第一篇：作家毕淑敏在一所很有名的大学演讲时
作家毕淑敏在一所很有名的大学演讲时，开口一句“活着是没有意义的”，台下一片哗然；继而她话锋一转，“但你要为你的人生规定一个意义！”顿时掌声雷动。“人活着的最大的目的不是为了死，而最大的人生意义却在由生到死的过程。”
无论人生本身是否有意义，我们都要努力让它有一点意义、情趣和价值。美丽的人生不仅仅是达到某一目标的那一刻，更在于努力追求的过程之中。享受生命的过程，感受人生的意义，活着才有价值。尼采在《浪人和他的影子》中曾说过：旅游求乐的人——他们就像动物，愚蠢笨拙，大汗淋漓，攀登群山，人们忘了告诉他们，路上就有美丽的风光。旅游是件很开心的事情，但总有人眼睛只盯紧目的地，身心疲惫。“无限风光在险峰”固然是至理名言，但你也别忽视沿途的风景，分享那份轻松与从容。
学习似乎从来就是苦差事，“十年寒窗，头悬梁，锥刺骨„„”总是梦想着一朝成名天下闻，不断地逼迫自己向着所谓的“成功”冲刺。但你是否想到过，你最后的成功在哪里，是考上理想的学校，还是寻求到合适的工作？随着目标的实现，你进步了，就会推动着自己向更高远的目标进发，然后你又有进步„„循环不已。如此说来岂不是无所谓“成功了”？如果你将奋斗的目标作为唯一的成功，那么你将永远是失败的。只有将努力的过程作为财富，即使失败了也是成功！
多年以后，蓦然回首——原来自己努力追求的成功不像梦想中那般绚丽，也根本没有想象中的那般欣喜。成败其实都只是生命中一个站点，而让人口味万千的却是为目标奋斗的过程，是那每一次遭遇的挫折，是那每一滴流淌的汗水。人生正像那场足球赛，每一分钟都可能发生巨大的变化，其结果的不可预料性令人充满了憧憬，构成多彩的人生。享受着吧，这屡败屡战、愈战愈勇、战斗到底的惊心动魄的生命历程。我们需要为自己设定一个目标，但若忽略了过程，生命就会丧失应有的浪漫与多情。大自然的美妙在我们视线所及的每一事物中，小如白居易的“草”，大至苏轼的“清风”、“明月”，一切都奇妙无比，享受不尽，人生的美妙在于我们能享受生命的整个历程，童年时的天真、少年时的懵懂、青年时的轻狂、中年时的稳重、老年时的豁达，不同的时期都有着不同的快乐与幸福。
人生同旅行一样，其中妙味皆过程，那些所谓的目的地，只不过是我们在开启下一段人生旅程前的驿站罢了。放慢脚步，细细品味，享受人生的每一段过程，才会找到生命的价值和意义。
当我听说又有大学生跳楼时,我的心很难过.我很难理解为什么一定要选择死亡来结束生活.咎其原因,在我看来无非有两个:一个是学习压力;一个是感情问题.而大多都是因为感情的原因.其实,人生除了感情还有许多值得珍惜的东西.你的亲人,你的朋友,你的生活,你的事业等等,都是你为之生存的动力.爱情的力量的确伟大,它可以改变你的整个生活.它可以让你走向天堂,但同样可以使你跌入地狱.当你受到伤害那一刻,当你跌入地狱那一刻,一切都无法挽回.但要知道你所留下的不仅是伤痕,还有最宝贵、最美好的回忆。不要把它看成一种伤害，而是你生命的一部分。正是因为蚌受的伤害，才孕育了珍珠的宝贵与美丽。当你伤口愈合，留下伤疤后，你就会懂得它的意义。不要老是将自己困在感情的阴影中，即使很难接受事实的残酷。
你要试着去珍惜生活中美丽的东西，包括你所受到的伤害，把它看成一种美丽，让自己好好的生活，好好的为自己的将来努力，多想想含辛茹苦把你养大的父母。你就会知道你的人生除了感情之外还有许多你值得去奋斗、去拼搏、去为之努力的东西。只有这样，感情才不会占据你的全部生活，你才不会轻生，才能走出地狱，找回属于自己的天堂。只是多了一些成长中的美丽，而那美丽早已不再使你心痛，即使你对他还存有依恋，存有希望。
朋友，如果它不值得你去珍惜，那么，请别让感情成为你生命的全部。学会保护自己，学会忘记不属于你的东西。尊重生命，无论遇到什么样的困难，都要好好的活着。有生命，才有希望；有希望，人活着才有意义
第二篇：马云在首尔大学演讲时
马云在首尔大学演讲时，详细阐述了当今创业的机会点、如何成为一个伟大的公司。创造就业，帮助贫穷地区富起来，改变中国的环境。这是三项抱怨，也是三个机遇，任何人能解决这些问题，便可以长久活下来。在创业邦看来，马云成功的秘诀就是：相信未来。
以下是马云演讲实录摘选： 机会在有人抱怨的地方
阿里巴巴为什么发展到现在这种规模?因为我们相信未来。10年前，我告诉人家我坚信互联网就是未来。即使成功的不是我们，也会有其他人成功，所以我们必须要努力。直到今天，我仍然相信未来。
在中国，有淘宝、百度和腾讯，我们已经没有机会了? 10年前，我对比尔.盖茨也有同样想法，因为微软，我没有机会了;因为Google，我没有机会了。不是，机遇无处不在。因为互联网，因为云计算，因为大数据，这个世界上每个人都有机会。
机会在哪里?机会就在有人抱怨的地方。当有人抱怨时，机遇也同时存在。尤其是在中国，每个人都在表达不满。当每个人都在抱怨的时候，机会就出现了。处理不满，解决存在的问题，所以当我听到别人埋怨时，我就会觉得很兴奋，因为我看到了机会，会想我可以为这做些什么。
我们时常问自己一个问题，如何跟未来竞争?我们成长到如今的规模，我觉得最好的时候不是今天，今天的阿里巴巴集团、支付宝和菜鸟都太大了，如今的规模，每天都会出现许多让人头疼的问题。
生活不容易，但我们要去面对它。当人不多的时候，你知道自己的定位;当规模变大的时候，如果察觉到有什么不妥的地方，你需要提前六个月做变动。因为当你意识到要改变的时候，通常都迟了，就像泰坦尼克号撞冰山那样，会很快沉掉。我时常问自己，如何才能让这艘船安全航行?。
所以我们问自己，我们应该往哪走?上个世纪，如果想成为一个伟大的公司，通常需要抓住1、2或3个机遇;而这个世纪，如果想成为伟大的公司，必须要解决社会问题。中国的社会问题很多，我相信像我们这样的公司可以解决的社会问题，首先就是创造就业;其次就是扩大内需，让农村和农民都富裕起来;第三，让中国的经济更好。
最初的爱往往是最美丽的爱
有人说，创造就业不是你的问题，是政府的问题。我认为这就是我的问题，1999年成立公司的那天，我们有自己的使命，我对我们18个创始人说，我们在这里是因为我们想要帮助小企业成长。小企业是创造就业机会的主要群体，他们有无限的创造力，这是我们的使命。虽然我们今天壮大了，但是我们不能忘记第一天就开始的使命，就像初恋通常是最美好的。
最初的爱往往是最美丽的爱。我对自己说，我们在这14年来走过的艰苦日子，我们常常记着我们服务的是谁? 是小企业。即使后来我们做淘宝，仍是在帮助小企业的，因为淘宝上有900万小卖家。所以，这是我们要记住最初的爱，并要持续下去，直到今日，我们都还在创造就业。
第二是内需。在中国，上海、北京、广东，这些沿海城市很富裕，从富人身上赚钱容易，每个人都想从有钱人身上赚钱。但如何从穷人身上赚钱? 就是令穷人先富起来，然后才赚钱。
在广州，若公交车上有21个人在上面，通常其中20个人都是销售员，每人都想跟你推销东西。若你是其中一个销售员，你会怎样做? 我的工作是帮助其他人致富，如果你看到别人口袋中有5元，一个成功的销售员会想如何把那5元弄到自己口袋，但若是一个好的企业家，他会想如何将那人的5元变成50元，然后取得2元，这是最好的办法。
我想未来在中国，有很多人想致富，帮助他人致富，然后你可以从中分到一杯羹。为何淘宝、阿里巴巴增长得那么快? 我们的理念之一是，永远不要尝试改变及说服一个成功的人，尝试改变及说服那些希望以更容易的方式成功的人。
10年前开始做淘宝时，我们去找了很多成功的人，他们说﹕“不不不，忘记它吧，我永远不会网上购物，这太愚蠢了。”因为他们是成功的人，去改变成功的人是不可能的，但改变渴望成功的人却很有趣。所以，我们相信，中国的潜力不在广东、北京、上海，而是在中西部，这些地区的人想要致富，想成功，有上亿的农民希望能获得成功，若我们能帮助他们成功，我们便有了机遇。
如何让中国的经济更好?
