第一篇：2010级英语师范四班第3周团会
2010级英语师范四班“学典型、学先进、讲奉献”
主题团会
一、团会主题：学典型、学先进、讲奉献
二、活动背景：奉献是我国中华传统美德，当代大学生应该通过学习社会中不断涌现出来的先进人物，学习他们奉献精神，加强对自身的思想教育。
三、活动目的：加强团员意识教育，提高全体青年的思想道德素质。
四、活动时间：2011年9月25日
五、活动地点：三教409
六、参与对象：2010级英师四班全体同学
七、活动流程：
1、齐唱团歌：同学们跟着伴奏一起唱团歌。
2、会议信息传达及反馈：各班委传达本周需要做的事情以及对上一周班上同学情况作总结。
3、时事回顾。
4、组织讨论：由团支书对本次团会的主题做一个简单的讲解，并提出本次团会最主要的讨论问题:“学典型、学先进、讲奉献对当代大学生有什么意义？”然后由同学们发表言论，各抒己见。同学们发言的场面
5、文件学习：给大家讲解陈锡林走完捐献之旅的故事，让同学们学习身边的故事。更近一步了解“学典型、学先进、讲奉献”。
八、活动总结：通过本次对主题的讨论和对陈锡林故事的了解，让同学们懂得了作为一名大学生也应该具有奉献精神，做一名典型、先进的大学生。
九、策划人：陈俐莉
外国语学院2010级英师四班
2011年9月25日
第二篇：幼儿园小小班英语活动教案(第3周)
洪恩英语家庭版1 2012学年下学期英语活动教案 第3周
小小班活动——Fruit 教学目标
1.认知幼儿熟悉的水果：梨子pear。2.在游戏中巩固对单词pear的读音。3.学习歌曲：《GOOD MORNING》 活动准备
一个梨子模型，卡片一张.手偶两个。教学过程
一、Warm-up Time课前热身 1． 歌曲：GOOD MORNING 2． 问候与对话： T:Hello！
S: HELLO!(让幼儿熟悉、了解这个词。能回应我说出hello的幼儿我会与其击掌。)
二、展示知识点
1．快速闪出梨子的模型，猜出水果，引出单词pear(触摸游戏)2.拍卡片游戏
三、玩游戏巩固知识点
触摸游戏----拿着梨子模型，让每个小朋友摸一下并说出单词。拍卡片游戏----幼儿要猜出老师出示卡片的方向并先拍到卡片为赢。
四、结束
活动反思：(小小一班)在教学单词过程中，音标方面可以只出示两个，不用出示三个音标这么多，因为p的发音对于小朋友们来讲不是难点。在出示小木偶 洪恩英语家庭版1 2012学年下学期英语活动教案 第3周 的时候可以多教一个单词panda熊猫。还有玩游戏的时候可以两个小朋友一起玩，如果有一个小朋友不懂我的指令时，可以带动另一个小朋友玩游戏。我觉得还是把单词编成童谣或chant会更有趣味性，因为只读单词我感觉很枯燥，可增强这方面的趣味性。在教学全过程当中小朋友能跟我做动作，玩游戏，学单词，在教学中尽量放开与小朋友们玩。
第三篇：202第3周班队会---纪律是好习惯的保证
“纪律是好习惯的保证”主题班队会
2015---2016学第一学期第3周
黄岛区王家楼小学202班
纪律是成功的关键。家有家法，校有校规，班级也有班级的纪律。这些规定和纪律，是同学们养成好习惯的保证，是形成良好的班风的基石。家长要教育学生明白，一个懂得规矩，并且自觉遵守规矩的人，才能时刻按照规矩办事，才能使自己不断进步。风筝要想飞得高，必须由底下的线牵引着，假如没有了这根束缚它的线，风筝就会掉下去。
1978年，75位诺贝尔奖获得者在巴黎聚会。有人问其中一位：“你在哪所大学、哪所实验室里学到了你认为最重要的东西呢?”出人意料，这位白发苍苍的学者回答说：“是在幼儿园。”记者又问：“在幼儿园里学到了什么呢?”学者答：“把自己的东西分一半给小伙伴们；不是自己的东西不要拿；东西要放整齐，饭前要洗手，午饭后要休息；做了错事要表示歉意；学习要多思考，要仔细观察大自然。从根本上说，我学到的全部东西就是这些。”这位学者的回答，代表了与会科学家的普遍看法。把科学家们的普遍看法概括起来，就是他们认为终生所学到的最主要的东西，是幼儿园老师给他们培养了美好的品德和良好的行为习惯。
那么，对于小学生来说，最重要的要养成那些好的行为习惯呢？
1、课堂纪律：在课堂上我们是这样要求的“铃响进教室，学习用品齐。端端正正坐，认认真真听。看书要仔细，提问多动脑。发言先举手，回答要得当；态度要大方，声音要洪亮；说话要说完，听话要听全。读书流畅响，正确有感情。写字‘三个一’，整洁又规范。天天好好学，成为栋梁材。”（写字姿势非常重要，一尺一寸一拳头三个一一定要做到。“写字注意‘三个一’，左手按本右手写”。除了要养成正确的写字姿势，更重要的是养成认真书写的习惯，认真写不仅是为了让学生写好字，更重要的是培养孩子认真、专注的学习习惯。宁可让孩子写好少写，哪怕暂时学习成绩不很好，也不能让孩子养成潦潦草草的坏习惯。）
2、课间纪律：在课间我们是这样要求的：“老师下课出教室，课间不闹不喧哗。打架骂人要杜绝，文明游戏都喜欢。不走花坛走正路，不能爬窗不踢墙。别人的东西不能拿，自己的东西不乱丢。保持环境整洁美，决不随地大小便。课上课下守纪律，1
养成习惯益终生。” 3.遵守秩序
a、每天佩戴校牌和红领巾（或队徽）。b、上下楼梯，轻声慢步，靠右边行。
c、上下学排路队，红灯停，绿灯行，不乱穿马路，不在马路上追跑打闹。过路口，注意避让车辆。
d、购物、上车时自觉排队，不插队，集会时按指定位置就座。在公共场合遵守纪律，不大声喧哗。
e、爱护学校、公园花草树木和公共设施，不乱踩绿地，不随手折花枝，不乱涂乱划。
另外，诚实守信，爱护公物等好习惯不再细说。
小学教育主要是养成教育，一个人能否养成良好的行为习惯和高尚的思想品德，关键在于小学阶段的教育。而学生良好的思想行为不是一朝一夕形成的，而是通过每一件事，每一项活动，每一节课，长期熏陶形成的。俗话说：“数子千过，莫如夸子一长，”每个孩子都希望得到家长老师的肯定和赞赏，家长要善用表扬的武器为孩子的每次进步都鼓掌喝彩，发现不好习惯及时指出来。好习惯养成了，是一辈子受用的。素质教育实际就是行为习惯的养成教育。
第四篇：职称英语 c级 第4部分 阅读理解
(一)Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．
General Motors。and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．
Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．
“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market．”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday．“We feel we have given electric our best shot”
The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time．General Motors’EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 miles．
The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives．An electric Toyot~RAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42，000 in the US, compared with just $17，000 for the petrol version．Toyota and Nissan…are now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles．
“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance．Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program“，and that is what we will be judging them on，”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth，told the Environment News Service．
Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well．Hybrid engines Offer Greater mileage than petrol—only engines , and the batteries recharge themselves.Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the U.S.However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit．In June，General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction，delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car—makers to offer 100，000 zero-emission and other low—emission vehicles in the state by 2003．Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low--emission，rather than zero—emission，vehicles．
1．What have the Ford motor company．General Motor’s and Honda done concerning electric cars? A)They have started to produce electric cars．B)They have done extensive research on electric Cars C They have given up producing electric cars．D)They have produced thousands of electric Cars 2．According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe，battery-powered cars A)will be the main transportation vehicles in the future B)will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future． C)will be good to the environment in the future D)will replace petrol—powered vehicles in the future．
