美国文学文献综述

第一篇：美国文学文献综述

从《富兰克林自传》认识本杰明富兰克林

摘要：富兰克林的《自传》是自传体文学的上乘之作。它简明而引人入胜地叙述了美国第一位自力更生、白手起家者由贫苦卑微而跃至富有、闻名、发达的故事，忠实地记录了他光辉灿烂的一生。本文从《自传》所传达的富兰克林成功的因素、民主与平等信念、美国梦三个方面下手，带领大家深入认识本杰明富兰克林。

关键词：富兰克林成功要诀，民主与平等信念，美国梦

一、富兰克林成功的因素

1、至善至美的个人品质

勤奋、乐观、永不放弃是富兰克林得以成功的重要因素。“富兰克林出生在波士顿一个清教徒的家庭，青少年时期就从家庭接受了请教信仰。清教强调‘天职’的观念，即：人的职责就是把个人的才能发挥到极致，因为这些才能得愿于上帝，所以是应该加以最大限度发挥的。人不应该安守自得，满足于呆板的生活。”《富兰克林自传》描述了富兰克林所面临的种种坎坷遭遇。如果没有乐观的心态，他不可能在那样困苦的环境中坚持下来。“富兰克林早年离家出走的冒险在《自传》中被刻画得淋漓尽致，无论是面对茫茫大海上的暴风骤雨，还是漫漫人生中的凄风苦雨，富兰克林都经受住了考验。”他曾经因为在船上因为发烧而差点被死神夺走性命的经历对他的努力造成了巨大的干扰。但是，“就像希腊神话中的英雄必然经历诸多考验一样，富兰克林同样面对一切可能的挑战。”富兰克林也非常努力，“学徒期间，他早晨上班前读书，晚上下班后读书，礼拜天全日制读书，甚至饭间休息也挤出时间学算术。”

2、严于律己是富兰克林自我完善的法宝。

“富兰克林对新世界的道德操守提出了自己朴素的看法，他认为道德是建立个人与社会幸福的关键。”所以，富兰克林是一个道德高尚的人，有很高的道德操守。1931年，富兰克林提出了他平生的第一个公益计划，建立一个图书馆，用以改善美国人民日常生活的会话、交谈，使得普通的工人，农民变得如其他一些国家的大多数人一样文明、聪明。

在书中他还列出了当时他认为值得和必须做到的十三种德行：节制（食不过饱，饮酒不醉）；少言（言必于人于己有益，避免无益的闲聊）；秩序（每样东西应放在一定的地方，每件事物应有一定的时限）；决心（当做必做，决定之事，持之不懈）；节俭（于人于己有利之事方可花费勿浪费一切东西）；勤勉（勿浪费时间，时刻做些有用的事杜绝一切不必要的行动）；诚实（不虚伪骗人，思想要公正纯洁，讲话亦如此）；公正（不做有损他人的事，不要忘记你应尽的义务，做对人有益之事）；中庸（不走极端，容忍别人给的伤害，将此视作应当承受之事）；清洁（力求身体衣服和住所整洁）；镇静（勿因小事、平常或不可避免的事故而惊慌失措）；节欲（为了健康和生育后代起见，不常行房事，切忌过度伤体，以免损害自己或他人的安宁与名誉）；谦虚（效法耶稣和苏格拉底）。

富兰克林善于正确看待对手、合理利用朋友资源、善于化不利因素为有利因素、善于树立良好的公共形象等。富兰克林认为，虽然对手对自己的事业造成压力和阻力，但若能理性地看待对手，吸收其优点，并借鉴其缺点，就能获得更大的进步。朋友就是人际关系网，合理利用人际关系网是富兰克林成功的一个重要因素。富兰克林具有超出常人的洞察力，能充分利用人际关系网。化不利因素为有利因素可谓是他处世哲学的最好说明。在富兰克林要连任议会秘书时，一名新议员发表了反对他连任的演说，并且推荐了别人。这位新议员是“一位有钱的、受过教育的绅士”，在议会里比较有影响力，富兰克林就想结交这位朋友，把不利因素化为有利因素。“但是富兰克林并未简单地奉承讨好，而是以向这位议员借书的方式，煞费苦心地向这位议员主动示好并争取他的‘主动帮助’，事后又表示出特别感动。最后终于‘拉拢’这位‘权杖’朋友。”富兰克林谦恭、中庸的处世技巧，隐藏了锋芒，创造了“人和”的局面。他认为：“把自己打扮成一项有益的计划的倡导者是并不聪明的。当人们抱着各种目的需要别惹帮助时，一定要牢记：万万不能让