如何让中国的经济更好? 我们看到今日的环境，有雾霾、水、食品的问题，我们都很沮丧，我们怎样可以做得更好? 我相信互联网不是一个赚钱的工具，而是改善社会的工具，改变人们的思考方式。我有一个很大的愿望，而我相信它会成真，就是中国会因互联网而改变。未来永远比今日更好，人类经历了很多艰辛的日子，战争、灾难、饥荒，而我们今天也面对挑战，这些挑战并非最困难的，我们将会生存下来，中国将会生存下来。为何中国可以生存下来? 因为我们这代人是在互联网下成长的，我们开放、透明，我们学习如何享受自由，我们知道全世界各地发生什么事。
我相信，我们年轻的一代，肯定比我们更聪明。你们勤奋、有更好的机遇，怎会解决不了这些问题?5年前在中国，人们说﹕“JACK，你是生意人，为何谈水、空气和树?” 我说﹕“水、空气和树，如果我们什么也不做，中国将会有麻烦。”今日，每个人都在抱怨水、空气、环境。停止抱怨吧，已经太迟了，这是给你们和我们这一代的机遇，这是我的感受。人们说中国这里有这问题、那里有问题。那些只会抱怨的人永远不会成功，那些在抱怨中抓紧机会的人才会在未来20年有机遇。
我亲兄弟，他常抱怨，我不抱怨。他30年来没有多大改变，而我一直在变。所以我想和在场的年轻人说，永远对未来保持高的期望，每天尝试改变自己一点，只要一点。人们问我，“jack，你10年前已有这样远大的目光吗? 你知道自己会有今天吗?有淘宝、支付宝?” 不。我告诉你实情，我从来没有想过自己会这么成功。10年前我只想能够生存下来，我只想可以有钱付工资给员工，有足够钱付工资给我自己。14年前我的月薪只是92块人民币，即15美元一个月，而我希望拿到30美元。
但我对未来有期望，我知道终有一天，若我不努力工作，我不会有机会。过去14年给我一个深刻的感触，我希望与所有认识的年轻人分享，今日很艰辛，明天会更困难，但后天会很美好，但是大部分人会在明天的晚上死去。所以你今日要努力，明天才能活下来。明天往往只会比今天更艰辛，但后天一定是美好的，无论有那么多人抱怨，无论你喜欢与否，我告诉你们，20年后，在这世上会有比今天更多更富有的人、更成功的人、更大的公司，这是肯定的。你喜欢与否，这是现实。但这会否是你，抑或其他人，则视乎你有多勤奋、做事有多聪明、怎么不计较去帮助别人。
今天，当你还是“小”时，想法要“大”，做事要“细微”。当你变得“大”时，要想到“小”的，多做点事。我们的规模，阿里巴巴这么大，要想到创造就业，帮助贫穷地区富起来，改变中国的环境。这是三项抱怨，也是三个机遇，就是在这里，任何人能解决这些问题，便可以长久活下来，简单又容易。但这些问题不可能一日解决，问题和机遇一样长期存在。
第三篇：丁东：中国大学精神的演变——在一所大学的演讲
丁东：中国大学精神的演变——在一所大学的演讲
发布时间:2011-11-10 11:46 作者:丁东
很高兴有机会和大家谈谈大学精神的演变。
中国产生现代大学已经100多年了。清末洋务运动和戊戌变法，出现了第一批新式学堂，新政中废除科举，建立现代学制，中国兴办了更多的大学。一个世纪以来，中国的大学精神发生过怎样的变化？也是一个很有现实意义的问题。
一
这一个世纪，可以分为两部分，前一部分是民国，到1949年为止，后一部分是共和国，从50年代到现在。
前一部分，又可分为两小段，北洋时期是中国现代大学教育的草创期，大学精神的形成期，大学数量不多，规模不大，但起点很高。当时的基本格局是公立、私立、教会三足鼎立。把中国大学带到高起点上第一个教育家，就是蔡元培。
蔡元培担任北京大学校长时间不到三年，但一直影响到今天。他主张的兼容并包，网罗百家，大学独立，学术自由，教授治校，学生自治，到现在还是我们的愿 景。他对大学的定位是：“大学者，研究高深学问者也。”“大学为纯粹研究学问之机关，不可视为养成资格之所，亦不可视为贩卖知识之所。学者当有研究学问之 兴趣，尤当养成学问家之人格。”今天也不过时。他是这么说的，也是这么做的。他不但网罗了陈独秀、胡适这样的新文化运动的领袖，也网罗了辜鸿铭这样的文化 保守主义的高人。梁漱溟没有大学学历，只有中学学历，但他发表了一篇论文《究元决疑论》显示了学术水平，蔡校长就请北大教印度哲学。
蔡先生为什么能够站得高，成为开中国大学风气之先的人物？他有四个条件，第一，他是清末进士，是深通传统文化的学者。第二，他是革命元勋，光复会创始 人，同盟会上海分会负责人。第三，他是先当教育总长，后当北大校长。第四，他留学德国法国。留学德国很重要。当时世界高等教育最先进的不是美国，而是德 国。19世纪，德国不但产生洪堡这样伟大的教育家，同时也出现威廉三世这样的君主，他提出了这样的理念：“大学是科学工作者无所不包的广阔天地，科学无禁 区，科学无权威，科学自由。”帝政时代的德给大学充分的财政经费，保证教授有很好的生活待遇，但绝不干预大学的自我管理和学术自由。直到希特勒上台以前，德国的大学水平是最高的，诺贝尔获奖者是最多的。希特勒上台以后，迫害犹太人，犹太知识精英大批流亡，流亡到七十多个国家，美国的民间社会很发达，收留其 中的四分之一，美国给他们提供了大显身手的天地，使他们有机会成为原子弹之父、氢弹之父、电子计算机之父，把美国的大学推上了世界领先水平，从而保持国家 的领先地位。所以，李工真说，德国模式是国兴科教，美国模式是科教兴国。
北洋时期是武夫当国，领导人像走马灯一样，你上我下，政局很不稳定，民生无保障。但主政者对教育、对思想文化基本上不控制，不干预。蔡元培怎么办学，不需要请示谁。
1926年北京发生的三一八惨案，本来是国共两党发动的政治抗议活动，但政府卫队打死了请愿的学生，段祺瑞还是赶到现场，面对死者长跪不起，之后又处罚了凶手，从此终生食素，表示忏悔。
1928年以后，进入国民党统治时代。蒋介石比北洋军阀强势，他主张以党治国，国民党政府主张党化教育。但是在国民党统治时期，对大学的控制是有限 的。要求大学开设党义课，讲三民主义，大学并不认真对待。当时大学具有相当的独立性，大学的校长、教授在政府面前，没有失去尊严，放弃独立。蒋介石派罗家 伦当清华大学校长。罗家伦是五四运动的学生领袖，留学归来，比较强势，要在学校实行军训，遭到抵制，只好走人。后来的清华大学校长梅贻琦是教育家，他对大 学有一个著名的概括，大学者，有大师之谓也，非大楼之谓也。他尊重教授。清华大学他主政时间最长，成就最高。
西南联大时期，冯友兰曾代表西南联大校方致教育部陈立夫部长一封信，很能说明当时大学和政府的关系：
敬悉部中对于大学应设课程及考核学生成绩方法均有详细规定、其各课程亦 须呈部核示。部中重视高等教育，故指示不厌其详，但准此以往则大学将直等于教育部高等教育司中一科，同人不敏，窃有未喻。夫大学为最高学府，包罗万象，要 当同归而殊途，一致而百虑，岂可刻板文章，勒令从同。世界各著名大学之课程表，未有千篇一律者；即同一课程，各大学所授之内容亦未有一成不变者。唯其如 此，所以能推陈出新，而学术乃可日臻进步也。如牛津、剑桥即在同一大学之中，其各学院之内容亦大不相同，彼岂不能令其整齐划一，知其不可亦不必也。今教部 对于各大学束缚驰骤，有见于齐无见于畸，此同人所未喻者一也。教部为最高教育行政机关，大学为最高教育学术机关，教部可视大学研究教学之成绩，以为赏罚殿 最。但如何研究教学，则宜予大学以回旋之自由。律以孙中山先生权、能分立之说，则教育部为有权者，大学为有能者，权、能分职，事乃以治。今教育部之设施，将使权能不分，责任不明，此同人所未喻者二也。教育部为政府机关，当局时有进退；大学百年树人，政策设施宜常不宜变。若大学内部甚至一课程之兴废亦须听命 教部，则必将受部中当局进退之影响，朝令夕改，其何以策研究之进行，肃学生之视听，而坚其心志，此同人所未喻者三也。师严而后道尊，亦可谓道尊而后师严。今教授所授之课程，必经教部之指定，其课程之内容亦须经教部之核准，使教授在学生心目中为教育部之一科员不若。在教授固已不能自展其才，在学生尤启轻视教 授之念，于部中提倡导师制之意适为相反。此同人所未喻者四也。教部今日之员司多为昨日之教授，在学校则一筹不准其自展，在部中则忽然周智于万物，人非至 圣，何能如此。此同人所未喻者五也。然全国公私立大学之程度不齐，教部训令或系专为比较落后之大学而发，欲为之树一标准，以便策其上进，别有苦心，亦可共 谅，若果如此，可否由校呈请将本校作为第某号等训令之例外。盖本校承北大清华南开三校之旧，一切设施均有成规，行之多年，纵不敢谓为极有成绩，亦可谓为当 无流弊，似不必轻易更张。
冯友兰的信写得比较委婉，但独立精神还是跃然纸上。
从1928年到1949年，虽然中国经常处于战争状态，大学的教学环境经常受到冲击，甚至放不下一张平静的书桌，教授的待遇也没有保障，像闻一多这样 的名教授，为了养家糊口，还要刻图章挣钱。但这一时期大学的精神是独立的，向上的。一批大学的学术水平是很高的，出现了一代真正的学术宗师，不论是自然科 学，还是社会人文科学，奠基人差不多都产生于民国时代。民国时代不但有高水平的国立大学，还有高水平的私立大学和教会大学。南开校长张伯苓，燕京校长司徒 雷登，都是当之无愧的教育家。民国时代的大学精神至今令人向往。
二
后一部分是中华人民共和国。这六十多年，又可以分为三小段。
第一段是毛泽东执政的二十七年。前一半学苏联，后一半毛泽东自行实验。
建国初期，就开始院系调整。按照苏联模式，把所有的大学打乱重组。苏联模式的特点是专业教育，目的是迅速培养国家需要的各类专业技术人才，而不是人的 全面发展。原来那些综合大学被拆散，变成文理学院、工学院、农学院、医学院、财经学院等各种专门学院，专门学校。清华大学的中文系、历史系、外语系，本来 都是拔尖的，被并到其他院校，清华成了单一的工科大学。蒋南翔的指导思想是又红又专，也有人归纳为听话出活。最近，杨继绳在资中筠自选集发布会上说，我和 资大姐是校友，但你上的是清华大学，我上的是五道口工学院。因为资中筠在院系调整时毕业了，而杨继绳1960年代才入学。读了五年清华，没听说过陈寅恪，清华传统都被割断了。
院系调整使民国时代留下的一些一流大学大伤元气。至今不能恢复。国立、私立、教会三足鼎立的格局，也变成公立学校的一统天下。
思想改造运动，从最有名望的高级知识分子，到一般的教师学生，都要从头学习唯物史观和唯物辩证法，放弃原来的世界观、方法论。毛泽东不但要做秦始皇，而且要做孔夫子，集政治领袖和思想文化领袖于一身，实现意识形态领域的全面专政。中国的现代社会人文科学，不论文、史、哲、经、政，都用毛泽东的观点统帅 一切。有些学科，如社会学，干脆取消。经过批判胡适、批判胡风，特别是反右运动，一批有独立见解的教师、学生被打入另册，成为贱民，更多的人不敢再有独立 的思想。治学的天地越来越窄。御用文人成为学者的成功之道。
毛泽东的教育思想自成一家。他的学历是中等师范，到北大当图书馆管理员受过气。他对以往大学传统有一种反抗情绪。他读书很多，但瞧不起书本知识。在战争年代，许多科班出身的军人，被他打败了。他说，读书越多越愚蠢。
中苏分裂以后，中国大学不再学苏联，成了毛泽东教育思想的实验田。文革中，实验进一步升级，毛泽东号召学制要缩短，教育要革命，资产阶级知识分子统治 我们学校的现象再也不能继续下去了。大学在文革初期停课闹革命。71、71年恢复招生。招收工农兵学员，当时的口号是上管改，工农兵上大学、管大学、改造 大学。大学的领导层还有工宣队、军宣队。学工、学农、学军在课程中占很大比重。阶级斗争是大学的主课，参加政治运动压倒一切。
开始，招生时还想搞一点文化考试。张铁生事件把有限的文化考试也冲掉了。大学招生全靠推荐。最初还选拔了一些工农兵当中的先进模范人物，很快成为拉关系走后门的重灾区。
当然，毛泽东时代没有市场机制，没有金钱对学术研究的腐蚀。所以人们的思想比较单纯，不敢在学术研究上弄虚作假，在自然科学和工程技术领域，出了一些高水平的研究成果。合成牛胰岛素，发现青蒿素，都达到世界一流水平。
当时，所有的大中专学毕业生都由国家包分配，毕业都是国家干部。学生也没有那么多后顾之忧，学习态度比较认真。老教授思想改造是真诚的，青年师生对于革命理想的信仰也是真诚的。
有一些校长保持传统的风骨和操守，举两个例子：
其一是马寅初，他是北大校长，民国时期的经济学家，五十年代提出新人口论，受到主流的批判，周恩来劝他检讨过关。他说：“我对我的理论有相当把握，不 能不坚持，学术的尊严不能不维护！”“我虽年近八十，明知寡不敌众，自单身匹马，出来应战，直止战死为止，决不向专以压服不以理说服的那种批判者们投 降。”
其二是人大校长吴玉章，教师谢韬被打成胡风反革命集团成员，他把谢韬保到自己家院子里住了一年。后来不得已，谢韬才被关进监狱。当时周恩来对吴玉章很 尊重。吴玉章和党委书记胡锡奎合不来，周恩来原来相中南京大学校长郭影秋接替习仲勋担任国务院秘书长。周就把郭影秋调到人大任党委书记接替胡锡奎。
毛泽东去世以后，他的教育思想实验难以为继。这就进入第二个阶段，从70年代末，中国高等教育开始拨乱反正，到80年代，中国大学精神出现了一次中兴。
中兴始于恢复高考。当时粉碎四人帮不到一年。１９７７年７月，中共十届三中全会闭幕，邓小平官复原职，８月初就召开了科学和教育工作座谈会。武汉大学 副教授查全性８月６日放了一炮，他说：“招生是保证大学教育质量的第一关键。目前这种招生办法，使大学生的质量得不到保证，原因有两方面：一是中小学质量 不高，二是招生制度有问题。主要还是招生制度。现行招生制度有四大严重弊病：一，埋没人才。二，工农子弟很难上大学。贫下中农说：‘解放前上学靠钱，十七 年上学靠分，十一年上学靠权。’三，败坏了社会风气，助长了不正之风，而且越演越烈。据我所知，今年招生还没有开始，但已经有人在请客送礼，走后门。四，严重影响了中小学生和教师的积极性。现在，甚至连小学生都知道，上大学，不需文凭文化，只要有个好爸爸。现行招生制度必须大改，必须真正保证择优录取，打 破现在的框框，不拘一格选人才。当前正是关键时刻。听说太原招生会，目前尚有可为，迫在眉睫。我呼吁，今年招生开始就要当机立断，下更大的决心，否则又是 一二十万人的质量问题。新生质量无保证，77年教学改革，在很大程度上成为一句空话。今年至少要采取一些过渡措施，应当建立全国统一的报考招生制度，应当 体现以下精神：一，招生名额不要下到基层单位，至多分配到省市一级掌握。二，要按照高中文化程度，统一考试，并要严防泄露试题。考试要从实际出发，重点考 语文和数学，其次是物理，化学和外文可以暂时要求低一点。从语文和数学可以看出学生的文化程度和抽象思维能力。三，真正做到广大青年有机会报考和自愿选择 专业。只要我们采取果断措施，大学新生质量就会大为改观，收到显著效果。要当机立断，只争朝夕，今年能办的就不要拖到明年去办。”教育部长刘西尧说：“原 来想今年文化程度要求达到高中毕业，名额分配到县。自由报考问题，我赞成南翔同志的意见，但马上要做，还要具体化。”邓小平说：“领导批准应改为全国统一 的招生，委员会定，该委员会由教师组成。”科学院李昌说：“招生问题，只要下大决心，今年是来得及的。”沈克琦说：“完全同意查全性同志的意见，如今年不 解决，81年学生的质量无法保证。”邓小平说：“改嘛！既然今年还有时间改，就坚决改嘛！把太原招生会议的报告收回来，根据大家的意见修改！这涉及到几百 万人的问题，要拿出一个办法来，既可以把优秀人才拿上来，又要不致引起波动。你们研究一下，这个方法应当找出来，要求质量。重点学校要统一招生。允许报三 个志愿，到校后再分专业。今年开始就改，不要等了。招生十六字方针可以改一改嘛！”温元凯说：“十六字可否改为‘自愿报考，单位同意，统一考试，择优录 取’？”邓小平说：“你的十六字比较好，但你的第二句话有点问题，比如他很好，要报考，队里不同意，或者脾气怪些，领导不同意怎么办？我取你的四分之三，第二句不要。今年要下决心按要求招生，招的生要基本符合提高的要求。”
１９７７年恢复高考，有５７０万人报考，只录取了２７万，２９人取１。中央音乐学院教师李春光、杨峻、储望华、崔静媛、潘一飞、左因看到考生中有大批 才俊，但招生名额太少，联名上书邓小平。邓小平在12月11日批示：“看了这封信反映的情况，很高兴，建议予以支持。华主席，先念，登奎，乌兰夫同志阅后 交文化部党组处理。”使中央音乐学院成倍扩大招生。
１９７８年又有６１０万人报考，原计划招生２９.３万人，实际招收４０.２万人。扩招的动力不是来自教育部，而是来自社会和地方。特别是当时担任天津和北京市委第一书记的林乎加，起到了特殊的作用。
林乎加是1978年5月从上海市委书记调任天津市委第一书记的。上任后，很多人向他反映，高考中分数及格的考生很多，但天津市的招生名额太少，这些人 进不了大学。林乎加就专门召开了一次教育口会议，把南开大学、天津大学的领导也请来，讨论有没有可能扩大招生，把考试合格的学生都录取下来。与会者说，主 要是校舍和宿舍容纳不下。林乎加问，有没有教师？他们说，有教师。林乎加说，可以招走读生嘛！这样就没有宿舍问题了。这个想法得到了所有人的支持，大家态 度都很积极，提了很多建议，最后决定把一些中学拿出来做校舍，办公经费和教师的工资，以及必要的试验设备，由市财政负担。南开大学和天津大学属于教育部直 接管理，需要向教育部请示。教育部当时的领导不太赞成这个做法，怕不能保证教学质量。林乎加认为，这些学生是经过考试超过及格线的，与文革中推荐工农兵学 员的情况完全不同。当时邓小平和彭冲访问朝鲜归来，曾在天津住了两天，对天津各项工作很支持。林乎加就给邓小平写了一封信，说明大学闲置教员很多，不能人 尽其才。市里有能力办一些分校，让更多的青年上大学，但教育部不太赞成。邓小平很快批示：这是好事情，国家财政又不拿钱，可以让他们试试嘛！得到批示后，天津就放手干起来了。依托已有的大学，天津自筹资金办了10所分校，扩招了8000名学生。
1978年10月，林乎加又调到北京任市委第一书记。当时，1978级新生已经入学。和天津相比，北京达到及格线而未能录取的考生更多，社会反映更强 烈。于是，林乎加先在市委会议上介绍了天津办分校的做法，所有的人都赞成。接着，以北京市委名义在人民大会堂召开首都所有大学校长参加的会议。林乎加说，有那么多考试合格的青年不能进学校读书，这对他们不公平。可能他们一生再也不会有机会上大学了。希望在座的校长能够支持市委办分校的决定。这个决定当即得 到了所有大学校长的支持。会后都表示，要千方百计地克服困难，尽早把分校办起来。北京市委与各高校协商的结果是，由各校派教师和教学管理人员到分校主管教 学，利用本校的教学设备来解决学生的实验和实习问题。办学经费和校舍由北京市解决。市政府决定，每个城区至少腾出两所中学给大学办分校，有条件的局、办和 大企业也要尽量提供校舍。教学经费需要好几千万，北京市压缩了行政费用，还挤占了基本建设经费。当时基本建设方面的负责人曾表示为难，最后还是服从了市委 的决定。
从1978年的11月开始酝酿，到1979年2月开学，短短的三个月，北京就建起了３６所分校。１９７８年高考五门试卷的满分是５００分，凡是达到300分的北京考生都可以录取。１６８００多名青年，在１９７９年春天走进了大学课堂。
北京市１９７８年扩大招生的幅度大大超过百分之百。但历史已经证明，这次扩招的效果完全是正面的。分校毕业生与本校毕业生相比并不逊色，大多数都成为 各行各业的专业骨干，还涌现一批杰出的人才。关键是主张扩招的地方政府不但没有逐利动机，还要压缩行政开支。学生当时上学不收费，80%学生还能享受助学 金。可惜，教育部对此并不欣赏。他们倾向于限制考生年龄，让高校以招收应届高中毕业生为主，有社会经验的大龄考生则分流到广播电视大学等成人教育机构。这 样做虽然减轻了高考的竞争压力，但不利于营建学生之间互相学习的氛围，使校园生态走向单调。
否定了文革，中国大学面临两种选择，一种选择是回到十七年，回到文革以前，一种是和世界接轨，从某种意义上也可以说是回到民国。教育部想回十七年，但 也有一些有追求的教育家，想和国际接轨，最突出的是武汉大学校长刘道玉、深圳大学校长罗征启为代表的一些教育家的探索。那个时候校长的自主权比较大，比如 刘道玉在武汉大学实行学分制、主辅修制、双学位制、导师制、学术假制、自由转学制、取消政治辅导员，没有请示任何领导部门，只有插班生制经过国家计委批 准。现在不行，南方科技大学想尝试走新路，第一届直接从高中二年级招生，差点在招生环节就被卡死。现在教育行政部门是自己不作为，但绝不让别人作为。