3.Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles? A)Toyota and Nissan B)General Motor’s and Honda C)Ford and Toyota D)Honda and Toyota 4．According to the eighth paragraph，hybrid cars A)offer fewer mileage than petrol driven cars B)run faster than petrol driven cars C)run more miles than petrol driven cars D)offer more batteries than petrol driven cars 5．Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? A)Low-emission cars should be banned．
B)Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorways．
C)The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric cars． D)The legislation will allow more 10w．emission to be produced 答案与题解 :
1.C 第一段第一个句子告诉我们福特汽车公司放弃了电动汽年，第二段说通运汽年公司和本田汽车公司停止生产电动汽车。2.B 第四段第一个句子是 Tim Holmes对电动汽车未来的评价，他认为未来的交通运输的大众市场不可能是电动汽车。
3.A 答案的依据是第六段昀后一句。
4.C答案的依据是倒数第二段第二句。
5.D 答案的依据是文意的昀后一句 : the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more lowemission.rather than zero-emission, vehicles。
第一篇福特放弃电动汽车
分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽年的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。
通用汽车公司和日本本田汽车公司早于 1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。3年前，福特推出名为 Think City的双排座汽车和 Think或 Think Neighbor系列高尔夫车，希望能销售 5000辆汽车、10000高尔夫车。但由于需求不足，截至 2002年仅生产了大约 1000辆汽车，售出的高尔夫车还不足 1700辆。“关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”，福特欧洲区的 Tim Holmes于周五说，“我们感觉自己对电力车已做了昀好的尝试。”
Think City系列的运行里程仅 53英里，电池充电需 6小时。通用公司的 EVI电力车也仅能运行 100英里。
昂贵的电池也意味着电动汽车的造价比汽油动力车高出许多。日本丰田产的 RAV4EV系列电动车在美国的售价达 42000美元，而同系列的汽油动力车仅售 17000美元。丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。“应该说电池动力车已经获得了充分的机会。福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目，我们应据此评价他们的发展。”Roger Higman，英国 Friends of the Earth组织的一位高级交通运动代表这样对《环保新闻》评论说。
日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长，电池又可自行充电。福特表示，他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。
不过，这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决，可推迟两年执行一项加州法令，该法令要求汽车生产商在2003年前向该州提供10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。制造商希望修改此法令，允许他们生产更多低排放而不是零排放的汽车。
（二）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy＆Fuels1．
Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting “peak oil”．“Peak oil ”is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines.Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later.One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of “Peak Oil.” The term “Peal Oil” indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．
The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．
However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6．They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated.The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year.The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇：Conserve v． 保护，保存 crude oil原油 spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞 curve n．曲线
irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的 insufficient adj.充分的，不足的
注释：1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。
2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M．King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。3．a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线
4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。5．account for：说明，解释
6．conventional crude oil：常规原油
7．oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。
练习：1．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2? A．flashed B．stimulated C．changed D．ended 2．The term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will A．take the shape of a flat curve． B．keep growing． C．keep declining．
D．start to decline after global oil production peaks．
3．Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? A．It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U．S．in l 970． B．It has been used to predict oil production in many countries．
C．It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries． D．It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production．
4．What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph? A．It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014． B．It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries．
