第一篇：主旨大意题的解题方法(赵进)
2014-03-15高二英语培优 讲案 英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧
高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：
1.The main topic/subject of the passage is _____.2.What is mainly discussed in the text/X paragraph？
3.What is the main idea of the passage？
4.The purpose of this passage is _____.5.The passage mainly focused on _____.6.What would be the best title/topic/headline of the text？从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。
●怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意 ——主题句定位法
文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：
1.正三解形写作法（开门见山式）
即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。例题：(高考—重庆卷E篇)（备注：所有高考题均保留原题号。）
In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition.Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity.Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.…
71.What does this passage mainly talk about?
A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D.Failures are necessary experience in competition.2.倒三角形写作法（藏头露尾式）
即主题句出现在文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。
例题1：(全国卷 A篇)
The famous American gorilla(大猩猩)expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them.She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does.It was a new relationship.Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist.It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster(a1
frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain
gorillas in the wild.From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for
Nature.It had two photos side by side.One was of a young gorilla.“This is a species of
mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it.“It is being destroyed by man.We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby.The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的)on earth.We must retrain it for its own good.”
56.The text mainly talks about _____.A.Diane FosseyB.the gorillas in Rwanda
C.the protection of the gorillasD.the film Gorillas in the Mist
例题2：On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can.We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet.What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages.We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games.With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes.The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.1.What’s the main idea of the passage?
A.Keep away from the Internet.B.Surf the net.C.The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D.We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.3.圆形写作法（首尾呼应式）
为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为
多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
例题：Lacrosse(曲棍球)is a popular sport in Canada.The Indians in Canada invented it.They used it to train for war.They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors.The lacrosse field is seven meters long.At each end of the field there is a goal.The goal is a net.There are ten players on each team.Each player has a stick called “ cross”.The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible.Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks.Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada.Every night Canadians
can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.Today it is still popular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about.A.How to Play LacrosseB.Lacrosse in Canada
C.The History of LacrosseD.Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
4.菱形写作法（抛砖引玉式）
即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常文章开头只提出一个问题或者是貌似正确的观点，文
中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。
例题：(全国高考—江苏卷C篇)
The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.…
67.This passage mainly tells readers_______.A.what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B.how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C.what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D.how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
5.正方形写作法（藏龙卧虎式）
即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据
文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。
例题1：(全国高考—安徽卷C篇)
Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let’s shake(hands)on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her.Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(误解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.65.The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.A.where handshaking was first practiced
B.how handshaking came about
C.about the relationship between handshaking and trade
D.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China
67.The main purpose of the text is ______.A.to tell us some differences between the East and the West
B.to offer us some important facts about handshaking
C.to introduce us to some different customs in the West
D.to give us some advice before we travel abroad
例题2：(全国高考— 山东卷A篇）
Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen.With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools.They sought a university that offered the teenager’s intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe.“The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn’t alone in his worries.On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer —“That’s not a problem here,” —Mahoney began to feel uneasy.“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today.“ I just don’t buy it.” Nor should he: in
1999 the U.S.Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses.“Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus.“Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.”
But getting accurate information isn’t easy.Colleges must report crime statistics(统计数
字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous.“The truth may not always be serious,” warms S.Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nation’s leading campus safety watchdog group.To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the
country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions.60.What is the text mainly about?
A.Exact campus crime statisticsB.Crimes on or around campuses
C.Effective solutions to campus crimeD.Concerns about kids’ campus safety
●怎样选择或拟定文章的标题（选帽原则）标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章内容，点明文章
主题，它是文章中心思想最精练的表达形式。那如何选择文章的标题呢？
首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文
章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中
心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及
色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。
再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文
章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标
题是以话题为核心。
例题1：(全国高考—江西卷A篇)
He wishes the holiday season would end already.His back aches, his red suit feels like a
spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …
The questions from children these days are harder than ever.Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable.For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?”
Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued(指控)…
59．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas
B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive?C．A Christmas Story
D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children?
例题2：（全国卷IA篇）
Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to
my house.No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all.After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender’s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be.Some of my happiest moments were
spent daydreaming about the sender.My mother encouraged these imaginings.She’d ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness.Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I’d delivered during the winter.As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation, my father died.I felt so sad that I became completely
uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care if I had a new dress or not.But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things.She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable.In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘)
My mother died ten days after I was married.I was 22.That was the year the gardenia
stopped coming.41.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A.A childhood Dream.B.A Mother’s Love.C.A Graduation Party.D.A Special Birthday.2014-03-14英语培优练习题 阅读理解主旨大意题
1)If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly
draw your attention: “Color TV.Only ＄79.Two days sale.Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395.This sales method is called “bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.※ The paragraph could be entitled _________.A.Buying a TV SetB.A Selling MethodC.Buyer BewareD.TV On Sale
2)Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.※ The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A.Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later fromBoston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.3)Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey.Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images(useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel(擅长)at recalling information from their brain's files(helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects)....※ The author aims to tell us that __________.A.women’s minds perform better than men’s
B.men’s minds decline more with age
C.everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older
D.a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently.4)It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries.While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services.Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.The crux of Mr.Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS(National Health Service)a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases...※ The author of this passage intends to tell us______.A.the NHS should be reformed right away.B.more and more people are dying from diseases.C.the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.D.the criticism of Mr.Brown's proposals.5)In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work.Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”.However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss
Cross”.He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.※ The text is mainly about________.A.LexicoB.Three menC.A word gameD.Alfred Butts.6)Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it Takes practice.A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other.A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精确), without thinking.Tennis players call that“ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity’(自动性).※ The first paragraph tells us _______.A.what automaticity isB.how accuracy is acquired(获得)
C.how a child learns to walkD.how an athlete is trained.7)Boston----Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas , Manet and Verme rr, FBI(美国联邦调查局)and the museum officials said.The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan.………
William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”
※What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?