八十年代的有理想有追求的教育家出任大学校长的还有一些，如中国政法大学校长江平。还有一批具有民国时代遗风的老教授，留下了许多动人的佳话。比如南 京大学陈白尘，李龙云考上他的研究生，单位不同意，不让他带工资，陈白尘说，你的工资我来发。用自己的工资给李龙云发生活费。兰州大学赵俪生招研究生。秦 晖成绩很好，体检不合格，视力不行。赵俪生说，不让招秦晖，我就不招生了。秦晖眼睛不好，陈寅恪眼睛也不好，谁敢说他将来不是陈寅恪？
当时的学生，追求真理，崇尚创新，关注现实，勇于批判，学校的社团特别活跃。学生关心国家的命运，人类的前途，一批学生还没有毕业，就发表了一流的学 术成果和艺术作品。整个八十年代，中国的学术努力向世界前沿接轨。老的学科出现了新的观点，被取消的学科迅速恢复，涌现了新的学派。应当说，这是一个中国 大学精神中兴的时代。大学站在了社会进步的前沿。
第三个阶段是90年代到现在，中国大学精神再度进入误区。有人说是大学失魂，有人说是中国大学之殇，总而言之，是出了问题。
表现之一，是以官治学，行政扩张，权力本位。在大学面前，教育行政主管部门越来越强势。从人事任免权、经费分配权、招生权、学位授予权，学术经费的分 配权，学术荣誉和奖励支配权，学术职称的评审权，无不由行政部门牢牢掌握。校长的任命越来越不透明，不征求民意，教授没有发言权，完全是上级幕后勾兑。有 人曾经认为，现在中国办不出世界一流大学，主要是教育经费不足。我认为这个看法有问题。经费也是双刃剑。二十年前，社科院一些人曾经担心被解散。一般人也 是哭穷。高层说，让大家放心，会以项目的形式给钱。人们还没有意识到官方这条思路的作用。现在过去将近二十年了，这条思路的作用清楚了。政治权力对学术的 既保持了强力控制，同时形成了市场条件下的新特点。毛泽东时代是以杀威棒驯服知识分子，现在在不放弃杀威棒的前提下，以胡罗卜为主。不是由权力直接扼杀学 术，而是权力通过金钱的中介来驯化学术。是通过掌控学术经费、学术职务、学术头衔、学术荣誉、学术传播渠道等方式，来掌控和笼络学术界。最终目的还是让学 术服从于、依附于政治权力。中国形成了政治精英、经济精英、文化精英三大强势集团联手分赃的局面。政府支配的钱袋子越来越鼓。大批知识人在经济利益的诱导 下，逐步放弃独立性，已经形成学界主流宠物化，独立学者边缘化的格局。现在财政经费多了，钱就变成了项目，变成了支配教师围着行政力量团团转的“抓手”。现在“抓手”越来越多，什么211工程，985工程，什么国家级科研项目，一级学科、文科基地，什么长江学者，名堂越来越多，来头越来越大。这些“抓手” 攥在官方手里，教师学生就必须跟着他的指挥棒转，弄得大学的普通教师越来越郁闷，失去了教学和科研的乐趣。在这种体制下，教育行政部门手里掌握的钱越多，学风越坏。大楼越盖越豪华，但大师的背影离大学越来越远。图书馆越建越现代，但藏书里文化精品的比例越来越小，文化垃圾越来越多。
这些项目经费，本来都是纳税人的钱。如果这些钱到了NGO手里，可能是雪中送炭，做很多好事善事。但是，这些钱现在掌握在官僚机构手里，他们不受纳税人的监督，这块蛋糕想怎么切就怎么切，想切给谁就切给谁。在这种体制下，蛋糕越大，后果越坏。
行政力量控制学术的办法之一叫量化管理。不论是民国时代，还是八十年代，学术评价基本上是同行评价。水平高低，同行心里有杆称。评价过程不烦琐，结果 大体公正。一些高水平的学者和成果，可以破格提拔，脱颖而出。现在是数字化管理，把著作和论文按出版单位分为不同级别打分。高水平有创见的成果未必得高 分，大量生产平庸的东西照样拿高分。更荒谬的是，谁能拿到政府的社科基金项目，谁得高分。郑也夫说，农民种地还要看收成。
表现之二是盲目扩张，学历贬值。新千年扩招的动力是拉动内需。引入收费机制，学费先是每年收几百元，迅速上升到几千元。现在有的二级学院收费超万元。办学只想从家长腰包里掏钱。穷人孩子考上大学，不是脱贫，而是返贫。特别是研究生扩招，现在每年硕士生招四十几万，博士生招六万多。但是中国的人才并没有 增加，学生的创新能力甚至下降。这实际上是做了一个局，把中国的学生和家长都装进去了，让他们的大量时间和和金钱白白地搭进去了。社会公认的看法是，现在 的博士，整体水平不如八十年代的硕士：现在的硕士，整体水平不如八十年代的本科生：现在的本科生，整体水平不如八十年代的专科生。本科生普遍对学术不感兴 趣，硕士生对本学科的学术动向不了解，博士生跟学术前沿不沾边。博士的学术水准和发达国家差距越来越大。大多数研究生，不论博士还是硕士，只对文凭感兴 趣，只对文凭背后的利益感兴趣，根本没有学术创新的冲动。而在上世纪八十年代初，研究生和一些本科生，毕业时已经达到学术领先地位，已经是创新人才。现在 的制度安排，拉长了学生受教育的年限。过去，本科毕业，22岁左右，就可以进入专业工作岗位。现在，大批年轻人混到硕士，25岁才能工作；混到博士，将近30岁了，也未必能进入专业岗位。这就把青年人自立谋生的时间推迟了，不少青年人成了啃老族。考不上研究生很郁闷，考上研究生也很郁闷。郁闷又不能不读研 究生，因为要是不混到硕士学位，很多用人机构不要你。政府机关、事业单位，用人的学历门槛越抬越高。迈不过这个门槛，就得不到体面的职业。研究生制度完全 被透支了，搞滥了。这场学历膨胀游戏的结果是：富了教育界，坑了老百姓。
大学为什么有这么强烈的学历扩张的冲动，一句话，就是利益驱动。教育部把学位授予权当作教育产业链的中心环节，学科评议组、大学、教授和考生之间形成 一个设租寻租的利益链条。博士硕士的数量以几何级数增长，学术水平以同样的速度急遽下滑。在这个过程当中，官员和老板两个阶层在职攻读高学位，起了特别恶 劣的作用。一些党政要员，公务繁忙，但做官求学两不误。中国的大学不独立，不论人权财权都受政府掌控，本来就要在省长、市长、部长、局长的权力下讨生活。高官稍微动用权力，就可以让大学得到实惠。有些高官虽然不是大学的顶头上司，也是他们的巴结对象。他们相信，只要接近权力，现在用不上，将来可能用得上。以至有教授私下宣称，我招研究生，达不到局级不考虑。九十年代，博士学位在中国很吃香，高官读博士便成为时髦。或许有人会问，既然喜欢博士帽，为什么不离 职读书？其实，对他们更重要的是官帽。如果不当官，大学也不会巴结他们了。高官读博士，自然不同于年轻学子读博士，对年青学子的考试要求、课程要求，对高 官都成为可有可无可松可紧的条件。有的外省高官，攻读北京某大学的博士，甚至可以不来学校上课，而是提供机票让教授到外省面授。一部分高官的毕业论文，也 是秘书代笔，或枪手代笔。
第三方面的表现，就是学风败坏，弄虚作假。教授没有学术冲动，只有利益趋动。学生没有学术兴趣，只有文凭兴趣。学术论文垃圾化。绝大部分学报、学刊，成为学术垃圾场。绝大多数论文，不再是表达新思想、新观点、新发现的载体，而是学位、职称的敲门砖。办刊方以出卖版面谋求经济利益。投稿方出钱买版面，是 为了换取学位、职称，再获得经济利益。就是那些符合学术论著外在规范的研究成果，也出现了普遍平庸化的趋势。不是为了社会的进步和学术的创新直面真问题，而是绕开真问题无病呻吟，做故弄玄虚的概念游戏。
一些校长、院长、名牌教授，陷入抄袭剽窃的丑闻。韩国黄禹锡事件表明，韩国对自己的学术明星没有包庇，学术环境保持着底线。而我们一些部门公然包庇一 些明显抄袭剽窃有一官半职的人。反而压制揭露者，批评者，处分揭露真相的报纸编辑记者。把真与假，是与非，善与恶，美与丑都给颠倒了，解构了。这种学术环 境，对青年一代的腐蚀极其严重。现在的大学生，研究生，越来越对学术失去了内心的向往，对科学的殿堂、真理的殿堂不存敬畏。求学、做论文，都是一种当下的 利益交易。互联网为抄袭和复制提供了方便。研究生教育一个茶壶不是配四个茶碗，而是配几十个茶碗，就是认真的导师也感到力不从心。况且大量的导师本来就不 具备应有的学术指导水平和学术责任感。在学术标准普遍弃守的趋势下，个别教授坚持博士、硕士毕论文应有的学术原创性，在评审时对过于低劣的论文说不，反而 视为堂吉诃德式的可笑斗士。以后再没有人请他指导或评审。
学术腐败的源头不在学界，只是吏治腐败和司法腐败的派生物。搞腐败都是一些官产学通吃的人物。大学本来可以充当社会的净化器。民国时期，官场腐败，教 师医生还是清流，现在已经汇入滚滚浊流。我本来寄希望教育领域比照经济领域的改革，放权松绑，政府把办学的权力还给大学，把教学的权利还给教师，还给学 生，让高等教育进入良性循环。现在中国经济领域，民营经济已经超过了半边天，活力最强不是国营企业，而是民营企业。但是在高等教育领域，公立大学处于绝对 强势，民办大学处于绝对弱势。行政部门强行规定，民办大学只能做高等职业教育，不能办研究型大学。大家知道，在美国大学，排在前十名的大学，都是私立大 学。私立大学办研究型大学比公立大学水平还高。中国即使不能学美国，让私立大学领先于公立大学，能不能给民办大学和公办大学一个平等竞争的机会？中国的高 等教育，经过这一轮扩招，已经快到一个槛了。过去中国高等教育是高度供不应求，现在已经趋近供求平衡，等到高等教育供过于求的时候，民办大学可能就没有发 展机会了。吉利可以办成一个很好的民营汽车公司，但在中国很难办出一流大学。当然，这也意味着，中国大学泡沫破灭的时间不远了，因为中国持续三十年的一胎 化政策，生源迅速减少，近几年考生人数连年递减。大学供需关系一旦过了拐点，就要发生危机。
以上是我对一个世纪以来中国大学精神演变的粗略描述。我对现实的判断可能比较悲观。但是我要说，不管现实存在怎样的问题，命运的选择掌握在自己的手里。大学生如果取法乎上，追求真理，追慕先贤，前途仍然是光明的。
第四篇：胡锦涛在南非一所大学的讲话2007
加强中非团结合作 推动建设和谐世界——在南非比勒陀利亚大学的演讲
（2007年2月7日，比勒陀利亚）中华人民共和国主席 胡锦涛
尊敬的卡利·皮斯托留斯校长，老师们，同学们，女士们，先生们，朋友们：
去年春天，我曾在访问美国期间到著名的耶鲁大学发表演讲。今天，我很高兴有机会来
到另一所著名的大学，同各位老师、同学和各界朋友进行交流。这所大学就是你们比勒陀利
亚大学。首先，我谨代表13亿中国人民，向在座的老师们、同学们、朋友们，致以诚挚的问
候！向兄弟的南非人民和非洲人民，致以良好的祝愿！再过几天，比勒陀利亚大学将迎来建
校99周年。我谨向皮斯托留斯校长和比勒陀利亚大学全体师生，表示热烈的祝贺！
南非有着“彩虹国度”的美称，在非洲乃至世界上都有着重要的地位和影响。1999年，我 曾来贵国访问，这里美丽的风光和摆脱种族隔离制度枷锁后焕发的勃勃生机，南非人民建设
国家的昂扬精神面貌，给我留下了深刻印象。8年后再次来到贵国，我深深感受到，南非政
府和人民在促进民族和解、推动经济发展、实现社会变革、促进非洲和平与发展方面都取得
了显著成就。正如姆贝基总统所说，南非步入了“希望的时代”。南非人民取得的成就，不仅
展示了南非发展的希望，也体现了非洲乃至人类进步事业的希望。
在南非人民反对种族隔离制度的长期斗争中，中国人民始终坚定地同南非人民站在一起，结下了深厚情谊。建交近10年来，特别是2004年两国建立战略伙伴关系以来，中南关系全面
快速健康发展，两国人民的友谊和信任进一步加强。实践证明，中南加强全方位合作，符合 两国和两国人民的根本利益，有利于发展中国家团结合作，也有利于世界和平与发展。中国
政府和人民愿意同南非政府和人民一道，增强政治互信，加强务实合作，推动中南战略伙伴
关系不断向前发展，造福两国人民。
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
中国和非洲虽然相距遥远，但中非友好源远流长。中非人民在漫长的历史岁月中结下了
同呼吸、共命运、心连心的深厚情谊。在过去的半个多世纪里，中非人民在民族解放斗争中
相互支持，在发展振兴道路上真诚合作，在国际事务中积极配合，中非友谊历久弥坚，中非
合作惠及双方。中国人民为拥有非洲人民的真诚友谊感到自豪！过去、现在、将来，中国人
民都是非洲人民平等互信、真诚相待的好朋友，互利互惠、合作共赢的好伙伴，患难与共、情同手足的好兄弟。中非人民要世世代代友好下去！中非人民一定能够世世代代友好下去！
近年来，非洲国家和人民自强不息、开拓进取，推动非洲和平与发展事业取得了令人瞩目
的成就。中国人民为兄弟的非洲人民取得的成就感到由衷的高兴，衷心祝愿兄弟的非洲人民在 建设国家和振兴民族的伟大道路上取得新的更大的成就。
当前，国际形势正在发生深刻而复杂的变化。求和平、促发展、谋合作是当今时代的最强
音。在世界多极化和经济全球化趋势深入发展的形势下，我们既面临着难得的发展机遇，也面
临着严峻挑战。世界各国人民普遍希望共享机遇、共应挑战、共同发展。中国是世界上最大的 发展中国家，非洲是世界上发展中国家最集中的大陆。中国和非洲人口占世界人口的三分之一
以上。中非是促进世界和平与发展的重要力量。继承传统友谊，深化务实合作，全面发展中非
新型战略伙伴关系，是人民的愿望、时代的要求。我们应该顺应这一发展大势，真诚友好，平
等互利，团结合作，共同发展，努力把中非友好合作提高到一个新的水平。
刚刚过去的2006年，是中非关系史上值得铭记的重要年份。中非合作论坛北京峰会成功召
开。中非领导人一致同意建立和发展政治上平等互信、经济上合作共赢、文化上交流互鉴的中
非新型战略伙伴关系，并共同规划了今后3年中非合作的蓝图。中国政府宣布了包括扩大对非
援助规模、免除非洲重债穷国和最不发达国家债务、向非洲开放市场、加强中非经济社会领域
广泛合作等加强对非务实合作、支持非洲国家发展的8项政策措施。中非加强合作，进一步唤
起了国际社会对非洲和平与发展事业的关注和重视，提升了非洲在国际上的地位和影响。这进
一步表明，中非共同发展对促进人类和平与发展的崇高事业具有重大而深远的意义。
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
关注非洲人民命运，支持非洲国家发展，首先要切实帮助非洲国家实现经济社会发展目标。
中国政府采取的加强对非务实合作、支持非洲国家发展的各项政策措施，就是要提高非洲国家
自主发展能力，增进非洲人民福祉。我这次访问非洲八国，目的就是巩固中非传统友谊，落实
中非合作论坛北京峰会成果，扩大务实合作，促进共同发展，同非洲国家一道推进中非新型战
略伙伴关系。中国愿同非洲国家一道，重点在以下几个方面共同作出努力。
第一，真诚友好，密切政治上的沟通和协调，增进相互理解和信任。中非都十分珍视中非
传统友谊，积极促进和深化中非友好，这是中非关系蓬勃发展的不竭动力。我们应该保持高层
互访和交往的良好势头，就共同关心的重大问题加强战略对话，凝聚共识。我们应该密切双方
政府、议会、政党、社会团体的往来和交流，进一步夯实中非友好的政治基础。中国坚定支持
非洲国家维护国家独立和主权、根据国情自主选择发展道路的努力，坚定支持非洲联盟等地区
组织和非洲各国促进和平与稳定的努力，愿意为非洲自主解决内部分歧和争端发挥建设性作用，将继续积极参与联合国在非洲地区的维和行动。
第二，深化合作，扩大经济技术交流，实现互利共赢。经济技术合作，是中非关系发展的
重要基础。我们应该积极扩大互利合作，实现优势互补，促进合作方式多样化，推动中非合作
从以贸易为主向贸易、投资、技术、项目承包等多领域并重的方向发展，重点加强农业、基础
设施、制造业、关系民生的社会公益项目等领域合作。中国政府将继续采取积极措施，扩大自
非洲的进口，促进中非贸易平衡。中国政府鼓励中国企业加大对非投资，向非洲国家提供技术
和管理培训，帮助非洲国家发展加工业和制造业，缓解非洲国家的就业压力，提高非洲出口商
品的竞争力。中国将一如既往地支持非洲实施非洲发展新伙伴计划。中国政府将全面落实在中
非合作论坛北京峰会上宣布的加强对非务实合作、支持非洲国家发展的各项政策措施，切实帮
助非洲国家加快经济社会发展，加强能力建设，改善人民生活，使非洲人民切实受益。
第三，加强沟通，促进中非两大文明加强交流，在相互学习和借鉴中共同进步。中非人民
在漫长的历史进程中都创造了伟大的灿烂文化，为人类文明进步作出了重要贡献。我们应该促
进中非两大文明开展不同层次、多种形式的交流互动，增进中非人民的相互了解和友谊。我们
应该加强教育、科技、卫生、文化、体育、旅游等领域合作，支持双方文化机构、新闻媒体、学术团体、高等院校加强合作，鼓励互办文化节、艺术展演、体育赛事等活动，特别是要大力
加强人力资源培训合作，巩固和加强中非关系发展的社会基础。
第四，平等相待，加强国际事务中的合作，共同维护发展中国家的正当权益。中非在重大
国际问题上有着广泛的共同立场和良好的合作传统，加强国际事务中的协调和配合符合中非共
同利益。我们应该共同维护联合国宪章的宗旨和原则，加强在联合国和国际多边机构的磋商和
协调。我们应该共同推动国际社会增强集体安全意识，树立互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全
观，营造有利于共同发展的国际环境。我们应该共同应对全球性挑战，加强在防治重大传染性
疾病、禽流感、跨国犯罪等非传统安全领域的磋商和合作。我们应该积极推动南南合作和南北
对话，呼吁国际社会更多关注非洲，呼吁发达国家切实兑现市场准入、增加援助、减免债务等
承诺，切实支持和帮助非洲人民解决面临的困难和问题。中国将推动联合国改革朝着更加重视
发展、优先解决发展中国家特别是非洲国家代表性不足的方向发展。
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
中国始终关注非洲的发展，中国人民始终关注非洲人民的命运。中国人民真诚支持非洲和
平与发展事业，真诚愿意为非洲人民建设家园、改善生活的努力作出自己的贡献。
中华民族历来爱好和平，主张强不凌弱、富不侮贫，主张协和万邦。早在600年前，中国
明代著名航海家郑和率领庞大船队4次到达非洲东海岸。他们给非洲人民带来的是和平的愿望
和真诚的友谊，而不是刀剑枪炮和掠夺奴役。在近代以后的100多年中，中国人民曾经饱受列
强的殖民侵略和压迫，同绝大多数非洲国家有着相似的历史遭遇和悲惨命运。中国人民从19世
纪中叶到20世纪中叶开展的波澜壮阔的斗争，就是要反对殖民侵略和民族压迫，实现中华民族 的独立和中国人民的解放，进而建设人民当家作主的新国家。今天，中国人民早已实现了自己
的百年夙愿，正在为创造自己更加美好的生活而团结奋斗。正因为有着这样刻骨铭心的历史经
历和奋斗过程，所以中国人民最坚决地反对一切形式的殖民、压迫、奴役活动，最真诚地同情
一切为争取民族独立和人民幸福而奋斗的民族，最深切地理解这些民族的愿望和要求。新中国
成立后，中国政府和人民为非洲人民争取民族解放、反对殖民主义统治的英勇斗争提供了政治
上、物质上、道义上的坚定支持。中国过去不会、现在不会、将来也决不会把自己的意志以及
不平等的做法强加于其他国家，更不会做任何有损于非洲国家和人民的事。中国尊重非洲人民
自主选择适合自己国情的政治制度和发展道路，支持非洲国家加强民主法制建设和实施良好管
理，支持非洲国家充分发挥自身优势、积极参与国际合作和竞争。
诚然，在中非合作快速发展的过程中，也难以避免地会出现一些新情况新问题。但是，同
中非合作大局相比，这些问题只是前进中的问题、发展中的问题，完全可以通过友好协商和深化
合作予以解决。中国对一些非洲朋友关心的贸易结构不尽合理、投资领域不够宽广等问题高度
重视，已经并将继续与非洲朋友一道，积极采取有效措施加以解决。我相信，在中非双方共同
努力下，中非合作必将迎来更好更快发展的光明前景！
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
自1978年实行改革开放以来，中国人民找到了适合本国国情的发展道路，奋力建设中国特
色社会主义，显著提高了中国的社会生产力、综合国力、人民生活水平。从1978年到2006年，中国国内生产总值从2165亿美元增长到26269亿美元；进出口总额从206亿美元提高到17607亿
美元；农村贫困人口从2.5亿人减少到2150万人，人民生活总体上达到小康水平。同时，我们也
清醒地看到，中国仍是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口多、底子薄、发展很不平衡仍是基本国
情，中国人均国内生产总值还排在世界100位之后，在发展进程中还面临着不少突出矛盾和问