C．It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model． D．It discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production． 5．Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model? A．American scientists． B．Kuwaiti scientists． C．British scientists．
D．Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries．
答案与题解：1．B spark一词做及物动词使用时有“发动”、“激发”的意思，在此意为stimulated，即“引发”，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣。
2．D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。
3．D 文章的第三段告诉我们，Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后，已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说，这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言，其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以，A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。4．A选项
8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们，科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势，并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5．B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。
第二篇
世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值
科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。
伊布赫姆·纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始 下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认 为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。
赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。
但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。
最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这 47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以 2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。
（三）Citizen Scientists Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the springbirds, trees, flowers budding, etc.which is open to everyonetwice as long as usual-and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample, Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin.The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers.In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that A melatonin levels need to be raised.B neurohormone can wake us up.C coffee is a stimulant.D decaf is a caffeinated coffee.2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? A Caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.B Caffeine interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.C Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone.D Caffeine stays in the body for many hours.3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.B Different findings of Lotan Shilo and a team about caffeine.C The fact that the subjects slept 415 minutes per night after drinking decaf.D The proof that the subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? A There are more enzymes in decaf drinkers’ urine sample.B There are more melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers’ urine sample.C Decaf drinkers produce less melatonin.D Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5.The author of this passage probably agrees that A coffee lovers sleep less than those who do not drink coffee.B we should not drink coffee after supper.C people sleep more soundly at midnight than at 3 am.D if we feel sleepy at night, we should go to bed immediately.答案与题解 :
1.C pick-me-up指提神饮料，也就是一种剌激物，在这篇文章里具体指咖啡。所以，答案应选 C。
2.C 第二段的第三个句子谈到，“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素”，而这一段的昀后一个句子也告诉我们“含咖啡因咖啡能使这种睡眠激素减半”。这正是咖啡因影响睡眠的原理。
3.A第三段涉及的是一个实验，这个实验的目的是测试含咖啡因咖啡和脱咖啡因咖啡对睡眠的影响，该段主要谈论的是这个实验的结果。
4.D 第四段是第三段实验的继续，是该实验的第二个阶段。研究人员通过对志愿者尿样进行化验发现，咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素仅为非咖啡因摄入者的一半。褪黑激素就是睡眠激素，所以，答案应该选 D。
5.B 文章的结尾谈到，“Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖啡因咖啡”。另外，整个文章都在探讨咖啡因影响睡眠的机理，所以，作者大概会同意“晚饭后不应该喝咖啡”的说法。选项 A是一个全称判断，这等于说“所有喜欢喝咖啡的人都比不喝咖啡的人睡觉少”。这不一定，因为如果咖啡适量，喝咖啡的时间适当，咖啡不会影响睡眠。所以，作者可能不会同意这种说法。根据文章第二段第二个句子，选项 C是错的。根据文章第二段的第一个句子，我们体内褪黑激素(睡眠激素)的浓度在我们上床时间前两个小时开始上升，而这个时候我们会开始有困意。反过来说就是，人们并非一有困意就睡觉。所以，选项 D不是答案。
译文：
喜欢喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡对你的睡眠造成严重破坏。并且咖啡因作为一种刺激物会打断褪黑激素的流动。褪黑激素是使人们进入睡眠的神经激素。
褪黑激素的浓度在睡前两小时开始上升。凌晨2点和4点之间达到最高植，然后再次下降。加利福尼亚斯坦福大学的斯坦福睡眠流行病学研究中心的Maurice Ohayon说：“控制我们睡眠是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么时候睡觉什么时候醒。”但是以色列的研究者发现含咖啡因咖啡能使人体中这种睡眠激素减半。
特拉维夫大学的塞帕医学中心的Lotan Shilo和一个小组发现六个志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分钟，而喝完脱咖啡后平均每晚睡415分钟，他们用半个小时才能睡着——比平常长一倍，而且翻来覆去的时间比平常多一倍。
在试验的第二阶段，研究者每三个小时叫醒志愿者一次，并要他们提供一个尿样。Shilo测量了褪黑激素分解物的浓度。结果表明饮用含咖啡因咖啡的人体内的褪黑激素的浓度是饮用脱咖啡因咖啡的人体内褪黑激素浓度的一半。在《睡眠知学》上发表的一篇论文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻碍促使褪黑激素产生的酶的形成。
Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖咖啡，因为要排除体内的咖啡因要用好几个小时。
第六篇
Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains.Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle.This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock.The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to.When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more.And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers.But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5.It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too.Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7.It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset.In fact，it automatically resets itself every day.How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks.For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems.One system allows us to see.The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.词汇：
circadian/s3:'keidiən/ adj.昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的 adolescent/ædəu'lesənt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ 'pju:bəti/ n．发育；青春期
sync/siŋk/ n.（口语）同步；和谐，协调 synchronize/'siŋkrənaiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步
注释： 1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我们不应当低估他们的成就。
2.your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock（生物钟）。
3.stay up：不睡觉，熬夜
4.This shift：这种调整。指上文所描述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间越来越晚的现 象。
5.get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打乱了你的生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡 6.gray cloud ：提不起精神的状态
7.Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是Rhode Island（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence 是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学，创建于1764 年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。8.the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物钟的光信号
练习：.The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2.What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3.In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be reset.5.According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案与题解：
1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。
2.C 第二段主要内容是告诉读者，过了青春期（puberty），由于生物钟节奏的变化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡几小时。所以C是该段所隐含的内容。3.B 第三段的最后一句直接给出了答案。4.C 根据第四和第五段的内容，闹钟和生物钟都可以重新设定时间，但生物钟能通过眼睛接
受的日光来自动调节生理节奏。所以A、B和D都是这两段中所述内容，C是正确选择，因为闹钟不能自动重新设定时间。
5.B 问题使用的是过去时，问的是研究者在最新发现（recent discoveries）之前对眼睛感光系统的认识，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系 统），也就是说，研究者之前认为人类的眼睛只有一个感光系统。但最新发现却是，人的眼睛有两个感光系统。
（七）Sugar Power for Cell Phones
Using enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket.“We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment” for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.” Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”
Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find.And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.词汇：
enzyme/5enzaIm/n.酶 electrode/I5lektrEJd/n.电极platinum/5plAtinEm/n.铂，白金 membrane/5membrein/n.膜，薄膜
electron/I5lektrRn/n.电子 oxidize/5Cksi7daiz/v.氧化degrade/di5reid/v.降解 glucose/5lu:kEus/n.葡萄糖
polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合物 biodegradable/7baiEudi5reidEbl/adj.能进行生物降解的 microenvironment n.微环境 embed/im5bed/v.埋置，插入
proton/5prEutCn/n.质子
试题
1.According to the first paragraph，when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?
A When enzymes can be commonly found in living ceils.B When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.D When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.2.What trouble did Minteer and Klotzhach have in their research?
A They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.B They had trouble keeping biological cells active.C They had trouble producing fresh enzymes.D They had trouble finding mechanism for producing enzymes.3.According to Paragraph 5，electrons are released
A when bags of enzyme are embedded in the new fuel cell.B when glucose from a sugary liquid goes through the enzyme.C when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes through
a pocket.D when the enzyme oxidizes the sugary liquid that goes through a pocket.4.What is exciting about the new fuel cells?
A Their limitless power generation capacity is amazing.B Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.C Their limited power generation capacity is the result of great efforts.D Their limitless power generation capacity is a major accomplishment，5.According to the last paragraph，what is NOT true of the new fuel cells?
