考研作文模式指导

第一篇：考研作文模式指导

考研作文分为Part A、Part B两部分，也就是我们通常所说的大作文、小作文，考生在短期内通过努力可以快速提高。一般以漫画为主是大作文的考试风格，题材多选择议论文。一般漫画都直观、简单，考生的写作重点着重于下：

一、描写漫画：50个单词左右。该部分写作要求语言简练、无语病。

二、110-150个单词左右，按照题目要求的步骤分段写作，题目可能是要求考生解释图片隐含的深意表明立场并举例(如2007年)，也有可能是反省图片反映现象产生的后果并表述自己观点(2006年)，等。我们选取万学海文《2012考研英语历年真题权威解析(2002-2011)》中的部分优秀例句为考生复习大作文进行参考。

大作文的构造一般包括开头段、扩展段(可以有多个)和结尾段。开头段和结尾段通常短于扩展段。

一、开头段

简要描述图片:

As is vividly depicted in the picture...As is portrayed in the enlightening picture,...As is unfolded in the picture above, we can see that...As is shown in the picture, we can see clearly the relationship between...and...In the picture presented to us, we can see...The picture symbolically depicts that...The terrible scene depicted in the cartoon shows that...The picture vividly shows...The above two pictures have shaped contrast to each other.As is shown in the first drawing,...In contrast,...The above two pictures have shaped sharp contrast to each other.In one picture,....But in the other,...The most striking feature of the drawing is...The purpose of the picture is to show us that...We can deduce form this picture that...二、扩展段

基本要求：

1.篇幅长于开头段、结尾段;

2.每段都有相应的主题句;

3.包含论证、解释、评论等;

常用句型：

On the one hand, many people hold a view that...On the other hand, others argue that...This picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon that...The picture conveys a deep and soul-stirring meaning.Though this picture only describes..., yet it demonstrates a universal law that...The drawing sets us thinking too much due to...It is most likely that the drawer means to compare...to...in the drawing and reflect a problem in...For one thing,...For another,...It can be easily spotted that...It goes without saying that the picture indicates that...Obviously, the picture indicates that...Undoubtedly, the picture arouses deep concern over the issue of...Sample as it is, the meaning conveyed by the picture is clear and profound.三、结尾段

提出看法，常用句型：

What it comes to...My opinion about this cultural phenomenon is that...In sum, it is essential for us to...Therefore, it is imperative that we should take some effective measures.Only in this way can the tragedy described above be avoided and only in this way can the society become more harmonious to live.The answer seems self-evident: what we should learn...Numerous examples can demonstrate the power of a positive attitude.Only by..., can we demonstrate grace under pressure and turn our dreams into reality.We can frequently use the drawings to enlighten people to...It is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to...All things considered, I hold that...常用词语：

1、总结关系过渡词语

generally, in general, generally speaking, as a general rule, to take the above opinion to an extreme, to take the idea further, to some extent;as for me, as far as I am concerned, in my opinion, on a larger scale, in one sense, in a way，undoubtedly, obviously, in terms of, in conclusion, in a word, in summary，in brief, to sum up, on the whole, to conclude...2、比较对比关系过渡词语

in common, in the same way, the same as, like, likewise, similarly, equally important, whereas, yet, but, however, nevertheless, otherwise, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast...3、列举关系过渡词语

such as, as an example, for example, for instance, as a case in point, thus, first and foremost, last but not least, first of all, in the first place, to start with, to begin with, also, next, besides, moreover, furthermore, what is more, in addition(to that), for one thing, for another thing, eventually, finally, initially...4、因果关系过渡词语

as, for, since, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, due to, owing to, thanks to, because(of), on account of, result in(from),as a result of, as a consequence, for the reason that...5、让步关系过渡词语

Although, despite, after all, granted that, even though, in spite of...6、强调关系过渡词语

especially, particularly, above all, most important of all, surely, certainly, obviously, no doubt, to be sure, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, anyway...小作文考察的多是辞职信、感谢信、道歉信等20多种类型的应用文文体，着重考察考生的逻辑思维能力和语言应用能力。万学海文提示2012年的广大考生小作文具有如下特点:重格式，不轻内容;轻思想，重交际;字数少，易得分;重套路，难发挥。2012年的考生应着重依照这四个特点来进行复习。

背格式：

小作文重格式的特点要求考生们在格式上不能犯错，必须注意熟悉一些应用文的格式和英文中应用文的表达习惯。万学海文提示考生：格式无误是小作文得高分的第一步。举2011年小作文题目为例：

Write a letter to a friend of yours to

1)recommend one of your favorite movies and

2)give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10points)

参考范文：(万学海文：《2012考研英语历年真题权威解析》)

Dear Tom,I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favorite movies, Forest Gump, with you, which is not only conducive to your study, but also beneficial to your life.For one thing, the beautiful language in this original English movie may contribute to your study of English in listening, speaking, reading and writing.For another thing, the profound cultural elements implicit in the scene will equip you with foreign cultural background and, above all, enrich your daily life.Would you like to see this movie after my recommendation? Remember to tell me your opinion about the movie.I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Ming

一、称呼格式

1.用于对陌生的组织或团体负责人的称谓：Dear Madam or Dear Sir

2.用于对认识但是关系很正式的个人、组织或团体负责人的称谓：Dear Ms....or Dear Mr....3.用于对关系亲密的人的称谓：Dear Tom/Lucy(or any other name)

