机械工程文化[共5篇]

时间:2019-05-12 16:21:02下载本文作者:会员上传
简介:写写帮文库小编为你整理了多篇相关的《机械工程文化》,但愿对你工作学习有帮助,当然你在写写帮文库还可以找到更多《机械工程文化》。

第一篇:机械工程文化

动力电池工程机械

在新能源电动汽车中,以动力电池(铅酸蓄电池、镍氢电池、锂离子电池、氢燃料电池、超级电容器等)驱动的汽车称为纯电动汽车,而以动力电池驱动的工程机械虽然也是纯电动的机动车,但还有不少工程机械,如塔机、施工升降机等是以交流电力驱动的纯电动机械。为了与以交流电驱动的纯电动工程机械相区别,本文对用动力电池驱动的纯电动工程机械称为动力电池工程机械。

事实上,以动力电池(传统铅酸蓄电池)驱动的工程机械早在数十年前就已存在,如蓄电池叉车(俗称电瓶叉车)。虽然电瓶叉车不耗燃油、零排放,但传统铅酸蓄电池是非密封的,电解液易泼洒、污染大,维护使用不方便,能量密度小、充电时间长,电池组重量大、体积大,这些缺点限制了传统蓄电池在其他工程机械机种的应用。近几年来,铅酸蓄电池技术有了较大的进步,出现了阀控铅酸蓄电池、双极性密封铅酸蓄电池、胶体电池等新型铅酸蓄电池,它们无电解液体外泄的缺陷,免维护、能量密度增大、充电时间缩短,重量、体积减小。另外能量密度更大,重量体积更小的新型动力电池,如镍氢电池、锂离子电池、超级电容器也相继问世,大大促进了动电池工程机械的开发,应用机种日益增多。如俄罗斯“TETP” 公司开发的通用型市政工程电动车,以胶体电池为动力源,动力传动路线为胶体电池一直流电动机一液压泵~ 行走和作业机构。其中通过分动箱驱动2个液压泵,一为柱塞泵,供油给行走的轮毂油马达(左、右后轮各1);一为齿轮泵,供油给作业机构动作油缸。作业机构可更换,有装载斗(斗宽1m)、推土板(板长1m)、牵引重量250kg,最大起重高度2m、起重量150~200kg,车速~0km/h,连续作业时间4~ 5h。随机配充电器,可插电充电,可完成小型市政工程和住宅区环卫的装载、管沟挖掘、起重、拖运、推土、铲雪等作业。日本三菱~卡特彼勒公司开发的蓄电池驱动微型液压挖掘机,斗容0.02 m3,最大挖掘深度2860mm,无驾驶室,采用有线或无线遥控。我国天津商业大学开发了蓄电池运输台车,武汉科技大学等单位联合开发了蓄电池路面清扫车等。

动力电池工程机械不耗油、零排放;双动力工程机械在作业时使用交流电,不耗油、零排放、作业成本低;混合动力工程机械省油,污染物排放量少。另外,使用电动轮的混合动力工程机械由于行走系使用柔性的电缆连接,比传统的机械和液压连接行走系运动零部件少60 左右(省去了变速箱、传动轴、万向节等刚性连接件),因此,有效功率系数可达26(液压传动的为12 ~13 9/5)。

第二篇:机械工程求职信(共)

机械工程求职信汇编五篇

时间是箭,去来迅疾,没想到也到了自己找工作的时间,是时候静下心来写一封求职信了哦。但是求职信要写什么内容才是恰当的呢?下面是小编整理的机械工程求职信6篇,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

机械工程求职信 篇1

尊敬的领导:

您好!我的名字叫XX,我是XXX工业职业技术学院机械工程系的一名学生,即将面临毕业。

XXX工业职业技术学院是由国家教育部,XX批准的普通专科学校,是我国工程类人才的重点培养基地,具有先进的教学设施,并且坚持以“以人为本,质量立校,让每个同学走向成功”而著称。XX工业职业技术学院机械工程系则是全国机械类人才的重点培养基地之一。在这样的学习环境下,无论是在知识能力,还是在个人素质修养方面,我都受益非浅。

三年来,在师友的严格教益及个人的努力下,我具备了扎实的专业基础知识,系统地掌握了机械设计、机械制造等有关理论;熟悉涉外工作常用礼仪;具备较好的英语听、说、读、写、译等能力;能熟练操作计算机办公。同时,我利用课余时间广泛地涉猎了大量书籍,不但充实了自己,也培养了自己多方面的技能。更重要的是,严谨的学风和端正的学习态度塑造了我朴实、稳重、创新的性格特点。

此外,我还积极地参加各种社会活动,抓住每一个机会,锻炼自己。大学三年,我深深地感受到,与优秀学生共事,使我在竞争中获益;向实际困难挑战,让我在挫折中成长。祖辈们教我勤奋、尽责、善良、正直;平顶山工业职业技术学院培养了我实事求是、开拓进取的作风。我热爱贵单位所从事的事业,殷切地期望能够在您的领导下,为这一光荣的事业添砖加瓦;并且在实践中不断学习、进步。

收笔之际,郑重地提一个小小的要求:无论您是否选择我,尊敬的领导,希望您能够接受我诚恳的谢意!

