·词与分词连写[五篇材料]

第一篇：·词与分词连写

·词与分词连写

汉字文本的词与分词连写问题

中文具有不实行分词连写的传统。这说明，在通常情况下，中文具有不分词连写也不会妨碍书面交流的能力。但这并不是绝对的，中文中词的界线有时确实因为没有分词连写而显得有些模糊，甚至会造成误解。

中文为什么可以不分词连写呢？我认为，这是由于汉字的字符集很大，就算常用的国标一级汉字也有3008个。而日常常用的词也就是那么五、六千个，因此字与字之间可能形成词的组合的可能性很小，因而词在汉字文本中比较容易被人筛选出来，从而一般不会影响人们对文本的理解。例如下面这个句子：

为实现中国的语文现代化而奋斗！

人们会毫不费力地把它理解为：

为实现中国的语文现代化而奋斗！

而不会把它理解为：

为实现中国的语文现代化而奋斗！

但是，让我们再来看一看philipZhang[1]常常举的一个例子：

韩廷顿首先到台湾国中学作报告。

你会怎样理解这个句子呢？如果没有词连写和间隔的功能存在，这个句子可以有多种读法：

韩廷顿首先到台湾国中学作报告。

韩廷顿首先到台湾国中学作报告。

韩廷顿首先到台湾国中学作报告。

韩廷顿首先到台湾国中学作报告。

从语法上来说，这些句子都是正确的！为什么会这样呢？这里所发生的就是因中文不实行分词连写而造成的词界线模糊和歧义现象。当然，这种现象在日常文字生活中并不十分常见。

如果对于我们人类来说，中文是不是分词连写都关系不大的话，然而对于计算机理解自然语言来说这种区别就非常大了。

我们的计算机专家费了九牛二虎之力，绞尽脑汁，都还是不能让计算机令人满意地为汉字文本做自动分词。他们动用了巨型的词库，想出了种种人工智能方法，结果还是令他们难堪。我不知道为什么中国人会如此“冷酷”地对待计算机，如此“滥用”我们的计算机专家，竟然拿我们人类之所长来“虐待”计算机。因为毕竟，分词对于我们来说简直是小事一桩，顺手加一个空格的事，而对于一般的计算机来说却会耗尽它的内存（巨型词库），让它左右为难（歧义现象）。如果计算机有灵，它会让我们算算这道题：***45。“还没有算出来呀，你们真苯！”，计算机会说。

冯志伟教授[2]在《绝妙的空格》一文中“举双手赞成”米阿仑关于在中文中用空格进行分词的建议。这就是针对中文的计算机处理而言的。

综上所述，对于汉字文本是否需要进行分词连写的问题，是不是可以这样认为：如果我们不需要计算机处理汉字文本则我们没有太大的必要进行分词连写，反之我们则需要进行分词连写。然而，应用计算机是大势所趋，所以我们还是分词连写明智一些。多敲一下键盘，多用一点纸张，所换来的是“解放”我们宝贵的计算机资源，“解放”我们更加宝贵的计算机专家，还可让人们养成分词的习惯，养成清楚地表达自己的思想的习惯，也可我们最终实现汉语拼音化做准备，真是何乐而不为呢？

注：

[1]philipZhang，“一不是一”，《语文与信息》第十期（1998年12月）

[2]冯志伟，“绝妙的空格”，《语文与信息》第十五期（2000年5月）

第二篇：7 分词

分词

分词是英语中非常重要的连词成句的手段。本章将从分词的意义及其在句中的作用来探讨分词的造句规则。

一、分词的意义

1分词的意义

从分词本身所表达的意义来看，分词分为现在分词和过去分词，两者具体区别如下:

（1）从语态角度来看，现在分词表示主动意义，它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系，如:The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.换句话说:The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.过去分词通常表示被动意义(不及物动词的过去分词除外)，与它所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，如:the broken cup意思是:Someone broke the cup.或The cup was broken.（2.）从时态角度来看，现在分词一般表示进行动作，过去分词则表示完成的动作。a.fallen leaves

b.falling leaves

这里a相当于leaves that have fallen，即表示完成的动作;而b相当于leaves that are falling，即表示进行的动作。

a.地上的落叶

b.正在飘落的叶子

a.sunken ships

b.sinking ships

这里a相当于_ships that have sunken，即表示完成的动作;而b相当于ships that are sinking，即表示进行的动作。

a.沉没了的船只

b.正在下沉的船只

二、分词的作用

分词的作用相当于形容词和副词，因此在句中主要是充当定语和状语，相当于一个定语从句或状语从句。考生应重点掌握分词的下列用法特点:

（1）分词短语作定语要后置，相当于一个定语从句。

（2）分词短语作状语有两种结构:分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致;独立分词结构。分词短语作状语，相当于一个状语从句。

分词作定语

分词作定语其位置关系有两种。单个分词作定语，一般置于被修饰名词的前面;分词短语作定语，只能置于被修饰名词的后面。现在分词作定语，表示与所修饰的名词有主谓关系或主动关系，过去分词作定语，表示与所修饰的名词有动宾关系或被动关系。

(1)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems means of transport.（2000英译汉）

这里现在分词arising修饰problems，作后置定语，与problems构成主动关系。problems arising from mass migration movements表示“大量人口流动造成的问题”。过去分词made修饰themselves，作后置定语，themselves构成被动关系，这里themselves指代mass migration movements

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会给社会造成新的压力。

(2)After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely to depicting happiness?(2006年阅读第四篇)

过去分词dedicated作定语，修饰名词expression，构成被动关系。

几乎完全致力于描述快乐的当代表现形式究竟是什么?

(3)To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage to them only minutes earlier.“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,” says Dr.David.“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”

现在分词requiring修饰tests，作后置定语，与tests构成主动关系，tests requiring them to add„是说明这个刚试要求他们做什么。过去分词read后置修饰passage，与passage构成被动关系。

为了测定睡眠不足带来的后果，研究人员让受试者接受一系列心理测试以及能力测试，包括做数字加法或回忆刚刚听过的文章。“我们发现如果睡眠不足，那么能力测试就会受到影响，”大卫医生说，“短期记忆能力会下降，决策力和集中力同样也会减弱。”

(4)The emphasis on data first-hand, with a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.本句有三个过去分词:gathered, combined, brought，它们的修饰关系是:

首先，gathered修饰data，作定语，译成“收集第一手资料”。

其次，combined with是将emphasis和perspective两个关键词联系起来，构成一个并列关系，相当于说:“A, combined with B”，其他类似结构还有“A, together with B“，或“A, coupled with B”，意思是将A与B结合起来，即“强调第一手资料，然后加上跨文化视角”。很多考生对这里combined with起着连接两个并列成分的作用看不出来，造成句子误译。这里三个过去分词gathered, combined和brought并非并列关系。

再次，brought是修饰perspective，作定语，相当于主动语态:bring a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present，这里past and present是作后置定语修饰。The emphasis, combined with a perspective, makes this study a social science.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。

(5)It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _____ place in our ever-changing world.A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken

本题考查分词作定语的用法。这里分词要修饰名词changes，而changes与动词短语 take place构成主动关系，所以用现在分词taking，故A正确。

我们很容易把人们之间交流减少归咎于快节奏的现代生活和快速变化的外部世界。

(6)The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon, com, and other pioneers show that a Web will attract online customers.(1999-2-4)

网络葡萄园、亚马逊和其他一些开拓者的事例显示： 出售合适商品并辅之以适当交流互动、热情周到和安全可靠服务的网站将会吸引网上顾客。than an intuitive one.(2007-1-4)

这次试验的成功，以及后来证明记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使 Ericsson 得出结论：记忆行为更多地属于认知练习而不是直觉活动。whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.(2003-1-2)

以绝对优势领先的是弗吉尼亚的一个名为 “公开来源情报公司”的小公司，它的明显优势是对电子世界的把握。

(9)The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of in the United Kingdom.(2001-1-2)

在特别以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然非常明显，并且可以就英国的地质学发展得到证实。

(10)Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.(2001-3-7)

然后它出资组织旨在搞清为什么顾客被激怒并且大量离去的研讨会和可信度调查项目.(11)Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.许多人错误地认为毒品一词仅指某种药品或吸毒成瘾者使用的非法化学物质。

(12)First of all, most will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.(1997-3-2)

首先，大部分过度使用的物质将产生负面效果，如中毒或强烈的知觉变异。

分词作状语

分词短语作状语在句中有不同的意义，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等等。

(1)In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet(1999年阅读第一篇)

