine if you do.You have not done sth, have you?
-听我说:You know why.Tell me why.-我本想做某事(但没做)I meant to do..should have given.Was supposed to do sth.I have been meaning to..-赞同:You bet.Sure thing.And how.Isn't it though/ever.Go ahead.By all means.-责备:When will you ever do sth? Do I have to tell you? Don't I tell you sth? Why didn't you…
-怎么了?What's up/matter/wrong with sb? how have you been? How are you coming along/doing? What's new with you?
托福听力笔记(学习场景)
1、论文
-题目难定(太大)too broad a topic
-资料难查(太多)too much material to cover
-多找教授(时间)
-打字困难(机房)机少人多,想买机
2、笔记
-考笔记be based on the lecture/notes
-字难认make out/recognize handwriting
3、考试
-永远难was supposed to be easy
-不推迟put it off, hold off, delay, postpone
-分数低:及格passing grade,不及格failing grade,好分数perfect grade
-心里不好受down
*take-home exam开卷考试,workshop研讨会, seminar研究会
4、评价教授
-小对话中(不好),段子题中(好)
-不迟到punctual/prompt,不早退,常拖堂run over time/late,-要求严,出题难,给分低
*听不懂:be lost/be all at sea/in the dark
*听懂:figure out/make sense/catch/follow words
*打瞌睡:drop off/doze off, keep watching the clock, keep counting the time.5、作业
-作业多:I've had enough of it.(I'll never have enough of it.高兴语气)
*have one's hands full, be tied up, be booked, be up to one's eyes/ears/neck with work.Have a million things to do.Study 48 hours in a day.-想迟交,不迟交:交作业hand in/ turn in, 迟交extension, 多给时间extra/more time
6、熬夜
-常熬夜:sit up, stay doing sth
-不熬夜 get out of it, wise
7、书店
-有货没货in stock/ out of stock
-印,不印in /out of print
-过时out-dated, 最新的updated/current
-平装paper back,精装hard back
8、图书馆
-还书:recall a book, library loan, 续借renew, 传记作者biographer, 微缩胶片 microfiche
-罚钱verdue, late return, fine , moratorium(暂停,推迟)
9、电话
-定主题,听语气,背套话
* 电话号码本:yellow pages, telephone directory,干扰static,接通put through
* 占着电话tie up, be off下线断线,过会打给你get back to sb.10、选课
-先学入门课intro/basic/prerequisite,再学高级课,教授得同意approval/permission/signiture
-三大顾虑:too much, too difficult, intro course
-课程难,心情不好
-少选明智,多选犯傻,时刻准备退课drop
托福听力笔记(学习场景)
1、论文
-题目难定(太大)too broad a topic
-资料难查(太多)too much material to cover
-多找教授(时间)
-打字困难(机房)机少人多,想买机
2、笔记
-考笔记be based on the lecture/notes
-字难认make out/recognize handwriting
3、考试
-永远难was supposed to be easy
-不推迟put it off, hold off, delay, postpone
-分数低:及格passing grade,不及格failing grade,好分数perfect grade
-心里不好受down
*take-home exam开卷考试,workshop研讨会, seminar研究会
4、评价教授
-小对话中(不好),段子题中(好)
-不迟到punctual/prompt,不早退,常拖堂run over time/late,-要求严,出题难,给分低
*听不懂:be lost/be all at sea/in the dark
*听懂:figure out/make sense/catch/follow words
*打瞌睡:drop off/doze off, keep watching the clock, keep counting the time.5、作业
-作业多:I've had enough of it.(I'll never have enough of it.高兴语气)
*have one's hands full, be tied up, be booked, be up to one's eyes/ears/neck with work.Have a million things to do.Study 48 hours in a day.-想迟交,不迟交:交作业hand in/ turn in, 迟交extension, 多给时间extra/more time
6、熬夜
-常熬夜:sit up, stay doing sth
-不熬夜 get out of it, wise
7、书店
-有货没货in stock/ out of stock
-印,不印in /out of print
-过时out-dated, 最新的updated/current
-平装paper back,精装hard back
8、图书馆
