博士生考试

第一篇：博士生考试

考博完全不同于考硕，这里面牵涉的人为因素太多了。我也经常在小木虫里看到不少网友发帖求助关于考博的事项。其中，有很多事重复的话题，也是很简单的话题。但也是由于没有考博经验而无法体会的问题。在我考博士期间，承蒙各位网友的指教和交流，这使得我受益匪浅。本着投之以桃，报之以李的态度，花点时间写点心得。其中，这些经验也并不一定是成功的经验，更多的是笔者经历过失败和教训之后的一点心得。如果能给今后的师弟师妹们有点帮助，我将倍感荣幸！闲话少叙，我将以话题的形式分标题在今后的时间内陆续发帖展开，谢谢！

1）什么样的人应该选择读博？

常常从帖子里看到不少网友在为读不读博士而犹豫不决。在这个老大不小的年龄里，看到很多的朋友，同学都事业小成，结婚生子。自己还在上学读书，工作还没有着落，心里不免对以往的苦苦追求的读书生活有所怀疑。这些怀疑是正常的。个人认为，如果你现在或者将来立志从事科研或高校的工作来说，读博这条路是必须要走的。如果你心里已经为自己的将来事业有了蓝图，并且这些蓝图不需要博士这个必须的学历的话，显然应该坚定自己的想法，自己踏实完成心中的蓝图。这样的做法至少有两个好处，一是可以省下更多的时间完成自己的事情；没有必要为了一纸文凭而浪费青春。二是最起码可以省下这个名额给更需要博士这个学位的学生。或许他因为热爱科研而因未能有更高的学历而被迫选择其他的职业。而干自己不喜欢的事情，确实是索然无味的。

总之，读博不要被一纸文凭所带来的虚荣和诱惑所吸引，也不要变成对现实社会找工作压力的一种逃避！如果是这样的话，学习期间会缺乏兴趣和动力。在老大不小的年龄阶段，精神上罔惘然。读博的真正目的是要获取文凭背后的更多的知识（当然文凭也重要），以此追求的过程中获得知识、经验、人生上的历练，使得自己在将来的工作中学有所用，这是是最恰当不过的了。

2）导师的联系

正向前文所述，博士招生完全不同于硕士招生。博士招生，只要导师想要你，你考的很低也没有多大问题（这个概率很低，因为楼主注意到许多包括985类的院校里面有很多破格招生，这些破格生有时候英语往往才30多分）。但是话又说回来了，凭什么导师想要你的？答案是：你的工作要对他有用。因此，在报考之前，一定要联系一下导师，征询他的意见和建议。在这里，需要注意到几点：

a）写信的时候多多介绍自己以往的工作经历、科研成果、已经你对报考导师科研兴趣点在哪里。坐到既不张扬，也不过度谦虚谨慎！

b)导师回信分析：

中国语言博大精深，同样的一句话能说出不同的意思。往往存在这样的导师（很多），明明自己内定直博的都一大堆了。你写信的时候，他还说些欢迎报考之类的话，结果你考上了因为名额的限制他也不要你。这明显是一种误人子弟的行为。我对这样的老师心存鄙夷！在这里，导师如果回信说“感谢你对我们科研。兴趣，欢迎报考！”这样的话套话。这说明一个问题，就是说他有中意的人选了。只有在别人考不上你才是他的选择。

也存在这样一种情况，如果导师直接告诉你或者委婉的告诉你，他不想招你。名额很多，或者对你的专业不是很感兴趣之类的。我认为你一定应该回信感谢他，因为他向你说了实话，最起码不会耽误你。

如果导师给你回信的时候很诚恳，并且明确提到他对你的专业感兴趣的话，甚至迫不及待地介绍了他自己的想法。恭喜你。去考吧！过线了就基本没有问题了。

3）学校的选择

中国具有招生博士资格的现在大学，大致可以分为四类：一类是985高校；二类为中科院系统；三类为211类非985学校；最后一类为一般高校。个人认为，对于我们这些始终蹲在普通高校里成长到硕士毕业，始终不知道重点为何物的学生来说，在即将封顶的时候能上个985学校甚至是211学校的博士简直就是一种久违的理想了。因而，985类和中科院类的院校是始终是大家憧憬的目标。能从这些学校毕业，进入社会后这些都是一笔可贵的社会资本。

在这里，我个人也认为985学校和中科院系统是学弟学妹们最好的选择。在这个论坛，我经常看到很多的朋友在还是报考中科院系统还是报考985学校很犹豫，甚至在高校和院所同时录取的话，还一直在犹豫。一般情况下，报考中科院系统的学生一是看中了他们的补助（东部所总共1800左右/月），二是憧憬中科院里的学术氛围。在我看来，这两点都是缺乏认识的一种表现，就补助来说，很多高校的博士补助每月都在1000元以上（博士培养非在职一般免费）；再者，对于高校来说，中科院的所所在地区由于缺乏系统的学校服务设施，一般物价较高。这样算的话，其实每月拉扯起来，就消费来说中科院所在的所也不见的具有多少“金钱优势”。就针对学术氛围来说，确实中科院系统的学术氛围在全国中算是偏上，甚至上上。但是，要知道，凡是没有绝对的，中科院院所也是有一个个像你像我一样的平常人组成的。我们社会上存在的勾心斗角，相互碾压、甚至是诽谤在这些激烈的竞争部门也有之过而不及。因而，我在这里并非不建议大家报科研院所，我想告诉学弟学妹们的是如果你抱着绝对憧憬的态度去报考一所院所，最终你可能进去了之后你也会对里面社会式的芸芸众生而感到失望和失落。

对于高校来说，说实在的，全国985类的学校真的很难评出哪所学校是绝对的第一。因为量化的标准也不是绝对的。举例来说，哈尔滨工大在全国综合实力排名10位左右，但是它的许多理工科北大清华也难以撼动。因而，我认为，对于这些学校来说，无所谓学术环境的好坏（其实差不多），关键是找一个适合的专业和一个负责人的导师才是第一位的。如果你真想追求一个能够严谨治学，不流于俗套的学校，我真的要失望的告诉你，在中国大陆目前的情况下，那些自诩为治学严谨的大师级的学校和人物，几乎都是在吃老本地疯狂吹嘘。也就是说，自诩为建世界有名高校还是停留在口号阶段。如果你自认自己确实是一个很牛B的人，我认为你现在就默默地保持一颗牛B的心态，踏实地就想办法把报考的学校当做阶梯，想办法将来走出国门继续深造吧！

4)关于导师的人品的疑问？

a)导师的人品问题：

林子大了，什么鸟都会有！同样，生活着同一个世界中，导师也像我们芸芸众生的人一样，有奸诈虚伪的伪君子、有满盈的色狼、有厚黑学学的很老道的伪小人、当然也有忠实厚道的老好人、有学术精湛的大师、也有平易近人和循循善诱的优秀教书人..........，不过，我以为可能绝大多数的导师还是和你我一样的平常人。因此，在考试以前，用平常人的眼光去理解和解读那些光环下的导师，或许能使你拨开迷雾和蒙罩在他们都上的光环。使得你客观地去选择一名适合自己的导师。在这里，如果你以为导师的人品和学术水平成正比的话，那就大错特错了。有少数老师，只要你和他之间存在利益上的纠葛，以排挤甚至诽谤同事、甚至排斥要挟自己学生的伎俩来赢取自己的生存空间。其他涉及题外的例子我们不必多举，就拿我以前认识一个一个同学来说吧，他的导师表面笑面虎，背地里匿名信、勾心斗角什么花样都使得出来。而且这些花招还在自己的研究生手底下使用。结果搞得自己的5个学生有四个被导师的小人行径逼退学（其中一个在刚上研究生，总算最后混到毕业）。当时，这个导师为了逼自己的学生退学，还居然自己打印了一份学生自愿退学报告，让学生自己签字，大致意思就是学生的自身原因自愿退学，与他无关意见之类的。结果，其中的一个学生（联合培养被退学的学生。在另外一个学校获得的学位）在此之后报考其他所博士，这名导师（居然还是个“百人”）知道了报考单位之后为了解恨（我现在想不通他害了别人自己还有什么“恨”），居然还写匿名信的方式说这个学生的学术人品有问题。结果这个学生分数过线而招生导师因为不清楚是非，居然不敢录取而导致这名学生未被录取！说实在的，如果你碰到这样的导师，就真的完蛋了！不管是人品还是学品，都会一无所获！