A The new fuel cells run on sugar that is easy to find.B The new fuel cells are environment friendly.C The new fuel cells are biologically degradable，D It will take some time before the new fuel cells can be used in popular products.答案与题解：
1.C A和D明显不是正确答案。B不是正确选择，因为只有当这种新的燃料电池被大规模生产时，才有可能实现用甜饮料给手机提供电能。
2.A 文章第三段的第一句是问题的答案。
3.C 该段第二句“When glucose from a sugary liquid penetrates a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and proton”中的it指代glucose，而不是a sugary liquid，因 此C是正确选择。
4.B 第六段的大意是，尽管这种新型燃料电池还不能产牛很多电能，但是，它能够产生电能的事实就已经是很大的成就了。因而激动人心。所以只有B是正确答案。
5.D 文章的最后一段指出了这种新型燃料电池的优点，即A、B、C所述内容。最后一句说，科学家预计，在不到三年的时间里这种新技术便可在大众的流行产品中使用。所以D是正确选择。
译文：
一种新型燃料细胞通过利用活体细胞中很常见的酶能从糖中生产少量的电。如果这项技术能够成功应用于大批量生产，人们可以与自己的手机分享甜饮料(因为糖可以发电供给手机)。
燃料细胞中的化学反应能产生电流。这个过程通常依赖于贵金属，比如铂。在活体细胞中，酶发挥类似的作用，通过分解糖得到电子进而产生能量。
圣路易斯大学的Shelley D．Minteer说，以前研究人员在燃料细胞中使用酶时，很难维持酶的活性。生物细胞能不停地产生新鲜的酶，但燃料细胞中没有能替换很快降解的酶的机制。
Minteer与同样来自圣路易斯大学的TamaraKlotzbach现在研制了一种聚合物，它能包裹酶并将其保存在用显微镜才能看见的袋子里。Minteer解释说：“我们改造袋子使其能为酶提供理想的微环境。”这种聚合物能使酶保持几个月而不是几天的活性。
在新型燃料细胞中，装有酶的微小的聚合物袋子镶嵌在一张裹在一个电极上的薄膜里。含糖液体中的葡萄糖进入袋子时，酶将其氧化，释放出电子和质子。电子穿过薄膜进入一根导线并通过这根导线到达其他电子。导线中的电子与大气中的氧发生反应产生水。电子在导线中流动形成电流，电流能产生电能。
伊利诺斯大学Urbana-Champaign校区的化学工程师Paul Kenis指出，目前这种新型燃料细胞产生不了多少电能，但它们确实产生了电，这一事实令人激动。Kenis说：“单是使它可以产生电能，就是一项大的成果。”
消耗糖的燃料细胞有可能成为高效的发电工具。糖容易得到，而且消耗糖的新型燃料细胞可生物降解，因此这项技术不会损害环境。目前，科学家们正试图利用别的能从糖中产生更多电的酶。他们预计，在不到三年的时间里这种新技术便可在大众化的产品中使用。
（八）Eiffel Is an Eyeful
Some2 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3.Japanese,Brazilians, Americans — they graffiti4 their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5.With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7.But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8? The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces9 a structure some 90 stories high.But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness.Regularly maintained, it should never rust away.Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.“Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France.It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard10,a 31-year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor 一 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet.”It's iron lady，It inspires us11 ”，he says.But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose.It ceased to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York.Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14.To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph.For lovers, it's romantic.“The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.词汇：
Eiffel /'aifel/ Tower(法国巴黎的)埃菲尔铁塔
eyeful /'aiful/ n.引人注目的景象
scribble /'skribl/ v.乱涂，乱画
graffiti /grs'fizti：/ n•涂写,涂画
iron work 铁制品；铁工
agelessness /'eid3lisnis/ n.永恒，永不过日寸
rust /rASt/ v.生锈（rust away 锈烂掉）
frenetic /frs'netik/ a办极度激动的
tinker /'tiqko/ n.白铁匠，能做各种小修小补的人 aerodynamics /leorsudai'naemiks/ n•空气动力学
注释：
Eiffel Is an Eyefiil:引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔。由于Eiffel和Eyeful读音相似，使用Eyeful而 不是其他的词是有其修辞效果的。埃菲尔铁塔是古斯塔夫•埃菲尔（Gustave Eiffel，1832— 1923，法国工程师)为1889年的巴黎博览会设计的。该塔在塞纳河南岸，高300公尺（984 英尺）。埃菲尔铁塔的法文是第二段最后一句中的“la Tour Eiffel”。some:意为“approximately;about，（大约，将近）。如它 40 people attended the rally.大约 有40个人参加了集会。the world comes to scribble:世界各地的人们来此涂鸦。
graffiti:在此用作graffito的动词形式，意思是“涂鸦，在墙或其他表面上创作的画或铭刻”。
transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.使最有法兰西 色彩的纪念碑成为动感世界的象征。the most + adj.+ of + n.意为“在……中最为…… 的” 如：Beethoven is the greatest of musicians.贝多芬是最伟大的音乐家。on the move:在 运动中。in miniature:小型的，小规模的，缩影的
would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view.宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹,而不去观赏风景。would rather…than:宁愿……而不……： He would rather stay at home watching DVD than going to the cinema.他宁愿待在家里看 DVD,而不愿到电影院去看电影。
在原句 Why is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?的 Why 与 la Tour Eiffel still so popular?之间插 AT nearly 114 years after it was completed, and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure.graces:在此作动词，意为“to give beauty, elegance, or charm to”（使……优美，优雅或具有魅 力）o Hugues Richard:法国自行车运动员，多次打破自行车运动的世界纪录，于2002年4月8日 以19分钟零4秒的成绩骑自行车登上埃菲尔铁塔的第二层，第六次打破自行车运动的世 界纪录。
“It’s iron lady,it inspires us.”：“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感。”It指埃菲尔铁塔。But to what?这是一个省略句,接着上段Hugues Richard的话发问，完整的句子可以是:But what does it inspire people to? the Chrysler Building:是美国纽约帝国大厦（the Empire State Building)建成之前，世界第一 高楼，共77层，设计师是William Van Alen。