A.Theft Took Place in BostonB.Artworks stolen by Thieves
C.Major WorksD.Investigation into the Theft
8)As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself”(DIY)trend in the U.S.continues to grow.……
John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living.If you want to become a “do-it-yourself’, you can go to DIY classes.And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.※ What would be the best title for the text?
A.The Joy of DIYB.You can Do it Too!
C.Welcome to Our DIY Course!D.Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY
9)You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams.While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster.Even your brain-wave pattern changes.Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health.They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.※What does the passage mainly tell us?
A.How people stay healthyB.How sleep is necessary
C.Why dreams are importantD.When people remember their dreams
10)In America we have Halloween.In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”.This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died.They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat.But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around.They also have many candy skulls to eat.※What does the story mainly tell ?
A.What holidays are likeB.What Halloween is like in Mexico
C.What happens during Todos SantosD.What we do on Halloween
第二篇：初中英语阅读理解主旨大意题
(1)“You're just in time, Joe.We're going to play cowboys（牛仔）and Indians, and you can be the Indians.” One of my cousins（堂兄弟）said.“How many Indians?” I asked.“Oh, about a thousand.” He answered, and before I could say no，I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians.Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind.The shouts of “After them.Let's catch the killers!” and other such TV play language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car． “We've got him, boys.Let's go and catch him!”
But no one wanted to come to get me.All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with.It was quiet outside.And I went out of the car to have a look.Just then I heard a shout , “Bring the rope（绳子）, and we can burn him.”
“Only Indians burn people.Cowboys.” I stopped just in time.I had almost said, “Cowboys hang（绞死）people.”
I was tied to a tree, and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called, “We're leaving now.”
“Untie me.” I shouted.”We're going.“Why did Bobby want matches（火柴）?” Mum asked when we were in the car.“He was asking Dad whether he had any.”
“oh, he was just going t matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches” Mother was quite sure, and I didn't say any more.1．How many children played the Indians? [ ]
A．One thousand
B．One hundred
C．One group
D．One 2．Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because______.[ ]
A．there were not enough children four the game
B．the game was just going to start
C．none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians
D．they were waiting for Joe 3．Joe didn't say “Cowbays hang people.” Because______.[ ]
A．he was tied to a tree
B．that would make things worse
C．he was caught by the cowboys
D．that would make the cowboys angry 4．Which of the following is TRUE? [ ]
A．One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches.B．Dad didn't want to give the children any matches.C．Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father.D．Mum didn't think children should play with matches.5．The name of the story should he“______.” [ ]
A．Joe and his cousins
B．Who knows what danger is waiting there
C．Cowboys and Indians is a favourite children's game
D．How cowboys and Indians fought in the past DCBAB(2)In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience(经历)four seasons in one day.In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring.An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard.The weather gets a little cold.In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer.So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella(伞)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret(后悔)later in the day.1.Why do people in England often talk about the weather? A.Because they may have four seasons in one day B.Because they often have very good weather C.Because the weather is warm just like in spring D.Because the sky is sunny all day 2.From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A.sunshine and snow
B.black clouds C.summer and winter