当然，这样的极端的例子，可能一百人中没有一个。但是，有些问题却常见，如论文的署名顺序问题、导师扣发生活费问题......这些问题其实并不大，很可能沟通一下就行了。但是，在入学报名前能够排除当然更好，怎样发现这一问题呢？

首先，存在一些这样的导师，明明自己学生辛苦做出来的文章（构思、写作、投稿，老师的工作很少或者仅仅是辅助性的）。可导师一般情况下，总是习惯于自己署名第一。结果导师的文章一大把，学生辛苦三年仅仅一篇应付毕业。这样的导师有点坐的过激了，毕竟有点自己的地位是凌驾于别人痛苦之上的感觉，说白了有点不道德了！在这种情况下，为了避免今后这样情况的发生，可以打开这名报考导师在做导师期间发的所有的文章，如果他的学生总是习惯性地在后面挂着的话，这说明这名导师有点限制学生的不良行为！这样的导师最好不要报。当然，如果对这样的判断比较怀疑的情况下，最好的方法是去与他毕业的学生交流，直接问一下也没有关系，毕竟毕业之后也没有什么利益牵绊，他也没有必要一味地维护导师

b)导师人品VS.学品

我经常在论坛里看到很多网友谈论导师人品和学品哪个更重要的问题。我个人以为，其实人品更重要！在圈内，一般的导师按照学术头衔来说，可以分为三类：一是院士；二是长江学者、归国优秀人员；三是没有什么大头衔的普通导师。在这三类中，院士一般情况下是早期学术比较屌、学者人脉关系比较拽的那些人（当然也有少数书中忠实于做学问，但一般都老的跑不动的那些人）。这样的导师，一般人品都没有太极端的问题，因为如果没有很好的人脉口碑游走于社会各色人等之间，也很难能混到这一步。他们的课题多而且大，资金充裕。但一般他很少管理你——哪怕你是博士了，进去了之后你是跟着小老板混。因此，具体你学术专业水平能发展的什么样的水平，很难说！因而，如果你今后毕业，准备游走于学术圈之间，而确实能够在学术上哪怕有一点成就的话，在这样的老板手底下混还是不错的。但是，如果你给自己的人生定位是今后闷头做学问，课题够用就行的话，这样的导师可报可不报！

对于长江学者、和优秀归国博导。他们是一帮很用功、也很踏实处于上升期的人群人。人往往在牛的时候，很容易忽略比自己地位低的人，在一般平庸的时候（或者上升期的时候）很容易记起认可自己的那些人（哪怕这些人的地位当时比自己低）。这就是我为什么推荐大家报考这样的导师的原因。在这样的导师下工作，努力点一般学术水平都不会差，而且他也会很用心地培养你。因为，一般你出去之后，你就是他为数不多的商标品牌了。况且，上升期的他，说明定你毕业之后，哪天那些老家伙一归西，你的导师在学术圈一般都会很牛！这样的话，也能更好地照顾你的发展。

第三类是那些一般的导师，我对他们更尊敬。因为我的硕导就是这样的导师，他在我最困难的时候，给我的帮助很大。相信大家比我更理解这样一群人，由于这样的人群差异性很大，暂且不分析了。

假如对于上述的人等，人品和学品之间必须选择的话，我认为人品比学品更重要。如果让我必须做出选择的话，我宁可选择层次稍低点的导师进行报考。原因很简单，任何一个人品好的厚道的导师，如果为你着想的话，对你都终生受益！人品的卑劣的人帮助你，无非为

了获取更丰厚的回报，如果你不给他回报，那么等待你的将是噩梦！因此，上述的三类导师，如果那些有光环的导师的人品出问题，我宁愿选择一名普通的博导！

5）黑与不黑

博士考试结束后，经常在论坛上看到有些同学抱怨自己被黑了。其实，说实在的。在社会上混，没有黑，也没有不黑。别人为什么能“黑”你呢？那是因为自己太轻信那些所谓的专家长辈级的导师了。他们随便回复自己一句就被考生当做神明一样铭记在心！当最后导师的变卦的时候，而学生以为自己就被黑了！我们怎样处理类似的事情呢？

首先，就像前文所说，考博不同于考硕。这里面人为的因素很大。可以说你进入复试后，导师就决定了你的生死。你可以是第一名，当然复试后也可以变成最后一名，更甚者哪怕复试你是第一名导师也有不要你的权利。这样的事情，在我考博士的时候，也不止一次的遇到过，里面的滋味真的不好受！但转念想想，如果自己不是因为太轻信那些所谓的大导们，自己也不会那么失望甚至绝望，也不会被这种状况逼的无路可退！在社会上混，如果因为别人给自己的一句承诺，而最终让别人兑现什么的话，那除非这个承诺的人是你二大爷，不然因为没有丝毫关系而且都不靠太多谱的事情，你就轻信了别人，自己岂不是太幼稚了！或许导师压根都不记得当初你联系他时，向你曾经说过的话。

对于这种问题，在报考的时候都应该尽量避免。其实，同时报考2-3所学校是最好的选择。奇怪的是，我到现在还能看到很多网友在为了报考哪所学校而始终犹豫不决，要知道还没有到被录取的地步呢就这么犹豫不决啊，说白了能不能进去还不一定呢。如果征求我的意见，我建议先都报上再说，到最终考试的时候再选择考不考也不迟啊？要知道，人不要因为人情因素抹不开，千万不要天真地以为报考时导师在EMAIL里对你礼节式的称赞而感激涕零、不考他的好像对不起他八辈祖宗一样。要知道，博士能决定着你的后半生，但影响不了导师什么。复习的时候，随着你学习的深入，你会对自己适合做什么，不适合做什么有个更深入的评价。最终选择2-3所学校考考就行了。这样的话，如果过线的话，即使有一所导师变卦不要你，最起码还有的选择。

6)关于考试复习

我希望上面所说的不要给大家一种误导，好似只要导师想要就没用问题了一样。但是，请别忘记一个前提！对我们绝大多数既不是知名人物也不是什么政界领导人物的普通考生来说，初试的关口时必须要过的。尤其在一些好的高校，博士招生还是蛮严格的（自己感觉其实中科院的某些所的主观性更大）。连初试都过不了，自己到时就很被动！因此，如何度过初试这一关很重要！

有一个有趣的现象，随着学历的增加学生的考试能力是逐步在下降。这可能与精力的分散，心态的摆放有关！也经常看到很多网友在骂当今的考试制度，我不否认卷面考试这种手段用来衡量一个人的综合能力欠缺很多，这也可能是很多学生面对考试而愤世嫉俗的原因。但是，在当今的社会中，你又能设计一条更为合理的标准去衡量选拔想用的人（才）吗？如果不能的话，那还是忍忍咬紧牙关把初试这关给过了。

随着年龄的增加，甚至很多同学已经到了40岁了。儿女、父母、老婆、工作这些一堆的事情使得自己很难安心读书。如果是这样的话，我更建议你做下来，每天抽点时间、少点应酬做下来及早复习。一般来说，如果真能深入学习，一般2-3个月就有不错的提升，但是如果仅仅是疲于应付捞个心态平衡，可能最多是原地踏步不前。因而，对于一般的学生来说，复习的前期，基本上处在了解报考信息、购买书籍、还没有进入复习状态这些阶段。这些阶

段说白了是调整期。具体来说，对书中的知识、考点、理解力都没用进入状态之中。一般这个时间是快则几周，慢者很难说了。因此，我个人建议还是尽量提前半年以上准备一下考试，认真复习比较妥帖！

同时，也看到很多的网友为自己的英语水平而担忧。这点我还是有点经验可以介绍的！我高考的时候英语150分考了71（高中从来英语没及格），大学研究生也没用过4,6级，但是自从在大学之后，我一直认真地学习钻研英语。经过努力，考硕考博英语考得还都不错。而且现在不仅能独立英文撰写论文，而且已经评审了几篇外文期刊的论文。因此，我在这里绝没用任何炫耀的意味，只想在这里说明的一个问题是：不要因为这些外在的荣誉得失而影响了你对科研和学习的兴趣，给自己增添无形的负担！人活在世界上，要避虚而求实！要知道，中国这个社会，个体常常被无形的荣誉所绑架，到最后完全丧失自己的兴趣！工作疲于应付！