二、正文格式

缩进式: 段落之间无空行，每段开头空四个字母。

三、落款格式

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use“...”instead.落款时可以使用下列万能格式：

Yours,Li Ming

背范文：

背诵是考生积极备战、快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。考生应严格按照真题的要求独立写作，对比真题解析中的范文，发掘范文中的亮点和得分点，找出自己文章中格式、语法和逻辑上的错误。背诵一些历年真题解析中的优秀范文和优秀的小作文写作模板来提高小作文得分。

技巧锦囊：掌握固定格式，准确用词，注意不同类型的要点。

布局：

小作文的布局上一般可以分为三段展开。第一段：开门见山，直接点明主题。第二段：摆出内容，陈述原因，罗列建议。第三段：回应首段，再次感谢，期待回复。

语言：

用词准确：用词准确是最基础的要求之一。

语法正确：语法错误是考试的失分点所在，在小作文的写作中应尽量少用缩略语和口语。句型多变：例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句。

小作文的考查要求中会体现出文章的背景场合和写作目的，考生应针对不同情境选择不同表达。不同的应用文有不同的用语，万学海文英语辅导老师们建议2012年的考生对某些应用文的格式和习惯用语加以熟悉和背诵，以便运用自如。

注意：

虽说小作文的字数不多，但考生们最好还是不要忙于动笔，仔细审题后，先理清思路，认真列个提纲再下笔。写作时，万学海文英语考研辅导专家们建议2012年的考生们应注意下几个方面的问题：第一，交代清楚目的;第二，注意关联词或衔接词的运用，以便阅卷老师明了篇章结构;第三，有必要时对个人观点进行适当阐述;第四，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句，行文切忌复杂。最后，完成作文以后，应该检查、修改，以免需要表达清楚的细节和要点被遗漏。

第二篇：2013考研英语语法指导

中学英语语法网络图 一．名词 I.名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词

国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词

个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II.名词的数：

1.规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不规则名词复数：

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III.名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：

单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father

表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：

１ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 目录: 第01章 名词性从句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章 主谓一致 第05章

动词不定式 第06章

倒装结构

第07章

定语从句 第08章

被动语态 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感叹句 第11章 疑问句 第12章 名词

第一章 名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一． 主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2.用it 作形式主语的结构(1)It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句

It is a fact that „

事实是„

It is an honor that

„非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that

„是常识(2)It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句

It is natural that„

很自然„

It is strange that„

奇怪的是„(3)It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句

It seems that„

似乎„

It happened that„

碰巧„

It appears that„

似乎„(4)It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句

It is reported that„

据报道„

It has been proved that„

已证实„

It is said that„

据说„

3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether „结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

1.作动词的宾语

(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2.作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3.作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4.it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三.表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that„ 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1.同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：

一、It用作实词

表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象„„

二、It用作形式主语

替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式主语的常见句型：

1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型

(1)It is + noun +从句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that„(should)„„„竟然„„

It's a pity/shame that„(should)„„„竟然„„

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型

1.It takes sb.„ to do„(=sb takes„to do„)某人用多长时间做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do„（不）像某人做某事的风格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that„ should /v-ed„是该做某事的时候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)„ have v-ed„第几次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been„ since „continuous v-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)„ before„过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语

用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that„把„归功于„

leave it to sb that„把„留给某人去做

take it for granted that „想当然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)„ 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：

1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在强调not „ until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(强调句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是„„”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for„/if it hadn't been for„用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是„„，要不是„„”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相当于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, „ 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that„, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,„在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry.用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth„在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放弃

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb.表示“由„„决定，由„„负责，取决于„„”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象

在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：

一、并列复合句中的省略

在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略

1．状语从句中的省略

一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：

1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词;(2)连词（though, whether , when）+形容词；(3)连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词；(5)连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词；(6)连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工 人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：

1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。

2)当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略

1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？

3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时，从句不能用 how 来引导，应该用that 或 in which，或将它们全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3．宾语从句中的省略

1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略

1．省略主语

1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.请开一下门。

2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟

b)(Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？

c)(You come)This way please.请这边走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？

3．省略宾语 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know(him.)我不认识他 4．省略表语 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同时省略几个成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以这么做。

2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想来，可是她父母不让。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略

1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。

2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。

3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。

4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易，做起来难。

5．在would rather„than„ 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间

b)Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构

1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。

2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主谓一致

主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.(一)语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。

2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。

5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。

6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。

7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。

None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。

8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如: His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。

9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如: the United States;报纸名如: the New Times;书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

10.“a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。

(二)内容一致原则:

1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。

3.加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。

4.表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。

5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。

6.the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原则

1.由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？ 2.用连词or, either....or, neither„.nor, not only„.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。

注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。

The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。

主谓一致练习

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

动词不定式不定式作宾语 1)动词+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2)动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3)动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意

疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2.不定式作补语

1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2)to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3)to be +形容词

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3.不定式作主语

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做这事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意

1)其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is„ to„的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

4.不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作状语 1)目的状语

To„ only to(仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)„ as to„(如此„„以便„„)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。

2)作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。

用作介词的to to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to习惯于，be used to习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意 省to 的动词不定式

1)情态动词(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役动词 let, have, make：

3)感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意

在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why„ / why not„：

6)help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8)由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。

动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window„

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

典型例题

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too„to„ 1)too„to

太„以至于„

He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。----Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。

3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常„ 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不„„?” “干吗不„„?” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?