题。中国要达到中等发达国家水平，还需要经过很长时期的艰苦奋斗。我们将全面贯彻以人为
本、全面协调可持续发展的科学发展观，坚持以经济建设为中心，深化改革开放，着力改善人
民生活，积极构建和谐社会，坚定不移地实现我们的发展目标。
中国的发展是和平的发展、开放的发展、合作的发展、和谐的发展。中国对内致力于构建
和谐社会，对外愿同世界各国一道推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。中国将坚定不移
地高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，坚定不移地走和平发展道路，坚持互利共赢的开放战略。中国人民愿同非洲人民一道为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界
而不懈努力。我们要共同推动各国相互尊重、共同参与，促进多边主义和国际关系民主化，积
极引导国际社会更好地落实平等、民主、公正的理念。我们要共同推动各国加强合作、扩大交
流，敦促国际社会落实千年发展目标，支持发展中国家充分利用自身优势加快发展，推动建立
公正合理的国际多边贸易和金融体制，促进经济全球化朝着有利于实现各国共同繁荣的方向发
展。我们要共同推动各国加强对话、取长补短，尊重和维护文明多样性和发展模式多样化，促
进不同文明和睦相处，增强世界发展活力。我们要共同推动各国加强对话、开展协作，携手应
对人类面临的全球性安全问题，通过对话和谈判解决争端，维护世界和地区安全稳定。
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
青年是国家的未来、民族的希望。在座的大多数是青年人。我在中国曾从事青年工作，喜
欢同青年人交流，愿意向青年人学习。来到你们中间，感受到你们身上洋溢的青春朝气，我不
禁想起了我在青年时代度过的难忘岁月。我羡慕你们的年轻，更祝愿你们有美好的未来。南非
的未来寄托在你们身上，非洲振兴的希望寄托在全体非洲青年身上。
中非青年是中非友好事业的有生力量，也是和谐世界的重要建设者。中非青年加强交流、增进了解、加深友谊，对于中非世代友好意义重大。中国政府高度重视中非青年交流，愿为此
作出更大努力。迄今为止，已有20000多人次的非洲学生享受中国政府奖学金来华学习，为增
进中非青年的相互了解和友谊作出了贡献。与此同时，越来越多的中国青年到非洲学习深造，开展志愿服务。比勒陀利亚大学就有260多名中国学生。中国政府已经决定，在未来3年内把向
非洲留学生提供的奖学金名额由目前的每年2000人次增加到4000人次。中国政府鼓励中国青年
志愿者赴非洲参与建设事业。
借此机会，我愿宣布，中国政府决定今后3年邀请包括大学生在内的500名非洲青年访华。
我希望，在座的青年学生能够加入这一计划，到中国去看看。
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
加强中非传统友好，发展中非新型战略伙伴关系，推动建设和谐世界，是我们共同的战略
选择和历史责任。让我们携起手来，为实现共同的美好理想而不懈努力！
谢谢各位。
Enhance China-Africa Unity and Cooperation To Build a Harmonious World
--Speech at University of Pretoria, South Africa
Hu Jintao
President of the People's Republic of China
Pretoria, 7 February 2007
Dear Mr.CWI Pistorius, Vice Chancellor and Principal of the University of Pretoria，Members of the faculty and students，Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Last Spring, I made a speech in Yale University during my visit to the United States.Today I am very
glad to come to another prestigious university and exchange views with you.First of all, I wish to
extend, on behalf of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, cordial greetings to you and best wishes to the
brotherly people of both South Africa and Africa.The University of Pretoria will celebrate its 99th
birthday in a few days, and I would like to express my warm congratulations to you, Mr.Vice
Chancellor, the faculty and students of the University.South Africa, renowned as the “rainbow nation”, has an important place in both Africa and the world.I visited South Africa back in 1999, and I was deeply impressed by its beautiful landscape, the great
vitality it enjoyed after breaking the shackles of apartheid and the South African people's dedication
to national development.Eight years later, I am now back in South Africa, and I am equally impressed
by the great achievements the South African Government and people have made in promoting national
reconciliation, economic development and social reform and in enhancing peace and development in
Africa.Just as President Mbeki has said, South Africa has entered an “Age of Hope”.What you have
achieved in South Africa heralds not only the future of this great country, but also the future of Africa
and human progress.During the South African people's struggle against apartheid, the Chinese people stood firmly with you，and our two peoples forged profound friendship.Since China and South Africa established diplomatic
relations about 10 years ago, especially since the forging of the strategic partnership in 2004，China-South Africa relations have registered fast and healthy growth on all fronts, and the friendship and
trust between our two peoples have been further enhanced.It has been proved that strong China-South
Africa relations of all-round cooperation serve the fundamental interests of both countries and peoples，promote unity and cooperation among developing countries and contribute to global peace and
development.The Chinese Government and people will work closely with the South African Government
and people to enhance mutual political trust and practical cooperation and steadily strengthen
China-South Africa strategic partnership to the benefit of our two peoples.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Despite the vast distance between them, China and Africa enjoy a long history of friendly exchanges.Over the years, the Chinese and African peoples shared weal and woe and forged a close bond of
empathy and friendship.In particular, over the past half a century, we have supported each other in
national liberation and maintained sincere cooperation in development and close coordination in
international affairs.China-Africa friendship has stood the test of times, and China-Africa cooperation
has benefited both sides.We in China take great pride in our friendship with the African people.The
Chinese people and the African people have always been and will remain true friends who treat each
other as equals and with mutual trust and all sincerity, good partners of mutually beneficial
cooperation and close brothers who stand together in times of difficulty.I call on the Chinese people
and the African people to carry forward their friendship from generation to generation.And I am sure
that the Chinese and African peoples will live in friendship from generation to generation.With perseverance and dedication, Africa and its people have in recent years endeavored to promote
peace and development on the continent and achieved remarkable progress.We applaud the progress
made by you, our African brothers and sisters, and we wish you new success in advancing the great
cause of national development and revitalization.The world today is in profound changes.Peace, development and cooperation are the defining features
of our times.The growing trend towards multipolarity and economic globalization presents mankind
with both rare opportunity of development and severe challenges.People across the world hope to share
opportunities, jointly meet challenges and ensure common development.China is the biggest developing
country and Africa is the continent with the largest number of developing countries.Our combined
population accounts for over one-third of the world's total.Both China and Africa are important forces for
global peace and development.To deepen China-Africa traditional friendship, boost practical cooperation
and forge in an all-round way a new China-Africa strategic partnership is the shared desire of our two
peoples.It is also the calling of the times.We must sustain the momentum of this trend by maintaining
close friendship, treating each other as equals and working closely to promote mutually beneficial
cooperation and common development, and thus elevate China-Africa friendship and cooperation to a
higher level.The year 2006, which has just passed, will go down as a milestone in the history of China-Africa
relations.It bore witness to the success of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa
Cooperation.At the Beijing Summit, the Chinese and African leaders unanimously agreed to establish
and develop a new type of China-Africa strategic partnership featuring political equality and mutual
trust, economic win-win cooperation and cultural exchange.They adopted a plan for promoting
China-Africa cooperation in the next three years.The Chinese Government announced eight policy
steps to enhance practical cooperation with Africa and support Africa's development.They include
expanding China's assistance to Africa, canceling the debts of Highly Indebted Poor Countries and
Least Developed Countries in Africa, opening China's market to Africa and broadening China-Africa
cooperation in the economic and social fields.Closer China-Africa cooperation has focused
international attention on peace and development in Africa and raised the standing of Africa in the
international community.This further shows that the common development of China and Africa has
important and far-reaching significance on promoting the lofty cause of peace and development of
mankind.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，To truly help the African people and support Africa's development, the international community
must help Africa realize economic and social development.The policy steps taken by the Chinese
Government to enhance practical cooperation with Africa and support Africa's development are
designed to strengthen Africa's capacity for self-development and improve the welfare of the
African people.I am making this eight-nation visit to Africa to consolidate China's traditional
friendship with Africa, implement the decisions made at the Beijing Summit, expand practical