就个人来说，我认为就博士考试来说，我个人认为英语的复习单词量是一个重要的方面，但是对句型的理解和掌握更重要，也更容易被忽略。简单来说，一个人的记忆力再好，也不可能把所有单词都记住；但是只要记住你考试范围内的单词即可（这点论坛上整理的很多，一般6级词汇多看看，其他的在你的学习阅读中碰到词汇，再逐渐增加记忆，从而提高词汇量）。而考试中，很多阅读理解其实考的是对原文中出现的句型的理解。如果句型理解没用培养起来的话，英语水平很难有较大的提高。

对于专业课，专业课的题目一般考的题目比较宽泛，题目看似简单。但要做到既有条理，又有深度地去解答，确实需要相当的基础，这里面的几乎每个问答和论述题都可以展开写篇综述性的论文。这就要求学生在复习的时候多多涉猎一些本学科内的相关知识。从本质理论上去理解这些知识点之间的内在联系！对于参考书的选择来说，一般博士入学考试不推荐参考书。即使推荐了，书中所提及的重要内容在考试中不见得考，反而书中一句两句话提及的问题常常被考到。这就说明，当初命题的时候，命题老师的思维也不仅仅限定在所指定的参考书内。因而，我个人认为，选择一本经典教材（或者指定教材）认真地研究，在以其他教材为补充的形式涉猎一下。可以弥补这种复习不到位的情况。

7）再论初试复习

上段已经提及到准备初试的重要性不言而喻，现不再过多罗嗦。在准备初试的时候，专业课的复习和英语的复习可能差异很大。先就英语来说，根据我的长期的做题经验（全国名校的英语全部做完，而且中科院的英语试题从2000年一直看到2009年），如果你的英语水平不是很高，或者换句话说就像小虫一样没用4,6级类的证书给自己撑腰的话，还是多多演习一下英语。对于一般的学生水平来说，花在英语上的时间要保证占总复习时间的2/5，当然3/5也更好。花时间复习英语可以获得以下好处：

a）在中科院内部的直博生中，他们的学生是不考专业课的，只考一门英语。据我所知，09年东部的部分所由于上线人太多，这些直博生的英语内部线甚至划到近60分左右。尤其，在这一个唯英文水平作为衡量学生素质发达与否、并且少数甚至半年都不读一篇英文的大导们也会跟着这个指标进行盲从的时代，我确实也搞不清楚卷面的65和56到底有什么差别。但是没用办法，这种差别可能是你是否能够实现成功跨越的一道鸿沟！

b)专业课可能有些老师BT地不给及格。这主要是你回答的太差，或者是阅卷老师水平太差。但一般是后者，也就是说如果你考到了55分以上而且题目回答的自认为还行老师还不给及格，那老师确实有问题。但是，如果你英文水平太差的话，考再多的学校只是增加一些及格（及格线不一定是60）的概率而已！而且这种差距不是一朝一夕能够赶上！即使专业课很菜，英文水平能保证没用问题的话，第二年再考上中的可能性也比英文拉退考不上的概

率要大。

在复习英语之前，如果像楼主一样，认为自己是一个有足够的毅力、并且也是一个记忆力不太好、理解力还行的小笨蛋的话。那么，最好的复习方法就是把全国名校最近几年的考博真题先仔细做一遍（先不要定时间限制，尽量足够耐心地理解地有计划地去做），每套习题都要认真地总结、复习、弄懂为什么选错？当时我是怎样想的？答案给出的合理性再哪里？句意如何理解？我最容易做错哪些题型？那些看着面熟而不认识的单词记住了吗? 如果按照这种方式复习的话，你的英语阅读水平（不仅再考试中）一般会有实质性的提高。甚至在复习到一定程度的时候，你能勘定试卷中的错误参考答案。在将近临考的前三个月，把报考学校的往年真题拿出来仔细按照规定时间做10套。按照提及的方法认真总结得失，演习老师的命题思路！这对应考会有很大的帮助！

楼主也注意到一个十分有趣的现象，几乎在所有高校的博士英语试题中。考试的类型无外乎文学、科研、哲学（理）、社会、经济等等这些题型。而如果你先前把全国名校的经典试题做完一遍的话，考试时还会幸运地发现居然还有这么相似的题、甚至居然是往年其他学校试题的完全照搬。这说明一个道理，试题中经典的毕竟是经典的，命题老师也不可能一个个地琢磨怎么设置答案（这个确实费脑筋，而且可能出错题。就是汉语让你命类似的题也是很麻烦，况且大家读的都是英语？）。因此，部分相似度极高、甚至完全相同的题型（选择、阅读都会出现）的出现就完全能够理解！在这里，不是告诉大家怎么投机取巧，只想说一句：勤能补拙、笨鸟先飞！最好的秘诀就是仔细地足够耐心地从头去做一件事情，做科研也应当如此！

(8)关于复试

复试，说白了就是见个面、打个招呼！一般来说，在这个时候导师想要谁，不想要谁，心里已经有谱了。换句话说，考试结束后复试成绩的高低只是一种表象！复试的内容一般常常涉及下面几个问题：

a)以前从事的方向，已经研究成果。这个问题其实报考导师已经基本很清楚了，不然你不向他说明白你也不敢报啊。因此，这个问题基本上是说说给旁边导师听的，也是为了方便做记录。

b)英语的口语表达，和书面阅读能力。这是考察的一个重要方面，一般情况下导师、尤其是有点英文底子的导师会用英语提问几个问题，让你用英语来回答。针对这个问题大家不要紧张，其实他们也很清楚，在本天朝长大、始终在汉英语甚至是家乡土英语熏陶下成长起来的P民们，大多数的口语和听力底子也确实不敢恭维（当然极少数还是很不错）！最可能的情况是导师重复几句你听懂一句，然后你用土英语回答一句导师也没用完全理解什么你所表达的意思。因此，这种考试的方法仅仅是作为一种程式让导师摸摸底！

c)英文阅读功底的考察。这个过程是复试过程中最应该注意的，因为它能够直接地反映出你的英文读写能力和今后培养潜力。一般复试组导师会给你一篇与所报考专业相关的英文文献，这些英文文献难度在SCI论文中阅读难度一般偏低，有的时候是类似于学术报告论文形式。让你读2-3小段之后，然后让你翻译里面的意思，这种翻译也是句句翻译，也可以是理解式地解释性翻译——也就是意译。但是，如果你平时很少看英文文献的话，估计在阅读的时候会碰到些许生僻的单词，或者很难理解的长难句（一般有个3行左右的句子，还有插入语、定语句子等等成分）。对于生僻的单词，一般会出现在并列成分中，或者这个生僻的单词用后置定语修饰。这就能根据这些并列词的意义或者修饰成分判断其最基本的含义。如果确实不认识这个单词，你完全可以只翻译并列成分即可，最主要的是你要给别人一种印象

——即你完全明白了作者在本句中所要传达的意义。不必为一两个单词而纠缠！

d)对报考专业的认识。一般导师会问你，你会对本专业有什么想法，或者你今后的打算。怎么回答这些简直就是套话，只要客气点、谦虚点。最后别忘记把你报考的导师给挂嘴上就行了。因为你在博士期间需要他的指导，因此最后如春风般吹捧一下，留个好印象！

当然，上述只是复试考察中经常遇到的问题。也就是说，如果你报考了基本上90%以上他们会考察这些问题。但是不管表现的怎么样，请一定记住一句话：谦虚、谨慎、三四而后行是通用的法宝！切不可因为自己的自以为是而给人留下一种极不好的印象。

第二篇：2018博士生考试英语

考博英语范文35篇

博士生入学英语考试协作部分试题说明

根据教育部颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》（以下简称大纲《大纲》的要求：“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平。”

《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能（如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等），能按具体要求，在一小时内写出250词左右的短文，正确表达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。” 第一部分