不定式的时态和语态

时态语态

主动

被动

一般式

to do to be done

进行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成进行式

to have been doing

1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成进行时：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.动名词与不定式

1)动名词与不定式的区别：

动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2)接不定式或动名词，意义相同。

3)动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)

典型例题

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

regret doing/to do regret to do

对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing

对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

长时间，甚至永远停做某事。

cease doing

短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企图做某事。try doing

试验，试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing

继续做原来做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；

be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?

(一种想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我开始生起气来。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时 It began to melt.感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章 倒装结构

一 全部倒装

全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了

3)Here is your letter.这是你的信。

2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：

1)Here he comes.他来了。

2)Away they went.他们走了。

二 部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until„ 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly „ when , no sooner „than „等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。

注意：只有当Not only„ but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only„ but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的确很大。

4.only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。

注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。

三 as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1)句首名词不能带任何冠词；2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

四 其他部分倒装

1.so„ that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。

3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再试一次。

第七章 定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

关系副词有：when, where, why, how。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。、关系代词引导的定语从句

1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2)whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作宾语)

关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：

不用that的情况：

a)在引导非限定性定语从句时

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介词后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情况

①关系代词在从句中做主语

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行词为those, people 时

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行词既有人，又有物时。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语

He is not the man that he used to be.、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+ which”结构不能代替关系副词。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法区别：

(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same„ as;such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定语从句语法专项练习习题精选

用适当的关系词填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章 被动语态

一、语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)

The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught

一般过去时：was／were＋taught

一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught

过去进行时：have／has been＋taught

现在完成时：have／has been＋taught

记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。

注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构

be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)The door is locked.门锁着。(系表结构)The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。

三、被动语态的用法 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

记忆歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主

动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。

记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9讲祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型： 1.行为动词原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。

2.Be动词＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。

3.Let, ＋宾语＋动词原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，构成“Don’t＋行为动词原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!别再那样说了！

2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：（1）Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s开头的祈使句，必须在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。

4.在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名词/V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意问句 祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式：

1.祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you；表示邀请、劝说时，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？

2.祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？

3.Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?让个那男孩先走，好吗？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚饭后我们去散步，好吗？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：

---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。

六.祈使句与陈述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快点，否则我们要迟到了。

七.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用

祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。

八.祈使句的强调形式

祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do（Do在句中无意义）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死了。

十.运用祈使句的误区

祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中，如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下文语境，作出正确判断。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白处选填B（Check）项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接；如选A或D项（分词或不定式），句中逻辑主语some spelling mistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因此，只有C项（条件状语从句）符合句子结构及句意。

第十章感叹句。

感叹句：一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用“what”和“how”引导，“what”和“how”与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。

感叹词 修饰对象 感叹部分 主语 谓语+其他！

How（副词）修饰形容词 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修饰副词 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修饰动词 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容词）修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!修饰不可数名词 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感叹句的特殊形式

感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑问句

疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定义：表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？——发问）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做这件事吗？——请求）

疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Question mark）“？”来标示问句的结束。

疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。

种类 特征 语调 举例 回答

一般疑问句 系+主+表+？

助动词+主+动+？ 升调 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑问句 疑问词+系+表+？ 疑问词+助+主+动+？ 降调 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 选择疑问句 一般问句：系+主+表+„or„？

助+主+动+„or„？ Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答问句中一个，不用yes, no 特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+„or„？ 第一部分用降调，第二部分or 前升调，or后降调 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 选一个答案，不用yes, no 反意疑问句 陈述部分肯定：陈述，助（系）+not+主？ 陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定时用yes，否定时用no

陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助（系）+主+？ 如对陈述肯定，可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑问句 系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+动+？ 表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名词

在英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一，主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名词和专有名词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

情况 构成方法

读音 例词

一般情况

加-s

1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词

加-es 读 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读 /iz/

license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾的词

变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

2.名词复数的不规则变化

1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比较： 层楼：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法 1）物质名词

a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel.(不可数)

We need various steels.(可数)

c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。

我国因茶叶而闻名。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一条建议

4.定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。

1)用复数作定语。如：

sports meeting 运动会

students reading-room 学生阅览室

talks table 谈判桌

the foreign languages school外语学校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。

如：goods train(货车)

arms produce 武器生产 4)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树

a five-year plan.一个五年计划

5.不同国家的人的单复数

名称 总称(谓语用复数)一个人

两个人

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians

an

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希腊人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美国人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英国人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德国人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加“'s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1）单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the 二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法： 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法： 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法： 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三．代词：

I.代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

第三篇：2015考研指导,经验之谈

这是一位成功考研的学长的考研经历，不过别人的经验我们不能照搬，这只是一个建议，大家还是可以根据自己的实际情况寻找适合自己的学习方法。

选学校不要怕好，但是也不要报那些只招几个人的专业

有些同学在选学校的时候，畏首畏尾，瞻前顾后，标准一降再降，或者是刚开始复习的时候选了名牌大学，正式报名的时候又动摇了，报了一所二流学校，结果到最后连那个较次的学校都没上，为什么？不管你承认不承认，一旦你在学校选择上降低了对自己的要求，复习的时间和质量绝对会随之而下，其实你选什么档次的学校都差不多，如果选了好学校，复习时间不自觉的就会上去了，所以大家选学校的时候尽量往好了选，尤其是在研究生如此泛滥的今天，我认为一个烂学校的研究生是绝对不值得读的。