cooperation, promote common development and work with Africa to strengthen the new type of
China-Africa strategic partnership.To accomplish this goal, China is ready to make joint efforts
with Africa in the following key areas.Firstly, forge friendship, maintain close political dialogue and coordination and increase
mutual understanding and trust.Both China and Africa cherish their traditional friendship and are dedicated to boosting their
relations.This is the inexhaustible source of strength for propelling the growth of China-Africa
relations.We should maintain high-level exchanges and visits and step up strategic dialogue on major
issues of mutual interest to increase our common understanding.We should strengthen interactions
between governments, parliaments, political parties and public groups to consolidate the political
foundation of China-Africa friendship.China firmly supports the African countries in upholding
independence and sovereignty and pursuing models of development suited to their national
conditions.It firmly supports the African Union, other regional organizations and the African countries
in their efforts to promote peace and stability.China is ready to play a constructive role in helping
Africa resolve its differences and disputes by itself.China will remain actively involved in UN
peacekeeping operations in Africa.Secondly, deepen cooperation and expand economic and technological exchanges to achieve
mutual benefit and win-win progress.Economic and technological cooperation is an important foundation for growing China-Africa
relations.We should expand mutually beneficial cooperation and draw on our comparative strengths.We should also diversify ways of conducting China-Africa cooperation.In addition to trade, we
should expand our cooperation to other areas, including investment, technology and project
contracting.Priority should be given to agriculture, infrastructure, manufacturing and public welfare
projects that are vital to people's livelihood.The Chinese Government will continue to take steps to
increase import from Africa to balance the trade between the two sides.We encourage Chinese
companies to increase investment in Africa, provide technical and management training and help
Africa develop processing and manufacturing industries so as to ease employment pressure
and enhance the competitiveness of its exports.China will continue to support the New
Partnership for Africa's Development.The Chinese Government will fully implement the policy
steps announced at the Beijing Summit for strengthening pragmatic cooperation with Africa
and supporting its development to help Africa expedite socio-economic development, enhance
capacity-building and improve people's livelihood, thus bringing real benefit to the African people.Thirdly, strengthen dialogue and exchanges between the Chinese and African civilizations
and make common progress through mutual learning and enrichment.The Chinese and African peoples both created splendid cultures in the long course of history
and made important contribution to the progress of human civilization.We should bolster
exchanges and interactions between the Chinese and African civilizations at different levels and in
diversified forms to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between our peoples.We should
strengthen cooperation in education, science, technology, public health, culture, sports and tourism，support closer cooperation between cultural institutions, news media, academic groups and
institutions of higher learning, and encourage the holding of cultural festivals, art performances and
exhibitions and sports events.In particular, we should enhance cooperation in human resources
development and increase popular support for growing China-Africa relations.Fourthly, treat each other as equals and strengthen cooperation in international affairs to
uphold the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries.China and Africa have extensive common ground and a fine tradition of cooperation on major
international issues.It serves our shared interests to strengthen coordination in international affairs.We should work together to uphold the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and enhance
consultation and coordination at the United Nations and other multilateral institutions.We
should urge the international community to enhance the awareness of collective security and
develop a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination
so as to foster an enabling international environment for common development.We should jointly
meet global challenges and step up consultation and cooperation on non-traditional security issues
including major communicable diseases, avian influenza and transnational crimes.We should
promote South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, call on the international community
to focus attention on Africa, urge developed countries to deliver their commitments of improving
market access, increasing aid and debt relief, and take effective steps to help African peoples resolve
their difficulties.China will work to see to it that in carrying out UN reform, more attention is paid
to development and that priority is given to addressing the under-representation of developing
countries, African countries in particular, in the United Nations.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，China has always taken a keen interest in Africa's development, and the Chinese people have
always been deeply concerned about the welfare of the African people.We fully support Africa's
cause of peace and development and sincerely hope to contribute our share to helping the African
people build their homeland and improve their lives.The Chinese are a peace-loving nation.We believe in cooperation and harmony among nations，and we hold that the strong and the rich should not bully the weak and the poor.Six hundred years
ago, Zheng He, a famed Chinese navigator of the Ming Dynasty, headed a large convoy which sailed
across the ocean and reached the east coast of Africa four times.They brought to the African people
a message of peace and goodwill, not swords, guns, plunder or slavery.For more than one hundred
years in China's modern history, the Chinese people were subjected to colonial aggression and
oppression by foreign powers and went through similar suffering and agony that the majority of
African countries endured.From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, the Chinese people
launched a heroic struggle to fight colonial aggression and foreign oppression, achieve independence
and liberation and build a new China of the Chinese people.Having realized this century-long historic
mission, the Chinese people today are working as one to make life better for themselves.Because of
the sufferings they experienced and the struggle they launched, something they will never forget, the
Chinese people are most strongly opposed to colonialism, oppression, and slavery of all manifestations.Because of this, the Chinese people have the most profound sympathy for all other nations in their
pursuit of independence, happiness and their aspirations.Since the founding of New China in
1949, the Chinese Government and people have provided the African people with firm political，material and moral support in their heroic struggles for liberation and against colonial rule.China has
never imposed its will or unequal practices on other countries and will never do so in the future.It
will certainly not do anything harmful to the interests of Africa and its people.China respects the
political systems and paths to development independently adopted and pursued by the African
people that suit their national conditions.China supports the African countries in strengthening
democracy, the rule of law and good governance.And China supports them in fully tapping their
potential and actively participating in international cooperation and competition.In the course of fast growth of China-Africa cooperation, it is natural that new issues and new
challenges may arise.Yet, compared with the larger interests of China-Africa cooperation, these
issues, which occur in the course of advance, can surely be resolved through friendly consultation
and deepened cooperation.China takes seriously the concerns about the imbalance in the structure
of China-Africa trade and the scope of Chinese investment.We have taken and will continue to take
effective steps with African countries to address those concerns.I am confident that with our