写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题 一

考试要求

1．文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。

2．表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图。

3．意义连贯。文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力；

4．语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实，最终避免中式英语。

二

作文的评分标准及样卷介绍 分: 内容符合要求, 包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容;语言流畅;层次分明,句式有变化。词汇丰富,句子结构和用词准确,文章长度符合要求。

11分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容；文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。

8分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中多数内容；基本清楚表达的主题的内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误，个别是大错。文章长度符合要求。

分： 内容基本切题，基本表达了标题或提纲中的内容；文字连贯，语言可以理解，但有较多的结构和用词错误，且大错较多。文章长度基本符合要求。

分： 基本切题，但语句支离破碎，只有少数句子可以理解。

0 分： 文不切题。只将预先背诵的某篇文章默写下来，或语句混乱，无法理解。

附：14 分样卷

Topic：With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents.To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate)education system.State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects.As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents.In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system.In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows.First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents.For example, it may provide many privileges for them.Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum.They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability.They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development.Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society.In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system.If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition.So we must reform our graduate education system.(219 1

words)

点评： 该文紧扣主题，结构严谨，内容充实，语言流畅，句式变化多样。虽有个别小错，但英语表达能力较强，长度符合要求。

万能框架

As is implied in the table(or cartoon)and well known to all of us, … Take … in the table(cartoon)for example, it’s … for the … to… But when…

On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically.It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard.Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …in the table(or cartoon)and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable.三

历年考试中存在的典型问题分析 1．

不会审题，偏离主题。

2．汉语思维，逐字翻译。常见考生用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语。3．

用词搭配不当。

4．词汇量小，表达困难，拼写错误。

5．句法逻辑关系混乱。例如：Our English class often told stories.正确的应是: Stories are often told on our English class.6．不会用关联词转承上下句和段落。关联词即过渡词，使用过渡词，可使上下句子和段落合理衔接，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，常见过渡词如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of。7．

语法错误。主要表现为：

（1）

分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise，raise； hear, listen（2）

被动语态和主动语态的误用,例如: interesting和 interested（3）

词类混淆,将动词或形容词误用作名词,将名词或动词误用作形容词,例如: benefit 和beneficial;difficult和 difficulty;pleasure 和pleased等。（4）

混淆可数名词和不可数名词，例如： help，practice等。（5）

冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如： a English book, should did, must done 等。

四．如何写出漂亮的文章

文章要内容切题，表达清楚，意思连贯，语言比较规范。这就要求考生在写作时，把握如下方面： 1．

统一性（Unity）

内容切题，实际上就是要求文章统一性。所谓统一性，就是指短文必须围绕着主题扩展，不能多中心。统一性表现在句子、段落和篇章三个层次上。我们写汉语文章的要求是首先不能跑题，实际上就是对统一性的要求。2．

连贯性(Coherence)指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接要自然通畅，主要体现在文章的逻辑发展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。1）

逻辑顺序

按照时间先后，或空间位置的相互关系，我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序，描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点（指段落）或发展段（指文章）的顺序，这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序安排一般是先谈最次要的内容，2

继而谈较为重要的内容，最后再谈最重要的内容，从而形成文章高潮。2）

过渡词语的运用—— 语篇的外在连贯手段

有时，单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的，因而过渡词语的运用必不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”，英语的连贯属“形合”，而借助过渡词语取得语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。所以，在英语文章内，诸如等过渡词语特别多。它们的运用挑明了句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的关系，使文章更加显得连贯。由于受汉语“意合”的影响，中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。、3．

语言规范

语言的规范涉及面广。小至遣词造句，大到语篇结构，无不体现语言使用的质量。根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作文试卷统计，许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至不能保证单词拼写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著，从中学习语言用法，没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要在作文中使用，切忌中国式英语。、、第二部分 35 篇范文

1.Television Program and Their Effect on children Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.2.How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.3.―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.3

The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life? There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

4.Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.5.Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us 4

thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.6.Criticism on Television A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.7.The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one 5

better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.8.Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.9.Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.10.The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of 6

technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.11.Generation Gap

Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and the young remains unbridged.Instead, it grows wider apart.Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say.Owing to widespread edcuation, the influence of western civilization, to certain extent, gives them a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders.An invisible cold wall thus appears between the two generations.Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary.They have their own interpretation fro different matters;they also have their own ideals.Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings becomes the constant friction between the two generations.They always introduce new changes.However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider.After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood.The young also need respect and they also have skills and good ideas.In order to narrow the gap, both groups should try to understand each other.Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem.12.Should Men and Women Be Equal?

Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people.Some hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways.For one thing, many a job men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough;and for another, most of the word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males.Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only.Isn’t it evident enough to show that men are a lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.Other people, however, think quite differently on this question.They firmly believe that men and women are born equal.And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education.Isn’t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as well.Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women’s rights defenders.Since men and women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men and women.Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of them.Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?

13.Computer and Man

It is believed that the computer can do almost every thing.At the time the computer was invented, scientists, carried away by its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle.It 7

Was gradually used not noly in mathematics,physics,chemisry and astronomy, but in places like the library, hospital and military army to replace the work of man.For the work of man.For this reason, the computer was entiled ―Electronic Brain‖ in terms of appreciation.Can man be controlled by computers? The answer is negative.Although a computer works much faster and accurately than man , a fact is undeniable;it is designed, manufactured and programmed by man, and therefore by human beings.Of course, science fictions have made up many fascinating stories about a computer, or rather robot,who conquers man and the earth, even the whole universe;however, they are only unrealistic imaginatio.A horse helps man a lot runs much faster than we, but it is only a slave.The future for the computer is very promising.With the help of it, we can do things that could not be done before.Conquering the universe, discovering new things, explaining mysteruiys phenomena puzzling us at present are all made possible by computer.14.what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic ?

There has always been an argument between the young and the old about what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic.Young people tend to think real think that real lofe is as dramatic and fascimating as it is in the novels and movies while more experiened adults think this naïve daydream is certain to be broken by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to the dull routine of his everydy life.However, there are some inadequacies in the opinions on the part of both sides.Life will be unimaginable if everything we do is only for realistic purpose, and the same is true if what we do everyday is just to enjoy ourselves.So it’s not difficult for us to see that neither way can ensure a happy life.In my opinion, a real happy lofe can never be separated from either of the two ways.On the one hand, let’s enjoy life-enjoy the excitement of sports.On the other, let’s not forget our work.Happy life can never go without hard work.15.Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time.The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose.You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time.You can either eat it there or take it away.Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory.It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value.Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible.Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while.16.On the Attitude towards Fighting against Criminals Today crime rate in our cities seems to be rising.Thefts, robberies, and murders are reported to take place even in the broad daylight.Facing crime tide, people may take different attitudes.Some feel frightened and prefer to turn a blind eye to the criminals.Others are resolute and dare to run risk at the cost of their lives in fighting with the criminals.They take it as their duty to protect the social law and order.As for me, I take the attitude of the latter.To ensure the social security and protect people’s safety, I may have some suggestions to make.First of all, the government should always keep a continuous law education among the people, especially, in the younger generations.Secondly, criminals 8

should be punished severely.And finally, it is imperative to set up a public foundation system to award those who set merits in fighting criminals.17.Parents are too permissive with their children nowadays Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children,but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard.Freud and company did away eith all that and patents have been bewildered ever since.The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologist say, but what about the parents’ happiness?Parents suffer constantlu from fesar and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apsrt.A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the question: no modern childrearing manual would permit such barbarity.The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout.Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience.So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving theie children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t evern been heard of.Certainlu a child needs love, and a lot of it.But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents’ confidence in their own authority.And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact.In addition to the great modern classic on chidcare, there countless articles in magazines and newspapers.With so much un solicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more.In the end, they do nothing at all.So, from ear;y childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulates according to the needs of their offspring.When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control.Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent.If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house.Their presence merely spoils the fun, what else can the poor parents do but obey? Children are hardly creatures(far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe)and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness htat is the normal condition in the modern household.But a great many do not.The spread of juvenile delinquency in our won age is largely due to parental laxity.Mother, believing that little Johny cvan look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school;so little Johnny roams the streets.The dividing –line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for.They should keep their moths shut and let parents get on with the job.And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much.At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something po9sitive to react against.Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who’s had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood emerge like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.18.Adveriser Perform A Useful Service to The Community

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why thery’re always coming in for criticism.Their critics smm to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around.―It’s iniquitous,‖ they say, ―that this entirely unproductive industry(if we can call it that)should be absorb millions of pounds each year.It only goes to show much profit the big companies are making.Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays.‖

The poor old consumer!He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products.It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap.But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read.Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about.Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding perfromance, price, etc., from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advetisments, but this claim may be seriously doubted, it is hardly possible not to read advertisments these days.And what fun they often are too!Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements.Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway bye-laws while waiting for a train? Would 9

you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily reation to calamities.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets.Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue.The fact that we pay so little fro our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ―small ads.‖ Which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine.What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community!Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns.For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the ―hatch, match and dispatch‖ columns;but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or agony column.No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nautre.It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!