此致

敬礼!

求职人:xx

XXX年XX月XX日

机械工程求职信 篇2

尊敬的公司领导:

您好!

很高兴您能耐心阅读我的求职信。

我是一名大四的学生,修读xxx工业大学机械学院,机械工程及自动化专业,机械电子工程方向。想为自己找一份工作,在实际中锻炼自己,发挥自己所长,检验自己所学。

机械工程及自动化是我选择的专业方向,对于大四的我,工作经验不足是我的一个不足之处,但是我在大学期间学习的专业课,如机械制图与cad,工程材料与成行技术,机械制造基础,专业外语,公差与技术测量,液压与气压传动,机械cad/cam基础,测等,让我掌握了理论专业知识,并且在生产实习中很好地把理论和实践结合起来,这也成为我的宝贵经验。

我是个好学吃苦的人,在平时的学习生活中,总能把事情做的很好,在丰富的学校生活中担任了很多角色,在担任班级干部时,由我亲手整理和编写的申请材料,使得班级获得了优秀班集体的荣誉。

也曾有幸加入到北京城市志愿者的行列,在充实的志愿服务工作中,我感受到了人们爱国的热情,并也深受感染;出任过社团组织委员和运动会领队队长,负责组织活动和协调团队参加比赛,获得了老师和同学们的一致肯定,同时也增加了更宝贵的团队意识。

本人的再学习能力也比较强,可能刚开始有些事情还不能做得好棒,但我相信我会快把它做的很好。值此锻炼机会来临之际,特试向贵单位自荐,给我一个就业锻炼的机会,还您一份成绩。一颗真诚的心在期望您的信任。在以后工作学习中我更会虚心学习、积极工作、尽忠尽责做好本职工作。

最后,再次感谢你的阅读,等待您的回音!

此致

敬礼!

求职人:

机械工程求职信 篇3

尊敬的领导:

您好!

我是***学院机械工程系模具设计与制造专业20__届毕业生。我叫***,来自重庆,本次是从学院就业中心获得的信息,贵公司的企业文化深深的吸引了我,我真心希望能加入贵公司,竭尽我所能为贵公司的发展献出一份力量。

我自20__年进入***学院以来,在师友的严格教益及凭借自己扎实的><基础和顽强拼搏的奋斗精神,经过几年不断的学习,在各方面都取得了长足的发展。

在专业知识的学习上,我本着实事求是的态度努力培养自己的实践动手能力,多次参加学院组织的校内、校外实习,掌握了一定的专业技能,并于20__年通过了焊工(中级)技能考试,20__年还通过了数控(中级)技能考试,为今后的学习打下了坚实的基础。

为了培养我的'社会实践能力,丰富我的大学文化生活,20__年加入院团委网络部,20__年又加入外联部,这一段工作经历都提高了我的组织管理能力,对团队合作意识有了更深的认识,在业余时间,相继学习了文字排板、VF6.0、C语言等应用软件,掌握了一定的计算机技术,在专业方面,具有扎实的专业基础,掌握了机械制图,机械设计,工差技术,冷冲压技术,模具工艺学等专业知识。

望贵公司领导给我一个展示自我的一个舞台,我有信心把领导交给的工作做好。思想上我积极要求进步,20__年参加党课培训,现已毕业,在校期间踊跃参加各项体育文艺活动,以此培养团队协作精神,并展示了自己的才华,长期担任学生干部,设计并组织了多项活动,有一定的组织能力。这许多的荣誉并不是我在炫耀,而只是想证明我的能力,我愿意从最基层做起,可以积累更多的经验,了解更多的情况,愿您能给我一次实现自己梦想的机会,愿我可以为贵公司的发展添微薄之力。

我渴盼贵公司的佳音,再次感谢您。

此致

敬礼!

求职人:

XXXX年XX月XX日

机械工程求职信 篇4

尊敬的领导:

你好!当您打开这封,您已经快看到了希望!我是xxxx机械工业学校的机械工程专业的毕业生,真诚希望成为贵公司的一员。

在校期间,在师友的严格教益及个人的努力下,我具备了扎实的基础知识,系统的掌握了机械制图,AutocAD极限配合与公差技术测量,金属材料与热处理,东工工艺,数控编程,数控工艺,机械基础,电工学,刀具与切削原理,等理论知识熟悉涉外礼仪,同时在课外也学习了许多日常应用软件,不但充实了自己,也培养了自己多方面的技能。更重要的是,严谨的学风和端正的学习态度,塑造了我朴实稳重,创新的性格。

在实践上,我不仅努力学好专业知识,还积极参加各种社会实践活动,抓住了每一个机会,不断锻炼自己。假期时间,去外出打工。在这其中,我深感受到,在竞争中获益非浅,在困难中勇敢面对,在挫折中成长。

通过对贵公司的认真了解后,我热爱贵公司所从事的事业,很希望能够在您的领导下,为这一光荣事业添砖加瓦,并且,在实践中不断学习进步。

希望领导能够对我予以考虑,我热切期盼您的回音,谢谢!