concerted efforts, China-Africa cooperation will continue to enjoy steady progress.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Since the policy of reform and opening-up was introduced in 1978, the Chinese people have succeeded
in embarking on a path of development suited to China's national conditions.They have dedicated
themselves to building socialism with Chinese features, greatly boosting productivity and China's
national strength and raising their own living standards.Between 1978 and 2006, China's GDP grew
to US$2.6269 trillion from US$216.5 billion, and its trade jumped to US$1.7607 trillion from US$20.6
billion, while the number of the rural poor shrank from 250 million to 21.5 million.China has on the
whole brought a moderately prosperous life to its people.On the other hand, we are keenly aware that
China is still the world's largest developing country with a huge population, weak foundation and
uneven regional development.China ranks behind the 100th place in terms of per capita GDP and
faces numerous difficulties and challenges in its development endeavor.It will take many years of
dedicated efforts before we can catch up with the medium-level developed countries.Under the
guidance of the scientific thinking on development that puts people first and calls for comprehensive，coordinated and sustainable development, we will give top priority to economic development, deepen
reform and opening-up, increase people's welfare, work to build a harmonious society, and move
steadily towards our development goals.China's development is peaceful, open, cooperative and harmonious in nature.We aim to build a
harmonious society at home and work with other countries to build a harmonious world of
enduring peace and common prosperity.China is dedicated to peace, development and cooperation.We will continue to pursue the independent foreign policy of peace, the path of peaceful
development and the opening-up strategy for mutual benefit.The Chinese people are ready to work
with the African people to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.We should advocate mutual respect among and participation by all countries, promote multilateralism
and democracy in international relations and work for equality, democracy and justice in the
international community.We should encourage strengthened cooperation and exchanges between
countries, urge the international community to implement the Millennium Development Goals and
support other developing countries in fully tapping their strengths to speed up their development.We
should work for a fair and just multilateral trading and financial system and we should work to
move economic globalization in a direction that benefits all countries.We should encourage dialogue
and mutual learning between countries, respect for and preservation of cultural diversity and diversity
in development models and harmonious co-existence of different civilizations so that global
development will be full of vitality.Furthermore, we should jointly address global security issues
through enhanced dialogue and coordination, and resolve disputes through dialogue and negotiation to
uphold regional and global security and stability.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Young people are the future of a country and the hope of a nation.I see so many young faces in the
audience today.In my younger days, I was involved in youth affairs in China.I like to talk to young
people and benefit from them.Being with you today, I can feel your youthful vigor and this brings
me back to the unforgettable years when I was a young man of your age.Being young is enviable
and I wish you a great future.The future of South Africa lies with you, and the hope of African
renaissance lies with young people in Africa.The young Chinese and Africans are a dynamic force in advancing China-Africa friendship and
in building a harmonious world.Greater interactions and deeper understanding and friendship
between them are crucial for forging enduring China-Africa friendship.The Chinese Government
sees great value in the exchanges between Chinese and African youths and is committed to
strengthening these exchanges.Over 20,000 African students have studied in China on Chinese
Government scholarships and their experiences have contributed to greater understanding and
friendship between the African and Chinese youths.At the same time, more young Chinese have
come to Africa to study or on voluntary service programs.The University of Pretoria alone has
over 260 Chinese students.Currently, China provides 2,000 government scholarships for African
students each year.The Chinese Government will double the number in the next three years.We
also encourage young Chinese volunteers to come to Africa to participate in Africa's development.Here, I wish to take this opportunity to make an announcement.The Chinese Government will
invite 500 African youths, including university students, to visit China in the next three years.I hope
some of you here will visit China on this program.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，To renew China-Africa traditional friendship, develop the new type of China-Africa strategic
partnership and build a harmonious world is our shared strategic decision and historical mission.Let's join hands and work tirelessly to realize this common vision.Thank you.
第五篇：奥巴马在美国一所大学毕业典礼上的演讲
For Immediate Release May 14, 2012
Remarks by the President at Barnard College Commencement Ceremony
Barnard College Columbia University New York, New York
1:28 P.M.EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you so much.(Applause.)Thank you.Please, please have a seat.Thank you.(Applause.)Thank you, President Spar, trustees, President Bollinger.Hello, Class of 2012!(Applause.)Congratulations on reaching this day.Thank you for the honor of being able to be a part of it.There are so many people who are proud of you--your parents, family, faculty, friends--all who share in this achievement.So please give them a big round of applause.(Applause.)To all the moms who are here today, you could not ask for a better Mother’s Day gift than to see all of these folks graduate.(Applause.)I have to say, though, whenever I come to these things, I start thinking about Malia and Sasha graduating, and I start tearing up and--(laughter)--it's terrible.I don't know how you guys are holding it together.(Laughter.)I will begin by telling a hard truth: I’m a Columbia college graduate.(Laughter and applause.)I know there can be a little bit of a sibling rivalry here.(Laughter.)But I’m honored nevertheless to be your commencement speaker today--although I’ve got to say, you set a pretty high bar given the past three years.(Applause.)Hillary Clinton--(applause)--Meryl Streep--(applause)--Sheryl Sandberg--these are not easy acts to follow.(Applause.)But I will point out Hillary is doing an extraordinary job as one of the finest Secretaries of State America has ever had.(Applause.)We gave Meryl the Presidential Medal of Arts and Humanities.(Applause.)Sheryl is not just a good friend;she’s also one of our economic advisers.So it’s like the old saying goes--keep your friends close, and your Barnard commencement speakers even closer.(Applause.)There's wisdom in that.(Laughter.)
Now, the year I graduated--this area looks familiar--(laughter)--the year I graduated was 1983, the first year women were admitted to Columbia.(Applause.)Sally Ride was the first American woman in space.Music was all about Michael and the Moonwalk.(Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: Do it!(Laughter.)THE PRESIDENT: No Moonwalking.(Laughter.)No Moonwalking today.(Laughter.)We had the Walkman, not iPods.Some of the streets around here were not quite so inviting.(Laughter.)Times Square was not a family destination.(Laughter.)So I know this is all ancient history.Nothing worse than commencement speakers droning on about bygone days.