19.Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents

From the health pointg of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases.A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery.It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads Men versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly mutilated each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personlity.Ther is no doubt that the motor-car ofter brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering wheel.They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year olds and utterly selfish.All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jeaslousies seem to be brought to the serface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior.Everything, is done for his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.Is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste fo human life.With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Her are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be stadardized and made far more difficult than it is;all drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21;all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads.Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh, but surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life.After all, the world is for human beings, not motorcars.20.Population Control Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of world population.Modern medicine, 10

for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live longer.With improved living conditions particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger families.As a result, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion.But the overgrowth of population presents a threat to the existence of food supplies and shelter space.However, the limited productivity and scarce world resources can hardly meet the needs of the ever-increasing population.Thus, in the long run, the overgrowth of the world population will only harm mankind.To guarantee the steady development of human society, mankind must realize the consequences resulting from a fast population growth and carry out a family planning program.Only by adopting effective meausres, can human society develop steadily and have a bright future.21．Part-time Jobs for College Students Nowadays, many college boys and girls take part-time jobs in their spare time.Some are employed by the companies near the campus, working as office clerks or computer programmers.Others have become salespersons for the commercial businesses.Foreign language students may serve as interpreters or translators where international cooperation is carried out.Or they may become tour guides for travel agencies.Also, it is a common practice for girl students to become governesses helping children with their school work in their homes.Many people, including some professors and parents, make no secret of their disapproval of this.On the one hand, they argue that academic pursuit is the main task for college students and that taking part-time jobs distracts their attention and consumes a lot of energy needed.On the other hand, professors and parents tend to believe that college boys and girls need to further cultivate their personality and develop their sense of responsibility before they can be ready for any serious jobs.But in my opinion, every coin has two sides.It is true that the students’ major task is to study.It is also true that taking part-time jobs will take a lot of time and energy.However, if the students can learn to arrange their time properly, the professors and parents might as well be relieved from all their worries.As many students take jobs related to their fields of study, they can gain some first-hand experience instead of being distracted from their study.Moreover, treated as full adults on their part-time jobs, they will develop their sense of responsibility very soon.When they finally graduate, they will find themselves in a more agreeable social environment.(280w)

22.Private Cars A few years ago, having a private car might be a wild dream to many Chinese families.But today, you can see the number of private cars running along the road and street is increasing rapidly.Statistics show that one in every six families in big cities has a car.Some people say that it is good because the number of car ownerships indicates a country’s auto industry, which in turn shows the country’s general economic development.The fact that more and more people can afford a car demonstrates that people in China enjoy a higher standard of living than they did before.Besides, a private car also adds a new dimension to a family’s work, daily life and leisure activities.Other people think differently.They argue that having private cars may not necessarily mean a more advanced society.It may bring about more stress, instead.More cars would consume more petroleum, produce more air pollution, and thus aggravate the already serious environmental problems.What’s more, another problem remains yet to be solved.Road conditions being what they are esp.in urban areas, accidents become a common occurrence, resulting in thousands of deaths per year.No wonder cars have been considered as the number one deadly weapon in the modern world.I find some truth in both of the arguments mentioned above.I feel it a personal choice to buy a private car.If you can afford it and you really need it to get around, having a car is fine.But remember, try to use environment-friendly type of gasoline and take special care while driving.If you don’t have much need for cars in your work and life, there is no need to follow fashion or keep up with the Jones.Remember, when you cycle, you are living a healthy life and at the same time contributing to our environment protection.11

23．What Have We Learned from SARS? In the spring of the year 2003, China has been afflicted with and successfully withstood SARS.The epidemic is now ebbing away.But we should never forget what we have gone through.What’s more important, we should learn a great deal from this experience.First, we understand that in the face of danger, we should fight bravely instead of shrinking away from responsibilities.Doctors and nurses have set shining examples for us.They plunged into their work without considering their own safety.Second, we have realized that diseases will yield not only to medical treatment but also to people’s will power.We are so determined in our final success that nothing can stop us from our effort.SARS has no way to go because everyone in the country is guarding against it.Third, we should try to get rid of unhealthy habits.Such behaviors as spitting on the ground and throwing rubbish everywhere are something we should be ashamed of.It’s important that everyone in society develop a good awareness of public sanitation.We should keep our living surroundings clean and healthy just as we do with our own homes.Fourth, we should enforce strict laws to punish those who capture, smuggle and eat rare wild animals.These people not only endanger the animal world by killing but also endanger the human society by bringing in odd diseases.Most important is that we should have an efficient and effective system to deal with outbreak of epidemics.It is a promising sign that our government has already come up with some laws and regulations in this respect.The lesson from SARS epidemic has gradually sunk in.To China, it means much more than the loss of over 1000 precious lives.How we respond to it sends a message to the world: China has been actively and effectively combating SARS and China will still be a safe place to live in and an attractive place for travelers and investors.24.Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers.Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time.The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose.You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time.You can either eat it there or take it away.Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory.It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value.Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible.Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while

25.My Idea on How for Beijing to Prepare the 2008 World Olympic Games As a young student(cadre, engineer, technician), I am an active citizen in greeting the 2008 World Olympic Games.As its host, Beijing is now busy in propagating for its advent.Since it is the first time for Beijing to host such a world gathering, we are naturally short of experience.And since it involves so many aspects, the whole nation should be mobilized to participate in actively.In facing the task, I have got some suggestions for its success: 1.Tours should be organized to go over the places such games have been held before to learn their positive experience;2.Architectural qualities and financial contributions should be stressed to promote its success;3.Careful calculations of costs and expenditures has to be done so as to avoid waste.Though I am just a small potato, I wish my suggestion would win t due attention from the authorities concerned.12

26.On University Tuition System a in China Tuition system has become one of the hottest topics in China since it was put into effect.Different people have different opinions on it.Some people think that there is no university in the world which is open to students without tuition.As far as China is concerned, it is a developing country with the largest population in the world.The government is unable to allocate enough funds to pay for various teaching facilities and many different kinds of expenses.One of the ways to relieve the problem is for students to pay tuition.The money raised in this way can be used to improve the conditions for running schools.Others, however, are opposed to the tuition system.They argue that the living standard of the Chinese people, especially of those in the poor rural areas, is still low, compared with that in the Western World.The university tuition will certainly add to the already heavy burden of the parents, who live on their salaries or wages.Moreover, tuition may become an obstacle to the development of China's higher education.This is because it hinders some talented people from entering the university just on account of their poverty.27.What Would Happen if No Attention Paid to The Environmental Protection With the development of our society, people want more convenience and comfort.Some European countries such as Switzerland and Sweden can be taken as good examples.However, our environment has been seriously polluted.Many factories or farmlands not only polluted themselves but also bring about pollution to the whole society.Sewage water, poisonous gases and waste mineral material are now destroying our environment.Facing the situation, I think, we must be aware of the long-lasting consequences of our actions.Strict laws must be imposed to punish those who pollute the environment.What is more important is for everybody to realize that only when we have a clean environment can we develop our economy in a healthy and sustainable manner for the future generations.28.Women Should Be Let To Play A More Important Role In Our State Affairs Women's social status has greatly changed since liberation.In spite of this, there still exists inequality between men and women in many ways.For example, we have many more men leaders in our government organs, factories and schools.No real equality can also be seen in the family.It is still often heard, “after all, women are women, they are not comparable to men”.To win real equality, we should do at least the following: First, let all girls go to school and receive regular education.Second, equal pay for equal work must be made a law and principle to obey.Third, up-bringing children should be regarded as a contribution to the whole society.Last of all women scholars and political leaders should be let to play more decisive roles..29.The Role of Migrant Workers

Migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities.They leave their home-land for better chances.Some want to change their destiny, some want to make a fortune.Whatever the purposes they cherished when millions of them streamed into big cities, they have promoted the development of cities.Most of the migrant workers are hard working and unafraid of hardships.They take up the dirtiest, the most strenuous or dangerous jobs which city laborers are unwilling to do.With lots of building they have set up and streets they have kept clean, they have helped modernize and beautify cities.Not only have they become the main work force in the construction sector, they also have helped liberate city women from heavy housework chores by taking care of the babies, cleaning houses or providing any other services citizens need.Although some of the citizens complain about the increasing number of the problems such as theft, robbery a few of migrant 13

workers have committed, most of the citizens agree that their contribution is obvious, and with better management, their role in the construction of cities will definitely be greater.30.The Effect of Decoding the Human Body The Human Genome Project will revolutionize the detection, prevention and treatment of conditions of certain diseases.Genes help early detection of diseases and fix health problems, not just to predict them.Genetic medicines will be aimed at the causes of disease rather than the symptoms and doctors will start prescribing different treatments for different patients, depending on their genetic profiles.Many potential diseases will be cured before they arise.But decoding the book of life poses moral dilemmas.It threatens to undermine privacy and bring on genetic discrimination in marriage, insurance and employment.With knowledge of our genetic code, those who have got certain undesirable genes may be discriminated when choosing their spouses.If genetic tests predict mental dullness, short stature or other undesirable traits before babies are born, the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born , the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born with those traits.Employers may take your genetic profile before they offer you a job.In my opinion, the completion of the Human Genome Project is a great breakthrough in human history.It will change the way we live and even the way we think about who we are to prevent genetic discrimination, in insurance and in employment based on genetic tests.31.The Orientation of China's Cross-Century Economic Reform The economic reform in the past 20 years has brought us tremendous changes in every way.China ranks No 9th according to its GNP in the world.Nevertheless, we are still facing serious challenges.A too large population and lower educational level still prevent us from more successful development.So, we should ask ourselves what we should do to promote our reform more fruitfully.To this problem, my answer is to strengthen the reform of our education and economic management to improve the qualities of our young people and our material products after joining WTO.At the same time we have to establish better laws of labor or distribution systems to arouse people's working enthusiasm.32.The Information Age and the Best Way to Use Information It is often said that ours is the information age.'Computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society.They are already widely used in industry and in universities to do extremely comp1icated work in all branches of learning.They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order.Because they work accurately and at high speeds, they save research workers years of hard work.They play a key role in automation.Besides, they have found applications in business, transportation, education and other fields.Computers have brought important social consequences.Computers are also entering ordinary families.As computers are being made small, cheap , and at the same time easy to use, more people buy computers for their homes.We use computers to control the work of washing machines, TV sets, electrical cookers and other electrical appliances.We use computers to process and store all kinds of information.We also use computers to entertain ourselves by playing games on them.There is no limit to the application of computers in our lives.Despite all the advantages t computers can never take the place of human brains.Although computers work much faster and much more accurately than human beings, they can not ―think“.They need detailed instructions from human beings in order to be ab1e to operate.They can never lead independent lives, or ―rule the world‖ or ”rule the would “by making decisions of their own.No matter how capable they are, they are our servants, not our 14

masters.33.Why Governmental Workers also Have to Go abroad? More and more people want to go abroad for academic advancement or business exchanges.So do the government leaders and middle-level governmental workers to improve their public services.Some people, however, keep an critical eye in this problem, saying this is ”a kind of making a tour on public money“.Others say it is a kind of extra pay for their over-service.I don't agree with them because they fail to see the importance to be open and progressive in running governmental affairs by exchanging and learning experience from the outside world.”Seeing is believing“ can be very useful for the governmental workers to improve their own work.And in many cases, it can even bring about a major change in their working style.34.The Problem in Using Water Water is indispensable to life.It is used for drinking and washing every day.We also need water in great quantity in industry and agriculture.However, not everyone is aware of the importance of water.They tend to think since there is plenty of water, it does not matter if we waste a little of it.They don’t know or they don’t want to know that water shortage has become more and more and serious in many cities, even in Beijing.If blind consumption of water is allowed to continue, the problem will become worse and worse.In order to cope with the shortage of water, the government has to take more effective measures.On the one hand, fines are to be imposed on those factories units that use water lavishly.On the other hand, the government should carry on intensive education among the people.For us ourselves, we should economize on water conscientiously.35.Compare with the domestic hen and the duck The domestic hen and the duck both belong to the bird category.They have some features in common such as wings, feet, beak, flight, nest, migration, food and eggs.The domestic hen has short wings which it rarely uses because it has a heavy body and lives on the ground.It is clumsy in flight and can cover only short distances.Its feet are designed for scratching the ground to find seeds and worms.It will also eat almost any other kind of food.Hens nest on the ground.They have been bred for egg production and can lay up to 300 eggs a year.A duck has webbed feet so that it can swim easily and walk on soft ground.It has a long, flat beak which it uses to search for food in river and pond mud.It has powerful wings which enable it to fly long distances.It nests in grass at water’s edge.Ducks migrate long distances.A duck lays 5 to 12 eggs at a time and may lay twice a year.In conclusion, although there are something different among these two birds, the basic features are quite similar.一)比较

表示优点与缺点的词汇

disadvantage/ weakness/ limitation/ defect/ drawback advantage/ strength / merit / strong point 1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.2.It is reasonable to maintain that...but it would be foolish to claim that...3.For all its limitations, it has its strengths.4.A bears some resemblances to B.15

5.However, the same is not applicable to B.6.A and B differ in several ways.7.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.8.People used to think..., but things are different now.9.The same is true of B.10.It is true that A..., but the chief faults(obvious defects)are...二)原因

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.A number of factors might contribute to(lead to)(account for)the phenomenon(problem).2.The answer to this problem involves many factors.3.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...4.The factors that contribute to this situation include...5.The change in...largely results from the fact that...6.We may blame...,but the real causes are...7.Part of the explanations for it is that...One of the most common factors(causes)is that...Another contributing factor(cause)is...Perhaps the primary factor is that … But the fundamental cause is that...三)后果

1.It may give rise to a host of problems.2.The immediate result it produces is...3.It will exercise a profound influence upon...4.Its consequence can be so great that...四)批驳

1)It is true that..., but one vital point is being left out.2)There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.3)Some people say..., but it does not hold water.4)Many of us have been under the illusion that...5)A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.6)It makes no sense to argue for...7)Too much stress placed on...may lead to...8)Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that...9)Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that...五)举例

1)A good case in point is...2)As an illustration, we may take...3)Such examples might be given easily.4)...is often cited as an example.六)证明

1)No one can deny the fact that...2)The idea is hardly supported by facts.3)Unfortunately, none of the available data shows...4)Recent studies indicate that...16

5)There is sufficient evidence to show that...6)According to statistics proved by..., it can be seen that...七)开篇

1)Many nations have been faced with the problem of...2)Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3)Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4)Recently the issue has aroused great concern among...5)Nowadays there is a growing concern over...6)Never in our history has the idea that...been so popular.7)Faced with..., quite a few people argue that...8)According to a recent survey,...9)With the rapid development of...,...八)结尾

1)From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...2)It is high time that strict measures were taken to… 3)It is necessary that steps should be taken to...4)In conclusion, it is imperative that...5)There is no easy method, but...might be of some help.6)To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must...7)In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.8)With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9)We might do more than identify the cause;it is important to take actions to...10)Taking all these into account, we...11)Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...写作绝招

开头万能公式

1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言

有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！

原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？

经典句型：

As the proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）

更多经典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that„ 2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计

原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文绉绉的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：

Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型： 结尾万能公式

1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：

Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！

更多过渡短语：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„ 2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？

更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”

一、长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！

强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！

特别提示：隐藏主题句可是要冒险的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点„ 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）

3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）

4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）

8）most important of all, moreover, finally

9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）

10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

四、短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其

一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其

二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：

I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room

所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！

六、多变句式原则

1）加法（串联）

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

Not only is the fur coat soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2）转折（拐弯抹角）

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.19

更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友„可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！

The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

When to go, Why he goes away„

5）附加（多此一举）

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6）排比（排山倒海句）

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑战极限原则

既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主体段落三大杀手锏

一、举实例

思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！

In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they film him or her.更多句型：

To take „ as an example, One example is„, Another example is„, for example

二、做比较

方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；

世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语：

相似的比较：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

相反的比较：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with „, „

三、换言之

没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。

实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!