人们认为你想在公众中出任头地，沽名钓誉。因此，我尽最大努力不那样做。”此外，富兰克林还善于巧妙地打造个人形象，赢得公众的好感。

二、民主与平等的信念

《富兰克林自传》表明富兰克林坚定的民主与平等信念，在美洲新世界这块充满机遇的大土地上，任何人都能够通过艰苦奋斗和明智的运筹而致富和成功，“一个有相当才能的人可以造成巨大的变革，可以在人世间成就伟大的事业。”

福兰克林是酷爱和平和自由的,他和杰斐谁共同起草了美国独立宣言,“所有的人生来都是平等的”这句名言至今仍然有其深畏的意义。福兰克林在这宣言公布的第二天（1775年7月5日)就写信给他原来的英国朋友斯脱来亨说:“你是英国国会裁员,而你是站在要毁灭我的国家的一边。你们已经在我们的城市里放火,屠杀我们的人民。看看你的双手吧,它是染满了你的亲属的血啊！我和你从前是好朋友,现在你是我的仇敌!”这是多么严正的态度。富兰克林在北美独立战争结束后去巴黎担任美国胜法大使,当时他已是71岁的高龄了,但他仍努力取得国际援助,和法国定了同盟条约。这一条约对美国独立战争的胜利是起了极大的作用的。虽然在“富兰克林自传”中对他在1757年以后的活动情况没有能够写下去,但富南克林的伟大的政治家的风度,爱好和平、自由的热情以及他在美国独立战争中建立的不朽功勋,始终是为广大人民所称颂的。

18世纪的北美洲各殖民地,虽然其形式有所不同,但在政治和经济上都受着英国严格控制,民族经济和文化发展缓慢。富兰克林为了顺应殖民地民族经济和文化发展的需要,首先产生了统一各殖民地的思想。

纵观美利坚合众国的诞生过程,我们将会发现在每一重大事件上,都留下了富兰克林奔波的足迹,洒一下过他辛勤的汗水,“这个国家中没有比他为促进诸州的联合所做的贡献更多,他是邦联最早的倡议者,并为之不断地工作。”富兰克林对美利坚合众国的杰出贡献,使他成为“美国拱门上的冠石。”在美国独立革命史上当与华盛顿、杰佛逊齐名。

1754年北美7个殖民地的代表在奥尔巴尼召开有关军事问题的会议。富兰克林在这个会议上提出了第一个北美殖民地联盟的方案—“奥尔巴尼联盟计划”。按照这个计划,殖民地组成联盟,建立一个联邦式的政府。联盟政府的行政长官—总主席由英国指派,各殖民地选派代表组成联盟的立法机关—大参事会,总主席可以按照大参事会的意见来决定宣战、缔约、司法和财政等重大问题。¹但该计划由于英王认为它过于“民主”而被否定,各殖民地代表又认为它“特权”过大未加支持,致使联盟计划流产。

富兰克林提出的这个计划并不是想使美洲殖民地从英帝国的统治之下独立出来,它是在政治上、军事上联合各殖民地的一个计划。“它所包含的一些胚芽后来在美国宪法中得以确立,„„它是一次温和行为的试验。”º的确,这项计划虽未获成功,却表现出富兰克林有政治远见,走在了时代的前头,它唤起了美利坚民族的觉醒,计划的内容开始深入人心,在美洲殖民地这块封冻着的土地上犁开了一条裂缝,播进了自治、独立的种子。