既然准备考研了，就要学会放弃。能不上的课尽量不要上，能不参加的活动尽量不要参加，放弃一切影响考研的东西（自我放松的时间除外）。

大家都不是小孩子了，逃几次课怎么了？就算挂了科又怎么了？奖学金没了又怎么了？开班会、年级大会我不去怎么了？被通报又怎么了？班上聚餐不去怎么了？既然决定考研了，一切皆是浮云，认真复习才是王道。这是很简单的道理，可就是有很多人不明白。我为了考研主动挂了3科，扔掉了大一大二连拿2年的一等奖学金和一堆的荣誉证书，我敢说以一般人的智商，如果不大量逃课想考名牌学校是肯定没戏的！

复习最主要的还是要靠自己静下心来慢慢地理解。

个人感觉千万不要上辅导班，尤其是那些英语数学全程班，最多最多上个政治的冲刺班！对数学跟英语来说，听老师在台上讲，根本不如自己静下心来慢慢理解。相信我，自己理解的绝对比老师硬灌给你的深的多。而且报了班之后会有惰性，老想着老师会帮你复习的，结果反而自己没复习。不要太迷信前人，也不要太在意周围的人怎么着怎么着。很重要的一点是问问自己究竟是属于哪一种学习类型的人，再根据自己的情况制定计划书，千万不可以盲目跟从别人的经验和进度，那样不但扰乱了自己正常的学习计划，也会影响了别人的情绪。

注意学习方法（我这只说最重要的几点，后面我会详细阐述）

英语：考了61分，不敢在这误导大家，就少说2句。千万千万不要做《阅读XX篇》，绝对是浪费时间，只做真题，只背真题里出现的单词，真题是王道！真题做10遍都不为过！单词是每天都要背的，但注意每天都要复习以前那些没记住的。推荐用张剑编的《真题解析》（黄皮书），做阅读要注意出题者的陷阱，把真题研究透了，做起阅读来你会发现每个题都那么相似。

政治：考研政治=马哲+马经+毛概+邓论+世经+时事+思修+近代史，马哲马经重点是理解，毛概邓论重点是记忆，剩下2个占的分比较少。其实马哲马经是绝对的经典著作，真正的马克思主义，真正理解了之后，你会发现真正的马克思主义是多么的让人热血沸腾，记得考研的那段日子里，每天熄灯之后，总是要跟寝室的哥们一起探讨马克思主义，尝试用马哲马经里的理论去解释日常生活中发生的事，效果就不用我说了吧；毛概邓论是修改过的，我就不多说了，一个字：背。

要知道考研的全过程里边最重要的是什么：初试成绩尤其是三门公共课的成绩。现在有很多同学问我专业课的消息、如何买到试卷甚至是复试信息、如何提前联系导师等等，我想这些同学都犯了一个致命的错误：本末倒置。我认为初试成绩是重中之重，尤其是对我这种跨学校跨地区考的学生来说最重要的是三门公共课的成绩，因为这三门的成绩没有水分，谁复习的好谁考的就高。而专业课的水分是很大的，我曾经看到一个帖子：复习三周考上研究生。当时我想：这人简直是爱因斯坦再世啊！仔细一看我释然了：数学70+英语40+政治50+专业课145+总分320，不用我再解释了吧。所以如果你是跨学校跨地区甚至是跨专业的话，请记住这一点：三门公共课才是你能有所依赖的，尤其是数学。我一直认为：

想考天大结构这样的名牌学校的好专业，必须做到：英语要过线，数学分要高。当然，考普通学校或者是本校的的不在此列。

考研路上16大拦路虎：

1.缺乏一定要考上的决心与斗志

解决办法：多想想考上之后是如何衣锦还乡的，多想想考不上是如何吃苦受累的 ^_^ 哈哈，自己要学会安慰自己啊！

2.背了又忘的英语单词

解决办法：最好是每天抽出一点零碎时间背单词，本人推荐睡前记单词，然后早晨起来之后马上复习一遍，很灵的喔。

3.老是有意外情况出现，经常完不成制订的计划（一定要注意）

解决办法：先具体看是些什么情况，是计划订多了还是自己的闲事散事太多了——终极办法：校外租房关掉手机大隐隐于市。

4.喜欢给自己找不去自习的借口（这点很危险）

解决办法：在心里狠狠的骂自己一顿——怎么这么多借口啊！还想不想考研了？多上一次自习，到时候又可以多考几分，成功又多了一份把握啊！

5.早晨7点钟还起不来

解决办法：把闹钟放到桌子上，远离自己手臂所能控制的范围。

6.不通情达理专门挂考研学生的老师

解决办法：先跟老师打个招呼说你要考研，要是他不鸟你的话，你也别鸟他。大不了挂了就是，没什么好怕的。

7.自习室里静不下心来，缺乏效率（这点很危险）

解决办法：这个主要还是一个要钻进去的问题，“一心只读圣贤书”是必须的。

8.盲目跟风缺乏主见（一定要注意）

解决办法：制订一个好的计划，严格按照计划执行。再不行的话，放弃研伴，找一个没人的教室一个人自习。

9.对考研期间将会遇到的困难估计不足（心态调整好）

解决办法：有句话说：考研的人过的是猪狗不如的生活。虽然我不那么认为，甚至还有点怀念那段很单纯的生活，但是这句话至少说明了作为一个考研的人，压力是很大的，困难是很多的，生活是很单调的，总的来说是很吃力的。