祝愿贵公司事业蒸蒸日上,屡创佳绩!

此致

敬礼!

机械工程求职信 篇5

尊敬的公司领导:

您好!我是XX大学机械电子工程专业毕业生,我真心希望加入贵公司,竭尽我所能为贵公司的发展出一份力量。

我自进入XX大学以来,凭借自身扎实的基础和顽强拼搏的奋斗精神,经过几年不断的学习,在各方面都取得了长足的发展。在专业知识的学习上,我本着实事求是的态度,努力培养自己的实践动手能力。综合分在整个学院名列前茅,并通过了国家英语四级考试和计算机二级考试,并取得优秀,为今后外语和计算机的学习打下了坚实基础;在专业外语上,有一定的实践基础,有较强的翻译能力。在业余时间,相继学习了C语言、FORTRAN语言及OFFICE、AUTOCADR、CAM、PHOTOSHOP、ME等应用软件。

同时具有较强的硬件基础。工业PC机编程能力强,能设计PC机程序控制系统,熟悉MCS—51系列单片机实用接口技术。在专业方面,具有扎实的专业基础,我的各门专业课都在80分以上,大部分过了90分,对机电液一体化设计有浓厚的兴趣,特别是在动力传动系统及控制方面有丰富的实践经验和理论基础。现刚接过导师分给的课题,为下学期的毕业设计收集参数。望贵公司领导相信,我有决心,也有能力把领导交给的工作做好。

我积极要求进步,被发展为入党积极分子,并参加了党校学习班,现已毕业,并获“优秀共青团员”称号,还被发展为重点积极分子;后被列为预备党员发展计划。在校期间,我踊跃参加各项体育、文娱活动,以此培养团结协作精神,并发展自己的才华。我长期担任班级干部,设计并组织过多项活动,有一定的组织能力。

稳重但不缺乏热情,锐意进取又能与人和睦相处,这是年轻的我的真实写照,愿成为贵公司的一员,凭借我的热情和才能,不遗余力的和大家一起为贵公司的腾飞做贡献。我相信,这对我们双方,都将是一次正确的选择。

此致

敬礼!

求职人:

XXXX年XX月XX日

第三篇:机械工程专业自荐信

尊敬的公司领导:

您好!感谢您在百忙之中抽出宝贵的时间阅览我这份自荐信。我叫刘为进,是江西应用工程职业学院机械工程系汽车应用技术专业2009届毕业生。在即将结束大学学习阶段之际,我强烈希望能加入贵公司,贡献自己的才能和热情。

随着社会竞争的日益激烈,对人才的要求也越来越高,为了毕业后能更好地适应社会,在大学里,我注重培养自己全面发展。思想上积极要求进步,努力向党组织靠拢,信念坚定,注重自身道德修养的培养与提高,同时被推荐为建党对象。学习态度端正,勇于探索,刻苦勤奋,成绩优良,曾连续三次荣获“三好学生”称号和两次“国家励志奖学金”。在能力培养上,充分地利用课余时间参加学生会、社团和班级工作,积极参加并举办一些活动,努力发掘自己多方面潜质,发挥特长,同时积累一些工作经验。在假期里,先后在合肥紫蓬湾国际高尔夫有限公司和东莞距旺鞋业有限公司工作;通过各种课外活动及社会实践工作,培养了我逻辑分析与实际操作能力,更使我懂得了团队精神的可贵。

热切期望我这拳拳寸草心、浓浓赤诚情能与您同呼吸、共命运、同发展、求进步。如有幸能成为贵公司的一员,我将以满腔热情、高度的责任感和敬业精神,发挥特长,为贵公司的事业腾飞贡献自己的力量。

感谢您在百忙之中给予我关注,衷心祝愿贵公司事业蒸蒸日上,屡创佳绩。祝您的事业百尺竿头,更进一步。

第四篇:机械工程工作小结

工作小结

转眼间我在实业公司见习已经6个月了,加入实业的半年里,对于我来说是一种成长与进步的历程。从头开始学习我完全陌生的一种工作方式,工作内容,以及工作程序。第一次操作车床,第一次磨削车刀,第一次加工产品。做这些之前我首先都是要用心去向师傅学习,然后必须要熟练运用在工作中的每一个细节里。现根据自身工作的实际情况,我对自己的工作做出分析评定,总结经验教训,提出改进方法,以便使自己在今后的工作中能惩前毖后,扬长补短,为今后不断改进工作方法,提高工作效率提供依据。

1、端正思想,摆正位置,全心投入工作

工作中,本人自觉树立“实业人,做实在事”的思想,坚持以厂为家,切实增强责任感和使命感,以饱满的工作热情和端正的工作态度,认真做好自己的本职工作;自觉树立正确的价值观和道德观,始终爱岗敬业,恪尽职守;自觉树立奉献意识,一心扑在工作上,不迟到,不早退,即使加班加点也毫无怨言。