I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子：

I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply The tips are great help for beginners such as myself.I have seen a small book called ”The Element of Style“, which deals with various frequent mistakes in English writing.It might be worth of recommending to anyone who is interested in good writing skills.What I learned from the book is that good English is simple, but not dull.一、先想先写最后做: 1.做研究之前，必须想清楚：结果能不能发表？发表在哪里？

2.先把文章大框写好，空出数据，等做完实验填完空就可以发了；正所谓心中有沟壑！3.在未搞清“写什么、发哪里、自己研究与同类研究有何出色之处”之前，就不要动手做！4.继续去看文献，去想；想不清楚就做还不如不做！

5.要想这样做，就得先看文献！要知道如何把文章架起来、要知道别人是如何讨论的、要知道自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不同的东东或别人没有做过„„这个过程就是阅读文献及思考的过程，这些搞清楚了，写就简单了！6.要是先做事，做完发现别人做过，或无法用理论来解释，岂不是冤大头？

二、如何科学选题:

1.课题选择和国际接轨。想在国际核心期刊发表文献，就必须了解国际研究动态，选择与国际学术研究合拍的课题。由于多方面因素的影响，我国科学研究选题与国际先进水平还有一定距离。我国一家权威科研机构不久前在国内挑选了许多前沿领域的研究课题，准备参与国际合作，但到美国后发现近三分之二的课题已经不属前沿，在美国很少有人研究。在高校，一些教师治学严谨、基础扎实，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重视有关领域学术动态，不能选得合适的课题。

2.课题要有可发展性。课题可发展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。中国科技大学范洪义另辟蹊径，发展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克(Dirac)奠定的量子论的符号法，系统地建立了“有序算符内的积分理论”，1998年有24篇论文被SCI收录；他对自己论文高产的解释是，研究“具有开创性，突破一点以后就可以向纵深发展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。我院被SCI收录论文最多的杨新民老师从事凸性理论研究，该理论兴起于 20世纪70年代，90年代进入高峰。作为新兴研究领域，该理论本身有许多尚待研究之处，同时该理论也可用来解决最优化方面的问题。反之，有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端，即使在该点上有所突破，也难持续发展。

3.借助工具选题：①查阅有关领域的检索工具，这些工具各高校都有；②了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态，ISI期刊信息可从http://www.xiexiebang.com查获，也可从SCI印刷版每期Ａ、Ｄ分册的来源出版物目录(Lists of Source Publications)查找，还可从ISI引用期刊报告(Journal Citation Reports，简称JCR)了解期刊信息，该文献有印刷版、网络版(JCR on the Web)和光盘版(JCR on CD-ROM)；③利用ISI提供的选题工具帮助，例如，能对正在开展的工作进行量化分析以保证用户科学研究同科学发展趋向一致的(Essential Science Indicators)，介绍有关最杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和发展趋向的(ISI Highly Cited.com)；④利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料。只要有心参与国际学术竞争，选择与国际学术研究接轨的课题并不存在难以克服的障碍。

三、如何获得好的idea 无论是临床还是基础科研，最关键的是idea，idea的出台决定了科研水平和档次。高水平的科学家一听你的科研课题和方向，就能判断你科研水平。因此，获得好的idea是至关重要的。

1.优秀科学家要具备敏锐的科研嗅觉，而这种敏锐性是经过长期的思考和实践获得的。通过几天或半个月的苦思苦想得到了一个自以为很好的idea，很可能是别人十几年前就做过的工作。但新手上路时重复一些经典实验以获得经验是很正常的。此外，科研要注重质量，千万不要为单纯地追求数量而令懂行的人嘲笑。如何获得idea呢？ A.大量地、仔细地阅读文献，多听学术报告、多与同行探讨，从中获得启示，不能急于求成。B.总结感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过但很有意义的课题；

C.总结争论性很强的问题，反复比较研究方法和结论，从中发现切入点； D.善于抓住科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题，往往会成为思维的闪光点； E.细致地拟定方案，论证可行性。

2.获得idea的两种途径：传统途径就是先阅读大量科研论文，弄清目前的研究现状和要解决的问题等；非传统的途径是自己先冥思苦想一段时间，有了自己的idea后再去查文献。这样不会让以往的研究限制你的思维，不失为一个很好的方法。别人没作过的东西，也许不是因为别人没想到，而是因为没有意义或者没有可能性。3.获得良好idea的基础前提：

A.在科研前必须弥补基础知识，这是看懂文献的基础。

B.广泛阅读文献是支撑。硕士至少查阅600篇，粗看300篇，细看100篇，研读50篇。博士至少再多一倍，并始终关注国际动态。

C.学会阅读文献，读懂文章。建议先review再article，先中后英；看10－20篇review后看研究性论文。拿到一篇研究性论文，先看标题，立即停住，问自己几个问题：(1)想想别人这文章是怎么做的(可参考材料方法)？会做哪些内容来说明其标题？(2)明白他为什么要做这个吗？(3)如文章是近半年内发表的，该文章解决了什么问题？引出了什么问题(结合你看的综述)？接下来仔细看摘要，就知道你的想法是否与别人吻合？(4)看完实验结果，再思考有什么地方不完善？有没有深入或拓展到底？一般来说，SCI-3分以下的文章只可能做了一部分机理，下面肯定有东西可做，关键是你自己要思考，去发现。

4.长期作战持之以恒。做好上面所述要求肯定会有所谓idea，但过程艰辛，需长时间磨练，需要patience和passion。有天赋的人能考上海中科院生命科学院，北京中科院那几个所，北大、清华。耐心干5年，这些地方正为中国带来更多本土nature、science文章。

四、博士如何出牛文章？

1.几点忠告：多看paper没有坏处；多找非老板的其他人，如其他教授，postdoc，前辈师兄等讨论，借鸡下蛋；可以动手的东西容易上手，比如软件等；找机会去开会，认认牛人，不发paper，做做volunteer，或者参加phd symposium之类。五主动参加seminar，自己讲几次看过的paper，最好自己组织一个topic拉几个师兄弟和postdoc参加，注意找几本教科 22

书看看，打好基础。2.如何获得IDEA: A.需对研究的领域有一个全局性了解，按老板的话说是要有bird eye。

B.要有bird eye，需比较全面地阅读本领域文章。读文章要其idea，总结成一句话，并用卡片记录好，分类整理。如果把别人文章的idea总结成一句话，就容易理解它的本质，也好作变化。

C.读了很多文章后，可以写一个special study，将读过的本领域东西系统总结在一起，相当于你的综合理解，也就是bird eye看到的东西了。以后翻阅起来也相当方便。

D.用心分析别人的idea，任何一个idea都有weakness；想办法解决它，那就成自己idea。最好的办法就是看大牛的paper，无论他有多牛，他的文章总是在说一个方面，总有其他东西没有包括进去，把他的文章认真精读了，总会发现漏洞和不足或不全面之处，然后你就知道怎么做了。记住：每篇文章几乎都有没有考虑完全的东西。

E.时不时阅读更广泛领域的东西，扩大bird eye范围，对领域外的感兴趣的文章进行copy收藏，这个叫walk around a little bit，很多领域外的东西可以借鉴、学科交叉从而产生new idea。

F.经常跟牛人、博士后或高年级博士等有思想的人(最好不是相同专业，而是相关专业或交叉学科)讨论，也容易出idea。再有就是，关注其他专业的书籍、杂志等信息，从中获取交叉创新idea 考博英语作文模板