10.不舍得放弃一些看似有用其实没用的东西（这点很危险）

解决办法：想一下你为什么要考研，考研需要哪些东西？其实考研只需要2样东西：1.认认真真的复习2.大学毕业证（据说学位证都可以没有）。怎么样？很简单吧。

11.不注重劳逸结合（一定要注意）

解决办法：硬性规定每周的休息时间（以半天为宜，这半天你想干啥就干啥，千万别去复习，千万别想复习）。

12.缺乏一个轻松愉快的心情迎接每一次自习

解决办法：要学会自我安慰：我又一次战胜了自己，来自习了！多上一次自习，到时候又可以多考几分，成功又多了一份把握啊！

13.不善于合理的预判，导致做无用功（这点极其极其的重要）

解决办法：有些题目虽然出现在了参考书上，但是是根本不会考的，比如说很简单的知识点却出了很难的例题、去年刚刚考过的偏僻考点……记得08年数一考过一道傅里叶级数的大题，而此前15年只出过一次选择、一次填空，于是我就断定：09年绝对不考傅里叶级数，而大题肯定会考每年的热门——幂级数的展开或者幂级数的求和，因为已经3年没考过

了而以前几乎年年考，基本上是今年求和明年就展开。于是我傅里叶级数那节根本就没看，重点看的幂级数的展开或者幂级数的求和。结果我就不多说了，有09真题为证。这就是合理的预判之威力所在啊！！

14.忽视真题狂做模拟题（这点很危险）

真题永远是最值得我们下苦功研究的，不管是数学真题、英语真题、政治真题还是专业课真题，因为模拟题的命题思路永远跟真题是有很大差别的，你做了就知道。

15.一份还算不错的工作的诱惑

要是工作实在不错，就签了吧。毕竟现在研究生这么多了，而且国家还在扩招。要是工作比较一般，还是考研吧。

16.缺乏一定要考上的决心与斗志

解决办法：多想想考上之后是如何衣锦还乡的，多想想考不上是如何吃苦受累的 ^_^ 哈哈，自己要学会安慰自己啊！

公共课复习

（一）英语

PS：英语才61分，不敢过多的误导大家，少写一点吧，以下英语部分仅做参考。

1.先说一下复习过程（我用的是张剑的《真题解析》+《如鱼得水记单词》+考试虫的《考前作文30篇》）

英语复习开始的比较晚，9月份开始背的真题里的单词，把那些记不住的整理到了小本子上，每天都拿出来温习一下，最好每天都能抽出半小时到一小时的时间记单词。

10月份才开始做真题阅读，阅读前后做了2遍，掌握了命题人的出题思路与常见陷阱的设置，顺便也练习了长难句的翻译。

11月中旬开始练了一些新题型、翻译（都是真题里的），同时开始试着写英语作文，这段时间我每天的复习模式基本上是今天做阅读，第二天就写作文+新题型+单词。

2.再说一下我复习心得：

英语单词一定要及时温习，不仅要背新单词，复习以前的更为重要（据说星火的那本较厚的单词书不错，按记忆曲线背单词，而且那本书上有个日程表，按他的计划按部就班背完一遍的话，效果是很不错的）

英语过线主要是靠阅读+作文的70分，但别的题型也要了解并练习（阅读40分，作文30分，已经占了总分的70%了，而且相对来说翻译的10分是最难拿的，完形跟7选5考前用真题练练手熟悉熟悉就OK）

英语最好的资料就是《历年真题解析》！要一做再做！仔细领悟其中 命题角度、陷阱设置、语境等的奥妙！（做考研英语的阅读是最让人头疼的一件事，个人认为有很多题目都有2个答案是可以选的，一个语气稍微重点，一个稍微轻点，靠什么选到正确答案？就靠反复练习把命题者的陷阱设置方法完全吃透）

英语复习时间可以灵活掌握，但一定每天都要看（学习英语最忌“三天打鱼，两天晒网”，不能严格要求自己，放任自流，必然半途而废，没有刻苦学习的精神和不可动摇的毅力，一定会前功尽弃！）

英语作文一定要自己写模板出来（大概在考前半个月，这时候你也应该看了一段时间的作文了，收集一些优美的句子，特别是结尾发表议论的万能句型，总结一到两个模板出来，不用特意的去背模板，每篇作**用自己总结的模板去写，写上4、5次你应该就能把模板熟练的背诵下来了，我当时总结了2个模板，一个针对哲理型的图片---适宜发表议论；一个针对社会现象的图片---适宜描述并引申，每个模板都有150词左右，尤其是发表议论的第三段，模板上我只留了半句空白，其余的都是事先背好的，考场上我只是在模板的基础上填了几个空而已，节省了大量时间去做阅读啊）