2、加强学习,虚心求教,努力提高工作能力

作为一名实业公司的新员工,本人深知自己的工作能力与公司的要求还有一定差距。为此,对待工作我不敢有丝毫懈怠,我要求自己做到手勤,要多记工作笔记,多做记录,尽量把工作中的得失和每次出现的问题记录下来以吸取经验教训;口勤,要多问,遇到疑难问题或工作中遇到的困难就向师傅请教;耳勤,多听取老师傅们与同事们提出的好的意见建议,改进工作方法,提高工作效率,努力使自己在工作中精益求精。积极学习公司有关安全制度和规定,增强安全防范意识,确保工作中不出现纰漏。

3、积极进取,扎实工作,努力完成各项工作任务

美国思想家富兰克林说过:“你要推动事业,而不是让事业推动你”。“你要追求工作,别让工作追求你”。我理解这两句话的意思是,既要提高工作的自觉性,又要积极主动地去工作,变被动工作为主动工作。

在实际工作中,领导和师傅们许多非常优秀品质,如认真扎实细致的工作作风以及从他们身上体现出的高度敬业奉献的精神,给我留下了深刻的印象,时刻在激励着我,感染着我,促使我努力工作,督促自己要始终保持愉快的接受安排的工作任务,并不折不扣的完成任务的工作态度。在工作中做到有始有终。

综观6个月来的各项工作,虽然较好的履行了岗位职责,对工作的学习在本职工作上也得到了有效体现,但也存在不少问题,主要表现在:一是车刀的磨削技巧还存在不足,二是自己的独立工作能力还有待提高。针对自己工作上的问题,本人在下步工作中需要认真加以改进和完善,扎实工作,努力学习,争取在以后的工作中取得更大的成绩。

第五篇:机械工程英语翻译

Unit1

1、What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table.Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.合金与纯金属的区别是什么?纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。

Alloys contain more than one metallic element.Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy.Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium;and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel.合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有:不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金,以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。

2、Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio.为什么要使用金属和合金?许多金属和合金具有高密度,因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。

Some metal alloys,such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy.Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable.某些金属合金,例如铝基合金,其密度低,可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性,这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。

3、The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties.In metals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere.Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。在金属内部,原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。由于电子能导热和导电,所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。

It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal.No photons pass through.因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子,所以透过金属不可能看得见。没有光子能通过金属.4、Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。

Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators.Some ceramics have special properties: some ceramics are magnetic materials;some are piezoelectric materials;and a few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperatures.Ceramics and glasses have one major drawback: they are brittle.许多陶瓷都是电和热的良绝缘体。某些陶瓷还具有一些特殊性能:有些是磁性材料,有些是压电材料,还有些特殊陶瓷在极低温度下是超导体。陶瓷和玻璃都有一个主要的缺点:它们容易破碎。

5、An optical fiber contains three layers: a core made of highly pure glass with a high refractive index for the light to travel, a middle layer of glass with a lower refractive index known as the cladding which protects the core glass from scratches and other surface imperfections, and an out polymer jacket to protect the fiber from damage.光导纤维有三层:核心由高折射指数高纯光传输玻璃制成,中间层为低折射指数玻璃,是保护核心玻璃表面不被擦伤和完整性不被破坏的所谓覆层,外层是聚合物护套,用于保护光导纤维不受损。

In order for the core glass to have a higher refractive index than the cladding, the core glass is doped with a small, controlled amount of an impurity, or dopant, which causes light to travel slower, but does not absorb the light.为了使核心玻璃有比覆层大的折射指数,在其中掺入微小的、可控数量的能减缓光速而不会吸收光线的杂质或搀杂剂。

Because the refractive index of the core glass is greater than that of the cladding, light traveling in the core glass will remain in the core glass due to total internal reflection as long as the light strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle greater than the critical angle.由于核心玻璃的折射指数比覆层大,只要在全内反射过程中光线照射核心/覆层分界面的角度比临界角大,在核心玻璃中传送的光线将仍保留在核心玻璃中。The total internal reflection phenomenon, as well as the high purity of the core glass, enables light to travel long distances with little loss of intensity.全内反射现象与核心玻璃的高纯度一样,使光线几乎无强度损耗传递长距离成为可能。Unit7

1、The importance of machining processes can be emphasised by the fact that every product we use in our daily life has undergone this process either directly or indirectly.机加工过程的重要性可通过日常生活使用的每件产品都直接或间接经历这一过程的事实来强调。(1)In USA, more than $100 billions are spent annually on machining and related operations.(2)A large majority(above 80%)of all the machine tools used in the manufacturing industry have undergone metal cutting.(3)An estimate showed that about 10 to 15% of all the metal produced in USA was converted into chips.(1)在美国,每年花在机加工及其相关作业上的费用都多于千亿美元

