第一篇：高中各类从句详细讲解(含各种特点归纳和例句,适合基础一般者)
从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where。how，which等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。
目录
从句的分类 :
宾语从句
定义
三要素
分类，带有宾语从句的复合句的构成注意
时态
宾语从句的几类连接词
动词的宾语从句
形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
介词的宾语从句
形容词的宾语从句
if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
宾语从句的否定转移
宾语从句的时态和语序 同位语从句
状语从句
1、时间状语从句:
2、地点状语从句:
3、条件状语从句:
4、原因状语从句:
5、让步状语从句:
6、结果状语从句:
7、目的状语从句:
8、方式状语从句
9、比较状语从句: 从句的分类
宾语从句
定义
三要素
分类
带有宾语从句的复合句的构成注意
时态
宾语从句的几类连接词 动词的宾语从句
形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
介词的宾语从句
形容词的宾语从句
if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
宾语从句的否定转移
宾语从句的时态和语序 同位语从句
状语从句
1、时间状语从句:
2、地点状语从句:
3、条件状语从句:
4、原因状语从句:
5、让步状语从句:
6、结果状语从句:
7、目的状语从句:
8、方式状语从句
9、比较状语从句: 收起
编辑本段从句的分类
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。
1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。
3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
4.同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。
5.定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
6.状语从句可分为：
(1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time)
(2)地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place)
(3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause)
(4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition)
(5)目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose)
(6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession)
(7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison)
(8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner)
(9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result)
7.德语中的从句：状语从句和宾语从句均用 Dass 来引导
编辑本段宾语从句 定义
宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。
三要素
连接词、语序和时态。
连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换。
3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他
判断时态情况：
1.主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况
2.主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时
3.主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）
例题：
〈1.The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.A.was B.is C.were D.are
选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实
〈2.I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.A.win B.won C.will win D.wins 选C，这是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测
〈3.The soldiers soon reached()was once an old temple()the villagers used as a school.A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
答3：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；te-mple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth.as…“把…用作…
宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；
Tell him which class you are in ．
Do you know what he likes？
(1)主、从句时态一致：
主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时；
He answered that he was listening to me.主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需；
He says(that)he will leave a message on my desk.They know(that)he is working hard.具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时；
He told me that he was born in 1980.Father told me that practice makes perfect.（2）否定前移，及完成反意问句；
在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
I don't think you are right ,are you ?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
（3）在表示建议suggest , advise
要求demand、desire、require、request、propose；
决定 decide;命令 order、command;坚决主张 insist;
等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
（4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置
eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．
（5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略
A．当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。
eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get best?
B．当it作形式宾语时
eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
C．当宾语从句前置时
eg．That our team will win，I believe．
分类
A、作动词的宾语:
eg．I heard the news
I 主语 heard 谓语动词 the news.名词作宾语
I主语 heard 谓语动词 that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句
B、作介词的宾语:
eg．He said nothing about this plan。
He主语 said 谓语动词 nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan.名词作介词的宾语
带有宾语从句的复合句的构成
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.注意
A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.D False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。
5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。
①引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which.在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.例句：
The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。）
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）
The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）
This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）
He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）
② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。）
These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）
Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？）
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）
③as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用.As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.例句：
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）
The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）
As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）
④介词+which/whom/whose从句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）
例题：
Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.a.where b.that c with which d as soon as
⑤代/名+介词+which 从句
He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）
In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。）
⑥同位语从句和定语从句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）
The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。）
⑦ 难句:
NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）
NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）
NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met.NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school.NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair.NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable 时态
1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。
2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。
3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。宾语从句的几类连接词
①从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.例句：
He told that he would go to the college the next year
他告诉我他下一年上大学.I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.②连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever,whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.例句：
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
③连接副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.例句：
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.动词的宾语从句
大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
例句：
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
★动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有：make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
例句：
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.例句：
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision about this mater.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.例句：
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
例句：
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.介词的宾语从句
用wh-类的介词宾语从句
例句：
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.★用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
例句：
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
例句：