a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will:—张空白的画布，任游客自由遐想
To the technically minded:对于那些善于从技术角度考虑问题的人来说，从技术的角度来 说。“The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way.”：“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长 久存在。”outlast：意为“ to last longer than”（比……持久）。out-：前缀，意思是“比…… 更…”。如：Women are said to outlive men.据说女人比男人长寿。
by a long way ：副词，意思是“大大地”。练习：
1.Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move? A)Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.B)Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.C)The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.D)The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.2.What seems strange to the author? A)Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.B)Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.C)Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.D)Scribbling spread from country to country.3.Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard? A)He is a cyclist.B)He is a record holder.C)He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.D)He cycled up to the tower's second floor.4.What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for? A)Sending radio and television signals all over the world.B)Conducting research in various fields.C)Giving people inspiration.D)Demonstrating French culture.5.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “（The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will ______？
A)Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.B)Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.C)Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.D)Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.答案与题解：
1.B第一段提供了答案。见注释3、4、5。
2.A 第二段第一句中的句型 would rather do something than doing something else,也可以用 prefer doing something to doing something else的句型来表达。所以，A是正确选项。句型解 释见注释7。3.C第四段i诉我们,Hugues Richard蹬车上塔，打破世界纪录。C不是正确选项，因为他 cycling up to the tower's second floor,而不是 climbing up the tower.4.B A不是正确选项，因为Gustave Eiffel没有也不可能使用该塔向全世界发射电视信号。第五段的最后一句提供了答案。5.C第六段的大意是：对不同的人，埃菲尔铁塔有不同的象征意义。见注释14。
译文：
引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔
世箅各地的人们都来到大约300米高，接近埃菲尔铁塔顶端的地方涂鸦。日本人、巴西人、美国人都在冰冷的铁上涂上自己的名字、喜好和政治观点，使这最具有法兰西色彩的纪念碑成为 动感世界的象征。
从塔上可以看到巴黎市的远景，但奇怪的是观光者们宁愿花时间留下到此一游的痕迹，而不 去观赏风景。但这些涂鸦者也引起了一个问题：为什么在建成114年后，埃菲尔铁塔仍然这么受 欢迎?尽管它在几十年前减已经不是世界上最高的建筑物了。
这个问题的答案就像那构成90层的铁塔的工程一样复杂。一部分的理由是，毫无疑问，铁塔 是永不过时的。周期性的维护使得它永远不会被腐蚀掉。埃菲尔铁塔定期油漆，覆盖那些涂鸦, 但是它仍将继续存在下去。
“埃菲尔是巴黎的象征，而巴黎又代表了法国。所以，埃菲尔十分具有象征性。” Hugues Richard说道。这位31岁的法国人保持着在19分零4秒的时间内骑自行车经过747级台阶登上铁 塔二层的纪录。“这是铁娘子，能让人产生灵感，”他说。
但是它能使人们产生怎样的灵感呢？毕竟，铁塔并没有任何&的。1930年纽约的克莱斯勒大 厦取代它成为世界上最高的建筑。但是电视和广播信号仍然从塔顶发送出来，而古斯塔夫•埃菲 尔，这个狂热的建造者利用它的高度进行气象学、空气动力学和无线电通讯的研究。他在12月27 日逝世，终年91岁。
本质上来说，铁塔伫立在那儿本身就是一个灵感——它就像一张空白的画布，任游客自由遐 想。对于那些善于从技术角度考虑伺题的人来说，它是一个工程上的胜利;而对于恋人们来说，它则象征着浪漫。“这座塔将在我们所有的人离去后长久存在。”埃菲尔铁塔管理公司的伊莎贝尔说。第九篇 An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants.Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food.Then animals feed upon the plants.They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored.But that’s not all.Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen.Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses.The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis.Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide.The water gets to the plant through its roots.The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata.The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants.This is where photosynthesis takes place.Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color.The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy.The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata.Water vapor also moves out of the stomata.More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata.During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open.This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis.As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed.The stomata of most plants close.Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth.Most organisms would disappear.The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen.Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：
nutrient n.营养物
organism n.生物体，有机体 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.叶绿体 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸气 oxygen n.氧气 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.叶绿素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注释：