D.spring and autumn 3.“People can also have summer in winter.” Means “it is sometimes too ______in winter.” A.warm
B.cool
C.cold
D.rainy 4.In the sunny morning some English people usually take a raincoat or an umbrella with them because ________.A.their friends ask them to do so
B.it often rains in England C.they are going to sell them
D.they are their favourite things 5.The best title(标题)for this passage is ________.A.Bad Seasons
B.Summer or Winter C.The Weather in England
D.Strange English People KEY: ABABC(3)To find out whether bees（蜜蜂）can see colours, the following experiment is made.A round table is put in a garden, and on the table is a piece of blue cardboard（硬纸版）with a drop of syrup（糖浆）on it.After a short time, bees come to the syrup.The bees then fly to their hive（蜂房）and give the syrup to other bees in the hive.Then they return to the feeding-place which they have found.After a while, the blue cardboard with the syrup on it is taken away.Instead of this card, a blue card is now put on the left side of the first feeding-place and a red card to its right.These new cards have no syrup on them.Very soon bees arrive again, and fly straight to the blue card.None go to the red card.Picture 1 1.How many cards do you need to prepare for the experiment? A.Two: one blue and one red
B.Three: two blue and one red C.Three: one blue and two red
D.Four: two blue and two red 2.If Picture 1 below shows the table top during Step 1 of the experiment, which of A, B, C, D in Picture 2 shows the table top during Step 2? Picture 2 3.During Step 2 of the experiment, the bees go to ________.A.the blue card with syrup on it
B.the new blue card with no syrup on it C.the empty space where the original（原先的）blue card was D.the new blue card with syrup on it on the left of the red card 4.The experiment has proved（证明）that bees ________.A.cannot see colors
B.can see colors C.can not see blue
D.cannot see red 5.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A.Bees Love Blue
B.Bees Love Syrup C.Bees, Color and Syrup
D.Can Bees See Color? Keys: 1－5 BCBBD(4)Now satellites are helping to forecast（预报）the weather.They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world.The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere（大气）, because this is where the weather forms（形成）.They send these pictures to the weather stations.So meteorologists（气象学家）can see the weather of any part of the world.From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures.When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare（比较）them with earlier ones.Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours.This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too.In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists.Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours.Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days.Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead（提前）.1.Satellites travel _____________.A.in space
B.in the atmosphere C.above the ground
D.above space 2.Why do we use the weather satellites to take pictures of the atmosphere? Because __________.A.the weather satellites can do it easily
B.clouds form there C.the weather forms there
D.the pictures can forecast the weather 3.Meteorologists forecast the weather __________.A.when they have received satellite pictures B.after they have compared new satellite pictures with earlier ones C.before they received satellite pictures D.during they study satellite pictures 4.Maybe we’ll soon be able to forecast the weather for ________.A.one day
B.two days
C.five days
D.seven days or even longer 5.The main（主要的）idea of this passage is that satellites are now used in _________.A.taking pictures of the atmosphere
B.receiving pictures of the atmosphere C.doing other work in many ways
D.weather forecasting Keys: 1-5 ACBDD(5)Snow fell on the mountain.It snowed and snowed.The snow did not melt（融化）.It became deep and heavy.The snow on the bottom pressed（挤压）together., it became ice.The ice was very wide and thick.It began to move down the mountain.It was like a river of ice.It was a glacier（冰河）.Sometimes the glacier moved only a few inches（英寸）each day.As it moved, it took rocks and dirt with it.It changed the land.In some places, it left hills.In some places, when the glacier melted, it made rivers and lakes.A million years ago, there were many big glaciers.Glaciers covered many parts of the world.The glaciers changed the land.Glaciers are still at work today.A glacier in the north of Canada is cutting a new path（路）down the side of a mountain.This glacier will change the land, too.1.The snow that fell on the mountain A.became snowman