I am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.④在不定式前只能用whether.如： I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.八、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
2.当宾语从句较长时;
3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;
4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;
5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;
6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;
7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;
8.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;
9.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;
10.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;
11.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.例句：
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
★如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.例句：
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是? 宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响。
当主句为过去时的时，细分为一下几种情况：
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
例句：
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.He asked me if I was reading the story “The Old Man and the Sea ”when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<老人与海>.②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
例句：
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
例句：
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.★如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
例句：
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.★当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
例句：
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手。
编辑本段同位语从句
同位语从句用法比较“固定”,把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1)非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前
Bruce Lee(姓名)李小龙
Graf Schmidt(称号，浑名)施密特伯爵
Doktor Wang(职称，头衔)王博士
Uncel Liu(亲戚的称呼)刘叔叔
die Stadt Shanghai(类属名称)上海市
the Province Hebei(类属名称)河北省
das Jahr 2000(类属名称)2000 年
three Kilo tomato(度量名称)三公斤西红柿
the University Bremen(专有名词)不来梅大学
国际上另一种分法为关系从句
关系从句（relative clause)
关系从句的理解与翻译
人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句子就可能会被译为：
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。
译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为：
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院，在那里他很快就死了。
让我们再多看几个例子：
1.When he was still a little boy, Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.杰克·伦敦还是小孩时，他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。
(不宜译为：……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。)
2.I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。
(不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)
3.While they were waiting there, a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild, hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.他们正在那儿等时，从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止，直到有人出来喝住，它才停下来。
(不宜译为：……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。)
4.In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines, our local grocer.借着电筒的亮光，他看见一个人影，马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。
(不宜译为：……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子。)
我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子，对语序的依赖性极大，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：
5.The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为：
蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。
此外，读者也许注意到了:在1、2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复一下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句：
6.He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much, for they were unlike any people had ever known.这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：
8.In 1906, however, Pierre, who was crossing a road, was run over and killed.(who… ≈ when he…)
1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。
9.Dr.Bethune, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once.(who was… ≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。
10.We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.(whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)
我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。
11.He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.(who… ≈ if he…)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。
12.There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(that… ≈ so that the Plan…)
此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。
以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系，意义上相当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11、12两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。
传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全面的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思，尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。
编辑本段状语从句
状语从句（Adverbial Clause）：用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。
修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词, 通常由从属连词引导, 按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句等
分类举例说明：
1、时间状语从句:
1)常见连词有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when）,while，as long as,as soon as…
例句：
As you look at yourself in a mirror, you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.It was not until…that
Not until…did he…
Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America.It was not until….When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention.Whenever we have difficulty, he’ll come to help us.2)no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely, barely)…when: 刚做…就….No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.She had scarcely news when she fainted.3)还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc
I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.2、地点状语从句:
一般用where or wherever 引导
I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.3、条件状语从句:
真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc
I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.I will not go to her party unless she invites me.4、原因状语从句:
从属连词有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于)
As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive.Seeing that they are inexperienced, they are doing quite a good job.5、让步状语从句:
引导词分类：
1): even if, though, even though, while(尽管)no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be, I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her.It has been the same result, whichever way you do it.2)由as 引起的让步从句, 语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首.Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.Object as you may, I will go on with my plan.3)whether…or,不管…或…
whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.6、结果状语从句:
引导词：so that, so…that, such…that
He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.7、目的状语从句:
引导词：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case
I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.8、方式状语从句
引导词：as,(just)as…so…, as if, as though。
1）as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
9、比较状语从句:
1)as…as, not so/as…as
the film was not so exciting as we expected.这部电影没有我们期待的一样精彩
The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.She likes them almost as much as Paul does.2)比较级+than, so much/a lot more than
She looks much younger than she is.The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.3)no more…than, not more…than, less…than
Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.不像马克那么害怕
Tom is no more rich than Black
3)the more…the more
The farther north you go, the severer the winter is.The more I see of him, the less I like him.