-还书:recall a book, library loan, 续借renew, 传记作者biographer, 微缩胶片 microfiche
-罚钱verdue, late return, fine , moratorium(暂停,推迟)
9、电话
-定主题,听语气,背套话
* 电话号码本:yellow pages, telephone directory,干扰static,接通put through
* 占着电话tie up, be off下线断线,过会打给你get back to sb.10、选课
-先学入门课intro/basic/prerequisite,再学高级课,教授得同意approval/permission/signiture
-三大顾虑:too much, too difficult, intro course
-课程难,心情不好
-少选明智,多选犯傻,时刻准备退课drop
托福听力笔记(学习场景)
1、论文
-题目难定(太大)too broad a topic
-资料难查(太多)too much material to cover
-多找教授(时间)
-打字困难(机房)机少人多,想买机
2、笔记
-考笔记be based on the lecture/notes
-字难认make out/recognize handwriting
3、考试
-永远难was supposed to be easy
-不推迟put it off, hold off, delay, postpone
-分数低:及格passing grade,不及格failing grade,好分数perfect grade
-心里不好受down
*take-home exam开卷考试,workshop研讨会, seminar研究会
4、评价教授
-小对话中(不好),段子题中(好)
-不迟到punctual/prompt,不早退,常拖堂run over time/late,-要求严,出题难,给分低
*听不懂:be lost/be all at sea/in the dark
*听懂:figure out/make sense/catch/follow words
*打瞌睡:drop off/doze off, keep watching the clock, keep counting the time.5、作业
-作业多:I've had enough of it.(I'll never have enough of it.高兴语气)
*have one's hands full, be tied up, be booked, be up to one's eyes/ears/neck with work.Have a million things to do.Study 48 hours in a day.-想迟交,不迟交:交作业hand in/ turn in, 迟交extension, 多给时间extra/more time
6、熬夜
-常熬夜:sit up, stay doing sth
-不熬夜 get out of it, wise
7、书店
-有货没货in stock/ out of stock
-印,不印in /out of print
-过时out-dated, 最新的updated/current
-平装paper back,精装hard back
8、图书馆
-还书:recall a book, library loan, 续借renew, 传记作者biographer, 微缩胶片 microfiche
-罚钱verdue, late return, fine , moratorium(暂停,推迟)
9、电话
-定主题,听语气,背套话
* 电话号码本:yellow pages, telephone directory,干扰static,接通put through
* 占着电话tie up, be off下线断线,过会打给你get back to sb.10、选课
-先学入门课intro/basic/prerequisite,再学高级课,教授得同意approval/permission/signiture
-三大顾虑:too much, too difficult, intro course
-课程难,心情不好
-少选明智,多选犯傻,时刻准备退课drop
托福听力笔记(学习场景)
1、论文
-题目难定(太大)too broad a topic
-资料难查(太多)too much material to cover
-多找教授(时间)
-打字困难(机房)机少人多,想买机
2、笔记
-考笔记be based on the lecture/notes
-字难认make out/recognize handwriting
3、考试
-永远难was supposed to be easy
-不推迟put it off, hold off, delay, postpone
-分数低:及格passing grade,不及格failing grade,好分数perfect grade
-心里不好受down *take-home exam开卷考试,workshop研讨会, seminar研究会
4、评价教授
-小对话中(不好),段子题中(好)
-不迟到punctual/prompt,不早退,常拖堂run over time/late,-要求严,出题难,给分低
*听不懂:be lost/be all at sea/in the dark
*听懂:figure out/make sense/catch/follow words
*打瞌睡:drop off/doze off, keep watching the clock, keep counting the time.5、作业
-作业多:I've had enough of it.(I'll never have enough of it.高兴语气)
*have one's hands full, be tied up, be booked, be up to one's eyes/ears/neck with work.Have a million things to do.Study 48 hours in a day.-想迟交,不迟交:交作业hand in/ turn in, 迟交extension, 多给时间extra/more time
6、熬夜
-常熬夜:sit up, stay doing sth
-不熬夜 get out of it, wise
7、书店
-有货没货in stock/ out of stock
-印,不印in /out of print
-过时out-dated, 最新的updated/current
-平装paper back,精装hard back
第四篇:托福听力conversation总结
Conversation 题目简单
语速快(point易漏)记下所有的提问
学生问答、自问自答必考 评论必考 例子必考 废话必考
把所有重复的记下