B.melted C.became ice D.turned to rain 2.The word in the story that means a river of ice is __________.3.The story says, “The snow did not melt.It became deep and heavy”.The word it means ____.4.Which of the following does this story lead you to believe? A.There are not as many glaciers as there used to be B.Glaciers do not change the land as they move over it.C.Glaciers are found only in warm places.5.How fast did the glacier move?(Which sentence is exactly like the one in your book?)A.Sometimes the glacier moved only once a year.B.Sometimes the glacier moved over ten miles each day.C.Sometimes the glacier moved only a few inches each day.6.The main idea of the whole story is that _______.A.snow is heavy B.the high land never changes
C.glaciers changed the land Key: 1.C 2.glacier 3.snow 3.A 4.C 5.C(6)A Leg Walking Right Here are some signs +-x…, the signs are very different.They mean very different things.When you see them, you know what to do.This sign + means that you will add some numerals.This sign—means that you will take one numeral away from another.You will subtract（减去）.What will you do when you see x and… ?
Our signs are easy to read.They are easy signs to remember.Look at these two signs….The ancient Egyptians used these signs.A picture of a leg walking to the left told them to add some numerals.A picture of a leg walking to the right told them to subtract.In the 1500s people used this printed（印刷的）sign & to add numerals.After a while the sign began to look like this….Later, the sign became +.How much is 2…2?
1.What do you do when you see this sign +? A.Walk away
B.Write a numeral
C.Read a sign
D.Add 2.The word in the story that means to take one numeral away from another is _____.3.The story says, “Our signs are easy to read.They are easy signs to remember”.The word they means ______.4.Which of the following does this story lead to believe? A.Egyptians could not add numerals together
B.All Egyptians had two left legs.C.Our signs are not hard to understand 5.What did the sign to add numerals begin to look like(which sentence is exactly like the one in your book)? A.After a while, the sign began to look like this….B.After a while, the sign began to look like this +.C.After a while, the sign began to look like this &.6.The main idea of the whole story is that ______.A.the signs for adding and subtracting have changed.B.People could not write in the 1500s
C.the old signs were good for Egyptians but not for us Key: 1.D 2.substract 3.signs 4.C 5.A 6.A(7)Mexico's neighbours are the United States to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the south.Mexico is about one quarter of the size of the United States.Mexico has more than ninety million people.The language of Mexico is Spanish.This makes Mexico the world's largest Spanish-speaking country.Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico.The city is also very high.It is 7349 feet high(2240 metres).This makes it one of the highest capital cities in the world.The population, of Mexico City grows bigger every day.About thirty million people live there.It has more people than any other city in the world, even more than Tokyo.Mexico also has its specialities.Many of the foods we eat started in Mexico.Foods like beans, maize, avocados, tomatoes, peanuts, chili peppers, vanilla, and chocolate come from Mexico.Mexico is also famous for its cactus(仙人掌)plants.Mexico has more kinds of cactus than any other country.(Words: 161 Minutes: 3)1.Mexico is ____the USA.A.on the south of B.on the north of
C.a part of D.as large as 2.Mexicans speak______.A.English C.French
B.Spanish D.Latin(拉丁语)3.Which of the following is NOT true? A.Mexico City is the capital of Mexico.B.The population of Mexico City is 30,000,000.C.Tokyo is one of the cities with the largest population.D.Mexico City is the highest city in the world.4.Tomatoes were originally(最初)grown in ______.A.America
B.Spain C.Tokyo
D.Mexico 5.The best title(题目)of the passage is ___.A.Mexico City B.Mexico's plants