这里分词wearing作时间状语。修饰从句谓语was paralyzed;involving分词作定语，修饰lawsuit

5月份，伊利诺伊州舒茨体育用品商店的总经理Julie Nimmons赢得了一场官司，这场官司与一位橄榄球员戴着舒茨头盔在比赛中受伤瘫痪的事故有关。

(2)I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was haw I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.(1997年阅读第一篇)

这里分词fighting和clawing作伴随状语，修饰动词die，表示在die的过程中，人们同时做出的一些动作。因为这里fight和claw与people是主动关系，所以用了现在分词。

从精神角度来说，我并不惧怕死亡。但我惧怕的是如何走向死亡这个过程，因为我看到过病人在医院死亡之时因缺氧而抗争并抓住面革的情形。

(3)Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When asserted that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”(2003年阅读第二篇)

三个分词asked, assured, asked的逻样主语是:he，构成被动关系，所以都用了过去分词。这里作状语，表示时间，所以我们可以在分词前面加上时间连词，比如when assured

当问到她是否反对接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此时，她回答

道:“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种。”当问到瘟疚爆发怎么办时，她说:“不用担心，科学家将会用计算机找到一些解决问题的办法。”

(4)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.在英文中，being done结构往往表示原因。这里being interested也不例外，作原因状语。由于沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

(5)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered 本题考查分词作状语的用法。这里句子主语he和动词consider是被动关系，所以用being considered，作原因状语。在英文中，being done常常用来表示原因。

由于他在该协会里并不受成员的欢迎，所以人们没有选他作协会主席。

(6)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这里arguing的逻辑主语是句子主语extremists，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语，表示原因。

由于极端主义者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同，因此，他们认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

(7)Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,tryingto anticipate every possible accident.(1999年阅读第一篇)

这里feeling的逻辑主语是句子主语companies，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词。同样道理，trying的逻辑主语也是companies。这里feeling threatened作状语表示原因。第二个分词短语trying to.二作方式状语，修饰谓语responded

由于面对这样的威胁，公司的反应是写出无比冗长的警告标签，以尽量预见所有可能的事故。

(8)_____ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A.To be freeB.FreeingC.To freeD.Freed

本题考查分词作状语及现在分词与过去分词的用法。这里句子主语the balloon同时也是分词的逻辑主语，它与动词free构成被动关系，故用过去分词Freed

气球由于被释去冰块重负，一直飞向空中，向南漂去。

(9)In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.(2007-3-2)伴随状语

仅仅在一代人的时间，成千上万的母亲投入工作的 行列，改变了基本家庭经济状况。

(10)His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.(1998-2-5)

他的同事麦克彼尔说，太多的公司以机械的形式实施重组，降低成本，而未对长远的嬴利给予充分的考虑。

(11)Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr.McWhorter documents is unmistakable.(2005-4-4)原因状语

麦克沃特先生用大量上层文化和大众文化的有趣例子说明这种趋势，他所记录的这种趋势是清楚明白的。

（12）Left, until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of

data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ' s agenda in businesses of every variety.(2007-4-1)时间

直到现在，信息保护一直留给临时的、底层的信息技术人员掌控，并且被认为是诸如金融、电信、航空等数据丰富的行业所独有的问题。信息保护现在处于各种商业老板的首要议事日程。

（13）Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.(2003-4-2)原因

由于有保留医疗费用由第三方支付的保障，我们常 常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它不会有任何作用。

（14）But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(2002-2-5)伴随

但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，并且 迅速排除 98%'的不相干的物体，立 即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁 的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。

（15）When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(2000-1-1)

当美国在二战后进入一个辉煌的历史时期时，它拥 有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这为其各种行业提供了前所 未有的经济规模。

第三篇：连写分开写总结

C9 Hillsdunne Road network workbooks timetable Sunshade note-taking C8 refreshments car-park / parking lot First Class Movers bathroom bookshop/bookstore day off mid-day C7 door-to-door brother-in-law City Bridge Newtown waterfall seafood

car park bitterness C6 keep-fit studio salad bar assessment laptops Undersea Worlds checklist classroom 15 Riverside footbridge viewpoint department stores textbooks overdue books leadership C5 minibus best buy full-time early twenties

low-risk investment passport platforms outline handouts drop-off North-West clubhouse newsletters C4 notice board newspaper firewood local craftsmen Woodside Workshop Showroom unaware outdoors questionnaire C3 homesick/homesickness

Main Hall overseas deadlines over-lapping underside underneath Park View non-smoking weekdays Fitness Room outside underwater housewives