话题
一、教授
1、作业
A、选题(选题换题目):老师引导你去想 tough decision B、材料:哪儿可能有(研究材料性质:文章、评论、tap);
更常考:材料不存在->补充材料supplemental(老师诱导去找其他的补充材料)
ask for source material for his paper C、写到一半时,知识点残缺
(interview然后结果不一样:原因:
1、学生的理解有问题(解决:老师再讲一遍课上讲的东西,“孩子,加油”);
2、学生的数据有问题(老师讲如何正确收集数据,为什么错了,“没关系,我再给你讲一遍”)
D、最后都写完了,拿给老师做最后审查 ① 正常情况:“你写的不错,哪儿好,但是several problem”,老师举现实生活中的例子(experience)作解释; ②(常考)写的特别好,老师感兴趣的点,“你是如何想到去采访这个人?详细说明”,“你能不能再把它写长点,把project做大,投稿/在课上做个presentation)
submit a piece of writing for publication
General or casual idea 大致的想法
An increase in the quantity of certain gases in Earth's atmosphere
get a position as reporter/
2、课上问题
开头废话:“下周有个quiz,但我第三章有问题”,老师说“这个东西不考”但会给
予讲解,考试前去问老师。
开始讲:一般围绕某一个词(词义,理论是怎么回事儿),都是解释性的。
3、志愿者
主动找老师作志愿者:为什么找他(experience,resume);讨论有没有pay(food); 是否可以帮忙(拍马屁):
1、事情是什么
2、有什么意义(重要信息:时间 fit into my schedule(评论:是否available,考虑是否太长太短;地点,考虑是否便利)
3、目的(为了加分:extra credit,credit is awarded(一般没有加分,“目前没有,但报的同学比较少,为吸引人报名可能会有加分”)老师来找学生(好处)
Invite the student to work on a committee
二、图书馆
1、找不到书:为什么找不到(连书名都不知道,要找一个评论但不知道去哪儿找,管理员会告诉你在哪儿,还可能进行讨论(“我曾经看过,还有video tape”))
类别
地点(第一个地儿如果没有就去另一个地儿找)
通过什么方式找(computer,啊我都不知道,怎么上网找,回家找,找不到,还是在这儿找吧)
2、漏洞bug:过期书催还(解决办法:借别的书,复印,….)To find out if he needs to immediately return a book
3、介绍图书馆(不怎么考了已经,因为过简单):介绍parking,怎么停车,怎么拿parking card
三、注册中心 registration office
要选课:sign up for the course
Optional class
a、手动选课:
为什么要选这个课(大四了;是其他课的先修课;非常感兴趣)
为什么没选上(不在场别人帮、(最常见)这课需要别的先修课但我没有修-)
会看其他课类似课是否有修,我还有经验资质)
选上课但没有上(原因:没有收到cancel通知email问题,我没通知inform
学校)
d、毕不了业(解决:继续上;给出qualifications证明自己能力经验)
新托福听力场景汇总之CONVERSATION篇
1.课程相关事务场景
场景特点:主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。一定以conversation出现,常见话题有:安排考试,调课事宜,课程辅助材料等。 常见套路:
(1)和考试相关:考试分数;考试复习;安排考试;考试分数(2)和课程相关:课程目的;课程类型;课程形式,课程作业
(3)和作业相关:作业类型;作业方法;交作业相关(4)和论文相关:论文的分数 场景词汇:
Discussion, presentation, topic, lecture, good choice, slide(幻灯片), library, collection, check, librarian Report, office hour, submit(提交), on disk, hard copy(复印件),soft copy, computer, print, computer lab Project, ton of, cover, re-write, research data, information, input, presentation, complete Term paper(学期报告), grade, complicated, terrible mistake, edited version(剪接的版本), submit, overtired(劳累过度), stressed, rushing against the clock, mark, draft(草稿), print, final paper, maintaining average, application, drop, re-take, due, extention(延伸),discuss, check back(查阅记录,核对), re-reading, submission(提交物)
Information, exam schedule, term, date, book, department, invigilator(监考人), sign up(注册), sheet, bulletin board(布告牌), faculty lounge(教师休息室), square, draft, dean(院长,系主任), review, draw up(起草), manually(手动的), consult(请教,查阅), register Physiology 100, sophomore, second year course, first year student, transfer(转让,转移,调任), begin my first lecture, introduce, complete, approach, laws of physics and chemistry, process(过程,方法,步骤)of life, vital force, philosophical approach, scientific experimentation Final exam, midterm, multiple(多重的)choice question, essay question, comprehensive exam, the subject, review, textbook, class