C.Mexico D.Mexico's population [Key] 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.C(8)Australia has a lot of lovely animals.You cannot find them anywhere else in the world.The most famous ones are kangaroos and koalas.The kangaroo is the symbol of Australia.They have large eyes and eats.They don't walk, they jump.They use their strong back legs.They can jump at 74 kilometres per hour.They can go over nine metres in one jump.Kangaroo mothers have pouches to carry their babies.The babies stay inside to get milk and keep warm.Kangaroos are everywhere in Australia.They are on TV, in books and in the shops.But do you know that millions of kangaroos are killed every year?There are too many of them.There are about 20 to 25 million kangaroos in Australia.That's more than the number of people in the counery.Some kangaroos go humgry because there is not enough food to eat.They break into farms for food Farmers are very angry with them.The koala is another famous Australian animal.They look like bears , and have small eyes and big noses.They eat leaves from gum trees.Koalas have a.They use it to mark their home----“This is my place,you can't come in!” like kangaroos,a koala baby lives in its mother's pouch,too.（）1.If we want to see kangaroos and koalas in natural forests.we can go to________.A.China B.France C.Australia（）2.What does a kangaroo look like? A.It looks like a bear.B.It has big eyes and ers.C.It has small eyes and big noses.（）3.The work “pouch” means__________.A.育儿袋 B。肌肉 C。尾巴（）4.Which is NOT TRUE?____________ A.The kangaroos can go over nine metres in one jump.B.Koalas like eating leaves from gum trees.C.Koalas use their voices to mark their homes（）5.What's the best title of this passage?________.A.Kangaroos and koalas.B.Beautiful Australia C.How to protect kangaroos and koalas.
第三篇：材料探究题解题方法
［教学目标］
1.了解探究题的特点。
2.掌握材料探究题的解题方法。
［教学过程］
一、新课导入：
“千门万户瞳瞳日,总把新桃换旧符”,时光飞逝，历史的车轮滚滚向前，社会在不断发展，时代在不断进步，语文学习总是紧紧把握着时代的脉搏。随着新课标的颁布实施，“自主、合作、探
究”的学习方式的深入人心，我们的语文考试相应地出现了一些新的题型，真可谓“年年总有新题出，各领风骚好多年”。我们今天要和大家一起复习研讨的材料探究题就是其中的一种。
【题型说明】
新的课程标准提出了“探究性学习”的要求，提出要考查学生“探究内容”的能力。近年各地的中考中出现了大量的适应这一考查目标的试题，这些试题十分重视对学生探究、发现能力的考核，不仅考查学生阅读、分析、判断和研究问题、解决问题的能力，而且把解题的过程、考试的过程变成了研读资料、处理资料的过程。此外，发展学生思维多极性，从语文的视角发现和提出问题，并加以探索、研究解决，在探究中展示自己的睿智与条理。明白了出题者的这个出发点，对于我们准确把握出题者的意图，切准题目的脉搏，找到正确的思维路径是大有裨益的。
【例析指津】
做探究题，就是要求我们通过几则材料的阅读、分析，比较、研究，从而有所发现，然后写出自己发现、探究的结果。而发现、探究网就是要让我们通过比较、分析，找到几则材料之间存在的关系。
材料之间大致存在两种情形：
一是几则材料间存在逻辑联系，主要是探究因果关系。
请看例题1：
阅读文章《藏羚羊跪拜》有关内容和下面两段资料，从中你有什么发现？写出你探究的结果。
（1）藏羚羊为我国特有的珍贵濒危动物，属国家一级保护动物，主要栖息在西藏等高原地带。喜群居生活，性怯懦机警，常出没在人迹罕至的地方。（《中学生知识画报》）
（2）近几年来，武警官兵为保护可可西里生态环境打响了艰苦的保卫战……如今，在可可西里的青藏公路沿线，藏羚羊、藏野驴、野牦牛成群结队，不时向过路车辆鸣叫相迎，挥蹄致意。（《中国国防报》2002.5.28）
附原文：《藏羚羊跪拜》
①这是听来的一个西藏故事。发生故事的年代距今有好些年了。可是，我每次乘车穿过藏北无人区时总会不由自主地要想起这个故事的主人公——那只将母爱浓缩于深深一跪的藏羚羊。
②那时候，枪杀、乱逮野生动物是不受法律惩罚的。就是在今天，可可西里的枪声仍然带着罪恶的余音低回在自然保护区巡视卫士们的脚步难以到达的角落。当年举目可见的藏羚羊、野马、野驴、雪鸡、黄羊等，眼下已经成为凤毛麟角了。
③当时，经常跑藏北的人总能看见一个肩披长发、留着浓密大胡子、脚穿长统藏靴的老猎人在青藏公路附近活动。那支磨蹭得油光闪亮的杈子枪斜挂在他的身上，身后的两头藏牦牛驮着沉甸甸的各种猎物。他无名无姓，云游四方，朝别藏北雪，夜宿江河源，饿时大火煮黄羊肉，渴时一碗冰雪水。猎获的那些皮张自然会卖来一笔钱，他除了自己消费一部分外，更多的用来救济路遇的朝圣者。那些磕长头去拉萨朝圣的藏家人心甘情愿地走一条布满艰难和险情的漫漫长路。每次老猎人在救济他们时总是含泪祝愿：上苍保佑、平安无事。
④杀生和慈善在老猎人身上共存。促使他放下手中的权子枪是在发生了这样一件事以后——应该说那天是他很有福气的日子。大清早，他从帐篷里出来，伸伸懒腰，正；住备要喝一铜碗酥油茶时，突然瞅见两步之遥对面的草坡上站立着一只肥肥壮壮的藏羚羊、、他眼睛一亮，送上门来的美事!沉睡了一夜的他浑身立即涌上来一股清爽的劲头，丝毫没有犹豫，就转身回到帐篷拿来了杈子枪,他举枪瞄了起来，奇怪的是，那只肥壮的藏羚羊并没有逃走，只是用乞求的眼神望着他，然后冲着他前行两步，两条前腿“扑通”一声跪下来。与此同时只见两行长泪就从它眼里流了出来，老猎人的心头一软，扣扳机的手不由得松了一下。藏区流行着一句老幼皆知的俗话：“天上飞的鸟，地上跑的鼠，都是通人性的。”此时藏羚羊给他下跪自然是求他饶命了。他是个猎手，不被藏羚羊打动是情理之中的事。他双眼一闭，扳机在手指下一动，枪声响起，那只藏羚羊便栽倒在地。它倒地后仍是跪卧的姿势，眼里的两行泪迹也清晰地留着。
⑤那天，老猎(来源：好范文 http://www.xiexiebang.com/）人没有像往日那样当即将猎获的藏羚羊开宰、扒皮。他的眼前老是浮现着给他跪拜的那只藏羚羊。他有些蹊跷，藏羚羊为什么要下跪?这是他几十年狩猎生涯中惟一见到的一次情景。夜里躺在地铺上他久久也难以入眠，双手一直颤抖着……
⑥次日，老猎人怀着忐忑不安的心情对那只藏羚羊开膛扒皮，他的手仍在颤抖。腹腔在刀刃下打开了，他吃惊得叫出了声，手中的屠刀“咣当”一声掉在地上……原来在藏羚羊的子宫里，静静卧着一只小藏羚羊，它已经成形，自然是死了。这时候，老猎人才明白为什么那只藏羚羊的身体肥肥壮壮，也才明白它为什么要弯下笨重的身子为自己下跪。
⑦天下所有慈母的跪拜，包括动物在内，都是神圣的。
⑧老猎人的开膛破腹半途而停。
⑨当天，他没有出猎，在山坡上挖了个坑，将那只藏羚羊连同它那没有出世的孩子掩埋了。同时埋掉的还有他的杈子枪……
从此，这个老猎人……(选自2000年9月25日《新民晚报》王宗仁／文)
分析：仔细阅读提供的两则材料，我们可以发现提供的材料中有一段“藏羚羊性怯懦……”，而另有一段“（向人）挥蹄致意……”。这两段文字之间前后存在矛盾。为什么藏羚羊的习性会有变化？，通过比较、分析，不难发现这道题是要我们探究其中的因果关系，也就是说我们必须找到藏羚羊发生这巨大变化的原因。这原因也肯定在材料中。材料中哪些词句给我们启发呢，很显然“国家一级保护动物”、“近几年来，武警官兵为保护可可西里生态环境打响了艰苦的保卫战”是造成这一变化的主要原因。归纳提升一下，答案就应该是政府加大的保护力度，群众提高了觉悟，使藏羚羊的数量增加了，藏羚羊的生活习性也有了改变。这一题共3分，第一点是很重要的。
二是几则材料都与同一事物有关，就要探究材料之间的共性或个性。
例
2、阅读下面两则材料，写出你阅读后的发现。
（1）有一位经验丰富的老船长，当他的货轮卸货后在浩瀚的大海上返航时，突然遭遇到可怕的巨大风浪，这时，老船长果断地命令水手们立刻打开货舱，往里面灌水。随着货舱里的水位越升越高，船一寸一寸下沉，依旧猛烈的狂风巨浪对船的威胁却一点一点减小，货轮渐渐平稳了。
（2）在某一上区的著名旅游景点，有一段被当地人称为“鬼谷”的最危险的路段，路窄坡陡，两边万长深渊，每当导游们带队到这里时，一定要让旅客们挑点或扛点什么东西。据说这里以前发生过好几起事故，都是迷路的旅客在毫无压力的情况下不小心掉下去的。当地人，每天从这条路上挑着东西来来往往，从来没人出事。
阅读这两则材料，我们发现命题者是要考生首先能够发现两者之间的相同点。研读原材料，材料1中的老船长让船负重后船反而行的更稳了，材料2中的导游也是让旅客负重后，旅客反而安全了。这就是它们的相似点。在发现了相似点之后，我们还要将它上升到一定的哲理高度。所以这道题目的答案是：人生的很多时候，只有背负沉甸甸的重任，才能稳步前进。
一般说来，探究性题目总是由2-3则相互之间有关系的材料组成。它可以单独出现，也可与阅读文章结合起来考查。
解答此类题目，我们应该思考：这几则材料为什么可以放在一起？然后推断：一定是材料之间存在某种关系。再通过比较、分析，一定会有所发现。答题时，材料间是因果关系的，要先写主要原因，再写其他原因；材料间是同类事物的，要先写共性的，再写不同点的。
材料探究题还有一种特殊的形式，那就是图表题，解这类题目关键是：扣题旨、找规律、善表达，这是解答图表题三步曲。图表题是语言和图形的综合题，具有简明直观，概括性强，知识覆盖面广，涉及学科多等特点，备受命题者的青睐。可是同学们由于缺乏解题技巧，常常理不出头绪。那么，我们该如何准确、高效地答题呢?