在富兰克林先进思想的影响下,随着殖民地民族经济和文化的发展,殖民地人民和殖民地议会对于平等自由权利的要求日趋强烈,反对总督特权统治的斗争与日俱增。富兰克林的独立革命思想是随着殖民池民族经济毛,文化的发展以及反对英国殖民政策的深入而逐步产生、形成的。作为美利坚民族的典范人物,富兰克林在启蒙并导引北美殖民地人民觉醒、独立的进程中,始终走在时代的前列。

三、富兰克林的美国梦

作为美国第一部现代自传，《富兰克林自传》 在美国文学史上有着重要地位。它详细记载了富兰克林在北美商业和政治环境下的奋斗和进步。更重要的是，它创造了个人事业成功的原型。”“富兰克林在这部自传中，回顾了他自我奋斗的一段历史，实际上也是用自己的经历说明了美国梦的内涵。”他出身社会下层,是一个没有受过正规教育的印刷厂学徒,但是他不甘贫贱,通过努力,他学到印刷技术,后来自己办了印刷厂,又创办了报纸,挣得了财富。他有强烈的求知欲,坚持自学数十年,成为一个知识非常渊博的人。他还以很大的兴趣投入刚刚开始的电学研究,并且在这一领域取得重大成就。他也热心公益事业,得到公众的信任,当选为费城市议员。他努力提高自己的道德修养,每天对照检查自己的不足,道德水准不断提升,赢得了人们的尊重和爱戴。富兰克林自传里出现的就是这样一位积极的、有理想的政治活动家,一位通过奋斗获得成功的实业家,一位走在时代前列、不断进步的大众思想家。美国梦是指通过完善自身、努力奋斗获得财富和名望的精神。美国人相信，只要勇于付出，就可以过上自己想要的生活。这种看法就是我们所谓的狭义的“美国梦”：“个人通过自我奋斗而获得成功的梦想。”富兰克林无疑为“美国梦”做了最好的注释：白手起家，最终成为最有影响的上层人，不仅富可敌国，而且德高望重。

富兰克林 1706 年出生在一个贫穷的清教家庭。他一生恪守清教所提倡的勤劳、简朴和节制等信条，坚信美国这个新世界充满了机会，任何人只要通过努力工作，合理管理，善于经营，就能摆脱贫困，建立丰功伟业“，只要有一定能力，人们一定能改变现状，铸成大业”。富兰克林被称为18 世纪美国的实业家、科学家、社会活动家、思想家和外交家，并且在各个领域都做出了极大的成就。他出身寒微，10 岁便辍学回家做工，12 岁起在印刷所当学徒、帮工。自己创办了印刷所，且其业务涉及到几个州以及西印度群岛，成为北美洲印刷出版行业中的佼佼者。他在自然科学领域的成就更加斐然。他的研究领域涉及光学、热学、声学、数学、海洋学、植物学等，有以避雷针为代表的一系列发明创造。他还积极的参加社会政治活动并投身于美国的独立战争去，成为唯一一个在四份美国建国的重要文件上签字的人，并被后人称为“美国之父”。

富兰克林通过自己的努力向世人证明尽管他出身贫寒，却终能获得成功，并获得了相当的财富、力量和名声。富兰克林的精神是美国清教主义传统中务实以奉上帝的思想代表，是北美移民开拓精神的继续和“美国梦”的集中体现，是同代人和后继者不断探索和追求的目标象征。他的思想浓缩成美国梦，成为美国人的信条和精神支柱。毫无疑问，因为有富兰克林的思想，美国梦得到了最强大的思想支撑，那便是获得物质上的成功。

总结：从《富兰克林自传》可以知道，富兰克林在美国乃至世界的地位极其重要。他的成功是美国梦的代表，他积极乐观，永不放弃，以他清教徒的思想改变着当时的世界。追求民主自由和平，在政治经济文化科技等诸多领域做出了伟大的贡献，是时代的楷模，精神领袖。