note, the final will count for 50% of your grade, research project, run into problems School bulletin, required writing course, first year student, third year student, research paper, sign up, cover the entire process of writing a research paper, selecting topic(选题), final format(最终的格式), presentation, hand in, assignment, final grade Class meeting, lecture, different concept, hand in, issue, revision(修正,复习,修订本), grade Research paper(研究论文,研究报告), due, proposed topics, make comment, the most frequent problem, broad, preliminary outline(初步的轮廓), schedule, available, appointment, final outline, no more than two pages long, thesis statement(论文观点), precise statement, conclusion Workshop(研讨会,讲习班), intensive(加强)techniques and skills, personal attention, register, advantage Consecutive(连续的)summer, community center(社区活动中心), seminar(讨论班), workshop, beginning students, advanced students, last four weeks, credit is awarded, information Discuss, schedule, midterm, administer, attendance, optional class(选修课) 场景例题:
2.相关事务+专业讨论场景
场景特点:场景性开场白+中间专业内容+场景性结尾。开头老师常见的会有几种寒暄,结尾老师会总结收场,中间的专业段落在专业场景中会涉及。 常见套路:
(1)开头寒暄套路(2)结尾总结套路 场景词汇:
场景例题:见专业段落
3.选课场景
场景特点:一类是学生和学生之间讨论选课,一类是老师和学生之间讨论选课。开场白部分即可判定其为选课场景,文章内容和结构都相对固定。 常见套路:
(1)文章的主题:Why does the woman come to see the man? What is the topic of the conversation? What is the main subject of the conversation?(2)老师对学生的疑问:What does the professor concern about? 课程太难听不懂
学生选课太多跟不上can't keep up 学生基础太差
(3)学生对自己情况的分析(4)关于退课和放弃课程
(5)文章结尾的延伸:What is the teacher going to do next? What is the student going to do next? What does the student feel at the end of the conversation? 场景词汇:
Course, semester, summer session(暑期辅导,暑期班), elective, bird course, splendor, lecture hall(大讲堂,演讲厅), lab, tough decision(艰难的决定), pick, choose, grade, relaxed, paper, final exam, advice, sign up Inquiry, credit course, off-campus, program, remote, access, internet, degree, distance education, diploma(证书), requirement, format, print materials, audio-tapes, video, teleconferencing, deliver, cost, fixed date(指定日期,固定日期), history 490 Drop, fail, math 101, rough(艰难的), test, med school Use your advice, do premed, introductory course, non-science major, be weak in, do poorly in, meet at the same time, modern drama course Semester, enroll in, graduate course, qualified(能胜任), hard time keep up, favorite interest, challenging, easy grade Permission to register, take the prerequisite, the beginning course, catalog, instructor, previous experience, formal training, decision Signature, schedule card, advisor’s approval, quite a heavy load, drop the course, seminar Sign up for a noncredit course, intermediate level(中级), grade, regular meeting Transfer(转学,调任), bachelor’s degree, associate, selective, letters of recommendation(推荐信) Hard course, rehearsal(练习,训练,排练,预演), extra time, once a week Flight program, degree, license(执照), excellent reputation(声誉,名望), selective, 场景例题:
4.迟到旷课场景
场景特点:一个学生由于迟到或者旷课而向另外一个学生询问上课的内容。 常见套路:
(1)学生旷课迟到的理由:why was the man late for class?