一、明确要求扣题旨。题干不仅明确了命题意图和答题方向，还常常显示答题区域和方法，具有较强的暗示性。所以读懂题干，明确答题要求，从题干中捕捉有效信息，获得解题要领，是解答图表题的基本条件和准则。
例3．我国是世界上受沙漠化和沙尘暴危害严重的国家之一。下面是有关这方面情况的统计。请用简明的语言概括统计结果。
年代
土地沙漠化面积
(单位：平方公里)
沙尘暴
发生次数
典型受灾情况
(单位：次)
70年代
1560
3降尘25600吨／平方公里
80年代
2100
420万亩农作物受害，直接经济损失5000多万元
90年代
2460
46．1万亩农作物受害，11．09万头(只)牲畜死亡，156万人受害，直接经济损失8亿元
此题要求具体明了，题干的要旨比较容易把握。但也不能掉以轻心，因为“用简明的语言概括统计结果”，不仅要把图表的内容叙述清楚，还隐含另一层意思：从时间、土地沙漠化面积、沙尘暴发生次数和典型受灾情况四方面概括，如果只是逐一说明表格内容，就不合要求。明白了这一道理，答案就不难得到：70年代到90年代，我国土地沙漠化面积越来越大，沙尘暴发生次数越来越多，造成的危害也越来越严重。
二、仔细读图找规律。如果说紧扣题干明确要求，是解题的基本准则；那么认真读图，把握规律，实行图文转换，则是解题的关键。因为图表题是通过图画和表格来“说话”的，它在简明直观地把现象展示在读者面前的同时，也会把问题的本质隐藏起来。这样，我们就必须按图索骥，从材料中发现图表蕴涵的规律。具体地说，阅读图表首先应读图名、读图例、读内容、读功能、读附注等环节，不局限
于某一点或某一面，不放过图表中的任何一个细节，进行正面和侧面、纵向和横向的多维思维。其次，及时筛选信息，努力寻找信息点，从图表中提取有效信息，找准分析“问题”和解决“问题”的切入点，揭示图表的本质和要旨，然后把数据或图示信息转换成文字，实现质的飞跃。
例4．请根据右边图表中的有关数据，用文字说明我国人均住房建筑面积20年来的变化情况和与其他国家的比较情况，不得超过40字。
依据有关的数据，用文字说明我国人均住房建筑面积的两点情况(一是20年来的变化情况，二是与其他国家的比较情况)是本题的具体要求。在明确答题要求后，我们就要上下观照，前后比较，进行全方位的立体思维，留心图表的符号、文字、数字和附注，然后逐步地把重点转移到图表下方的数据(1979年7．2+2000年20．4—2005年22)，就会茅塞顿开：20年来我国人均住房建筑面积不断增加(或“逐年增加”等)。
既然20年来我国人均住房建筑面积有较大增加，那么，与其他国家相比较，在世界上又处于什么位置?就只要再看一看图表上方的5组文字和数据，并与下方的两组数字(2000年20．4+2005年22)比较，答案就是：目前已达到(或略超过)世界中等收入国家的水平(或标准)。
三、准确归纳善表达。规律的发现，还不过是把图表转化为文字的胚胎和雏形。要想真正“长大成材”，还必须要依靠准确的归纳和恰当的表达。因此，我们在解答图表题时，还应该按照题目的要求(包括字数)，把捕捉到的规律(即图表的本质和要旨)用恰当的词语和完整的句子表达出来，做到没有错别字，语言准确、简洁、连贯，符合客观实际。
例5．根据提供的图表和文字回答问题：
扬州农村地域广阔，自然资源丰富，农业生产条件优越，农业发展历史悠久……1993年国家正式批准建设扬州高科技农业示范区。
①根据右面图表，请你用一句话概括扬州农业发展的情况。(不超过16个字)
1992年到1998年，_______________________________。
②请你根据上面的文字和图表，试写一则—句话新闻(不超过28个字)。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
这是一道渗透着数学知识的图表题：从命题意图看，题干简洁，要求明确；再从这幅柱形图看，图表所要说明的内容也很清晰：从1990年到1992年，扬州市的农业总产值呈稳定态势；而从1992年到1998年，扬州市的农业总产值连年迅猛提高，特别1993年建成国家高科技农业示范区后，总产值连续5年有了大幅度提高。现在关键的是如何把获得的信息用简明的文字准确地表达出来。
事实上，由于第①题只需要概括1992年到1998年的扬州农业发展的情况，因此在这以前的情况就不必考虑，这样正确的答案为：扬州农业总值连年迅猛提高。
第②题是要求我们把文字和图表揭示的内容写成一则新闻，而对新闻的概括必须把握记叙的要素，所以我们在表达时，既要涵盖新闻要素，又要做到简明扼要。这样就对准确归纳提出了更高的要求——尽题能用最经济的文字来表达最丰富的内容，在把握要素的前提下，进行多次的“删、合、换”，直到完全符合题意：扬州建成高科技农业示范区后，农业总产值连续5年大幅度提高。
【巩固反馈】
《中考总复习范式教学案》：
p39“考题呈现”1 p40“课堂检测”2.p42“课堂拓展”2.
