英汉语在语篇组织上的差异

第一篇：英汉语在语篇组织上的差异

《英汉语在语篇组织上的差异》读书笔记

文章：英汉语在语篇组织上的差异 作者：彭宣维（北京大学）

发表日期：外语教学与研究(外国语文双月刊)2000年 9 月第32卷第5期

一、引言

本文集中从英汉语复句和语态体现的角度来观察英汉语篇组织的同与异,具体讨论和对比以下问题: 1主从复句的先后顺序,以便观察英汉语在组织和发展过渡中体现出来的平缓性和起伏性

2英语复句的多层次倾向和汉语复句的单层次性

3英语被动意义体现的显性特征以及汉语语态倾向于隐性被动和中动形式的表达方式。

二、主从复句的组织差异

通过广泛的样本统计后可以得到以下结论：

1在英语的正式语体中,主、从句的分布大致相当,但从句在前、主句在后的布比例偏高；随着语体地位的下降,主从句的分布基本平衡；而在小说这样的混合语语类中,主句在前、从句在后就成了主要的分布规律。如果将汉语中复句内部的分布规律描述为集中归一模式 ,那么英语的情况就须分两类。首先,在正式语体中,英语的复句内部具有上述分布模式,这就与汉语主从复句内部的分布规律接近；但另一方面,下面的模式则是发散式的。

2在英语小说这一混合语类中,上述两种模式都存在,但以后者为主,因而与汉语的表达习惯基本相反,或者说有近三分之二的分布数量与汉语相反。英汉语复句的以上分布规律说明了以下的语言、文化特征：

1英语在这一点上比汉语的表达手段多出近一倍,对编码者推进语篇发展来说具有更多的选择自由。换言之,在较正式的语体表达中,英语主从复句的表达方式一般比汉语灵活。

注意：汉语也有英语常用的α→β表达方式，我们可以在古汉语中找到同样语序的实例，因此不能说是与西方语言接触的异化结果。

2英语通过复句组织语篇与汉语复句的作用存在一些差异。说得具体些,英语的句与句之间更多地表现为一种平缓性:在正式语篇发展中,主句或是从句在前,两者机会大致均等；在小说中,这种相对的平缓性就体现得突出一些:其发展以基本句为基础,通过重复基本句而连续提供条件(次要句),并在基本句的基调上向各个方面推进。比较而言,汉语复句组织和复句前后与其它句子的连贯,表现出更多的起伏性,因为这些复句的编码方式大都是暂时偏离“基本意图”、从不同侧面或角度确立叙述的出发点,这样,言说者的基本意图就被暂时放到一边,待原因、时间、方式、条件、让步等提供完毕以后再回到“基本意图”上, 如此反复。

三、复句的层次关系差异

从英语的多层次变成汉语的少层次甚至单一层次的体现方式,再一次表明了汉语语篇组织的平面性:一方面将英语中表达相似语义单位的多层次关系尽可能在一个或两个层次上体现出来,以使成分之间的语义关系明确,另一方面尽量使用联合手段体现原先的主从关系。英语在体现各种复杂的层次关系时十分方便,是由英语具有后置关系从句的表达手段带来的,从而使英语的复句体现为一种关系明确的立体结构,而相对说来,汉语在这一点上就不如英语灵话。

四、语态体现方式上的差异

1英汉语的语态体现方式有差异:英语的一些地方用被动,汉语却可能用中动或主动。2英语的语态体现明确而清晰,汉语则没有这个特点,尤其是那些隐性被动形式, 或者那些难以确定究竟是隐性被动还是中动态的汉语句子,表明汉语试图回避受事的受动意义。

五、结语

本文集中从复句内主从句的先后顺序、复句的层次以及语态的角度,观察了英汉语在语篇组织上的差异,我们看到,这些差异在一定程度上、从一定角度反映了英汉语所在文化的差异。这一问题的提出,与我们的教学有关,因为在这之前,我们常常为学生英语作文中大量出现的近乎汉语的句法结构和语篇组织方式而犯愁；我们的统计工作和详尽实例分析,表明了我们该如何说出和写出符合英语本族语习惯的英语,以别于汉语。（反之对对外汉语教学也有启发）

六、感悟

这篇文章是从英语教学的角度出发进行研究的，然而对于对外汉语教学也有很大的启发。我们可以通过中英语言语篇的对比，分析差异，总结规律，再应用到对外汉语教学中去。通过检阅相关文献我们可以看到语篇研究的文献是大大少于词汇、语法等方面的研究文献的。对于汉语语篇研究，“目前的研究兴趣主要侧重于对语篇(含语段)的衔接与连贯的教学研究、对留学生汉语中介语中的语篇现象(尤其是偏误现象)的研究、以及对汉语书面语篇的教学与习得研究”（陈晨《对外汉语语篇教学研究:回眸与思考》2008）一直以来我们对汉语的词汇、句法等研究的非常详细，对语篇的研究，特别是对外汉语语篇教学的研究却亟待加强。

第二篇：中美家庭差异(英)

三 江 学 院

本科生毕业设计（论文）

题 目中美家庭差异对比

学院 英语 专业 学生姓名学号 指导教师职称 指导教师工作单位

起讫日期 2016.11-2017.5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In doing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates.They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions.I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the thesis would not have been what it is now.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to(自己填老师名字), who guided me throughout the entire process of writing this thesis.Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of thoseindividuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude:(自己填大学名字), the university library and its staff.ABSTRACT Family is the basic unit of society, and family members of the rules of conduct, living habits often affect the formation of this family values.Family values are generally recognized, it gradually formed a prototype of the social value system.These national values also represent the image of the people of the country to a certain extent.China and the United States due to cultural traditions, ideas, social customs and other aspects of the differences led to the two countries in the family values of many differences.In the context of cross-cultural communication between China and the United States to compare family ethics, education, marriage, etc., correctly understand and understand the differences between family values between the two countries, to cross-cultural communication to remove obstacles.The core proposition of this paper is family values.It is well known that family values are the core of the cultural value research system, which plays a decisive role in the behavior of family members.And the family is the epitome of the socio-economic form, is the most basic unit of social composition, so the family members of the valuesdirectly affect their words and behavior in society, that is, the values of society as a whole depends largely on the family Values, it can be seen that the role of family values is very important.The impact of family valueson people is important because family values are the starting point for people to accept value education.Second, the family members of the values once formed, it will not easily change, it will exist for a long time, and even affect people's life.Therefore, the impact of family values on people is more far-reaching, broad and lasting.Third, family values are closely related to the development of society.Therefore, the study of family values is necessary and important.Based on the thinking of crossChinese and American family cultures.4.Differences between Chinese and American Families Values 4.1 The Values of Chinese Families