(Laughter.)But for all the differences, the Class of 1983 actually had a lot in common with all of you.For we, too, were heading out into a world at a moment when our country was still recovering from a particularly severe economic recession.It was a time of change.It was a time of uncertainty.It was a time of passionate political debates.You can relate to this because just as you were starting out finding your way around this campus, an economic crisis struck that would claim more than 5 million jobs before the end of your freshman year.Since then, some of you have probably seen parents put off retirement, friends struggle to find work.And you may be looking toward the future with that same sense of concern that my generation did when we were sitting where you are now.Of course, as young women, you’re also going to grapple with some unique challenges, like whether you’ll be able to earn equal pay for equal work;whether you’ll be able to balance the demands of your job and your family;whether you’ll be able to fully control decisions about your own health.And while opportunities for women have grown exponentially over the last 30 years, as young people, in many ways you have it even tougher than we did.This recession has been more brutal, the job losses steeper.Politics seems nastier.Congress more gridlocked than ever.Some folks in the financial world have not exactly been model corporate citizens.(Laughter.)No wonder that faith in our institutions has never been lower, particularly when good news doesn’t get the same kind of ratings as bad news anymore.Every day you receive a steady stream of sensationalism and scandal and stories with a message that suggest change isn’t possible;that you can’t make a difference;that you won’t be able to close that gap between life as it is and life as you want it to be.My job today is to tell you don’t believe it.Because as tough as things have been, I am convinced you are tougher.I’ve seen your passion and I’ve seen your service.I’ve seen you engage and I’ve seen you turn out in record numbers.I’ve heard your voices amplified by creativity and a digital fluency that those of us in older generations can barely comprehend.I’ve seen a generation eager, impatient even, to step into the rushing waters of history and change its course.And that defiant, can-do spirit is what runs through the veins of American history.It’s the lifeblood of all our progress.And it is that spirit which we need your generation to embrace and rekindle right now.See, the question is not whether things will get better--they always do.The question is not whether we’ve got the solutions to our challenges--we’ve had them within our grasp for quite some time.We know, for example, that this country would be better off if more Americans were able to get the kind of education that you’ve received here at Barnard--(applause)--if more people could get the specific skills and training that employers are looking for today.We know that we’d all be better off if we invest in science and technology that sparks new businesses and medical breakthroughs;if we developed more clean energy so we could use less foreign oil and reduce the carbon pollution that’s threatening our planet.(Applause.)We know that we’re better off when there are rules that stop big banks from making bad bets with other people’s money and--(applause)--when insurance companies aren’t allowed to drop your coverage when you need it most or charge women differently from men.(Applause.)Indeed, we know we are better off when women are treated fairly and equally in every aspect of American life--whether it’s the salary you earn or the health decisions you make.(Applause.)We know these things to be true.We know that our challenges are eminently solvable.The question is whether together, we can muster the will--in our own lives, in our common institutions, in our politics--to bring about the changes we need.And I’m convinced your generation possesses that will.And I believe that the women of this generation--that all of you will help lead the way.(Applause.)Now, I recognize that’s a cheap applause line when you're giving a commencement at Barnard.(Laughter.)It’s the easy thing to say.But it’s true.It is--in part, it is simple math.Today, women are not just half this country;you’re half its workforce.(Applause.)More and more women are out-earning their husbands.You’re more than half of our college graduates, and master’s graduates, and PhDs.(Applause.)So you’ve got us outnumbered.(Laughter.)After decades of slow, steady, extraordinary progress, you are now poised to make this the century where women shape not only their own destiny but the destiny of this nation and of this world.But how far your leadership takes this country, how far it takes this world--well, that will be up to you.You’ve got to want it.It will not be handed to you.And as someone who wants that future--that better future--for you, and for Malia and Sasha, as somebody who’s had the good fortune of being the husband and the father and the son of some strong, remarkable women, allow me to offer just a few pieces of advice.That's obligatory.(Laughter.)Bear with me.My first piece of advice is this: Don’t just get involved.Fight for your seat at the table.Better yet, fight for a seat at the head of the table.(Applause.)It’s been said that the most important role in our democracy is the role of citizen.And indeed, it was 225 years ago today that the Constitutional Convention opened in Philadelphia, and our founders, citizens all, began crafting an extraordinary document.Yes, it had its flaws--flaws that this nation has strived to protect(perfect)over time.Questions of race and gender were unresolved.No woman’s signature graced the original document--although we can assume that there were founding mothers whispering smarter things in the ears of the founding fathers.(Applause.)I mean, that's almost certain.What made this document special was that it provided the space--the possibility--for those who had been left out of our charter to fight their way in.It provided people the language to appeal to principles and ideals that broadened democracy’s reach.It allowed for protest, and movements, and the dissemination of new ideas that would repeatedly, decade after decade, change the world--a constant forward movement that continues to this day.Our founders understood that America does not stand still;we are dynamic, not static.We look forward, not back.And now that new doors have been opened for you, you’ve got an obligation to seize those opportunities.You need to do this not just for yourself but for those who don’t yet enjoy the choices that you’ve had, the choices you will have.And one reason many workplaces still have outdated policies is because women only account for 3 percent of the CEOs at Fortune 500 companies.One reason we’re actually refighting long-settled battles over women’s rights is because women occupy fewer than one in five seats in Congress.Now, I’m not saying that the only way to achieve success is by climbing to the top of the corporate ladder or running for office--although, let’s face it, Congress would get a lot more done if you did.(Laughter and applause.)That I think we’re sure about.But if you decide not to sit yourself at the table, at the very least you’ve got to make sure you have a say in who does.It matters.Before women like Barbara Mikulski and Olympia Snowe and others got to Congress, just to take one example, much of federally-funded research on diseases focused solely on their effects on men.It wasn’t until women like Patsy Mink and Edith Green got to Congress and passed Title IX, 40 years ago this year, that we declared women, too, should be allowed to compete and win on America’s playing fields.(Applause.)Until a woman named Lilly Ledbetter showed up at her office and had the courage to step up and say, you know what, this isn’t right, women weren’t being treated fairly--we lacked some of the tools we needed to uphold the basic principle of equal pay for equal work.So don’t accept somebody else’s construction of the way things ought to be.It’s up to you to right wrongs.It’s up to you to point out injustice.It’s up to you to hold the system accountable and sometimes upend it entirely.It’s up to you to stand up and to be heard, to write and to lobby, to march, to organize, to vote.Don’t be content to just sit back and watch.Those who oppose change, those who benefit from an unjust status quo, have always bet on the public’s cynicism or the public's complacency.Throughout American history, though, they have lost that bet, and I believe they will this time as well.(Applause.)But ultimately, Class of 2012, that will depend on you.Don’t wait for the person next to you to be the first to speak up for what’s right.Because maybe, just maybe, they’re waiting on you.Which brings me to my second piece of advice: Never underestimate the power of your example.The very fact that you are graduating, let alone that more women now graduate from college than men, is only possible because earlier generations of women--your mothers, your grandmothers, your aunts--shattered the myth that you couldn’t or shouldn’t be where you are.(Applause.)