(2)用于制造业的全部机床中的大多数(多于80%)都经历过金属切削。(3)有估计显示美国生产的所有金属中约10到15%转变成了切屑。

2、Chip Formation 切屑的形成

Metal cutting process is a very complex process.Fig.7.2 shows the basic material removal operation schematically.金属切削过程是一个很复杂的过程。图7.2用图的形式显示了基本材料去除作业。The metal in front of the tool rake face gets immediately compressed, first elastically and then plastically.This zone is traditionally called shear zone in view of fact that the material in the final form would be removed by shear from the parent metal.在刀具前倾面前的金属直接受到压缩,首先弹性变形然后塑性变形。考虑到最终形状中的材料是通过剪切从母体金属去除的,此区域传统上称为剪切区。The actual separation of the metal starts as a yielding or fracture, depending upon the cutting conditions, starting from the cutting tool tip.Then the deformed metal(called chip)flows over the tool(rake)face.金属的实际分离始于屈服或断裂(视切削条件而定),从切削刀尖开始。然后变形金属(称为切屑)流过刀具(前倾)面。

If the friction between the tool rake face and the underside of the chip(deformed material)is considerable, then the chip gets further deformed, which is termed as secondary deformation.The chip after sliding over the tool rake face is lifted away from the tool, and the resultant curvature of the chip is termed as chip curl.如果刀具前倾面与切屑(变形金属)底面之间的摩擦相当大,那么切屑进一步变形,这也叫做二次变形。滑过刀具前倾面的切屑被提升离开刀具,切屑弯曲的结果被称为切屑卷。

3、Discontinuous Chip.The segmented chip separates into short pieces, which may or may not adhere to each other.Severe distortion of the metal occurs adjacent to the face, resulting in a crack that runs ahead of the tool.间断切屑:分段的切屑分散成小碎片,既可能相互附着也可能不相互附着。在靠近切削面处发生金属的剧烈变形,导致在运动刀具前方金属层产生裂缝。Eventually, the shear stress across the chip becomes equal to the shear strength of the material, resulting in fracture and separation.With this type of chip, there is little relative movement of the chip along the tool face, Fig.7.3a.最后,横过切屑的剪切应力与材料的剪切强度相等,造成断裂和分离。生成这类切屑时,切屑沿刀具面几乎没有相对运动,见图7.3a。

4、Cutting Fluids 切削液

The functions of cutting fluids(which are often erroneously called coolants)are: • To cool the tool and workpiece • To reduce the friction • To protect the work against rusting • To improve the surface finish • To prevent the formation of built-up edge • To wash away the chips from the cutting zone 切削液(经常误称为冷却液)的功能如下:

• 冷却刀具和工件 • 减少摩擦 • 保护工件不生锈 • 改善表面光洁度

• 防止切屑瘤的形成 • 从切削区冲掉切屑

However, the prime function of a cutting fluid in a metal cutting operation is to control the total heat.This can be done by dissipating the heat generated as well as reducing it.The mechanisms by which a cutting fluid performs these functions are: cooling action and lubricating action.然而,在金属切削作业中切削液的主要功能是控制总热量。这可通过既散发又减少所产生的热量来达到。切削液实现这些功能的机理是:冷却作用和润滑作用

5、Lubricating action.The best improvement in cutting performance can be achieved by the lubricating action since this reduces the heat generated, thus reducing the energy input to the metal cutting operation.润滑作用:切削作业的最大改善可通过润滑作用来达到,由于它减少了热量的产生因而减少了金属切削作业的能量输入。

However, if the cutting fluid is to be effective, it must reach the chip tool interface.But it is not easy to visualize how it is accomplished in the case of a continuous turning with a single point turning tool, specially when the chip-tool contact pressure is as high as 70 MPa.可是,如果要使切削液起作用就必须让它到达切屑刀具接触界面。但如何在采用单尖刀具连续车削的场合尤其是切屑-刀具接触压力高达70MPa时实现并非易事。

Merchant thought that minute asperities existed at the chip-tool interface and the fluid was drawn into the interface by the capillary action of the interlocking network of these surface asperities.Merchant认为:在切屑与刀具接触界面上存在微小的粗粒,切削液通过这些表面的微小粗粒组成连锁的网络的毛细管被吸入到切屑与刀具的接触界面上。

第八单元

1、Grinding is a manufacturing process that involves the removal of metal by employing a rotating abrasive wheel.The latter simulates a milling cutter with an extremely large number of miniature cutting edges.磨削是通过采用旋转磨轮去除金属的制造工艺。磨轮用非常大量的微型切削刃模仿铣刀进行切削。

Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish.Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines.一般而言,磨削被认为是一种通常用于获得高尺寸精度和较好表面光洁度的精加工作业。磨削通过采用被称为磨床的特殊机床能在平面、圆柱面甚至内表面上进行。

Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground, e.g., cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines.显然,磨床根据结构和功能的不同有所区别,使用何种形式的磨床主要取决于被磨削表面的几何形状和物理性质。例如,圆柱面在外圆磨床上磨削。

2、Internal grinding.Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holes, as shown in Fig.8.3.The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture.Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction.内表面磨削:内表面磨削用于相对较短的孔,如图8.3所示。工件安装在卡盘或特殊夹具上。作业时砂轮和工件都回转并且采用纵向进给。