英语做题顺序：考场上一定把作文跟阅读这两大块先做了，翻译一定是最后做（我个人是先写的大小作文，然后做的阅读，然后是7选5，然后是完形，最后是翻译，这样做的好处就是刚上考场脑子比较清醒，时间也比较充足，先把最容易拿分的作文写好（前提是你按我的方法准备了只需要填几个空的模板），然后做阅读跟7选5，这两项归根结底都是阅读，在一起做比较有感觉，而且万一你阅读花的时间多，后面的完形填空可以全蒙同一个选项，分数上也不会吃太多亏（注意：全蒙可以得2.5分，你花10分钟认真做一遍有时候不会超过4分）。翻译（尤其是09年的翻译）完全是给75分以上的牛人准备的，一般人稍微浏览浏览，拣会写的写一点就行了。但是要注意某些年份的翻译也有很简单的，不要白白丢分。-

3.考研英语的最高境界：（朝70分以上努力的同志们必备，一定不能离这个境界差得太远啊，不然……）

有快速的长难句翻译能力，看到阅读题目能迅速破解掉出题人的陷阱并选到正确答案，能正确把握图画的含意并利用模板迅速构造出一篇句式较为复杂、单词不常见但又用的恰到好处、书法漂亮、卷面整洁的作文。

（二）政治

1.先说一下复习过程（我先后用了任汝芬的《序列一》，《序列二》、《序列三》、，启航的《20天20题》，博闻的考前押题，海成的考前押题）

我是从10月份开始看的政治，先买了一本《序列一》，花了5个星期的时间看完了第一遍。

然后做陈先奎的《2000题》，发现前面的又忘光了，于是只好又花了一个月的时间一边看书一边做题。

到了12月中旬，开始看《序列三》上的知识框架和时事政治，1月份开始看的各大辅导班的考前押题（最后10天给政治的时间要充分多，这个时候只有背政治提分最快）

2.再说一下复习心得：

政治不要以为越早复习越好。因为政治的高分比的是对那些知识点的新鲜感，但是太迟开始又不能复习得很充分。9月份正式复习是比较好的。

政治是要靠深入理解的，《序列一》永远是最重要的，不管你复习到哪个阶段（考前10天除外）（只有在充分理解的基础上才谈得上记忆，死记硬背是学不好政治的，马哲和马经部分一定要深入的理解，马克思的著作是很有内涵的，学起来你会发现马克思真的是很伟大，不要笑，如果你真正的理解了，你也会这么觉得）。

政治的客观题是得高分的关键所在（大家一定要大量的练习客观题，主观题一般是拉不开太大的差距的，但主观题肯定还是要适当的练习，拿真题练练手就行了）

政治不能纯粹为了做题而做题，应该是为了掌握知识点而做题（做完一部分选择题之后一定要回归《序列一》，把错题中反映出来的那些掌握的不好的知识点重新复习一遍，这点很花时间，但很重要）

对材料的分析能力以及在解答分析题时的语言组织能力也是很重要的。（对分析题，要反复去揣摩其中的答题方法。找出其中的技巧，找找答题思路。其实对分析题的解答还是很有技巧的。）

政治分析题解答技巧：解答分析题首先必须写出材料中体现的基本原理，然后结合材料展开分析，最好分出①②③④条，这样条理清晰，也利于老师找到你答题的要点，然后再写一个对自己分析的总结（表扬材料里好的，批评差的）。

政治大纲下来后一定要关注今年的“热点”。即：

1、今年新增点！

2、今年修改点！（那些仅限于文字方面的修改就不必追究了！）

3、前几年新增、修改的但至今未考的知识点。

答题卷面一定要整洁，推荐用蓝色中性笔作答（因为蓝色有镇静作用，尤其是在改卷老师长期面对一堆黑色字迹试卷进行重复劳动的时候，心情是很烦躁的，这时候突然杀出一张整洁的蓝色字迹的试卷，而且原理正确、条理清晰、列出了①②③④，老师绝对会有眼前一亮的感觉。拿我自己的亲身经历来说吧，考政治的时候，有个女监考老师老是在我身边看我答题，我做一道题她要来看2次，我心里就很奇怪，后来考完政治收卷子的时候那老师过来笑着跟我说：考得不错啊。我说：没有吧，我觉得考得不好，字也写得差。老师说：你不知道别人的试卷都涂成什么样子了，你关键是笔颜色选得好，字也写的整洁，还有条理。后来分数出来了之后，我觉得监考老师的评价绝对是入木三分，我客观题38分，主观题35分）-

3.考研政治的最高境界（朝75分以上努力的同志们必备，一定不能离这个境界差得太远啊，不然……）

热爱马克思主义，深入理解了马哲和马经里面的基本原理并能运用这些原理解释日常生活中的一些现象，对毛概跟邓论的重要知识点应该信手拈来如数家珍，平时还要多关心时事，了解当今世界格局。而且要写得一手好字。

四、专业课复习

由于各个学校，各个专业有很大的不同。大家根据自己的情况灵活处理就行。如果你考本校的话，一般的学校都会开辅导班的，报名参加就是了。

下面我只对考外校的师弟师妹们提几点建议：

1.专业课复习进度大约和政治一致便可。跨专业考的同学复习进度跟数学一样便可。不需要太早复习，因为数学跟英语的复习任务是很重的。

2.真题是绝对应该重视的！！（要知道专业课出题老师也是很懒的，懒是人的天性啊，哈哈！每年的试卷十有八九会包含有几道前几年的原题，最起码考点是几乎每年都不变的，除非是换了出题老师）