China's history is long, its deep heritage to the Chinese social form is very clear and difficult to change.Chinese society is a collectivist cultural group, the core value of individual behavioral interests must obey the collective interests, therefore, the behavior of family members to meet the collective interests of their loved ones.The most direct manifestation of Chinese family ethics is the strong clan concept.In the context of the ancient agricultural economy and society, most of the rural areas are homed with the same ethnic groups, clan or family organizations have the production, education and even self-defense functions, the family mayor, in accordance with the family management family members.Now, the development of economy and society makes the form of clan change, the clan split into a family, but the clan concept has been inherited, still stressed the harmony between different levels of family members.Strong hierarchical concepts and the traditional moral system makes the clan between the clan to strict compliance, such as the call must be accurate.Respect for the long and young people have been living in the family, the young people must respect the elders, daily life to the elders to please, respect for smoke, seat, let way, eat when sitting is also very particular about the elderly in his later years Need to be supported.Filial piety, raising children and other traditional concepts reflect the characteristics of Chinese families.A child in a family before the general situation is the need to live with their parents, and even after marriage and their parents live together is also affirmed and praised.Life contact in marriage is also very close, often together to eat, meet, in the Spring Festival and other important festivals will meet, greetings.This kind of spiritual contact and concern is a deep-rooted standard of Chinese family clan concept, often not with the social change, the development of the times and change.4.2 The Values of American Families The history of the United States is relatively short, as a new system from the British society split out of the country, it has before the traditional British classical social values, but more of a variety of cultural inclusion and recognition, and gradually formed a large fusion Of the nation.American society advocates the recognition of personal dignity, respect for human personality is the basic composition of its social value.The concept of family gradually formed in the family also makes the recognition of individual rights to the point where nothing is added.In the United States, both economic, political, and cultural are impacted by the principle of personality first, American family values are influenced by this principle.Therefore, in American society, often pay great attention to the cultivation of individual thinking, the collective concept is relatively lacking.From the American society to see the value of the composition of the family, you can understand that this family concept is individual-centered, respect for the individual on the first place.American children in adulthood, with independent ability, the family is independent of the individual, the young people will take the initiative to divorce from the original family, even in the major festivals did not meet the moral requirements, even if not family and Reunion is not condemned, which in a certain sense is respect for the individual's rights.Personal status is protected in a family, and the integrity of the family can not replace personal decisions.And in the family of their own relatives are more general terms, the title of the simplification is also to a certain extent, showing the recognition of social habits.China's respect for the class, the collective sense of identity makes in the decision-making of large things on the more consistent, more efficient transmission of information capabilities, but the personality has been a certain degree of repression;American concept too much respect for individuals, making the United States Collective concept is relatively weak, clan concept is not strong, some collective projects to be successful to do is relatively difficult.5.Differences in Family Education between China and America The family is the most important place for enlightenment education for children, and plays an important role in the development of good habits and the development of intelligence.Family education is the most important part of all the earliest education, it is the child's thinking mode and the formation of the world view of great significance.Deng Xiaoping once said: “The basis of national modernization in the talent, the basis of talent in education, education based on the family.” China is a country that attaches importance to family education, China's deep educational and cultural traditions contain excellent family education components.For thousands of years, many people in the field of family education hard work, accumulated a lot of fruitful results.The difference between Chinese and American educational concepts has always been the focus of discussion.In the family environment, we can significantly feel the impact of family ideas on the growth of children.Social environment mapping in the concept of family education, making the concept of family education in China and China have a huge difference.5.1 Family Education in China

Chinese education, we can see the phenomenon is often the child to comply with the teacher, the parents of the arrangements, conservative and objective accumulation of basic knowledge, divergent thinking is weak, the attitude of learning is also very obedient arrangements for elders, this compromise led to students Of stereotypes, sluggish, lack of creativity.In the family education, parents attach importance to the number of children, moral education, the traditional essence of Chinese culture to the modern society.In the formal education is often very important to the performance of the child, the academic performance as a good identification of a very important measure of the expectations of the child is very high, expect them to succeed, meteoric rise.This leads to the child's daily education is extremely strict, and will not consider the child's nature of the shape, not to find children grow up in line with their personality.Therefore, in China's education can often be extreme phenomena, there can be extreme genius, but also often caused by excessive pressure caused by tragedy.Chinese parents attach great importance to the social adaptability of education, they often in accordance with the established model to develop their children, but often overlooked from the child's physical and mental development characteristics to promote its growth.They look forward to their children have a bright future, more emphasis on academic tendencies, that the child as long as the results are good, what problems can be resolved.Whether the child in the future, whether to find a good career, whether in the good times through life, these are the purpose of parental education.Based on this expectation, many parents believe that the parents of the child's responsibility is to let them live better, parents give them how much happiness to give them how much happiness.If you can give children to create the most favorable living conditions, so hard and willing to.5.2 Family Education in America

American families place children's independence and autonomy in an important position, focusing on the ability of children to adapt to a variety of environments and to survive independently.They argue that the purpose of education is not to prepare a living, but to prepare for survival.What they emphasize is the value of shaping the mind, a value that is unrelated to utilitarian or occupation.Based on this concept, they attach great importance to the child's own exercise, such as labor training, will exercise, but the most fundamental is to adapt to a variety of hardships and training of labor ability.Through the labor, let the children from childhood to develop a sense of independence and love of labor habits.In the labor and hardships to overcome difficulties, temper the will, develop their own strengths, growth and talent, to develop hard, frugal good quality.They generally believe that the growth of children must rely on their own strength, so since childhood to focus on training their self-reliance and independent living ability.American family education is focused on the identity of the child's nature, giving children the freedom to judge the power of things.This psychological buffer makes the child in the learning process can accept a lot of innovative thinking, the child's education is not limited to basic education.Relative to the focus of Chinese education on basic education, the United States is more inclined to practice.American children's freedom of control over the weekend is far greater than the Chinese children.So we can see the Chinese children are in a pressure environment to come out, the United States children in the free and open space to learn things to judge and understanding.This practice of learning is more conducive to their integration into the community, but also give them a wide range of values to choose the face.The development of children in the American family education model is more comprehensive, which makes the children in the American family earlier self-reliance, early contact with the community, the vision is more open.Chinese children in the family, education is more conservative, lack of innovation in thinking, but the basic knowledge is very solid.American education of people-oriented, excessive human indulgence will produce a relatively weak basic education phenomenon.Two kinds of education only learn from each other, to find a suitable fit point in order to achieve the optimization of education.6.Conclusion