第四篇：2018阅读理解,主旨大意(教师版)
2018届高三英语 阅读理解
（主旨大意题）
阅读理解主要有以下几种题型：主旨大意题、事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题 主旨大意题包括：文章主旨、段落大意、文章标题 【文章主旨和段落大意题常见的设题方式】
题干中常含有main idea, mainly about, sum up, summarise等词。此类题的设题形式有： 1.The main idea of the passage is that ________.2.What is the passage mainly about? 3.Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage? 4.Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage? 5.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 6.The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to ________.7.The first paragraph is mainly about ________.8.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1? 9.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph? 【概括文章标题常见的设题方式】
题干中常有title, headline, be entitled等字眼。此类题的设题方式有： 1.The best title for the passage might be ________.2.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 3.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? 【主旨大意题解题策略】
阅读时，文章的开头、结尾（或段落的段首、段尾）特别重要，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。有时候，文章（或段落）中没有明确的主题句，则需要我们根据所提供的信息归纳出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同时要注意提炼文章的关键词。此外，标题类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。【主旨大意题应考技巧】
技巧1：速读头尾，明确主题
技巧2：定位中心句
技巧3：无明显主题句时找高频词
技巧4：同义概括，或取其一 【技巧1：速读头尾，明确主题】
大多数文章的主旨可能出现在开头或结尾，于是头尾显得很重要。因此，做主旨大意题时，我们可以先浏览一下头尾，试图抓住大意。Passage 1 阅读理解（主旨大意题）Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控)in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people‟s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The „if it bleeds‟ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don‟t care how you‟re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don‟t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn‟t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times‟ website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles.He found that science amazed Times‟ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激发)one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
【语篇解读】 本文为议论文。俗话说，好事不出门，坏事传千里。但是研究者们通过跟踪和监控人们的电子邮件、网络帖子及评论、面对面会话等发现，人与人之间更多分享的是那些给人们带来积极情绪的好消息，而不是导致消极情绪的坏消息。What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B.Online News Attracts More People C.Reading Habits Change with the Times
D.Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 【答案】 D 【解析】 主旨大意题。通过第一段最后一句引出话题，以及最后一段的概括总结可知，在社交网络中，人们更愿意分享的是传递积极情绪的好消息。故选D项。【技巧2：定位中心句】
阅读理解（主旨大意题）主题句的位置往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分—总”的模式，第一段提出论点，然后是论据部分，最后一段得出结论（论点的重申），所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。而新闻报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等，主题句常出现在首段首句。记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子很可能是主题句。
以下是寻找主题句的四个小窍门：
1.段落中出现表示转折的词语（如however, but, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句。2.开头出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词。Passage 2
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night‟s sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。睡前喝一杯牛奶有助于睡眠，但最新的研究表明，如果喝的是晚上从牛身上挤的牛奶，那这将更利于你的睡眠。因为晚上挤的牛奶相比白天挤的牛奶，含有10倍的褪黑激素，从而更有利于睡眠。
阅读理解（主旨大意题）What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Night Milk and Sleep
B.Fat, Sugar and Health C.An Experiment on Mice 【答案】 A 【解析】 主旨大意题。文章将喝晚上挤的牛奶与喝白天挤的牛奶进行了对比实验，结果表明，喝晚上挤的牛奶更能促进睡眠，故A项最符合题意。【技巧3：无明显主题句时找高频词】
任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。Passage 3
Sometimes you‟ll hear people say that you can‟t love others until you love yourself.Sometimes you‟ll hear people say that you can‟t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself.Either way, you‟ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky.Sure we all know that we‟re the apple of our parents‟ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we‟re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it‟s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves.If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own mind‟s picture of yourself.This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think.Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us.Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be.Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes.That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day.Don‟t allow doubts to occur in it.It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can‟t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself.Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task.If you think you‟re silly because you aren‟t good at math, find a tutor.If you think you‟re weak because you can‟t run a mile, get to the track and practice.If you think you‟re dull because you don‟t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes.But remember, just because you think it doesn‟t mean it‟s true.The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities.Changing the way you think 阅读理解（主旨大意题）
D.Milk Drinking and Health and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image.When you can pat(拍)yourself on the back, you‟ll know you‟re well on your way.Good luck!What is the passage mainly about? _______ A.How to prepare for your success.B.How to face challenges in your life.C.How to build a positive selfimage.D.How to develop your good qualities.【答案】C
【技巧4：同义概括，或取其一】
同（近）义转换表达是所有阅读考试的特点。例如，试题中是handle，原文中可能是cope with；试题中是woman，原文可能是female。充分把握这一规律，是答对阅读理解题的关键之一。所以考生应多积累同义词汇、表达。