1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。练习：
1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means A heavy.B extra.C green.D liquid.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata? A Carbon dioxide.B Water vapor.C Oxygen.D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.B the formation of glucose.C global warming.D water getting to the roots of plants.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.B telling a story.C comparing and contrasting.D convincing the reader of plants’ importance.5．Another good title for this passage would be A Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.B Plants and Their Roots.C How Photosynthesis Works.D Why Our Earth Needs Water.答案与题解：
1．B 前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。
2．D 从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。3．A 文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。4．A 文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。
5．C 文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。
译文：地球上的一切生命都依靠绿色植物。利用阳光，植物种植自己的食物。然后在动物饲料的植物。他们接受的养分的植物已经产生和储存。但这还不是全部。阳光也可以帮助植物制造氧气。一些氧气是用植物，但植物通常会产生比使用更多的氧气。过量的氧气是动物和其他生物的生活需要。）改变光转化为食物和氧气的过程叫做光合作用。除了光能量来自太阳，植物也使用水和二氧化碳。水被植物通过根。二氧化碳进入叶片通过细小的气孔。旅行中叶绿体的二氧化碳，在绿色植物的体细胞。这是进行光合作用的场所。叶绿体含有赋予植物绿色的叶绿素。叶绿素是陷阱的光能量的分子。被困的光能量的变化水和二氧化碳制造氧气和简单的糖称为葡萄糖）
二氧化碳和氧气进入和出气孔。水蒸气也移出气孔。超过百分之90的植物需要水在通过其根通过气孔。在白天，大多数植物的气孔开放。这允许二氧化碳进入光合作用的叶。夜幕降临，二氧化碳是没有必要的。大部分植物气孔关闭。水的损失停止）如果光合作用停止，地球上就没有食物或其他有机物。大多数生物都会消失。地球的大气层将不再含有氧。光合作用是地球上生命的本质）
（十）Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys.While young male chimps pass their time playing.Young female chimps carefully study their mothers.As a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “cultural behavior”.The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team.The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing.“A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature.Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool.The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths.Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average.Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound.Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys.“Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant.This makes hunting difficult,” she says.“Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “They can watch their offspring at the same time.The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles{10} at a very young age.”
练习:
1.Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? A Because young female chimps don’t play with their brothers.B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.C Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites.D Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.2.What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites? A Tree branches.B Vegetation.C Fruits.D Grass.3.Which of the Following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? A Males often compete with females in fishing for termites.B Males could get out more termites with every dip.C Females could get out more termites with every dip.D Males are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites.4.How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing? A They like hunting.B They enjoy fighting.C It helps them to stay fit.D It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.5.According to the last paragrnph, which of the following is NOT true? A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites.B The main source of animal protein for male chimps is colobus monkeys.C The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites.D Female chimps fish for termites while watching their children.答案与题解 :
1.B 根据第二段的内容，雄性小猩猩将时间用来玩要，而雌性小猩猩则研究她们母亲的行为，因此，她们比雄性小猩猩早两年学会捕食白蚁。A、D文中没有提到，C与问题没有关系。
2.B第五段的第一个句子告诉我们，猩猩用植物作成方便的工具，用来捕食白蚁。A、C和 D均是错误的。
3.C 该段告诉我们，对六只小猩猩的分析表明，雌性小猩狠不但较早学会捕食白蚁.而且能比雄性小猩猩更为熟练地捕食到更多的白蚁。所以，B和 D都不是正确选项。A项内容文中没有提到。
4.D A、B和 C都是错误的，因为文中没有捉到雄性小猩猩喜欢猎食和打斗，也没有提及玩耍能使他们更健康。D是正确答案。第七段昀后一句说，他们喜欢玩耍的行为有助于他们长大后的生活，因为，到那时，他们要猎食和争权夺位。
5.A 根据昀后一段的内容，成年雄猩猩主要猎食生活在树上的一种叫做 colobus（疣猴）的猴子，而雌性猩猩捕食白蚁。所以 A是正确选项。B、C和 D的内容均可在该段中找到。
译文：
第十篇 年轻雌猩猩学习优于她们的弟兄
一项新的研究显示，与年轻雄性相比，年轻雌黑猩猩是更快更好的学习者，这与人类的两性学习差异相仿。
在小雄猩猩玩乐嬉闹时候，雌猩猩却在悉心向母亲学习。结果她们比“男孩们”提早两年学会捕获美味小吃——白蚁。美国芝加哥林肯公司动物园的Elizabeth Lonsdorf 和她在圣保罗市明尼苏达大学的同事们用了4年时间观察坦桑尼亚Gombe 自然公园的年轻黑猩猩学习它们的“文化行为”。