Under the influence of different cultural values of the two countries, China and the United States have significant differences in family values.In the traditional culture of China and the United States, Chinese families are mostly used for generations.US President Bill Clinton praised the Chinese family values.Indeed, thousands of years of Confucian culture created the obligations of family members in the Chinese family-a parental responsibility, mutual support and interdependence among family members;parental respect for children in American families , The child is very young to learn for their own American rights and mother fight.There are differences between Chinese and American family values.This kind of difference embodies the nationalities and regionalities.We can not simply summarize them with differences or fusion, but only analyze the commonness and characteristics of family values in different countries in different historical periods.Only by overcoming the prejudice of European and American cultural centers can help to deepen the understanding of the uniqueness and integrity of the national family culture and social culture in order to promote mutual understanding and exchange.Today, the traditional family values of China and the United States have been hit hard by the growing globalization, and have undergone tremendous changes.We can not say which family values are better.However, with the international exchange and cultural integration of the highly developed era, the Chinese family members of the independent consciousness and respect for the independence of the consciousness is strengthened, the US family will also promote family members to each other mutual cooperation and common development.We can not expect the perfect unity of Sino-American family values, and we expect to maximize the cost of integration of different family values.In a variety of different family values set up a bridge between the communication, so that the perception of another family values from unfamiliar to cognitive, but also by the recognition to recognition, and finally slowly blending through.Thus we can see that strengthening the study and research of family values in different cultural backgrounds is of great practical significance for us to engage in cross-cultural communication and build a harmonious society.References [1] Datesman, Maryanne, Joann, American Ways: An Introduction to American Culture ,published by Pearson Education, Inc.2005.[2] Bert N., Adams,Handbook of world families, Stage Publication Inc.2005.[3] Marvin B.Sussman, Handbook of marriage and the family, Plenum Press, 1998.[4] John Locke, Of Civil Government, Second Treatise, Chicago,Henry Regency Company，1999.[5] Schwab J J.Gray-Ice H.M., Family Functioning-The General Living Sytem Research Model, New York 233 Spring: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub1ishers, 2000.[6］孟小佳．论中美家庭在教育方式上的差异［J］．前沿，2010，(11): 193～ 195．

[7］臧兰．“价值与价值观”教学设计［J］．思想政治课教学，2010，(3): 55～ 57．

[8］林吕建．“我们的价值观”笔谈——积极开展“我们的价值观”大讨论［J］．观察与思考，2012，(3):4～6．

[9］郭广辉．移民、宗族与地域社会［D］．成都:西南民族大学学位论文，2012． [10］于薇．全球化视野下当代中国文化价值观的嬗变与重构［D］．北京: 北京交通大学学位论文，2005．

第三篇：英汉语对比教案

《英汉语言对比研究》0 12年 2 月

---上海外语教育出版社

主讲教师

李璐

QQ

1207362216

一、课程的性质、目的和要求

《英汉语言比较》是英语专业本科学生的一门专业必修课。通过学习，使同学全面了解英汉语言在词汇、语法、句型、表达各方面的异同之处，加强文化差异的意识与交际能力。

为其今后的英语教学、文化交流、翻译与写作等打下一定的语言与技能基础。

二、参考书目

张维友《英汉语词语对比研究》上外教育出版社

连淑能《英汉对比研究》

高等教育出版社 冒国安《实用英汉对比教程》 重庆大学出版社 叶胜年《中西文化比较概论》首经贸大学出版社3

三、关于英汉语对比方法

Contrastive analysis on

---词形、词义、语法、句子结构

四、教学日历

第2周 前言

语言与文化的关系

P3-24 第3周 综合语与分析语

P25-51 第4周 刚性与柔性

P51-72 第5周 形合与意合P73-88 第6周 繁复与简短

P90-103 第7周 物称与人称

P105-118 第8周 被动与主动

P119-132 第9周 静态与动态

P133-159 第10周 抽象与具体

P160-188 第11周 间接与直接

P189-220 第14周 替换与重复

P222-260 第15周 伦理型与认知型

P288-296 第16周 意象性与实证性

P316-319 第17周 归纳性与演绎性

P340-346

Lecture One

前言

（P1-24）

1.英汉语言概说

中英两种语言作为当今使用人数最多和使用范围最广的人类交流工具，对世界文明进步起到不可嘀咕的影响。英汉语无论是在经济社会还是文化精神方面都有关不同寻常的过去，而且在适应外部环境的巨大变化方面体现了很好的适应性。相比之下，英语单词的字母构成和意义之间并无必然联系，更显得客观和中性；而汉语就其构建的笔画和 1 偏旁，都具有不少涵义，所以显得主观，带有主观性且容易引发想象力。典型传统的民族特色

例如： 汉字： ―日‖ 来源于对于太阳的描绘。因而与太阳相联系的字，如：晒、阳、旭、春、明、旱等带有―日‖字。

汉语的发音、形状和构架都是世界上独一无二的。是中国人在数千年的历史传承中打造的一块人类文明的瑰宝。

汉语以形表意，英语以声表意。英语有一种比较完整的语言体系，依靠这种相对复杂的语言规律。这套规则包括：发音、词汇和语法等方面。这些每个方面都有一套必须遵循的规则。如： 词尾的拼写法、语态时态、名词单复数、动词的时态变化。2.对比方法是什么？从三个层面上进行：

1）.表层对比： 分析结构、形式和语义。

2）.中层对比：分析表达方式，如：修辞法、逻辑性，用词及衔接篇章。

3）.深层对比：分析中西文化、思维差异是怎样体现在语言符号上。西方的理性思维与中国的感悟性思维方式体现了不同的哲学思想。英语常受亚里斯多德的演绎思维模式的影响，用形合法，显性衔接法，注重形式接应，语法、语义的逻辑性。如：This is what he said.I am not what I was.He said he was a boy.汉语常用意合法。意念被动式和形象性语言充分体现了汉语的非演绎、领悟式和漫谈式思维模式；强调语言的‗自然‘语序。所以，汉语强调语言的结构均匀，对仗有整体感。表现为‗约定俗成‘ 的语言模式。