第二篇：高中宾语从句详细讲解与练习（精选）
宾语从句讲与练
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1．语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋„„）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：
1）连接词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如： Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
The small children don't know what is in their stockings．这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？ 2）连接词＋名词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much，when，why，how，where，if ／whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如： He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi．他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？
4）连接词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：
Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。2．连接词
1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如： He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用whether：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if„or not也可以使用）。如：
Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我们是去还是留。②在介词之后用whether。如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings．我担心是否伤了她的感情。③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I don't know whether to go．我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。
The question is whether we can catch the bus．问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？ 3．时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如： I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如： ①The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。4．注意：
if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当„„时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？
—Sorry，I don't know．When he comes back，I'll tell you．对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。—I don't know if he will come．我不知道他是否会来。—He will come if it doesn't rain．如果不下雨，他会来的。简化宾语从句常用六法
同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：
方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope，decide，wish，choose，agree，promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him.→We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know，learn，remember，forget，tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.→She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell，ask，show，teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？
方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.→He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win.→The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.→I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy.→They found the box very heavy.高中宾语从句练习题及答案详解 12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 1.The place _______interested me most was the years old.Children's Palace.A.to whom B.on whom C.with which D.with whom A.Which B.where C.what D.in which 13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the 2.Do you know the man _______? country?
A.whom I spoke B.to who spoke C.I spoke to D.that A.who B.who's C.which D.whose I spoke 14.I'm interested in ______you have said.3.This is the hotel _______last month.A.all that B.all what C.that D.which A.which they stayed B.at that they stayed 15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used C.where they stayed at D.where they stayed yesterday.4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese A.which B.who C.what D.as Communist Party was founded? 16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.A.which B.that C.when D.on which A.who B.whom C.that D.as 5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.17.He is good at English, ______we all know.A.which B.on which C.in which D.when A.that B.as C.whom D.what 6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far 18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very from here.much.A.where B.to which C.which D.in which A.I went with B.with whom I went C.with who I went 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the D.I went with him factory _______we are working.19.I don't like ______ as you read.A.where B.that C.which D.there A.the novels B.the such novels C.such novels D.8.This is one of the best films _______.same novels
A.that have been shown this year B.that have shown 20.He talked a lot about things and persons C.that has been shown this year D.that you talked ________they remembered in the school.9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day? A.which B.that C.whom D.what A.about which you talked B.which you talked 21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in C.about that you talked D.that you talked Beijing.10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.A.which B.that C.whom D.who A.with which B.in which C.on which D.by which 22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a ____are women.small boy.A.them B.which C.whom D.who A.whom B.who C.which D.that 23.You're the only person ______I've ever met
______could do it.A.who;/ B./;whom C.whom;/ D./;who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.A.whose title B.its title C.the title of it D.the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.A.for which B.for that C.in which D.what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised 38.He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.A.that B.which C.who D.as
39.You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.A./ B.why C.when D.whose
40.Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.on TV.A.that B.which C.as D.it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.A.when;which B.which;when C.what;that D.on which;when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.A.which B.whose C.what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.A.in which B.with which C.that D.for which 30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.A.after which I have looked B.which I have looked after
C.that I have looked after D.I have looked after 31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.A.why;that B.that;why C.for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That is not the way ______I do it.A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.A.all of which B.either of which C.both of that D.both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.A.as was B.which was C.as were D.which
36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.A.who B.which C.that D.it
37.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.A.that B.which C.from that D.from which
A.that B.which C.it D.though
41.---Did you ask the guard _______ happened?---Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.A.what;that B.what;what C.which;which D.that;that
42.I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.A.when;who B.that;which C.which;that D.when;which
43.The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.A.owns;are B.owns;is C.own;is D.own;are
44.During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.A.followed B.following C.to follow D.that followed 45.Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn? A.that B./ C.which D.it
46.The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.A.which;what B.through which;what C.through that;what D.what;that
47.Is _______ some German friends visited last week? A.this school B.this the school C.this school one D.this school where
48.John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.A.as B.that C.what D.who
49.I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.A.none of them B.neither of them C.neither of which D.none of which
50.All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.A.are being B.has been C.had been D.have been
参考答案及解析
1.A.which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。
2．C.“和谁讲话”要说speak to sb.本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。
3.D.where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
4.C.when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
5．A.which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
6．C.解析同第5题。
7.A.解析见第3题。
8.A.本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。