因此，跟主题句意思相同的选项，往往就是正确答案。Passage 4 Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears....（下文略）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.B.Children have a better memory than grownups.C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D.Stories for children are easy to remember.【答案】 A 【解析】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的中心句“Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知，文章讲的是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好地记着儿时学过的东西。A项是此句的同义概括，所以A项正确。
【主旨大意题正确选项的特征】 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
阅读理解（主旨大意题）【主旨大意题干扰选项的特征】
1.过于笼统。所表达的内容概括的范围过大，超出或多于文章阐述的内容。
2.以偏概全。所表达的内容只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.偷换概念。所表达的内容被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有。无关信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依据的信息。虽然在文章中谈到，但选项内容与文章内容毫无联系。
【Practice】
Passage 5
My husband and I had been married nearly twenty-two years when I acquired Stevens Johnson syndrome,a disorder where my immune(免疫的)system responded to a virus by producing painful blisters(水泡).Although my long-term evaluation was good, I, who had been so fiercely independent, rapidly became absolutely helpless.My husband, Scott, stepped up to the plate, taking care of kids and cooking dinners.He also became my personal caretaker, applying the medicine to all of my blisters because my hands couldn‟t do the job.Needless to say, I had negative emotions, bouncing from embarrassment to shame caused by total reliance on someone other than myself.I recovered from my illness, but I couldn‟t seem to recover from the thought that I loved my husband less than he loved me.This seeming distinction in our love continued to annoy me for the year following my illness.Then recently Scott and I went on a long bike ride.He‟s an experienced cyclist;I‟m quite the green hand.At one point with a strong headwind and sharp pain building in my tired legs, I really thought I couldn‟t go any further.Seeing me struggle, Scott pulled in front of me and yelled over his shoulder, “Stay close behind me.” As I followed his steps, I discovered that my legs quit burning and I was able to catch my breath.My husband was pulling me along—again.I pray my husband will always be strong and healthy.But if he should ever become the struggling one, whether on a bike ride or with an illness, I trust I‟ll be ready to call out to him, “Stay close behind me — my turn to pull you along.”
【语篇解读】 本文为记叙文。作者生病后，她的丈夫一直照顾她，鼓励支持她，给她帮助和力量；作者最后发出感慨，倘若有一天角色互换，她也会同样给予丈夫支持和力量。What message does the author convey in the passage? A.Strong will.B.Selfless love.C.Reliance(依靠)on each other.D.Optimistic attitude to life.阅读理解（主旨大意题）【答案】 C 【解析】 主旨大意题。根据整篇文章和倒数第二段最后一句以及最后一段点题段的描述，在作者得病后，她的丈夫一直照顾她，鼓励和支持她，给她帮助和力量；作者最后也发出感慨，倘若有一天角色互换，她也会同样给她的丈夫支持和力量。故选C项 “Reliance on each other(对彼此的依赖)”。Passage 6
Alex London Research Laboratory(ALRL)is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company.Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM)to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010.Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction.You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL‟s Health and Safety, and to communicate(沟通)with support employees at ALRL‟s laboratories based at University College London.Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.Candidates(申请人)will have experience of both management and research support / technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary.Education to degree level is also desirable.If you are interested in this position, please send your CV(简历)to Alex London Research Laboratory, University College London, Hatfield, London, W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@ alex.co.uk.For more information, please visit www.xiexiebang.communication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture‟s celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat — and when and how we eat them — are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(农村的)and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion(时刻)or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity(兴旺)in the New Year.In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake, which signifies(预示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role.In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests.In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。俗话说“民以食为天”，在世界各民族文化中，食物是文化传承的重要载体。每逢重大场合或重要节日，人们总会借助食物表达情感，加强交流。What is the passage mainly about? A.The custom of sharing food.B.The specific meaning of food.C.The role of food in ceremonies.D.The importance of food in culture.【答案】 D 【解析】 主旨大意题。第一段的中心句是“Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture‟s celebrations or traditions.”；第三段的中心句是“Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.”；第四段的中心句是“Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child,and food can play a significant role.”。综上所述，A、B、C项文中都有所涉及，但都具有片面性；D项概括性强。
阅读理解（主旨大意题）
第五篇：高中生物遗传题解题方法归纳
高中生物遗传题解题方法归纳
一、解题思路：
1.判断显隐性关系：
“无中生有”为隐性“有中生无”为显性
□×○●×■
↓↓
■○
2.根据题意先找出隐性个体做为突破口，推断亲代的基因型
3.再根据亲代的基因型，推算子代的基因型及概率
二、常染色体、伴性遗传、细胞质遗传的比较
㈠细胞核遗传：
均遵循孟德尔遗传基本定律（基因的分离定律、基因的自由组合定律）
1.常染色体遗传：
正反交结果相同，且与性别无关，后代往往表现出一定的性状分离比。
2.伴性遗传：
正反交结果不一定相同，且与性别相关联，后代有一定的性状分离比且某性状只出现在某性别的个体上。
㈡细胞质遗传：
正反交结果不相同，且总表现出母系遗传的特点，后代可能出现发送性状分离，但没有确定的性状分离比例。
三、遗传规律归纳总结：
1.常染色体遗传：2.伴X遗传： 隔代遗传（无中生有）隔代遗传（无中生有）
交叉遗传（母病子必病，女病父必病）男性患者多于女性患者
代代相传（有中生无）代代相传（有中生无）
交叉遗传（父病女必病，子病母必病）
女性患者多于男性患者
3.细胞质遗传：4.连锁和互换遗传：
完全连锁（某性状出现，必定伴随另一性状）
不完全连锁：两多（同上）两少（互换）
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