第四篇：过去分词与现在分词练习题

过去分词与现在分词练习题

1.He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A.put B.to be putting C.to put D.putting 2.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _______ the girl and took her away, _______ into the woods.A.seizing;disappeared B.seized;disappeared C.seizing;disappearing D.seized;disappearing 3.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _____ in the kitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked 4.Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in 5.In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.A.waiting B.to wait C.wait D.to be waiting 6._______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered 7.The bell ______ the end of the period rang, ______ our heated discussion.A.indicating;interrupting B.indicated;interrupting C.indicating;interrupted D.indicated;interrupted 8.______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.Suffering C.Having suffered D.Being suffered information.9.He sent me an E-mail, ______ to get further information.A.hoped B.hoping C.to hope D.hope 10.The ______ boy was last seen_______ near the East Lake.A.missing;playing B.missing;play C.missed;played D.missed;to play 11.The picture ______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung 12.“We can ' t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _______ out of the window.A.looking B.to look C.looked D.having looked 13.Don't leave the water ______ while you brush your teeth.A.run B.running C.being run D.to run 14.More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ______ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A.taking B.taken C.having taken D.having been taken 15.In the past, this work, __ highly skilled, was usually done by men.A.considering B.to consider C.being considered D.considered 16.It's necessary to be prepared for a job interview.______ the answer ready will be of great help.A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having 17.“You can' t catch me!” Janet shouted, ________ away.A.run B.running C.to run D.ran 18.There was a terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.A.following B.to be followed C.followed D.being followed 19.______ the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils' exercises.A.Sending B.Being sent C.Sent D.Having sent 20.________ a reply, we decided not to wait any longer.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 21.We expressed our satisfaction with the talk, _______ that we would visit the city again.A.having added B.adding C.to add D.added 22.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _________ “Call 68837822”.A.reading B.reads

C.to read D, read 23._______ from the space, the Great Wall lies in the mountains tike a huge dragon.A.Seeing B.Seen C.To see D.Having seen 24.I should say sorry to him.I regret to help him that day.A.refusing B.to refuse C.refused D.refuse 25.When _______, ice changes into water.A.to heat B.heating C.heated D.they are heated 26.He dived iht0 the water, ________ only his face A.leaving;exposed B.leaving;exposing C.left;exposed D.left;exposing 27.________ many times, but he still couldn' t understand it.A.Though he had been B.Having been told C.Having told

D.He had been told 28._______ his address, I couldn't go to see him yesterday.A.Not known B.Known not C.Knowing not D.Not knowing 29.Reading this instructive book, ___________.A.tears came to his eyes B.his eyes were filled with tears C.he burst into tears D.his eyes were full of tears 30.________ , we had to go home.A.There was no bus B.We couldn' t find a bus C.There being no bus D.There no bus 31._______ to the party, Mary was greatly hurt.Xkb1.com A.Having not been invited B.Not having been invited C.Having not invited D.Not having invited 32._______ to the sun, rain and wind for a long time, the stone split.A.Expose B.Exposed C.Exposing D.To expose

第五篇：分词作定语解析与练习

分词作定语

一． 分词的位置 1.分词前置

We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日

He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人

2.分词后置(i.分词词组；ii.个别分词如given, left； iii.修饰不定代词 something等)There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里

This is the question given.这是所给的问题

There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西 二．分词的类别

1.过去分词，即动词的-ed形式 2.现在分词，即动词的-ing形式 两者的区别：

1.现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已完成的动作。

eg：falling leaves fallen leaves

developing country developed country 2.现在分词有主动的含义，过去分词有被动的含义。eg：I heard someone opening the door.I heard the door opened.3.现在分词表示它所修饰的名词的性质和特征，过去分词表示它所修饰的名词的状态。

eg：an exciting news an excited boy

bored students

boring lecture 练习：

1)The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.have written

B.to be written

C.being written

D.written 2）What's the language ____ in Germany?

A.speaking

B.spoken

C.be spoken

D.to speak 3）I could say nothing, and___ tears come out to my eyes.A.surprising

B.surprised

C.exciting

D.excited 4)We were ___ to have seen the ____ leader.A.inspired;inspiring B.inspiring;inspiring

C.inspired;inspired D.inspiring;inspired 5)Don’t worry, it’s safe to skating on the ___ lake.A.freezing

B.frozen

C.freeze

D.having frozen

答案：DBDAB