9.A.“谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。
10.A.with which是”介词+关系代词“结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有”用“的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that.with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.11.C.in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse.In front of which在从句中作状语.12.D.with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.13.D.whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.14.A.that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.15.D.the same……..as是固定用法, as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.16.D.such……… as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.17.B.as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.18.B.Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.19.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a……..,本题中such books, such直接修饰复数名词.20.B.things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.21.D.who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.22.C.two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.23.D.先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.24.A.whose title引导非限制性定语从句,whose title也可以说成the title of which
25.A.for which 引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语 be famous for ”以……..而闻名".26.C.当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as.As在本从句中作主语.27.A.两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when.第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.28.D.在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in(或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。
29.D.for which在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why 来替代.30.B.which I have looked after 构成一个非限制性定语从句.31.A.The reason why… was that….已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有 “因为”的含义。
32.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.33.A.解释见28题.34.D.主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B.both of which用来引导非限制性定语从句.35.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.36.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.37.D.38.D.解析见35题.39.A.he makes是定语从句, 从句前省略了关系代词that.40.B.which is a bad habit 非限制性定语从句.41.A.what happened是宾语从句.all 之后that he knew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.42.D.years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.43.C.本句话的定语从句是who own cars.其先行词是people,因此,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是The number of指“…..的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。
44.D.that followed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。
45.A.先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。
46.B.through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。
47.B.为便于理解，改写本句话：This is the school that some Germanfriends visited last week.不难看出，作表语的the school是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。
48.A.解释见35题。
49.C.因为是two ballpens, 并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此，C是正确选项。
50.B.本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的has been。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。
第三篇：高中 同位语从句详细讲解与练习(附答案)
同位语从句讲义
1．定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词。如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where,when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别? that引导的同位语从句 that引导的定语从句 句法功能上
that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作 动词的宾语时可省略。意义上
从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语 如：
The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.(同位语从句，that不可省)李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The news(that)he told me yesterday is true.(定语从句，that在从句中作的宾语，可省)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如： This is our only request that this(should)be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
同位语从句
是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。
详细信息 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1.名词作同位语
Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。
2.短语作同位语
I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。
3.直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？” 4.句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。
同位语从句用法
同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较“固定”
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
同位语从句-引导词
同位语从句的引导词，引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
1.连词that引导同位语从句
（注：引导同位语从句的that不能省略）
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语）
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2.连词whether引导同位语从句（注：if不能引导同位语从句）
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。
其它引导词引导的同位语从句
连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which引导同位语从句
1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）
2).I have no idea which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。（which作定语）
3).The question who will take his place is still not clear.（who作主语）
4.连接副词引导同位语从句
连接副词when, where, how, why
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
同位语从句-相关语法
一、同位语从句在句中的位置
1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等)的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。
2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
二、同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？
三、同位语从句的语气
在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
四、同位语从句的先行词
同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。
How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣，对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的?
代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语，同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。
I owe it to you that I am still alive.幸亏你，我现在还活着。
有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。一般认为，这种it后的that 从句应看作it的同位语，因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构。
You must se to it that the children don't catch cold.(=You must see to it, and It is that the children don't catch cold.)你要当心，别让孩子们着凉了。
同位语从句-语法区别 与定语从句的的语法区别： 1．意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：
We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句)
2.引导词的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。
3.引导词的功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
4.被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：
I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句）
同位语从句-特殊形式
1.间隔同位语从句
同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday
简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句
2.suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。
She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。
简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。
3.短语及固定句式后的同位语从句
I will come on condition that John is invited.如果约翰也被邀请的话，我就来。
简析：短语On condition, on supposition, on the ground(s), on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the assumption及句式There BE+no doubt(hope,chance,possibility,…)后的that从句为同位语从句。
同位语从句-雅思例句 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain.We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse.Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunityto have a deeper understanding of their own country's tradition and cultures.同位语从句练习题
用适当的连接词填空：
It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning gray.2.I have no idea _____ we can do with these waste materials.3.____the doctor really doubts is____my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.4.It is hoped____nature will never be destroyed.5.____do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow? 6.--I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.--Is that ____ you had a few days off? 7.Word came____I was wanted at the office.8.Do you know ____of them will be our new headmaster? 9.The teacher didn’t tell me ____we were wrong.10.It’s generally considered unwise to give a child ____he or she wants.B.单项选择
It was true _____ Alice did surprised her mother.A.that
B.what
C.that, what
D.what, that 2.Does ____matter much ____he can’t come to the meeting.A.it, if
B.that, if
C.it, whether
D.this, whether 3.--What are you anxious about?