车坏了 得病了 睡过了
(2)所缺课程的主题:what is the topic of the professor’s lecture which the man has missed?(3)学生补课的套路
(4)结尾的保证:what does the man promise to do? 场景词汇:
feel good, cover, lecture, point out, chapter, textbook, part, divide, project, focus, due, show up, note, transcribe(转录,抄写), email oversleep, talk about trouble with my car, lecture series, attend, admission(进入许可,录用)
fill me in something, dentist, emergency, missed somebody’s lecture, note, make sense 场景例题:
5.转学场景
场景特点:学生想要转学或者转专业,可以涉及的话题还包括转专业申请文书的写作等。 常见套路:
(1)学生转学转专业的理由?why does the student go to see the professor? Why does the professor consider unusual about the student’s background?(2)学生转学的特殊情况(3)学生应该怎样去做 场景词汇:
Public university, private university, community college, reputation, class size, personal attention, individual attention, interact(互相影响), group discussion, tuition, expense, cost, afford, affordable, location, environment, large city, small town, college town, top student, application, experience, special 6.实验室场景
场景特点:有些课是在实验室上的,就会涉及到实验室专门的词汇和专业内容背景。 常见套路:(1)实验室课程的专门用语(2)实验室设备的专门用语 场景词汇:
Laboratory, research procedure, lab assistant, retrieve information(提取信息), track the course(跟踪过程), monitor, track the progress Lab instructor(辅导员), lab experience, setup, equipment, result, grade, lab notebook, proper precautions, protective goggles(防护镜), toxic effect of chemicals, lab procedure, heavy metal Workbook, material, experiment, available 7.图书馆场景
场景特点:学生和图书馆相关的场景,包括借书还书,图书馆设施,图书馆内遇到的问题麻烦等。 常见套路:
(1)美国大学图书馆的基本制度
(2)图书馆的基本部门设置和常见设施(3)借书还书相关以及遇到的各种问题 场景词汇:
Library, check out, spread out, focus, jam(堵塞,困境), spot, crowd, comfy(=comfort), far away Due, finish, renew(续借), check, library card, late, mixed up, request, fine, overdue(过期的), pay, process, sign, suspend(延缓,推迟), privilege(特权,基本权利) Librarian, facilities, reference room, reference material, dictionary, bibliography(参考书), literature guide, telephone book, periodical(期刊)room, newspaper, magazine, academic journal(学报,学术期刊), current issue(现刊), older issue, card catalog(卡片目录), listed by title, by author and by topic, call number(图书编目号码) return, shelves, check out, reserve book(库存书不能外借), overnigh use secondhand bookstore, inscription, front cover, signature, poetry book paperback section, index(索引) exit gate, check out reserve, additional copy, article 场景例题:
8.课堂内容讨论场景
场景特点:学生课下对于课堂的某些问题的讨论,可能涉及作业、教师等话题 常见套路:
(1)讨论课堂留下的作业。(2)讨论老师教学质量。
(3)涉及课堂内容,比如学生没有听懂课下讨论上课的某一问题。9.奖学金场景
场景特点:学生与奖学金助学金相关的问题咨询工作人员。 常见套路:
(1)咨询奖学金的种类
(2)奖学金授予的资格:What can be inferred about the qualifications to apply for bursaries(助学金)?(3)如何申请奖学金(4)奖学金申请的材料(5)申请到奖学金的可能性
(6)奖学金的网站:What is the student most likely to do after this conversation? 场景词汇:
Scholarship, bursary(助学金), department, information, financial aid, monetary(['mʌnitəri]货币的财政的), grant, determine, committee, donor, apply for, financially, in need, consider, out-of-town(外地的), requirement, website, on-line, submit, official, document, in person scholarship, available, maintain, average, mark, apply for, applicant, committee, honor, award, exam, candidate, weight, guarantee, grade point average(GPA), percent, website, address, rigorous(严格的,严厉的,严密的, 严酷的),extra-curricular(课外的), hardship, achievement, letter of recommendation, fill, time consuming job(耗时的工作), recommend, eligibility(适任,合格),enrollment(登记,入伍)
场景例题:
10.论文场景
场景特点:学生与写论文相关的问题和教授讨论。内容和结构相对固定。 常见套路:
(1)论文题目选定
(2)论文中包括的资料查找:What information will the man include in his report?(3)老师对论文的后续服务:What does the professor offer to do for the man? 场景词汇:
Organize, essay, topic, chosen, broad, narrow it down(缩小), compare, focused, interested, begin, discussion, opinion, fact, support, idea, check, statistics(统计), percentage, include, words, rough draft(草稿), outline, break down, subtopic, office hour, reference, material Research paper, discuss, topic, recommend, theory, work progress(工程进度) Report, subject, catalog, published source, gather material Information, plagiarize(['pleidʒjəraiz]剽窃,抄袭), failing grade(不及格), gather, note, assimilate the information thoroughly(完全吸收), paraphrase, capture the main idea(捕获主要想法), quote directly(直接引用), finalize(完成,使结束)the research paper Draft, pass it out in our classes, clear up(解决)the problem 场景例题: 11.实地考查场景
场景特点:指学生field trip、field test野外实地考查的相关,或者外出的各种活动,比如采访等等。 常见套路:
(1)Where? Field trip的目的地destination(2)When? 要去多久?何时走?何时回?(3)Who? 哪些人去?哪个年级去?(4)How? 怎么去?(5)Why? 目的是什么?