3.要学会从真题中把握老师的命题思路（他喜欢从哪个角度命题，喜欢考哪些知识点，喜欢如何给考生设置陷阱，这些是专业课复习最基本的要求，一定要把真题深入研究，不仅仅是做一遍真题就完了）

4.要学会根据情况适当加减专业课复习时间（如果到了后期你觉得复习的差不多了，可以适当调出去一些时间给政治或数学，毕竟据我观察一般人都是被数学搞的焦头烂额，尤其是那本超级厚的复习全书，更是考研路上的天敌。如果到了后期你突然发现专业课还没复习好，可以适当调一些时间过去，我就属于此列，到了最后一个月，突然发现天大的结构力学考的还是相当有难度的，怎么办？我只好花了半个月的时间去恶补，结果考试的时候数学手生了，有点顾此失彼的感觉）

关于复试

1.大部分学校的复试流程：

大部分学校的复试一般分为笔试、面试、英语能力测试三部分。笔试大概就是大家考同一个专业的在教室里做一张专业课的卷子。面试就是3~5个老师依次对一个学生提一些专业问题或者是自己在一些题中抽一组题来回答。英语能力测试一般是听力或口语，也有可能是听力+口语。

复试第一天一般是资格审查，然后第二天体检（一般是走过场），第三天专业笔试+英语测试，第四天进行面试，面试完一般第二天就能出结果。

2.复试时需要注意的几点：

1）对待复试的态度一定要认真！即：要认真准备才是！高分被刷的比比皆是！尤其是对于跨学校或者跨专业的学生，一定要小心应付。

2）复试的主观性很强！一碗水端平的学校在地球上是找不到的！如果你是外校的，复试完掉个十几名甚至二十几名是很正常的.心态要平和些^_^

3）对于跨专业考的学生，老师一般都会在专业问题上刁难你，他要向你证明：我这个行业不是那么好进的，是很有内涵很有技术含量不是你花几个月的时间学一门专业课就能搞定的。做好受打击的心理准备吧！

4）复试时一定要有礼貌，进去之后和出来之前一定向老师问好。老师再怎么打击你，千万不可跟老师争吵。

5）不管怎么说，老师都喜欢有发展潜力的学生。在复试的时候如果遇到不会的题目（这是正常的）不要说“我不会”，然后在那里呆呆的站着！（这样的话那你难了！）你可以说一些与这一问题相关的内容，要委婉一点！老师一般不会为难你的。

6）复试时的气氛很重要！一定不要把气氛搞僵，否则你大约就不爽了！老师都不大喜欢不善言谈的人。

7）其实老师都挺平易近人的，不要自己先把自己给吓住了！哈哈……

8）考研复试里最重要的是面试，占的比例相当大

第四篇：考研复试指导

考研复试指导

研究生考试初试过后，就是复试。复试一般分为笔试、面试、英语能力测试三部分。笔试主要测试大家的专业课知识，面试是报考学校的考官们对考生提一些专业问题，而英语能力测试一般包括听力或口语。

如何准备复试，如何在同样优秀的学子中脱颖而出？在同样激烈的复试竞争中，毋庸置疑，考生的专业实力需要经得起考验，但复试技巧也是不容忽视。

今日在此跟大家分享一下复试指导经验，探讨复试技巧，旨在帮助大家有效准备复试。

首先为广大考生介绍一下复试考试的基本流程和考核内容。

一、复试的流程

一般而言，复试第一天一般是资格审查，然后第二天体检，第三天专业笔试+英语测试，第四天进行面试，面试完一般第二天就能出结果。

二、复试考核内容

复试主要内容包括英语口语、专业基础课，还有专业技能的考核，以及心理素质。其中影响考生比较大的是英语口语和专业方面的考核。

了解了复试考核内容，那么考生又该如何准备复试呢？接下来，跟大家分享一下一些复试准备应该注意的地方。

首先，考生的专业基础知识肯定是考查的重点，因此初试复习期间的知识不能忘。大家不能丢弃初试用的几本专业参考书，复试的准备需要建立在初试的基础之上。考生将初试时复习的专业知识进行巩固。同时大家要看一些和目标院校、目标老师相关的论文以及参考教材，以及本专业的核心期刊等等。

另外，可以通过网络等途径跟学姐或学长了解报考学校复试的流程、考查内容、注意点等信息。复试成功的一个重要条件就是需要有充足的信息。考生也要了解一下导师的信息。

第三，英语口试锻炼。现在所有的学校都非常重视学生的英语水平，因为英语水平是直接关系到你以后接触学术前沿著作的一个能力，所以需要大家在平时复习的时候，把英语口语的训练提到日程上来。大家要提前准备一段2分钟左右的英语自我介绍，并熟记一下相关专业的常用专业词汇以及英语表达。

第四，复试需要的硬件要准备齐全。针对于你的目标院校，对于复试的硬件要求一定要带好了。比如身份证、准考证、学生证等，而且这些证件至少要带两份复印件，以免到时候就手忙脚乱。