参考文献: 《富兰克林自传与美国精神序》杨正润

《读富兰克林自传》林星

《富兰克林和美国精神——富兰克林自传的现实意义》王羽青

《富兰克林及其自传》李瑞林

《富兰克林在外交上对北美独立战争的贡献》蒋维忠

《论富兰克林在美国独立史上的地位》牛宏伟

《浅析美国梦的两面性》赵靓靓

《民族之父的身份认同<富兰克林自传>的叙事学解读》金涛

《身份的寓言<富兰克林自传>的结构分析》赵白生

《语境形式与神话<富兰克林自传>的叙事时间与身份构建》刘江

《不懈的追寻——从<富兰克林自传>看美国梦的变迁》李琳

第二篇：美国文学名词解释

1.AmericanTranscendentalism:①transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “ the recognition in man of the capability of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.②transcendentalists stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of Native American Puritanism and European romanticism.③some prominent representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.2.Free verse

free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conversational rules of meter.Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.3.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature.Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature.It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.4.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying life.It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.Bill of Rights.5.Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America.In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and

the use of colloquial language.Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry..The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism.Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.6.American romanticism

①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period.Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American.Works concentrate on unique

characteristics of the American land.④New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.

第三篇：美国文学名词解释

1.Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.3.Realism: Realism emphasizes on a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Romanticism: romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Transcendentalism:They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and stressed the importance of the individual.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.6.Imagism意象主义: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.7.Local Colorism: fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features – including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape – of a particular region.8.Lost Generation: It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.9.Beat Generation: It was a group of American post-World War IIwho came to prominence in the 1950s.They rejected conventional social and moral values;expressed their alienation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road.10.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.11.Modernism：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly, Modernism began in the late 19th century and regarded the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.12.A Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.

第四篇：美国文学讲义

1896年———1900年间断断续续在练习本上写下了自传体长篇小说《让·桑得伊》的草稿。1903～1905年普鲁斯特父母先后去世，他闭门写作，除写了阐述美学观点的论文《驳圣·勃夫》，并开始了文学巨著《追忆似水年华》的创作。1912年，他将小说前三部交给出版商，受到冷遇，1913年他自费出版了第1部《斯万之家》，反应冷淡。1919年，小说第2部《在花枝招展的少女们身旁》由卡里玛出版社出版，并获龚古尔文学奖，作者因而成名。普鲁斯特作为意识流小说流派的开山鼻祖而在世界文学史上留名。

故事情节： 叙述者回忆起童年时在贡布雷的生活。有一年夏天晚上，邻居斯万先生，来看望叙述者的父母，叙述者心里非常难受。有一年冬天，他把玛德莱娜小蛋糕浸泡在茶水中吃，这味道使他想起他童年时。在贡布雷家，有两条步行小道，一条通往斯万家，称为斯万家之路，另一条通往盖尔芒特府邸，称为盖尔芒特家之路。斯万先生在剧院里逐渐爱上高级妓女奥特·德·克雷西。维尔迪兰夫人觉得斯万令人厌烦，便不再邀请他。

又进入回忆状态。他在贡布雷见万见希尔特·斯万。旧日同学布洛克带他去嫖妓。妈妈桑向他介绍一位名叫拉谢尔的妓女。两年后，外婆带着他去海滨城市男主人巴尔贝克，外婆向他介绍了维尔巴里西斯侯爵夫人，和罗尔·德·圣卢。成为好朋友。马塞尔经由画家艾尔斯蒂尔认识了阿尔贝蒂娜·西蒙纳，马塞尔渐渐爱上了她。

回到巴黎后，父母亲盖了新房子。这时发生了全法国沸腾的“德雷福斯事件”。男主人翁想去探望。由于圣卢的牵线，马塞尔受到优厚的款待。一日外婆的尿毒症突然发作去世。马塞尔的母亲知道他暗恋盖尔芒特公爵夫人。男主人翁参加维尔巴里西斯夫人的晚会，见到盖尔芒特公爵夫人，还结识了夏尔吕斯男爵。