Any desired depth of cut can be obtained by the cross feed of the grinding wheel.A variation from this type is planetary internal grinding, which is recommended for heavy workpieces that cannot be held in chucks.通过砂轮的横向进给能得到任意所需的切削深度。这种方法的一个变体是行星式内表面磨削,当工件较重不能用卡盘固定时推荐使用。

In that case, the grinding wheel not only spins around its own axis but also rotates around the centerline of the hole that is being ground.在这种情况下,砂轮不但绕自身轴线回转,同时还绕被磨削孔的中心线旋转。

3、Grinding Wheels 砂轮

Grinding wheels are composed of abrasive grains having similar size and a binder.The actual grinding process is performed by the abrasive grains.Pores between the grains within the binder enable the grains to act as separate single-point cutting tools.砂轮由具有相近尺寸的磨料颗粒和粘合剂组成。实际磨削作业由磨粒完成。在粘合剂中磨粒之间的孔隙使磨粒能象独立的单刃切削刀具一样工作。These pores also provide space for the generated chips, thus preventing the wheel from clogging.In addition, pores assist the easy flow of coolants to enable efficient and prompt removal of the heat generated during the grinding process.这些孔隙同时还为产生的切屑提供空间以防砂轮堵塞。另外孔隙帮助冷却液容易流动,从而使在磨削作业中产生的热量能有效而迅速地散发。

Grinding wheels are identified based on their shape and size, kind of abrasive, grain size, binder, grade(hardness), and structure.砂轮根据它们的形状和尺寸、磨料的类型、磨粒的大小、粘合剂、等级(硬度)和结构组织来分类

4、The grade of the bond.The grade of the bond is actually an indication of the resistance of the bond to pulling off the abrasive grains from the grinding wheel.Generally, wheels having hard grades are used for grinding soft materials and vice versa.粘结体的等级:粘结体的等级实际上是其抵抗将磨粒从砂轮上拉脱的指标。一般而言,具有较硬等级的砂轮用于磨削较软材料,反之亦然。

If a hard-grade wheel were to be used for grinding a hard material, the dull grains would not be pulled off from the bond quickly enough, thus impeding the self-dressing process of the surface of the wheel and finally resulting in clogging of the wheel and burns on the ground surface.如果较硬等级的砂轮用于磨削较硬材料,磨钝的磨粒将不能足够快地脱离粘结体,这会妨碍砂轮表面的自修复,最终导致砂轮的堵塞并在被磨表面留下灼斑。In fact, the cutting properties of all grinding wheels must be restored periodically by dressing with a cemented carbide roller or a diamond tool to give the wheel the exact desired shape and remove all worn abrasive grains.实际上,所有砂轮的磨削性能都必须定期地通过使用硬质合金滚轮或金刚石修整器修整而被恢复,以求很准确地把砂轮加工成要求的形状,并去除已磨钝的磨粒。第十一单元

1、The Lathe and Its Construction 车床及其结构

A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges.车床是主要用于生成旋转表面和平整边缘的机床。

Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows: 根据它们的使用目的、结构、能同时被安装刀具的数量和自动化的程度,车床—或更确切地说是车床类的机床,可以被分成以下几类:

(1)Engine lathes(2)Toolroom lathes(3)Turret lathes(4)Vertical turning and boring mills(5)Automatic lathes(6)Special-purpose lathes(1)普通车床(2)万能车床(3)转塔车床(4)立式车床(5)自动车床(6)特殊车床

2、The carriage.The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds.It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the head stock and tail stock while being guided by the V-shaped guide ways of the bed.大拖板:大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产生纵向和/或横向进给。它实际上是一由车床床身V形导轨引导的、能在车床床身主轴箱和尾架之间滑动的H形滑块。

The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.大拖板能手动或者通过溜板箱和光杆(进给杆)或丝杆(引导螺杆)机动。

3、Turning tools.Turning tools can be either finishing or rough turning tools.Rough turning tools have small nose radii and are employed when deep cuts are made.车削刀具:车削刀具可以是精车刀具或粗车刀具。粗车刀具刀尖半径较小,用于深切削。

On the other hand, finishing tools have larger nose radii and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by making slight depths of cut.Rough turning tools can be right-hand or left-hand types, depending upon the direction of feed.They can have straight,bent, or offset shanks.而精车刀具刀尖半径较大,用于通过微量进刀深度来获得具有较好表面光洁度的最终所需尺寸。粗车刀具按其进给方向可以是右手型的或是左手型的。它们可以有直的、弯的或偏置的刀杆。

4、Cylindrical turning.Cylindrical turning is the simplest and the most common of all lathe operations.A single full turn of the workpiece generates a circle whose center falls on the lathe axis;this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the tool.圆柱面车削:圆柱面车削是所有车床操作中最简单也是最普通的。工件旋转一整圈产生一个圆心落在车床主轴上的圆;由于刀具的轴向进给运动这种动作重复许多次。

The resulting machining marks are, therefore, a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the feed.Consequently, the machined surface is always cylindrical.所以,由此产生的机加工痕迹是一条具有很小节距的螺旋线,该节距等于进给。因此机加工表面始终是圆柱形的。