（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, ”every coin has two sides“, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.（3）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: ” ___谚语_______“ has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)23

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 1．开门见山，揭示主题

文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是： I Spent my last vacation happily．

下面是题为”Honesty“(谈诚实)一文中的开头：

Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a ”liar“，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头

在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如”A Trip to Jinshan“(去金山旅游)的开头：

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回忆性的开头

用回忆的方法来开头。例如”A Trip to the Taishan Mountain“(泰山游)的开头是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4．概括性的开头

即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5．介绍环境式的开头

即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.6．交待写作目的的开头。

在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 ”Pollution Control“(控制污染)的开头：

In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英语作文的文章的正文

文章的正文是由若干段落组成的，段落通常由几个或者更多的句子组成，有时候一个句子也能成段。

文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索，具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主题。文章不论长短，每个段落都必须为主题服务。像说明文和议论文这一类的文章，一个主题还常分成几个小主题，每个小主题要用一个段落处理，另起一段时，应是一层新的意思。每一段的开头，要放一个表示段落小主题的主题句，这样可使文章条理化，易于阅读，便于读者抓住主题。段内的所有句子应围绕主题句的意义加以阐述或论证，为中心思想服务。句子之间应衔结自然，有条不紊，而且还要合乎逻辑，段落中不能出现任何与主题无关的句子；英语写作比较重视主题句的作用，缺少它段落意义就会含糊不清。主题句也可放在段落的中间和末尾等部位，但对初学者来说，以放在段首为好。见下列这篇题为”How to Be a Good Student“(怎样做个好学生)的文章：

We students are the builders and masters of the country.It is important for us to know how to be a good student.A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies.The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge.Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do.Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge.There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health.No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health.From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important.Virtue is the essence of a noble and good character.It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul.When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society.We should draw lessons from this.这篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主题，第二、第三和第四段则是文章的正文，每—段的第一句即是段落的主题句，它们既支持了文章中心的观点和思想，同时又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都围绕主题句所表示的中心展开，同时句子间的衔结也很自然；各层的意思都很连贯。

分段是文章组织上重要的一步，但如果写的题目范围很小，那就无须再将题目分成小的主题，并分入各个段落去阐述了。像一篇简短的评论；某一事情的简短记载，某一个想法的说明，对一个人物或一件事情的简要叙述或说明等，就可以只用一个段落来表现主题。

在记叙文中，段的结构有时可以很简单，不需要有主题句，叙事一气呵成，中途没有停顿。段与段之所以分开，只是为了起修辞作用，以便把某一细节置于显著的地位。

某些测试用的表达题，在题目中就已经说明只需要根据。所给的提示写一个段落，而不是一篇文章。对于这一类的写作试题，就可以予以简洁的处理，并不是非要扩充成一篇有头有尾的完整文章。

下面这篇题为“Weekend Homework”(谈周末作业)的短文，就是用一个段落来论述问题和表达观点的。

Usually Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework.Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests.I think weekend homework should not be given.With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night.As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results.If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work.Teachers, don't you agree? 英语作文的文章的结尾

文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种： 1．首尾呼应，画龙点睛

在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如”I Cannot Forget Her“(我忘不了她)的结尾：

After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life.I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2．重复主题句

结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾：

I love my home town, and I love its people.They too have changed.They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3.自然结尾

随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more.Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun.We returned home very late.4．含蓄性的结尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：

Evening came before we realized it.We put down our sickles and looked at each other.Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5．用反问结尾

虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 ”Should We Learn to Do Housework?"(我们要不要学做家务?)的结尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework.Don't you agree, boys and girls? 6．指明方向，激励读者

结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：

As we have said above, sports can be of great value.They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter.A sound mind is in a sound body.Let's go in for sports.文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整

第三篇：2013年博士生考试时间通知范文

关于2013年博士研究生招生考试的通知

各位考生：

经学校研究决定，2013年我校博士研究生招生考试定于3月23、24日举行。考前一周开始发放准考证，请各位考生到研究生教学大楼207办公室领取准考证。外地考生可委托他人代领或致电研究生招就办详询。

请考生参加考试时携带准考证、第二代居民身份证或其他有效证件、学位证书原件，以备查。

招就办电话：0791-83816805

特此通知

江西财经大学研究生

招生就业办公室

2013年2月28日

第四篇：东南大学博士生考试大纲-燃烧理论

博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲

课程名称：燃烧理论

一、考试要求

要求全面系统地掌握燃烧理论的基本概念及基本定律，并且能灵活运用，具备较强的分析问题解决问题的能力。

二、考试内容

1)化学热力学及化学动力学

 化合物的生成焓、反应焓及燃烧热  热化学定律

 热力学平衡及化学平衡

 温度和压力对平衡常数的影响 2)燃烧物理学的基本方程

 雷诺输运定律及基本方程

 Zeldovich转换和广义Reynolds比拟  Stefen流

3)预混气的着火与灭火

 热着火理论： 着火条件，谢苗诺夫非稳态分析法，Frank-kamenetsky的稳态分析法

 开口系统的热自燃

 点燃理论：气流中炽热平板的点燃理论  简单开口系统的着火，灭火分析  链锁自燃理论 4)液体燃料滴的燃烧

 相对静止高温环境中液滴的蒸发和燃烧  薄膜理论

 液滴着火和灭火的简化分析 5)预混气的层流燃烧、湍流燃烧  预混气的爆震波和缓燃波  Hugoniot曲线的性质

 层流火焰传播及其传播方程的特性  Frank-kamenetsky分区近似解

 Damkohler-shelkin皱折的层流火焰模型  容积燃烧模型 6)煤的燃烧基础

 热解动力学的研究

 挥发物燃烧动力学的研究  纯“碳”燃烧的研究  煤本身燃烧的研究

三、试卷结构

考试时间180分钟，满分100分。1)题型结构

 概念题

（16分） 简答题

（24分） 问答题

（60分）2)内容结构

 化学热力学及化学动力学

（16分） 燃烧物理学的基本方程

（4分） 预混气的着火与灭火

（42分） 液体燃料滴的燃烧

（8分） 预混气的层流燃烧、湍流燃烧（15分） 煤的燃烧基础

（15分）

四、参考书目

傅维标，燃烧物理学基础，机械工业出版社 周力行，燃烧理论与化学流体力学，科学出版社

第五篇：博士生自我鉴定

岁月流转，年华瞬逝。曾有的美好是今朝追寻的梦。怀想不是因为遥远，是因为离别的钟声已经敲响。大学，我以拼搏的汗水洗净了知识的尘埃，以不断的勤劳奋进擦尽了尘世浮华，却忘记到了作别的长亭，离去的码头。暮然回首，得失之间。惆怅与欢悦羁绊着前行的心。惟有追忆，方觉拥有的永恒！收获是对奋斗的馈赠，七年硕博生涯的点点汇集，七个春秋的孜孜以求，日以夜继的孤身书海，心领神会的倾听慧语，兢兢业业的投身事业，我学会了珍惜，懂得了追求。失去，是因时间的无情与付出的匮乏而酸楚，那是深深的烙印，这耐人寻味的烙印必将陪伴我，必将在以后的学习、生活和工作中时刻感染着我、激励着我，七年，受益匪浅的七年。

在博士阶段，我光荣地加入了中国共产党，对此，我倍感欣慰和责任，我热爱祖国，热爱人民，坚决拥护共产党领导和社会主义制度，遵纪守法，有坚定的政治方向。

面对即将离校，踏入社会，既喜悦又彷徨，对于社会，即使我是博士，也是初来乍到，要学习的还有很多，玉不琢不成器，人不学不知道，毕竟终究还是面向社会的人而非一直留在象牙塔的人。

正所谓“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来”，博士研究生阶段，收获颇丰，从学业、科研工作，到个人素质，都得到了充分的培养和锻炼，是充实且有意义的七年。试想人的一生又有几个七年？经历了许多，磨砺了许多，积累了许多。结识了好友，明辨了是非，认清了方向，坚定了信心。待老来回忆时，仍然会会心一笑的。相信这些经历和积累都将成为我人生道路上的宝贵财富。在以后的工作和

学习中，本人将继续保持并发扬严谨治学的作风，争取取得更大的成绩。