如： 白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，绿草萋萋, 微乎其微，呆头呆脑...气冲冲，雾蒙蒙...宝宝，星星，老虎，石头, ―上路‖ 快 汉语中形象化的成语 Feed on fancies画饼充饥

Make a little contribution添砖加瓦 On the verge of destruction危在旦夕 Await with great anxiety望穿秋水

Lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网

3.Contrastive analysis is a diachronic one.We play emphasis on the difference and peculiarity of the two languages.A.Language structural system concerns with phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.a.mophology;the motivation of vocabulary;the collocation of words;syntax;etc.b.grammatic rules, rhetorics...c.thinking modes, cultural connotation External linguistic system B.Language progmmatic rules concern with speech approprietness and the background of speakers.It deals with when and how use what language.长期以来，人们关注的是语言的内部结构。，忽略了相关的社会与文化等干扰因素。

母语的干扰常常阻碍了学生的外语学习进度，通过两语言的特征和文化的对比分析，更有助于培养学生用英语进行思维和交流的能力。

语言是文化的体现，文化融合在语言之中。因此，语言具有深刻的人文属性。

语言学习者多注重语言的内部形式和结构，忽略了与语言密切相关的社会和文化因素。罗常培先生早在1950年出版了他的《语言与文化》，在他看来，语词的涵义与文化息息相关。

罗常培---《语言与文化》

1).从造词心理看民族的文化程度 2).从借词看文化的接触

3).从地名看民族迁徙的遗迹

4).从姓氏别号看民族来源和宗教信仰 5).从亲属称谓看婚姻制度

3.1 探讨如何从中西文化角度研究语言；或从英汉语言角度研究中西文化 表现在英汉词义的褒贬，涵义的宽窄，民族感情的差异，语用背景...成语谚语，委婉禁忌语，礼貌祝福语，称谓恭维语等等都是我们探讨的话题 3.2中西文化差异还反映在思维模式上。

思维方式和语言表达方式是密切相关的；是导致文化差异的另一个重要原因。

思维表现于语言形式中，是语言生成和发展的深层机制； 语言又促成思维方式得以形成和发展，语言是思维的主要工具，是思维方式的构成要素。语言是文化载体，文化是语言的管轨

3.3语言学家常常探讨：

词语与文化；语义与文化；语法与文化；修辞与文化；语体与文化；语用与文化 等方面之间的关系，从而找出目的语的文化特征。所以文化在一定程度上对语言进行制约。Eugene A.Nida put in Language &Culture The most misconception about language is the idea that certain language more or less controls the way people think, sometimes expressed as ―We think the way we think because we talk the way we talk.‖ It is true that the particular structures of a language(sound, leximes, syntax, and discourse patterns)may reflect to a certain degree the way people think and they may be said to form ―the Ruts or paths for thinking,‖ but they do not determine what or how people may think.Human imagination is too creative to ever be rigidly ruled by the regulatons of syntax or of any other feature of language.‖---语言与文化（-翻译中的语境2001）

Language univasals far outweigh the divergencies.All languages employ figuative expressions, have poetry, use language in singing, and have a great number of literary forms or genres.(风格）

Changing in culture often give rise to new types of discourse, e.g.Technical prose , financial reports, and news resumes.Telegraphic style is giving way to the fuller statements employed in faxing, and commercial codes for cabling instructions to overseas agents are being dropped in favor of telephonic transfer of comuter messages by means of modems(信息处理调解器）.Differences lie in culture emphasis Rice---米，稻，谷，米饭

Temple---庙宇，寺院，圣堂，神殿

Cousin---堂兄弟，堂姐妹，表兄弟，表姐妹

会议---meeting, conference, concil, convention 神---god, spirit, deity, divinity 意见---opinion, view, complaint ,objection, criticism 3.4 差异与类同是不可分割的．英汉语的共时对比，我们发现两语言同中有异，异中有同，似同实异，似异实同。

Long hair and short wit.头发长，见识短． Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水．

谚语，所表达的含义完全相同，但所隐喻的事物略有文化上的差异． The foremost dog catches the hare（野兔）.早起的鸟儿有虫吃．笨鸟先飞。

Every potter praises his own pot.老王卖瓜，自卖自夸．

英汉语对比需要我们仔细比对、思考，勤于收集语言材料。

总之，西方的逻辑理性和抽象性认知型文化体现在它的概念名词化，物称化和抽象化，表现出它崇尚客观，间接的，变换, 替代的表达法。

Eg.The polularity of certain types of discourse may also reflect culture concern.Epic poetry seems to have suffered a severe loss of popularity.4.中国伦理型文化的中庸和谐，阴阳平衡和辩证统一体现在它的语言最求均衡美和对称美。对偶、排比、重复和重叠，以及同义词组和反义合成的四字格都会给听者带来美感。无论是现在语言学奠基人索绪尔，还是美国语言学家布龙菲尔德，还是结构主义大师乔姆斯基都只能对语言进行表层现象研究。语言学家还应该研究―谁在何时用何种语言向谁说话‖（Who speaks what language to whom and when).P9 越来越多的语言学者深感：只有把语言与文化结合起来，把语言作为一种社会现象和文化现象来研究，以文化阐释语言，以语言诠释文化，才能更加深刻的认识语言。打着“中国文化语言学”旗号的语言学家以申小龙，游汝杰和陈建民为代表的语言学家。英汉语对比研究应该从中西文化角度来归纳英、汉语言规律，从英汉语言角度去探究中、西文化内涵。以哲学的高度，历史的眼光，现在的角度将宏观和微观相结合，从纵横，虚实、深浅和中外等层面，进行发散性、多学科、多层次的综合研究。思考：

1)What‘s the aim of ―Contrast Studies of English and Chinese?

2)Why do we make the contrast between two languages or cultures?