The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest, either manually or automatically, whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the cross slide.轴向进给通过大拖板或复式刀架手动或自动提供,然而切削深度则由横向滑板控制。

In roughing cuts, it is recommended that large depths of cuts(up to 0.25in.or 6mm, depending upon the workpiece material)and smaller feeds would be used.On the other hand, very fine feeds, smaller depths of cut(less than 0.05in, or 0.4mm), and high cutting speeds are preferred for finishing cuts.粗车中,推荐使用较大切削深度(根据工件材料可达0.25英寸或6毫米)和较小进给。另一方面,精车则最好采用很小的进给、较小的切削深度(小于0.05英寸或0.4毫米)和较高的切削速度。第十二单元

1、Drilling and Drills 钻削和钻头

Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a work piece by forcing a tool, which rotates around its axis, against the work piece.钻削就是通过迫使绕自身轴线旋转的切削刀具进入工件而在其上生成通孔或盲孔。

Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole.In practice, two symmetrical cutting edges that rotate about the same axis are employed.因此,从旋转轴线开始的切削范围等于所需孔的半径。实际上,使用的是两条围绕相同轴线旋转的对称切削刃。

2、Each of the cutting edges of a milling cutter acts as an individual single-point cutter when it engages with the workpiece metal.Therefore, each of those cutting edges has appropriate rake and relief angles.在铣刀切削工件金属时,铣刀的每条切削刃都象一单独的单刃刀具一样作用。所以每条切削刃都适当的前后角。

Since only a few of the cutting edges are engaged with the workpiece at a time, heavy cuts can be taken without adversely affecting the tool life.In fact, the permissible cutting speeds and feeds for milling are three to four times higher than those for turning or drilling.由于同一时间只有部分切削刃切削工件,因此可以在对刀具寿命没有不利影响的情况下承担重型切削。事实上,铣削允许的切削速度和进给比车削或钻削高三到四倍。

Moreover, the quality of the surfaces machined by milling is generally superior to the quality of surfaces machined by turning, shaping, or drilling.此外,由铣削加工的表面质量通常优于车削、刨削或钻削加工的表面质量。A wide variety of milling cutters is available in industry.This, together with the fact that a milling machine is a very versatile machine tool, makes the milling machine the backbone of a machining workshop.工业上可采用的铣刀类型众多。连同铣床是极通用机床的事实,使得铣床成为机加工车间的支柱。第十四单元

1、Dimensioning 标注尺寸

The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials.机械设计除了计算载荷和应力、选择合适的材料外,还包括许多其它因素。Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men.The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop.Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.在建造或制造开始前,完成装配图和零件图以把必要信息传达给车间工人是必须的。在送往车间前设计者常常被召集来检查图纸。而在精通生产图纸的所有情况之前,需要有许多经验并熟悉制造工艺。

2、The development of production processes for large-volume manufacture at low cost has been largely dependent upon interchangeability of component parts.Thus the designer must determine both the proper tolerances for the individual parts, and the correct amount of clearance or interference to permit assembly with the mating parts.大规模低成本制造生产工艺的发展很大程度取决于组成零件的互换性。因此设计者必须确定单个零件的合适公差以及配合零件装配允许的正确间隙或过盈量。The manner of placing tolerances on drawings depends somewhat on the kind of product or type of manufacturing process.If the tolerance on a dimension is not specifically stated, the drawing should contain a blanket note which gives the value of the tolerance for such dimensions.在图纸上标注公差的方法相当程度上依赖于产品的性质或制造工艺的类型。如果尺寸公差没有特别注明,图纸应该包含一个给出这些尺寸公差值的普遍适用注释。

However, some companies do not use blanket notes on the supposition that if each dimension is considered individually, wider tolerances than those called for in the note could probably be specified.In any event it is very important that a drawing be free from ambiguities and be subject only to a single interpretation.然而有些公司不采用普遍适用注释,假定每个尺寸是单独被考虑的,可能会规定出比注释中要求的更宽的公差。在任何情况下图纸不模棱两可并只服从于单一的解释是十分重要的。

3、There should be no more dimensions than are absolutely necessary, and no feature should be located by more than one dimension in any direction.除绝对需要的尺寸外,不应该有更多的尺寸;而在任意方向上,只能在一个尺寸上标注特性要求。

It may be necessary occasionally to give an auxiliary dimension for reference, possibly for inspection.When this is so, the dimension should be enclosed in a bracket and marked for reference.Such dimensions are not governed by general tolerances.偶尔也可能为了检查而必须给出供参考的辅助尺寸。在这种情况下,尺寸应该用括号括起来,以便参考。这样的尺寸不受通用公差控制。Unit15

1、Ultrasonic machining,elecron-beam machining,plasma-jet machining ,and laser machining are all examples of these new processes.Another modern process is chemical etching ,which,unlike the others,was developed primarily for producing complex integral shapes in soft materials,namely ,aluminum alloys ,for the aircraft industry.1超声加工,电子束加工,等离子射流加工,激光加工等就是特种加工工艺的代表。另一种现代加工方法是化学蚀刻法,与其他方法不同,它原来是为用软材料即铝合金、为飞机工业生产形状复杂的整体零件而开发的。

