第一篇:中国人民大学附中特级教师梁丽平 高考数学综合能力题30讲第15讲 立体几何中的有关证明
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数学高考综合能力题选讲1
5立体几何中的有关证明
100080北京中国人民大学附中梁丽平
题型预测
立体几何中的证明往往与计算结合在一起考查。三垂线定理及其逆定理是重点考查的内容。
范例选讲
例1. 已知斜三棱柱ABC-A’B’C’的底面是C'
直角三角形,∠C=90°,侧棱与底面所成的角
为α(0°<α<90°),B’在底面上的射影D落
在BC上。
(1)求证:AC⊥面BB’C’C。
(2)当α为何值时,AB’⊥BC’,且使得D
恰为BC的中点。
讲解:(1)∵B’D⊥面ABC,AC面ABC,∴B’D⊥AC,又AC⊥BC,BC∩B’D=D,∴AC⊥面BB’C’C。
(2)由三垂线定理知道:要使AB’⊥BC’,需且只需AB’在面BB’C’C内的射影B’C⊥BC’。即四边形BB’C’C为菱形。此时,BC=BB’。
因为B’D⊥面ABC,所以,B'BD就是侧棱B’B与底面ABC所成的角。由D恰好落在BC上,且为BC的中点,所以,此时B'BD=60。即当α=60时,AB’⊥BC’,且使得D恰为BC的中点。
例2. 如图:已知四棱锥PABCD中,底面四边形为正方形,侧面PDC为正三角
形,且平面PDC⊥底面ABCD,E为PC中
点。
(1)求证:平面EDB⊥平面PBC;
(2)求二面角BDEC的平面角的正切值。C
讲解:(1)要证两个平面互相垂直,A
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常规的想法是:证明其中一个平面过另一个平面的一条垂线。
首先观察图中已有的直线,不难发现,由于侧面PDC为正三角形,所以,DEPC,那么我们自然想到:是否有DE面PBC?这样的想法一经产生,证
明它并不是一件困难的事情。∵ 面PDC⊥底面ABCD,交线为DC,∴ DE在平面ABCD内的射影就是DC。在正方形ABCD中,DC⊥CB,∴ DE⊥CB。
又PCBCC,PC,BC面PBC,∴ DE⊥面PBC。又DE面EDB,∴平面EDB⊥平面PBC。
(2)由(1)的证明可知:DE⊥面PBC。所以,BEC就是二面角BDEC的平面角。∵ 面PDC⊥底面ABCD,交线为DC,又平面ABCD内的直线CB⊥ DC。∴ CB⊥面PDC。又PC面PDC,∴ CB⊥PC。
在RtECB中,tanBEC
BCCE
2。
点评:求二面角的平面角,实际上是找到棱的一个垂面,事实上,这个垂面同时垂直于二面角的两个半平面。
例3.如图:在四棱锥SABCD中,SA⊥
D∠BADADC平面ABC,ABAD2a
,CDa,E为SB的中点。
(1)求证:CE//平面SAD;(2)当点E到平面SCD的距离为多少时,平面SBC与平面SAD所成的二面角为45?
讲解:题目中涉及到平面SBC与平面SAD所成的二面角,所以,应作出这两个平面的交线(即二面角的棱)。另一方面,要证CE//平面SAD,应该设法证明CE平行于面SAD内的一条直线,充分利用中点(中位线)的性质,不难发现,刚刚做出的二面角的棱正好符合要求。
(1)延长BC、AD交于点F。在FAB中,∠BADADC
,所以,AB、CD都与AF垂直,所以,CD//AB,所以,CDF∽BAF。又AB2a,CDa,所以,点D、C分别为线段AF、BF的中点。又因为E为SB的中点,所以,EC为SBC的中位线,所以,EC//SF。
又EC面SAD,SF面SAD,所
以,CE//平面SAD。
SA⊥平面ABCD,(2)因为:AB平面ABCD,所以,ABSA。又ABAF,AFSAA,所以,AB面SAF。过A作AHSF于H,连BH,则BHSF,所以,BHA就是平面SBC与平面SAD所成的二面角的平面角。在RtBHA中,要使BHA=45,需且只需AH=AB=2a。
此时,在SAF中,SA
SFAHAF
SA
4a2a
4a,所以,SA
3a。
在三棱锥S-ACD中,设点A到面SCD的距离为h,则
ADDC
h=
SACDSASSCD
SDCD
SA
ADSASD
ADSASA
AD
a
因为AB//DC,所以,AB//面SCD。所以,点A、B到面SCD的距离相等。又因为E为SB中点,所以,点E到平面SCD的距离就等于点B到面SCD距离的一半,即
h2
8。
点评:探索性的问题,有些采用先猜后证的方法,有些则是将问题进行等价转化,在转化的过程中不断探求结论。
高考真题
1.(2002年北京高考)如图:在多面体ABCDA1B1C1D1中,上、下底面平行且均为矩形,相对的侧面与同一底面所成的二面角大小相等,侧棱延长后相交于E、F两点,上下底面矩形的长、宽分别为c、d与a、b,且ac,bd,两底面间的距离为h。
(1)求侧面ABB1A1与底面ABCD所成二面角的大小;
(2)证明:EF//面ABCD
(3)在估测该多面体的体积时,经常
运用近似公式V估S中截面h来计算。已知它
V
h6的体积公式是
S
上底面
4S中截面S下底面
。
试判断V估与V的大小关系,并加以证
a
AB
明。
(注:与两个底面平行,且到两个底面距离相等的截面称为该多面体的中截面)
2.(1997年全国高考)如图,在正方体
ABCDA1B1C1D1中,E,F分别是BB1,CD的中
DA1
C1
点.Ⅰ.证明AD⊥D1F;Ⅱ.求AE与D1F所成的角;Ⅲ.证明面AED⊥面A1FD1;
Ⅳ.设AA1=2,求三棱锥FA1ED1的体积
A
VFA1ED1
arctan[答案与提示:1.(1)
2hbd
VFAED=1。V估V。;(3)2.(2)90º;(4)]
第二篇:【北京市特级教师二轮精讲】2014届高考英语二轮复习专题精讲:第30讲 高考英语二轮复习综合验收精讲(三)(最终版)
第30讲 高考英语二轮复习综合验收精讲(三)
单项选择
题一:
Theater fans love New York, _____ offers a variety of Broadway plays.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.who
题二:
From our window we have a good view of the open fields, _______ into the distance.A.to reachB.having reachedC.reachingD.reached
题三:
Sorry about the mess.The house _____ at the moment.A.has paintedB.had paintedC.is being paintedD.will be painted 题四:
Egg prices usually_____ in the spring when they are most plentiful.A.are droppingB.dropC.have droppedD.will drop
题五:
— George, good luck with your English exam!
— Gosh, I wish I _______ for it last night!
A.have studiedB.studiedC.had studiedD.would study 题六:
— Did you like Mr.Green’s lecture?
—Yes, _______ any description.I will come again with my classmates.A.overB.inC.beyondD.for
题七:
I am sure that if it came to that point, he would do _______ is expected of him.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.as
题八:
Look!How active the guys are!Never before ____ my students so enthusiastic.A.I seeB.I have seenC.do I seeD.have I seen 题九:
—Why wasn’t John hired for the job?
—I don’t know, but he ______.A.wasB.had beenC.should haveD.should have been 完形填空
第二节完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,共30分)
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该
项涂黑。
So tired as I was, I bothered myself to open up my cafe shop on the cold morning.With many consumers streaming in, I knew another long business day began.And I had to serve far into the night.if I could mind a child.I was quite
wanted his son to stay and wait for him, he had to something in the shop.was dressed.It looked as if he had tried to come in his old and worn outhe had often worn them, just to make himself look best.Looking down I could see his were also a bit torn and the heels were in a terrible state.I thought he was going for a job infor his little son and seated him down in the corner.I could tell the boy was feeling down and only could cheering up.Seeing that the kid sat there for quite a while, I was a bit the poor little kid was sitting his own.People watched him and some kids even came over to pick on him.I wasto see one of them even knocked his cookies off the table.He quickly went and got them back without saying a word.I was hoping his father wouldup and come back for his son’s
At closing time, the only person left was the little boy.After a while, the father finally came in with a tiresome look.I he didn’t get any job.As they were leaving,I offered the kid a little cake,but the man rejected it.I mean to.But I could understand why he felt like that.I only wished them goodwhatever happened.The man opened the door to leave-father and son hand in hand.36.A.voiceB.soundC.noiseD.tune
37.A.pleasedB.frightenedC.annoyedD.Interested
38.A.dealB.decisionC.promiseD.date
39.A.leaveB.buyC.doD.eat
40.A.easyB.naturalC.hardD.possible
41.A.explainB.proveC.thinkD.tell
42.A.mannerB.meansC.methodD.way
43.A.poorestB.bestC.prettiestD.oldest
44.A.even thoughB.so thatC.as ifD.now that
45.A.socksB.glovesC.pantsD.shoes
46.A.sweetsB.cigarettesC.cookiesD.cakes
47.A.laughB.speakC.doD.help
53.A.hopedB.imaginedC.doubtedD.guessed
54.A.clarifiedB.assumedC.confusedD.ignored
55.A.luckB.progressC.supperD.night
第30讲 高考英语二轮复习综合验收精讲(三)单项选择
题一: A
题六:C题二:C题七:A题三:C题八:D题四:B题九:D 题五:C
完形填空
36-40 A C A B C41-45 D D B C D46-50 C C D A C51-55 A B D B A