Lecture Two 综合语与分析语P25-50 目 的 要 求

了解汉英句法的相似性和巨大差异性.强调汉语句子的“意合”原理和英语句子的“形合”规律.思考题：

从形态上来说，英汉语存在哪些异同？ 举例说明。（参考P34-48）1.从英汉语的语言特征来说：英语是综合语，汉语是分析语。

英语通过形态，语序和虚词来描述； 带有声调的汉语没有形态变化，语序相对稳定，语句的连接全在词语的含义之中。

英语综合语：运用形态变化来表达语法关系。句段严密规范，以形寓意。―语法生硬，没有弹性‖，属于‗法治‘语言。汉语分析语：句子以意役形，以神统法，用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。―语法是软性的，富有灵性‖。属于‗人治―语言。

如：画饼充饥，添砖加瓦，危在旦夕，望穿秋水，三天打鱼，两天晒网，覆水难收，还有...2.1 Binary Oppositions between English & Chinese 英语：法治，刚性，显性，语法型，主体性，聚焦型 借助：倒装，形式主语和宾语，主从复合句等。There goes the bell.It’s interesting to talk with you.2.2 汉语：人治，柔性，隐性，语用型，平面性，流散型 ―晒太阳，闯红灯，生怕，生米煮成了熟饭‖。那个拐弯处发生过多起车祸。好像写作课你上过。

3.汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系。印欧语言重形合(hypotaxis)，语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。

汉语重意合(parataxis)，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。

Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law.The so-called hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms.The so-called parataxis refers to the realization of the connection of them without the help of the language form but the semantic connection of the words or phrases The former one focus on the language cohesion in form, the latter focus on the significance of the vocabulary.―…so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.‖

---E.A.Nida ―形合‖（syntactic connection）和―意合‖（semantic connection）‖是已故语言学家王力先生所译。

A.分析型的语言语序相对稳定，综合型的语言语序相对灵活P26。

eg.a very important question

a question of great importantce

一个非常重要的问题（）一个非常问题重要的 I gave him a book.I gave a book to him.我给了他一本书。我给了一本书他。1)好好学习，天天向上。

Study hard, make progress every day.Study hard, and make progress every day.If one studies hard, he will make progress every day.2)他不来，我不走。

He doesn’t come, I won’t go.I won’t go unless he comes.I’ll stay until he comes.More examples 3)去了也白去。

Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.4)天气寒冷，河水都结了冰。

It was so cold that the river froze.5)跑得了和尚跑不了庙。

The monk may run away, but the temple can not run away with them.B.英语形态变化表现在：性、数、格、时、体、语气。有了这些变化，一个词常常可以表达几种语法意义。

1）Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.2)I regret not having taken her adivice 汉语通过借助词语，安排语序，隐含意义或其他办法表达语法意义。3)他被剥夺了权利之后，只好离职，流落他乡。

He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power.汉语的定语一般在名词的前面，英语的定语很多时候放在后面。4）一个可辩论的问题

a debatable subject

a subject which can be debated 5）以空前的速度

at an unecpected speed at a speed unexpected

C.导致灵活语序的–connectives，还有非谓语形式：不定式、现在分词、过去分词； 介词短语及其他的独立成分。

Connectives(联系用语);Relative pronoun（关系代词）;Relative adverb（关系副词）Coordinator（并列连接词）;Subordinator（从属连接词）;Relative Pronoun(who, whom, which, that, what);Relative Adverb(when, where, why, how)

and, or, but, both „ and „, either „ or „, neither „ nor „, not only „ but also „, so that, as well as, rather than, when/ as/ while/ every time/ as soon as/ directly/ / no sooner……where/ wherever/ where„there...because of/ as a result of/ for the reason that/ for fear that/ seeing that/ considering/ given that/ as a result/ with the result that/ for this reason/ hence/ so that„

英语由于有众多的连接方式，这些词使英语句法结构上可以叠床架屋，盘根错节，句式显得非常复杂，冗长但却非常严格、完整。

英语句式有逻辑次序安排、语义重心布置上都比较自由、灵活，形态上像一串丰满的葡萄。

1)This is the reason why he is leaving so soon.这就是他匆匆离去的理由。

2)Do you know the way how they solved the problems? 你知道他是怎样解决这个问题的吗？

3)question discussed;讨论过的问题 question to be discussed有待讨论的问题

汉语一般不习惯太长的句式，行文多用竹竿节一般的短句，语义信息按照一定的规 6 律编成竹竿节，再沿竹竿向前行走。这就决定了汉语的行文安排不如英语那样自由灵活。P34(定语翻译）再说也不存在非限定动詞；汉语句子中的语法主要由词序来决定；词序的安排主要取决于动词在句子里的分配位置。

Eg.她心地善良，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，心地宽阔（都是偏正关系）。D..汉语词的语调常常表示一定的字义变化 汉语也有许多助词，如动态助词：―着‖、―了‖、―过‖；结构助词：―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―呀‖、―啦‖，有些表示语气，有些左右结构（P41-42)1）今天不会下雨吧（了、吗）！（推测）2）她来了（啦）！（语气）3）多好的天气呀！（感叹）Examples Analysis 1)这些问题已经（被）解决了。昨天他很早（就）起床（了）。2)These problem have been solved.3)Yesterday he got up very early.E.英语语调

P45 英语的语音表意手段主要是语调和重音。You may not go.You may not go.You said he would come.You said he would come.总结：

从形态上来说，英汉语存在哪些异同？ 举例说明。（参考P34-48）汉语的声调起什么作用？ 英语的语调起什么作用？

第三讲：

刚性与柔性

Rigid vs.Supple P51

目 的 要 求

了解英语的刚性体现在什么地方；汉语的柔性体现在什么地方 作

业

对比分析英汉语句式有哪些的差异。A.英语的刚性： 有严谨的主谓结构． Np+Vp English is confined to morphology and grammar.So it is rigid.英语句子主从分明，层次清楚，多层递进，严密规范，句式呈―聚焦型‖（compactness).基本句型（1）及其变式：sv

The meeting has begun.Has the meeting begun ? 基本句型:There + be + 主语 There wasn‘t a meeting yesterday.There comes a bus.基本句型（2）及其变式：svp We are students.Doesn‘t it sound interesting? 基本句型（3）及其变式：svo Labor created man.Man was created by labor.基本句型（4）及其变式：svoO She gave me a present.She gave a present to me.基本句型（5）及其变式：svoC We called him Lao Li.The change made it impossible to to see what would happen later on.Every language has its peculiarities;they are established by usuage, and whether(they are)right or wrong, they must be complied with.(svo)The greatest truths are the simplest, so are the greastest men.(svp)Neither could theory do without practice, nor(could)practice(do)without theory.(sv)The English sentences must have a subject and a predicate(= substance and attributes).This structure leads itself to the concept of the law of identity , which is the basis of Aristotelian logic.(P56)B.英语句子结构完整，结构形式规范；简繁交替，长短交错，许多聚集句子的手段使形式不致流散。