I think of a friend of mine who’s the daughter of immigrants.When she was in high school, her guidance counselor told her, you know what, you’re just not college material.You should think about becoming a secretary.Well, she was stubborn, so she went to college anyway.She got her master’s.She ran for local office, won.She ran for state office, she won.She ran for Congress, she won.And lo and behold, Hilda Solis did end up becoming a secretary--(laughter)--she is America’s Secretary of Labor.(Applause.)So think about what that means to a young Latina girl when she sees a Cabinet secretary that looks like her.(Applause.)Think about what it means to a young girl in Iowa when she sees a presidential candidate who looks like her.Think about what it means to a young girl walking in Harlem right down the street when she sees a U.N.ambassador who looks like her.Do not underestimate the power of your example.This diploma opens up new possibilities, so reach back, convince a young girl to earn one, too.If you earned your degree in areas where we need more women--like computer science or engineering--(applause)--reach back and persuade another student to study it, too.If you're going into fields where we need more women, like construction or computer engineering--reach back, hire someone new.Be a mentor.Be a role model.Until a girl can imagine herself, can picture herself as a computer programmer, or a combatant commander, she won’t become one.Until there are women who tell her, ignore our pop culture obsession over beauty and fashion--(applause)--and focus instead on studying and inventing and competing and leading, she’ll think those are the only things that girls are supposed to care about.Now, Michelle will say, nothing wrong with caring about it a little bit.(Laughter.)You can be stylish and powerful, too.(Applause.)That's Michelle’s advice.(Applause.)And never forget that the most important example a young girl will ever follow is that of a parent.Malia and Sasha are going to be outstanding women because Michelle and Marian Robinson are outstanding women.So understand your power, and use it wisely.My last piece of advice--this is simple, but perhaps most important: Persevere.Persevere.Nothing worthwhile is easy.No one of achievement has avoided failure--sometimes catastrophic failures.But they keep at it.They learn from mistakes.They don’t quit.You know, when I first arrived on this campus, it was with little money, fewer options.But it was here that I tried to find my place in this world.I knew I wanted to make a difference, but it was vague how in fact I’d go about it.(Laughter.)But I wanted to do my part to do my part to shape a better world.So even as I worked after graduation in a few unfulfilling jobs here in New York--I will not list them all--(laughter)--even as I went from motley apartment to motley apartment, I reached out.I started to write letters to community organizations all across the country.And one day, a small group of churches on the South Side of Chicago answered, offering me work with people in neighborhoods hit hard by steel mills that were shutting down and communities where jobs were dying away.The community had been plagued by gang violence, so once I arrived, one of the first things we tried to do was to mobilize a meeting with community leaders to deal with gangs.And I’d worked for weeks on this project.We invited the police;we made phone calls;we went to churches;we passed out flyers.The night of the meeting we arranged rows and rows of chairs in anticipation of this crowd.And we waited, and we waited.And finally, a group of older folks walked in to the hall and they sat down.And this little old lady raised her hand and asked, “Is this where the bingo game is?”(Laughter.)It was a disaster.Nobody showed up.My first big community meeting--nobody showed up.And later, the volunteers I worked with told me, that's it;we’re quitting.They'd been doing this for two years even before I had arrived.They had nothing to show for it.And I’ll be honest, I felt pretty discouraged as well.I didn't know what I was doing.I thought about quitting.And as we were talking, I looked outside and saw some young boys playing in a vacant lot across the street.And they were just throwing rocks up at a boarded building.They had nothing better to do--late at night, just throwing rocks.And I said to the volunteers, “Before you quit, answer one question.What will happen to those boys if you quit? Who will fight for them if we don’t? Who will give them a fair shot if we leave? And one by one, the volunteers decided not to quit.We went back to those neighborhoods and we kept at it.We registered new voters, and we set up after-school programs, and we fought for new jobs, and helped people live lives with some measure of dignity.And we sustained ourselves with those small victories.We didn’t set the world on fire.Some of those communities are still very poor.There are still a lot of gangs out there.But I believe that it was those small victories that helped me win the bigger victories of my last three and a half years as President.And I wish I could say that this perseverance came from some innate toughness in me.But the truth is, it was learned.I got it from watching the people who raised me.More specifically, I got it from watching the women who shaped my life.I grew up as the son of a single mom who struggled to put herself through school and make ends meet.She had marriages that fell apart;even went on food stamps at one point to help us get by.But she didn’t quit.And she earned her degree, and made sure that through scholarships and hard work, my sister and I earned ours.She used to wake me up when we were living overseas--wake me up before dawn to study my English lessons.And when I’d complain, she’d just look at me and say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster.”(Laughter.)And my mom ended up dedicating herself to helping women around the world access the money they needed to start their own businesses--she was an early pioneer in microfinance.And that meant, though, that she was gone a lot, and she had her own struggles trying to figure out balancing motherhood and a career.And when she was gone, my grandmother stepped up to take care of me.She only had a high school education.She got a job at a local bank.She hit the glass ceiling, and watched men she once trained promoted up the ladder ahead of her.But she didn’t quit.Rather than
grow hard or angry each time she got passed over, she kept doing her job as best as she knew how, and ultimately ended up being vice president at the bank.She didn’t quit.And later on, I met a woman who was assigned to advise me on my first summer job at a law firm.And she gave me such good advice that I married her.(Laughter.)And Michelle and I gave everything we had to balance our careers and a young family.But let’s face it, no matter how enlightened I must have thought myself to be, it often fell more on her shoulders when I was traveling, when I was away.I know that when she was with our girls, she’d feel guilty that she wasn’t giving enough time to her work, and when she was at her work, she’d feel guilty she wasn’t giving enough time to our girls.And both of us wished we had some superpower that would let us be in two places at once.But we persisted.We made that marriage work.And the reason Michelle had the strength to juggle everything, and put up with me and eventually the public spotlight, was because she, too, came from a family of folks who didn’t quit--because she saw her dad get up and go to work every day even though he never finished college, even though he had crippling MS.She saw her mother, even though she never finished college, in that school, that urban school, every day making sure Michelle and her brother were getting the education they deserved.Michelle saw how her parents never quit.They never indulged in self-pity, no matter how stacked the odds were against them.They didn't quit.Those are the folks who inspire me.People ask me sometimes, who inspires you, Mr.President? Those quiet heroes all across this country--some of your parents and grandparents who are sitting here--no fanfare, no articles written about them, they just persevere.They just do their jobs.They meet their responsibilities.They don't quit.I'm only here because of them.They may not have set out to change the world, but in small, important ways, they did.They certainly changed mine.So whether it’s starting a business, or running for office, or raising a amazing family, remember that making your mark on the world is hard.It takes patience.It takes commitment.It comes with plenty of setbacks and it comes with plenty of failures.But whenever you feel that creeping cynicism, whenever you hear those voices say you can’t make a difference, whenever somebody tells you to set your sights lower--the trajectory of this country should give you hope.Previous generations should give you hope.What young generations have done before should give you hope.Young folks who marched and mobilized and stood up and sat in, from Seneca Falls to Selma to Stonewall, didn’t just do it for themselves;they did it for other people.(Applause.)That’s how we achieved women’s rights.That's how we achieved voting rights.That's how we achieved workers’ rights.That's how we achieved gay rights.(Applause.)That’s how we’ve made this Union more perfect.(Applause.)And if you’re willing to do your part now, if you're willing to reach up and close that gap between what America is and what America should be, I want you to know that I will be right there with you.(Applause.)If you are ready to fight for that brilliant, radically simple idea of America that no matter who you are or what you look like, no matter who you love or what God you worship, you can still pursue your own happiness, I will join you every step of the way.(Applause.)
Now more than ever--now more than ever, America needs what you, the Class of 2012, has to offer.America needs you to reach high and hope deeply.And if you fight for your seat at the table, and you set a better example, and you persevere in what you decide to do with your life, I have every faith not only that you will succeed, but that, through you, our nation will continue to be a beacon of light for men and women, boys and girls, in every corner of the globe.So thank you.Congratulations.(Applause.)God bless you.God bless the United States of America.(Applause.)
点击咨询 