马塞尔第二次来到巴尔贝克海滨，偶然遇到阿尔贝蒂娜，又恢复了亲密交往，最后马塞尔还是决定娶她为妻。

马塞尔与阿尔贝蒂娜在巴黎同居，阿尔贝蒂娜跟安德莱的女子很要好，马塞尔怀疑她们有同性恋关系，后来此事得到证实。于是他想离开她，却无法痛下决心。阿尔贝蒂娜离家出走，给他留下一封信，说他们不能再这样生活下去，还是趁早分手。

阿尔贝蒂娜骑马摔在树上撞死了。这使他想去寻找别的女人。马塞尔到威尼斯旅行，仍然时常想起阿尔贝蒂娜，他收到吉尔贝特的信，说她已跟圣—卢结婚，后来圣—卢竟爱上了男提琴手莫莱尔。

第一次世界大战爆发，圣—卢战死，男主人翁一直待在疗养院。见到亲德份子夏吕斯，是一名同性恋，男伴男爵是性虐待狂，经常鞭打他。大战结束后，男主人翁来到盖尔兰特王府门前，又回想起威尼斯，交际场中更是景物已非，有人沦为乞丐，有人早己死去。他决定用文字将这些回忆记录起来，找回了失去的时间。

第五篇：美国文学考试

美国文学考试题型

1、填空题（这部分的重点老师带我们画过，由于比较散，不方便整理，请同寝室或隔壁寝室相互告知）-----大家记得人名，作品名称等一定不要写错了

2、名词解释（共两题，每题5分）

这一题大体有三种类型：文本、作者、理论

大题要求（大家按点答题）

文本类：①写明作者②该文本体现的理论特征③该文本的主要内容（2分）④该文本使用的主要文学技巧

理论类：①该理论出现的时间②该理论的主张（2分）③写作风格④相关作家以及他的作品 作者类：①写明哪个时期的作者②该作者的文学主张③写作风格④主要作品以及作品的主题

下面是本学期我们学过的作家、理论以及作品（结合笔记以及结合相关资料整理的，不是老师说的标准答案哦，大家参考即可）

理论---本学期三大主要理论

①Puritanism

Puritanism , appeared in the early part of the 17th century, is the practices and beliefs of Puritans.The American puritanism, like their English brothers , are idealists.They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to te grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.It is so much part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets

Its influence on literature

American literature had the characteristics of simplicity, plainness of rhetoric and indication to the Holy Bile

代表作家Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Nathaniel Hawthorne(课本所选的代表作品)②transcendentalism

American transcendentalism is more than an attitude of Transcendentalist.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits.The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.The major features of the American Transcendentalism are:

A.They place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe

B.They stress the importance of individuals

C.They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God

该理论出现的大致时间1836-the civil war

代表作家--Ralph Waldo Emerson

代表作品the American Scholar

③naturalism

American naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolution theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces.It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Time: the mid-19th century---the first half of the 20th century

Naturalism in literature:the product of despair.It had no attempt to make moral judgment.It offered detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society.代表任人物及作品

Stephen Cranethe Open Boat

作者（三个比较重要的）

① Nathaniel Hawthorne

浪漫主义时期（特别记住）作家

He is a master of symbolism

He has an unceasing interest in the “interior of the heart” of man’s being

His understanding of “evil being at the core of human life” is deeply reflected in his works Young Goodman Brown是他的代表作，该作品体现的主题

PURITANISM

A.man’s depravity

B.The original sin: a journey from innocence to evil

C.Predestination

D.A struggle between to forces

②Ralph Waldo Emerson

浪漫主义时期作家

He is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism which he regarded as an intuitive cognizance of moral and other truths that transcend the limits of human sense experience 代表作：The American Scholar

主题：Transcendentalism

大致内容：we American should stop imitating other counties in literature and we ought to create a way of our own.③Stephen Crane

19世纪后半期---20世纪初，自然主义时期作家。

His works were characteristic of pessimism and determinism which he emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表作the Open Boat