语法一致；The girl had her lunch at school.意义一致； Two thousand dollars is more than he can afford.Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very well.就近原则；

Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.In comparison with other languages, English can be classified as masculine.It is a language caring less for finery and elegance, but more for logical consistency(sytax)and is opposed to any attempt to narrow-in by regulations and strict rules either of grammar or of lexicon.词组、从句或句型结构的运用可以导致这些基本句型的千变万化。P52-55 不管英句型如何变化，都可以从其结构形式中找出一定规律。S=NP+VP 句与句之间要保持人称、数、性和意义方面的协调一致。P56 C.汉语的柔性Supple 汉语句子的主语形式多样化，可有可无。

主语既可以是施事行为；也可以是受事 行为；表主体的既可以是时间、地点，也可以用形容词、数量词等。一切皆在若隐若现中。

凡主语显然可知时，以不用为常。汉语不受形式的约束，不讲究主谓一致；复杂灵活的句式呈―流散型‖。

1)文章翻译完了。

The article has been translated.2)到处都在搞建设。

Construction has been carried out everywhere.3)现在正下着毛毛雨。

It‘s drizzling at the moment.4)累得我站不起来了。

I‘m so exhausted that I can‘t stand up.5)如今没奈何，把你雇在隔壁人家放牛。

There is no way out but to set you to look for our neighbor‘s buffalo.中国人习惯把他心中认为最重要的一个词提出来做句子的主语，然后把其余部分按原来（―自然‖）的次序说出来做句子的谓语。---吕叔湘（1979）

Without the law of identity in logic or the concept of substance in philosophy, there could be no idea of causality or science.Instead, the Chinese develop correlational logic, analogical thought, and relational thinking , which though inappropriate to science, are highly useful in sociopolitical theory.P60

The grammatical meaning of subject and predicte in a Chinese sentence is topic and comment, rather than actor and action...Not obligatory from a grammatical standpoint, the sentence starts with context and topic rather than jumping immediately to a subject as it is frenquently the case in English.D.汉语重意合，以功能意义为主。

按照表意功能及表达形式，汉语大体可以分为七大类： 话题句1.topic +comment 开车她没有经验。一辆摩托车坐三人。

She is inexperienced in driving.Three people rode on the motorcycle.主谓句 2.（Np)1）有无句： 他有热情、有朝气。2）描写句：这部小车很新。3）说明句：今天星期天。

4）施事句：雨水促使杂草生长。She is passionate and energetic.The car is brand-new.It is Sunday today.The rain stimulates the growth of the weeds.复句表：并列、转折、假设、条件、因果、让步 关系句3.也就是复句

解决得当的话，问题不难解决。

The problem will be easy to solve if properly handled.鸡蛋未孵，勿先数蛋。

Don‘t count your chickens before they are hatched.紧缩句4.形式上的单句，实际上的复句

不进则退。He who doesn‘t advance falls backward.无事不登三宝殿。

I won‘t come to you if I hadn‘t something to ask of you.存现句5：表示人或事物的存在和消失。

前面是一片稻田。

There is a stretch of rice fields ahead.还有许多工作要做。

Much remains to be done.呼叹句 6：

看她多精神！Look how energetic she is!是呀，她车开的真好！

Yes, she is an excellent drive!祈使句 7：

不要总以为自己是对的。Don‘t think you‘re always right.别管我，救火要紧！Don‘t care about me!Put out the fire first!以上是根据表意功能和表达形式进行的大致分类。

E.汉语表现形式很复杂，不求齐整形式，但求表达意思 Chinese is featured with flexibility of gramatical function.The understanding of it depends on the connotation of words, context,word order, feeling, communicational purpose...Chinese doesn‘t belong to S-V concord ,like English, and is lack of logic, full of illogical expressions.So it‘s very hard to understand and explain from the angle of English logic sense.But it is in conformity with its culture, social psychology and tradition, so it is arbitrary.No language is logic in every respect.—Jesperson（1956）

For example: 晒太阳；烤火；吃食堂；住四人；住旅馆；救火；打扫卫生；养病；恢复疲劳...P63 语言是一种社会现象，也是一种心理现象，是人类用来思维的工具。未必如实反映客观事物。

思考：以下词语组合表达一种什么意境或文化心理？ 自行车、自来水、马路、火车、吃公款，吃官司 F.英语也有―非逻辑‖的表达方式吗？

Sweetmeat(蜜饯)，boxing rings(拳击台), pineapple(菠萝);quick sand(流沙);look out(当心）...Stars are out vs.Lights are out.Drive on a parkway.a wise man a wise guy G.歧义的产生：脱离语境容易产生歧义。

汉语是儒、道、佛的哲学；偏重意会，不拘于形式，因而表达和理解要靠语境、悟性合―约定俗成‖。P65 男： 你还没有给（书）我呢。女：给你了，我给你了。男： 没有，你没有给我。

女： 我给你了，我全都给你了。请翻译

P65 1)烤羊肉

2)两个乡干部 3)鸡不吃了。4)神秘的少女的心 5)准备了两年的食物 6)找到了孩子的妈妈 7)我差一点没跟他结婚。

英语受约于变化规则，因模棱两可的修饰关系而产生歧义。请翻译： 1)John saw Mary with the binoculars.2)All of the arrows didn‘t hit the target.3)He love the dog more than his wife.4)I knew that you had seen him before I met you.East Asian languages are highly ―contexual‖, because words typically have multiple meanings.While Americans attempt to decontextualize their language.They make it independent of verbal context.H.中国话、中国语法：流泻铺排的女性特征

汉语句式中富含有完全句与不完全句，大句和小句混合交错，似句似段，若断若连，组成流水句。因表意需要而变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活，一切以双方意会为依据。10 P67-69 1)字典来了，赶快去买吧！