--____ A.How can we succeed
B.Whether we can succeed
C.When can we succeed
D.That we can succeed 4.The reason ____the little actress has been such a success is ____she is both clever and hard-working.A.why, why
B.why, that
C.that, because
D.for, because 5.____leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Who
B.Whoever
C.Anyone
D.The person 6.I really don’t know _____I had this photo taken.A.where it was that
B.it was that
C.where it was
D.it was why 7.? Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge.I can’t remember ____.A.where
B.there
C.which
D.that 8.--What do you think of China?
--____different life is today from ____it used to be.A.How, what
B.What, what
C.How, that
D.What, that 9.Give this to ____you think can do the work well.A.who
B.whom
C.whoever
D.whomever
10.____troubles me is ____I can’t learn all these English idioms by heart.A.That, that
B.What, what
C.That, what
D.What, that
练习二
1.The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.A.that
B.what
C.why
D.which
2.The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.A.that
B.what
C.which D.why
3.The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.A.what
B.that
C.why
D.when
4.His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.A.which
B.that
C./
D.it
5.I have no idea ____ he will start.A.when
B.that
C.what
D./
6.I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.A.if
B.that
C.whether
D.which
7.The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.A.when
B.which
C.what
D.that
8.The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.A.which
B.whether
C.that
D.what
9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.A.that
B.as
C.of which
D.which
10.He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.A.whether
B.where
C.that
D.when
练习一答案A.1.that 2.what 3.what，whether 4.that 5.who 6.why 7.that 8.which 9.where 10.whatever B.1—5 CABBB 6—10 ACACD 练习二答案：1-5 AABBA
6-10 BDCAA
同位语从句
是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。
详细信息 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1.名词作同位语
Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。
2.短语作同位语
I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。
3.直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？” 4.句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。
同位语从句用法
同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较“固定”
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
同位语从句-引导词
同位语从句的引导词，引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
1.连词that引导同位语从句
（注：引导同位语从句的that不能省略）
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语）
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2.连词whether引导同位语从句（注：if不能引导同位语从句）
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。
【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。
其它引导词引导的同位语从句
连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which引导同位语从句
1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）
2).I have no idea which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。（which作定语）
3).The question who will take his place is still not clear.（who作主语）
4.连接副词引导同位语从句
连接副词when, where, how, why
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
同位语从句-相关语法
一、同位语从句在句中的位置
1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等)的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。
2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
二、同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？
三、同位语从句的语气
在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
四、同位语从句的先行词
同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。
How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣，对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的?
代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语，同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。
I owe it to you that I am still alive.幸亏你，我现在还活着。
有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。一般认为，这种it后的that 从句应看作it的同位语，因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构。
You must se to it that the children don't catch cold.(=You must see to it, and It is that the children don't catch cold.)你要当心，别让孩子们着凉了。
同位语从句-语法区别 与定语从句的的语法区别：
1．意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：
We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句)
2.引导词的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。
3.引导词的功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
4.被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：
I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句）
同位语从句-特殊形式
1.间隔同位语从句
同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday
简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句
2.suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。
She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。
简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。
3.短语及固定句式后的同位语从句
I will come on condition that John is invited.如果约翰也被邀请的话，我就来。
简析：短语On condition, on supposition, on the ground(s), on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the assumption及句式There BE+no doubt(hope,chance,possibility,…)后的that从句为同位语从句。
同位语从句-雅思例句 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain.We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse.Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunityto have a deeper understanding of their own country's tradition and cultures.
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