经过细致的复试准备，考生终于迎来的复试的日子。这里，还需要提醒广大考生复试时（主要是面试时）需要注意的地方：

第一，着装和仪态。考生当日要穿着得体、整洁、干净、大方。提前到达面试考场，切勿迟到。自如地走进考场，并且一定要面带微笑。轻轻敲门，推门进去，一定要向在座的所有考官进行问好，比如“各位老师好”、“下午好”等等，进行行礼等等，然后开始面试。结束面试，走出考场时，也要向考官示意。良好的礼仪是成功的复试的开端。

第二，回答问题时要逻辑清晰，切勿自乱阵脚。考生在回答专业课老师问题的时候，可以从以下两个方面着手。第一方面，找到这个问题所回答的角度，比如一个问题拿过来以后，把这个问题拆成正面的，反面的角度，进行全方位的论述。另外，在每个角度下大家应该分好层次，比如第一点是什么，第二点是什么，第三点又是什么，给大家一个逻辑清楚、思维清晰的印象，有层次，有角度地回答问题。

近年来，许多院校都增加了复试的权重，因此，考生千万不可小觑复试而造成在复试中功亏一篑。提前做好复试的充足准备才是助广大考生获取最后的胜利的秘诀。

第五篇：小学作文指导教学模式

小学作文指导教学模式

当我们语文教师在批改作文的时候，往往发现这样的问题：学生的习作千篇一律，写人题材的作文基本都是千人一面，写事题材的作文往往都是同类事情，文章内容空洞，没有任何新颖性，甚而至于抄一些范文来顶替；同时，学生习作缺少学生的个性张扬，空话、大话、写作知识面窄，无大量的信息储备。新《语文课程标准》对作文教学提出了明确的要求：作文教学应当以学生为主体，尊重学生的个体要求，写出真情实感的文章。很显然，这要求给我们语文教师的启示就是：作文课堂教学应是以张扬学生个性，培养学生创新能力为目标的新的有效教学方式，从而让学生习作时变被动为主动，从“要我写”向“我要写”转变。所以，以下是我在作文教学中的一些新思路。

一、创设情境，激趣导入

传统的作文训练不注重情境的创设,因而写作训练过于呆板、无趣味性,不能吸引学生,学生也就不会乐意去写.。这是因为小学生受年龄特点及认识水平的制约，在把握学生的心理、思维特点，认知水平的基础上，教师精心创设情境，让学生自然地融入到教师所创设的情境当中去利用已有的知识，发现新问题，沟通知识间的联系，可以大大激发他们的写作兴趣，这是保证学生写一篇较高水平作文的前提。情境的创设为学生提供了生动的写作素材，又营造了宽松的氛围，增加了学生写作的兴趣，减少了学生对作文的恐惧感，让学生乐于写作。

二、自主审题，明确要求

有的学生一看到题目，特别是比较浅易的题目，就掉以轻心，不等审明题意，就急于动手写，一下笔就离了题。有的学生开头尚能扣题，越写离题越远。题目中的关键词语提示了写作的重点，找准了关键词语，也就找到了写作的重点或中心。全力捕捉题目的关键词语是审题的中心环节。有的题目关键词语突出，一看便知。如：《我真后悔》、《我爱妈妈》、《一件难忘的事》等，只要抓住了“后悔”、“爱”、“难忘”等“关键词语”，然后围绕关键词语选材组材、谋篇布局，就能做到详略得当，层次分明。有时候，题目中除了中心词语、关键词语外，还 可能会有一些修饰或者限制词语，我们对此不可忽视，可通过它确定写作范围，即明确题目对所记叙的事物在时间、地点、数量等方面的限制。指导学生善于扣住写作范围，写作就会切合题意。

三、围绕中心，精心选材

新《语文课程标准》对作文教学提出了明确的要求：作文教学要引导学生“多角度地观察生活，发现生活的丰富多彩”，这再次表明生活是写作的源泉。作为教师，则须时时刻刻引导学生留意生活、观察生活、体验生活，在生活中去寻找发现，在生活中获得感悟。只有这样，才能让学生的作文透露出浓浓的生活气息，焕发出生活的光彩。

四、妙笔生花，个性写作

作文是学生思想感情的流露，过去，我们语文教师只重视习作方法的指导，文章的“开头、过程、结尾”用什么样的方法写，怎样写都一一讲述得深刻透彻,这种指导总会导致学生的习作千篇一律，毫无创意。束缚了学生的个性，束缚了学生在习作中的自我表达的情感的手脚。然而，小学作文教学是学生大力发挥创造力的机会，给学生一个开放的空间，想别人不敢想，运用已有的知识能力，通过写作表达自己的想象内容。想象就成了一支有着自主思维的神笔，即使在一张空白纸上也能绘出富有个性的曼妙的图画。

五、互动交流，修改润色

新的《语文课程标准》明确提出：让学生学会评价与修改自己的作文,实质上也是对这种传统的单向性习作评改的一种改革和新的教学思路的指引。多元的民主开放式习作评改既强调教师参与习作评改，也强调学生参与习作评改，形成三种互动的习作评改方式：师生评改、生生间评改及学生自我评改。这样，学生在教师的指导下可以张扬自我的个性并参与到习作评改中来，促使学生就自己的习作有更深刻更主动的反思，学会修改自己的作文，在写作上通过互动交流，不断取长补短，获取进步。这样才能做到循序渐进，达到发展提升的效果。