2)好不容易才说服她照我的想法办。3)酒不醉人人自醉。作业：

思考： 英语或汉语中的歧义句产生的原因？

第四篇：学 英 语

学 英 语，动 起 来

-----------谈如何让学生爱上英语课

青铜峡市第四小学王芃

中央电视台第十套节目有一个栏目叫《希望英语》，其中有一个著名的口号“LearningEnglish ,Let’sgetmoving.”，“学英语，动起来”我很喜欢这个口号。作为一个小学英语教师，在日常的教学过程中，我深感学生的学习英语的兴趣不高，学生的学习差异大，课堂上老师难为“无米之炊”。老师教的痛苦，学生学得也痛苦。针对这种情况，我在平常的教学活动中，在不断的摸索如何让学生爱上英语课。经过十几年的教学实践，我有如下见解。

一、动口、动手、动脑，多种感官配合学英语。

在课堂上，我尽量运用多种教学手段充分调动学生学习英语的积极性。例如，在教学三年级英语第三模块《Pleasestandup 》时，我让学生一边说单词一边做动作，比如教师说“Standup ”师生一起做站起来的动作。教师说“sitdown ”师生一起做坐下的动作。学生一边说句子，一边做动作，不但课堂气氛较好，而且学生记忆较深刻。下一堂课反馈的时候，学生的反应说明教学效果良好。又比如在教学单词“one------ten”时，我运用多种方法让学生记忆单词。比如单词与数字对应连线，比如在左手指肚上依次写上一至十的数字，让学生依次指着数字读单词，或指到哪个数字就读出哪个单词。如此反复，运用多种方法让学生训练单词句型，让学生通过“动口、动脑、动手”，多种感官充分

参与，达到学习英语的良好效果。

二、运用多种媒体手段调动学生的学习兴趣，让英语课堂充满

乐趣。

小学生活泼好动，对新鲜事物充满了好奇，课堂上我一教歌或者一上多媒体课，学生的学习兴趣空前高涨，学习效果出奇的好。所以，我在课堂上尽量使出浑身解数，充分运用多种教学媒体手段，调动学生学习英语的积极性和学习热情。上多媒体课时，当屏幕上的flash画面闪动时，学生的兴奋难以言表，这样的课教学效果非常好。所以我再教学每一模块时尽量都把课后的英语歌曲或chant 教给学生，我觉得这样进行教学，学生的学习热情较高，学习兴趣较高，学习效果也较好。

三、教师要充分运用自己的教学魅力去调动学生的学习积极性，通过自己的言传身教让学生爱上英语课。

小学生具有很强的向师性，他们对老师的模仿和崇拜非常明显，因此教师在教学过程中应充分运用自己的人格魅力，以亲切的教态，充满亲和力的教学语言，去感染学生。尤其在英语课堂上，教师应该更多的给学生带来一些英语小笑话，通过“课前一句”、“课前幽默一分钟”“makeajoke ”等教学资源，对学生进行英语知识的交流和渗透。我认为作为一个教师，当你进到教室里听到的是一片欢呼声时，说明你作为教师是成功的，受学生欢迎的。如果你进到教室里，听到的是一片叹息声，说明你是失败的。

四、将英语课堂延伸到课外，收听收看英语节目，建立

第五篇：潮 英 语

潮 英 语

 When a thing is done, it's done.Don't look back.Look forward to your next

objective.如果事情结束了，那就是结束了，别回头，冲着你下一个目标去吧

 Sometimes when I say “I'm ok” I just want some one to look me in the eyes,hug me tight, and say, “I know you're not.”

有时候，当我说“我很好”的时候，其实我希望有个人能看穿我的眼睛，紧紧的抱着我说：“我知道你并不好。“

 Whatever with the past has gone, the best is always yet to come.无论过去发生什么，最好的尚未到来。

 Do what makes you happy.Be with who makes you smile.Laugh as much

as you breath.Love as long as you live.做让你开心的事，交能逗你乐的朋友；像呼吸一样频繁地开怀笑，像生命一样长久地全心爱。

 If you can't understand my silence, you will never understand my words.如果你不懂我的沉默，你也永远不会明白我说的话语。

 Silence is a girl's loudest cry.沉默是一个女孩最大的哭声。

 Keep your face always to the sunshine and the shadows will fall behind

you.-Walt Whitman

永远面朝阳光吧，阴影就会被甩到后面。

 When you need someone to listen, When you need a hug, When you need

someone to hold your hand, I'll be there.........当你需要有人倾听的时候，我就在这里；当你需要温暖的怀抱的时候，我就在这里；当你需要有人牵你的手，我就在这里。当你需要有人为你擦去伤心的泪水，你知道吗？我就在这里。

 The world makes way for the man who knows where he is going

如果你明确自己的方向，世界也会为你让路。

 If you have to lose something, the best way to keep it is in your memory.当你不可以再拥有的时候,你唯一可以做的，就是令自己不要忘记. Nobody can go back and start a new begining, but anyone can start now

and make a new ending.没有人可以回到过去重新开始，但谁都可以从现在开始，书写一个全然不同的结局。

 Sometimes, the simplest advice that you give to others is the hardest thing

for you to follow.有时候，你给别人最简单的建议，却是自己最难做到的。

 Memories, beautiful very hurt, memories, memories of the past but can not

go back.回忆，很美，却很伤；回忆，只是回不到过去的记忆。

 【各种分手】

I think we should be just friends.我想我们应该当朋友就好了

It's not you, it's me.不是你的问题，而是我自己的问题

I really don't wanna be tied down.我真的不想被绑住

You're really too good for me.我真的配不上你。

 【耍狠时用到的英语】

Just wait and see.咱们走着瞧；

You’ll be sorry.你会后悔的；

If you’re looking for a fight, you don’t have to look far.如果你想找人打架的话，不用找太远；

Watch your mouth.说话客气一点；

You’d better take that back.你最好收回那句话。

 If we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other, then I

wish we had never encountered.如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。

 You are so lucky, because you can choose to love me or not, but myself

only have to choose from loving you or loving you more.你是幸运的，因为你可以选择爱我或不爱我，而我只能选择爱你还是更爱你。

 Don't ever let somebody tell you...you can't do something.不要让别人来告诉你不行。

 You are the reason why I became stronger.But still，you are my weakness.因为你，我学会了坚强，而你，依旧是我的伤。

 There’s nothing more beautiful than a smile that struggles through tears.世上最美的，莫过于从泪水中挣脱出来的那个微笑。

 别人说Thank you除了可回答You are welcome(不客气)，你还可以说：1)

Sure!2)No problem!3)Not at all!4)Don't mention it!5)My pleasure!6)It

was nothing!7)Of course!8)No big deal!9)Any time!10)No worries!11)Never mind!12)It was the least I could do

 Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start now

and make a new ending.没人能让时光倒流，然后重新再出发，但所有人都可以在今天启程，去创造一个全新的结局。

 The rain falls because the sky can no longer handle its weight．Just like the

tears fall because the heart can no longer handle the pain．

雨水落下来是因为天空无法承受它的重量，眼泪掉下来是因为心再也无法承受那样的伤痛. You can't have a better tomorrow if you're still thinking about yesterday.如果你无法忘掉昨天，就不会有一个更好的明天。

 Sometimes when I say ”I'm ok“ I just want someone to look me in the eyes,hug me tight, and say, ”I know you're not."