2、The term electrical maching may be applied to a group of processes that employ an electric current or discharge to remove material.Removal of material though an electric current or discharge eliminates the inefficient conversion of electrical power to mechanical power characteristic of conventional machining and metal-deformation processes电加工这一术语适用于使用电流或放电以去除材料的一组加工方法。虽然电流或放电消除了电能的效率,消除了传统机械加工和金属变形过程中的电功率的低效率的转换

The elimination of the mechanical stage also overcomes one difficulty inherent in conventional machining ,namely ,the increase in tool forces and tool wear encountered when machining the harder metals and alloys used in modern engineering practice 在机械加工阶段也克服了传统加工方法存在的困难,即,在现代工程实践中加工较难的金属和合金时切削力和道具磨损的增加。

3、The erosive action of electric sparks has long been known.Two recent discoveries,however,have made spark-cutting practical.A DC spark causes greater erosion of the electrode connected to the positive pole of the power supply——very important,if tool wear is to be minimized and the work erosion rate maximized.The second important discovery is that the rate of erosion by the spark is greatly increased if it is made to take place in a liquid rather than air.It must be noted that if a spark is permitted to last to long ,it will degenerate into a stationary arc which is not suitable for machining.电火花的侵蚀作用早已公知的。然而,最近的两项发现是电火花加工能实际使用。直流电火花使在与电源正极相连的电极处产生较大的蚀除,如果要使刀具磨损最小而使工件蚀除率最大的话,这一点是非常重要的。第二个重要的发现是如果电火花的蚀除发生在液体而不是空气中那么它的蚀除率会大大提高。必须指出的是,如果一个火花被允许长时间持续,它将退化为一个不适合用于加工的稳定电弧。V unit16

1、laser beam machining(LBM)utilises the energy from the coherent light beams called laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).The basic principle utilised in LBM is that under proper conditions light energy of a particular frequency is used to stimulate the electrons in an atom to emit additional light with exactly the same characteristics of the original light source.激光加工利用称为激光的相干光束的能量(光受激辐射放大器)。激光加工的基本原理是在一定条件下采用特定频率的光激发原子中的电子,是其发射特征与原光源完全相同的光 Part2 第一单元

1、The modern digital computer is an electronic machine that can perform mathematical and logical calculations and data processing functions in accordance with a predetermined program of instructions.The computer itself is referred to as hardware, whereas the various programs are referred to as software.现在数字计算机是一部能够根据预定的程序来完成数字和逻辑运算以及数据处理功能的电子设备,计算机本身称为硬件,而各种各样的程序称为软件。In a network,all computers are connected and communicated with each other according to some kinds of enacted regulations or agreement ,which are called the “network protocols “.the main function of network protocols is realizing the orderly transmission or acceptance of information.The most common protocol which is being used is Transport Control Protocol /Internet Protocol(TCP/IP).Among many system models illustrating network protocols in the world ,the ISO/OSI network model enacted by International Standardization Organization has divided the whole system into seven layers ,each layer has its own name and function respectively.在网络中所有的计算机都根据一些准则和协议进行连接和通信,规则和协议称为网络协议。网络协议的主要功能是实现信息的有序传递或接受。最常用的协议是传输控制协议/互联网协议(TCP / IP)。在世界上许多系统模型,说明网络协议由国际标准化组织制定的ISO / OSI网络模型将整个系统分为七层,每一层分别有自己的名称和功能

2、the widest area network in the world is Internet.it is one kind of wide area virtual networks,which uses TCP/IP protocol and interconnects more than tens of million computers around the world into a gigantic network system互联网是世界上最宽广的区域网,它是一种大范围的虚拟网络,利用TCP / IP协议,使世界各地数以百万的电脑变成一个庞大的网络系统。

Each computer of internet has its sole address in the world ,thus its application can overcome the limitation of continents,countries and areas ,and make up a virtual space in which every person can receive the latest news and enjoy the fastest service even when he is in the most remote area of the world.互联网上的每台计算机都有唯一的地址,因此它的应用可以克服大陆、国家和地区,的限制,并组成一个虚拟的空间。每个人都可以获得的最新消息和享受最快的服务即使他是在世界最偏远的地区。today more and more computers and devices are connected with internet system,more and more service and information can be offered by the utlization of internet,and it has become an important base for information super highway structure plan in many countries one of fastest growing +课本99页蓝体字

今天,越来越多的电脑和设备被互联网系统连接,越来越多的服务和信息被互联网的使用所提供,在许多国家信息高速公路结构计划已成为一项重要的基础研究。互联网发展最快的领域之一是万维网的应用,在互联网中,各种信息,如文本、图像、声音和许多其他多媒体文件,可以通过超文本链接功能共同观看和导航。with the rapid development of information and electronics technology ,internet is developing by an incredibly speed and it has become an indispensable component of human‘s civilization随着信息和电子技术的快速发展,互联网以一个令人难以置信的速度发展,它已成为人类文明的不可或缺的组成部分。unit11课本173页

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