体现的主题（十分重要，一定要记住）

A.Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces

B.Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe

作品（作品的大致内容，便于大家熟悉文本，答题时还需要大家自己按照上面写的答题要求总结哈）

①Young goodman brown

The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that all of humanity exists in a state of depravity,except those who are born in a state of grace.Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature.In a symbolic fashion, the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self-scrutiny, which results in his loss of virtue and faith.“Young Goodman Brown” is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity.In order to convey the setting, he used literary techniques such as specific diction, or colloquial expressions.② the American Scholar

The American Scholar was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson.Emerson uses Transcendentalist and Romantic views to get his points across by explaining a true American scholar's relationship to nature.There are a few key points he makes that flesh out this vision:

We are all fragments, “as the hand is divided into fingers”, of a greater creature, which is mankind itself, “a doctrine ever new and sublime.” An individual may live in either of two states.In one, the busy, “divided” or “degenerate” state, he does not “possess himself” but identifies with his occupation or a monotonous action;in the other, “right” state, he is elevated to “Man”, at one with all mankind.To achieve this higher state of mind, the modern American scholar must reject old ideas and think for him or herself, to become “Man Thinking” rather than “a mere thinker, or still worse, the parrot of other man's thinking”, “the victim of society”, “the sluggard intellect of this continent”.“The American Scholar” has an obligation, as “Man Thinking”, within this “One Man” concept, to see the world clearly, not severely influenced by traditional/historical views, and to broaden his understanding of the world from fresh eyes, to “defer never to the popular cry.”

The scholar's education consists of three influences: I.Nature as the most important influence on the mind II.The Past manifest in books III.Action and its relation to experience The last, unnumbered part of the text is devoted to Emerson's view on the “Duties” of the American Scholar who has become the “Man Thinking.”

③ the Open Boat

It was a dramatic short story based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship sank after hitting a sandbar.He and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat;one of the men, an oiler named Billie Higgins, drowned after the boat overturned.小说中的四大人物

the correspondent------a condescending observer detached from the rest of the group

the captain------who is injured and morose at having lost his ship, yet capable of leadershipthe cook-----fat and comical, but optimistic that they will be rescued

the oiler-----Billie, who is physically the strongest, and the only one in the story referred to by name

体现的主题

A.The relationship between Man and Nature

①Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces

②Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe

B.The relationship among Men---isolation

①isolation among men in different situations

②isolation among men in the same boat

③man’s different reactions against others’ miseries when he was in different conditions3、问答题(每题20分，共两题)

课本后面的问题（除了pg3 第一题、pg17第一题、pg30一二两题、pg64第一二五六题不需要看，其余都要思考思考）

老师给了pg64 第三四两题的答案，如下：

第三题：.the four men were in the same boat;they built a firm comradeship for the sake of safety;there lay feelings of warms in the boat ,but they are reluctant to express;there was isolation among modern men even in danger;the captain seemed to know his responsibility to guide the boat out of the disaster, but when he was really in need, he was asleep;when a shock appeared, the other three were asleep;the correspondent hesitated at awakening them, he had to face the danger by himself;at the time,when men was in plight, friendship was no meaning, isolation existed among men even they were in danger.第四题：the soldiers died in indifferent and apathetic circumstances;the correspondent had not express his care about the misery of the soldier,not to say the sympathy until he was personally in harsh condition.only in the common plight did the correspondent express his sympathy for the soldier.only the common miseries could arouse man's sympathy for others.the correspondent's remembrance of the verse displaced the isolation among human beings and man's apathy to others miseries, as well as man'shelplessness in plight and insignificance in harsh reality4、大题----文本分析（30分，一题）

所选材料是老师上课带我们细读过的Unit2三首诗歌以及young goodman brown

Unit3重点考查有哪些价值观（ps.这一章我没有上，所以不是很清楚）

Unit4the American scholarpara1--para20

Unit5细读pg52 part III 第一段，pg56---pg57，pg59 part VI 上面的段落, pg60 para1---5段的内容，尤其是中间的verse