❤有时候我说“我很好。”，其实我是多希望，有个人能看穿我的伪装并紧紧抱住我，说：“我知道，你并不好。”❤

 You’re the only person you can trust.你能信任的人唯有你自己。

【英语交流中的客套话】

So far so good(目前为止，一切都好)

Be my guest(请便、别客气)

You're the boss(听你的)

I've heard so much about you!(久仰大名！)

I'll keep my ears open(我会留意的)

Sorry to bother you(抱歉打扰你。)

That's really something！(真了不起！)

Focus on what you want first, before you think about how to do it.Anything is possible, as long as you set your mind, heart and soul to it.计划一件事情之前，先要清楚自己到底想得到什么？世界上没有做不到的事，只要你全心全意去做。

Shut out all of your past except that which will help you weather your tomorrows.放下那些不能帮助你前行的过去

【女生必备 有关化妆品的常用英文】

Mascara（睫毛膏）；Foundation（粉底）；Blusher（腮红）；Sunscreen（防

晒霜）；Concealer（遮瑕膏）；Face Powder（散粉）；Eye Shadow（眼影）；Eyeliner（眼线）；Lipstick & Lip Gloss（唇膏唇彩）；Nail Polish（指甲油）

【星座英文表达】1.白羊Aries 2.金牛Taurus 3.双子Gemini 4.巨蟹Cancer 5.狮子Leo 6.处女Virgo 7.天秤Libra 8.天蝎Scorpio 9.射手Sagittarius 10.摩羯Capricorn 11.水瓶Aquarius 12.双鱼Pisces

When in doubt, just take the next small step

坚持不下去的时候，再坚持一会儿。

You''re human.Making mistakes is a part of life.It''s how you fix them that counts!

犯错是人生的一部分，难以避免，重要的是，错误出现了之后，你怎样去面对。

You never feel my lonliness.你从未体会我的孤单。

We’d better struggle for the future rather than regret for the past.后悔过去，不如奋斗将来。

Sometimes words cannot express the burden of our heart

有时候，心中所承受之重是无法用言语来表达的。

Friends are like stars.They always lighten up your world, even in your darkest hour

朋友就像天上的星星，永远照亮着你的世界，即使在你最黑暗的时候。

Every thing is gonna be alright.一切都会好起来的。

Three things in life when gone never come back: time, opportunity, and words.人生有三样东西不可挽回：时间，机遇，以及说出去的话。

Save your heart for someone who cares.为了某个在乎你的人，请节约你的真心！

I wish I could find someone who would feel my pain even though I'm saying OK with a smile.我希望找到这样一个人，即使我微笑着说“我还好”的时候，他也能察觉得到我的痛苦。

You cannot appreciate happiness unless you have known sadness too.不知道什么是忧伤，就不会真正感激幸福。

A person might hate you for 3 reasons: 1.They wanna be you.2.They hate themselves.3.They see you as a threat

人们之所以讨厌你，可能有以下三个原因：1.他们想成为你；2；他们讨厌自己；3.他们觉得你是个威胁。

Enjoy the little things in life,for one day you may look back and realize they were the big things.享受生命中的每一个细节，因为当你回首往事时可能会发现原来那些所谓的小事是多么的重要。

Stop saying “I wish”, start saying “I will”.✿ 别再说“我希望”，开始说“我将要”。

I never stopped loving you, I just stopped showing it.我对你的爱从来没有停止，只是我不再让别人知道而已...【英文谚语集锦】

Bad news has wings.坏事传千里。

Beauty is in the eyes of the gazer.情人眼里出西施。

Behind bad luck comes good luck.塞翁失马，焉知非福。

Be honest rather than clever.诚实比聪明更要紧。

Being on sea, sail;being on land, settle.随遇而安。

Make your anger so expensive that no one can afford it and your happiness so cheap that people can almost get it free

让你的愤怒变得昂贵，没有人能消费得起，让你的快乐变得便宜，每个人都可以自由分享。

You are so far away but I feel you’re so near.✿ 那么远，那么近。

I know I’m not perfect, and I don’t live to be.But before you start pointing fingers, make sure your own hands are clean.我知道我并不完美，我活着并不是为了完美，但当你用手指向我的时候，先确认一下自己的手是不是干净的。

If someone is strong enough to bring you down, show them you are strong enough to get up.✿ 如果有人很强把你打败，让他们看到你也很强，足够重新站起来。

There are people who will always hate for who you are not.But there also

people who will always love you for who you are

有人会因为你的缺点而讨厌你，但是，也会有人因为你的真实自然而喜欢你。

When a guy can handle your flaws, love you on your moody days & kiss you when you don't look great, he's worth loving

如果一个男人能容忍你的缺点，在你情绪不好的时候依然宠你，在你外表不光鲜的时候依然吻你，这样的男人值得去爱。

No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world 我的世界不允许你的消失，不管结局是否完美。

Best friends: Cheer you up when you're down, comforts you when you're sad & fight for you when you're hurt!

这就是好朋友：当你失落的时候给你鼓劲，在你悲伤的时候给你安慰，在你受伤害的时候为你出气。

Sometimes you have to show your bad side so that you can sort out who can accept you at your worst

有时候，你要表现自己不好的一面，才能找出谁能接受你最差的你。

Silence is a girl's loudest cry.沉默是一个女孩最大的哭声。

Make up your mind to act decidedly and take the consequences.No good is ever done in this world by hesitation.下定决心，果断行动，并承担后果。在这世界上犹豫不决成就不了任何事。

Sometimes, the hardest things to say are those that come straight from the heart.有时候，内心最直接的感受，往往是最难说出口的。