(6)注意事项announcement,比如带哪些东西,不带哪些东西 场景词汇:
List, supply, on site, kit(工具装备), notebook, axe, glove, instrument, measure, clean, cancel, weather, clothes, outside, food, snack, transportation, transport, dig Trip leader, participate, report, field trip 场景例题:
12.体育运动场景
场景特点:和学生体育运动相关的场景。重点掌握美国大学生所进行的常见体育运动。 常见套路:
(1)托福听力中曾经出现过的体育运动项目(2)每个运动项目的标志词
(3)每个运动项目所常提及的话题(4)每个运动项目的背景知识 场景词汇: 场景例题:
Spring cycling season, regular hobby, physical fitness routine(体能常规), bicyclist, expert riders Endurance test(耐力测验), recreational(休闲的,消遣的)cyclists, racers Ski patrol, ski patroller, safety Physical education class, rock climbing, rope, belt, buckle(皮带扣), safety equipment, climbing trip 13.游玩场景
场景特点:和学生出游度假等有关。可以设计度假旅游、周末休闲、郊游活动、电影音乐会等话题。 常见套路:
(1)出游的目的(2)出游的具体计划(3)出游的内容(4)出游遇到的问题 场景词汇: 场景例题:
Break, racket, reserve a court(预定球场) Rock concert, vacation, weather 14.打工场景
场景特点:一类是招工场景;一类是学生之间、学生和老师之间谈论工作的场景。 常见套路:
(1)托福中学生经常从事的工作
Teaching assistant, research assistant, lab assistant 各种商业部门的工作 家庭服务性工作
与本专业、或比较有趣的工作
(2)工作的内容
(3)申请的手续和流程
应聘的资格
工作的待遇和时间 手续问题
工作的具体内容
场景词汇:
Summer break, work, job, offer, excellent opportunity, practice, wonderful, dilemma([di'lemə, ,dai-] 困境), difficult decision, plan, volunteer, NGO(民间组织,非政府组织), chance, share, interesting, spend, accept, program, interview, company, application, apply for, money, advice Tough, exam, stressed, dread, cram the night(上考场), part-time, money, board, balance, hit the book(预习功课), energy, tired, sleep, consolation(慰问,安慰), get through, fun,fondness(爱好)
Announcement, hire, part-time assistant, experience, research, daily Laboratory assistant, fill out an application(填申请表), fit into my schedule Variety of job opportunities, responsible for, volunteer, service, positions are open, link of service, career training(职业训练,专业训练), program available, demand physical endurance, receive no salary, pay for living expense, housing and food allowance(补助), additional information Internship program(实习计划), advanced planning, career opportunities, working experience, short term experience, permanent employment, full-time, academic credit, supervise(监督管理指导),hand out, career advisory service, living expence 场景例题: 15.学生组织活动场景
场景特点:学生介绍自己组织或者参与的一个活动。 常见套路:
(1)学生经常参加和组织的活动
班级竞选 减肥 公益活动
(2)活动的目的:What is the main reason for the woman to participate this activity?(3)分发handout:(4)活动的具体内容 场景词汇:
Run, marathon, motivator, back into shape(重塑题型), inspire(激发,鼓舞), running buddies, positive, sponsor(赞助者,主办方,保证人), tons of money(无数的钱), cause Introduce, campus daily, volunteer, salary, ceremony, alumni(pl.男毕业生) 场景例题:
16.报到注册场景
场景特点:新生报到注册时候遇到的问题。 常见套路:
(1)报到注册的时间(2)报到注册的准备材料(3)报到注册可能遇到的问题 场景词汇:
Registration, time, determine, first year student, mail, designated date, specific time, admission letter, continuing students, average, previous, session(会议,学期,开学), pay, credit card, bank, teller, confirmation slip(确认单), in person Registration, date, newly admitted student, undergraduate, junior, sophomore, returning student, senior, check, pay attention, time, register, designated time, pay, fee, financial aid, financial officer, sponsor, authorization letter(授权书,授权信), on-line 场景例题:
17.校园生活场景
场景特点:关于学生租房子或者宿舍相关的话题场景。 常见套路:
(1)房子条件差(2)与室友很难相处(3)找房子租
(4)学校房子的管理制度 场景词汇:
Move, accent, pod, international group, major, lucky, excellent, booklet, regulation(管理,规则,校准), rule, conductive, quiet policy, problem, allow, smoke, cook, plug(插头,塞子,栓), dryer, voltage, alarm, kitchen, leftover(剩余物), clean-up day, hot water, meter, washroom, laundry facility,洗衣设备),basement(地下室), conserving energy, lounge area(休息室), heat, air-conditioning, permit, hallway, community space, prior notification(事先通知), safe, valuable, housekeeper, vacuum cleaner, lock, key, check, fire prevention equipment, cover, overnight visitor, arrange, in advance, religious propaganda(宣传), dorm, furnishing, park Roommate, dormitory, unpacking our things, neat Housing office, living off campus, cost, rent, utilities, need a car to commute, noisy, peace and quiet
Winter break, dean, vacation arrangement, fill up the forms(填满表格), heating cost, temporary accommodation(临时住宿) Housing director, checkout procedure, leave for vacation, return your key, summer maintenance crew, residence advisor, pass around Apartment, dump(垃圾场,倾倒), functional, noisy 场景例题:
18.医院场景
场景特点:关于学生看病和医院相关的场景。 常见套路:
(1)常见病症的词汇(2)常见治疗手段的词汇(3)治病的常见句型总结 场景词汇:
Diagnose(诊断,判断), patient’s illness, painful, technological advance, blood and tissue sample, diagnostic techniques, detect diseases, variations in temperature, X rays, side effect, uncomfortable, endure pain(忍耐痛苦), health care Medical clinic and infirmary(医务室,养老院), nursing staff, get sick, a really bad cold, develop terrible coughs, pneumonia(肺炎), stay in the infirmary, don’t feel well, rest more and skip a few classes, get medical excuse, the clinic hour, emergency number Modern medical facility, health needs, dental clinic, operating room, special surgery, surgeons,physicians Student Health Services, blood pressure, university nutritionists, processed foods, university hospital Pain, discharge, slight(轻微的)earache, take it easy Prevention, symptoms(症状), cough, fever, funny nose, head and bones ache, chill, flu, influenza, overtired, stressed out, exposure to virus, sneeze, airborne virus, body’s resistance(身体抗体), ward off(避开)the flu, rest, eat well, drink a lot of water, immune system, fight off illness, immunized, vaccine(疫苗), university health center
第五篇:托福听力策略小结
托福听力策略小结
1.在快速浏览时获取信息。尽管听力考察的是你的听的能力,但同时也是对你阅读能力的一种考验。对很多考生来说,最大的问题是时间不够,你必须很快的读,因为每题中间的间隔只有12秒。所以,不要仔细读选项句子,而应该快速浏览,寻找并记住关键词。也就是说,要纵向的看选项而不是横向的看。而当你看的时候,注意下面的信息:
a)注意重复的词语,这些词通常会给你一些线索,还会帮你回忆起你在题目中听过的人名和事物名称。
b)注意各个选项中的主要区别。你可能会看到一些不同的名字或地点或不同的动词,这些不同之处将会帮你确定这道题中哪些是你要听的关键,即关键词。2.排除明显错误的选项。及时排除明显错误的选项,将有助于你提高正确率。3.把握做题的节奏。做题的节奏在听力中比在其他部分中要重要的多,在你平时练习的时候,你可能会停下磁带等自己选出正确的答案,千万不要这样做。因为你在真正考试的时候无法让磁带根据你自己的意愿停下来,所以在你平时练习的时候也不要这么做。练习的时候选一个较少受打扰的地方,并一次做完一套题(50题)。
4.反复的练习。托福考试和其他很多考试一样,需要知识和技巧。有些人有足够的知识,但是得了低分。这是他们的患得患失引起的焦虑。而另外一些人则需要更多的词汇和语法知识来提高他们的分数。知识和考试技巧都能够在反复的练习中得到很大的提高而且反复的练习能够帮助你消除部分的焦虑。如果你对托福考试的规则有较多的了解,你会在考试中表现得更加轻松。