学习行为的性别差异是“一贯和惊人显著的”，观察小组报告说。研究人员指出，类似的差别也存在于人类儿童写作等技巧的学习过程。他们在《自然》杂志中写道，“基于性别的学习差异因而可以上溯到人类和黑猩猩最近的共同始祖。”
黑猩猩用植物制造灵巧的工具，将它们插入蚁丘把白蚁驱赶出来，再津津有味地享用粘在工具上的白蚁。研究人员用摄像机记录下这种捕食行为，发现每位猩猩母亲在诸如怎样使用不同长度的工具等方面都有她们自己的诀窍。分析研究六只已知年龄的幼猩猩显示，雌猩猩在平均31个月大时就能成功捕获白蚁，而雄猩猩则需要到58个月时才能学会。雌性每次都能熟练地收获更多的白蚁，并能采用与母亲相似的技巧，而雄性却做不到。
“男孩们”不向母亲学习，却花费大量时间在蚁丘周围嬉戏。研究人员认为玩耍、摇荡等活动或许对公幼兽后来的诸如捕猎、争夺领导权等典型的雄性活动大有裨益。
Lonsdorf 补充说，黑猩猩食物中动物蛋白的主要来源有两个——白蚁和疣猴。“成熟雄性常在树间抓捕疣猴，而雌性则总是因为怀孕或身上吊着小猩猩而难以捕猎，”她说，“成年雌性比雄性花更多的时间捕食白蚁。”因此娴熟地捕获白蚁意味着雌性比雄性吃得更好，“并且可以同时看护后代。雌雄两性似乎都是在十分年幼的时候就开始了与成年后性别角色有关的活动。”
第十一篇When our Eyes Serve our Stomach Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world;they're affected by what's going on in otir heads, A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who've just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what's going on,inside our head affects our senses.For example,poorer cliildren think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter, Remi Radel of University of Nice Sopbia-Antipolis, France, wanted to investigate how this happens.Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain's high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index.On the day of his or her rest,each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating.Then they were told there was a delay.Some were told to come back in 10 minutes;others were given an hour to get lunch first.So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment,the participant looked at a computer screen.One by one ,80 words flashed on the screen for about 1/300th of a second each.They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive.A quarter of the words were food-related.After each word , eachperson was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen-a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat.Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words.Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception not in thinking processes,Radel says.”This is something great to me, Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for.From the experiment,1 know that our brain can really be at the disposal of 6 our motives and needs , “ Radel says.词汇：
threshold n.起点，开端；门槛 disposal n.处理，处置：配置 neutral adj.中性的；中立的 motive n.动机，目的 strive v.努力.力求：斗争 注释：
1.Our senses aren't just delivering a strict view of „in our heads ：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。
2.university of Nice Sophia-Antipolis ：法国尼斯· 索菲亚· 安提波利斯大学t 简称尼斯大学1965年经法国政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7 处主校园，另外，还在萦菲亚，安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛纳市(Cannes)和芒东市(Menton)设有校区。索菲亚 ·安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区，是许多高等学府的所在地。
3.body mass index ：身体质量指数 4.at the threshold of：当„„快要开始时 5.in perception ：感知
6.at the disposalof：受到„„的控制 练习：
1.What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find? A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.C Hungrypeople are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.2.Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment? A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees,hungry and non-hungry.C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.3.What does the writer want to tell us? A Human's senses aren't just delivering a strict view of what's going on in the world.B What's perceived by our senses affects onr way of thinking.C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses.4.What did the results of the experiment indicate? A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.C People who bad just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or wbat they strived for.5.What can we infer from the passage? A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.C Our thinking proeesses are independent of our senses.D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.答案与题解：
1.C 第一段第二句是本题答案的依据。饥肠辘辘的人只是看food-related words 比较清楚.选 项C 的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。选项A 说的是every word.所以不是答 案。选项B 和D 文章中没有提到。
2.B 答案的根据可在第三段找到。Radel为了保证42 名学生到达实验室时是空腹，所以要求他们中午到达。然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了，请他们10 分钟后再来。他又请另外一部分学生用午餐。Radel用推迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者，即饥饿组与饱食组。选项B 是答案.3.C 虽然A、B、D 选项均可在文中找到对应部分，但只属于细节.而非主旨，因此不能选。本文最后一句给出了直接的答案。
4.A 第四段第三行中consciously 与A 项中的intentionally 是同义词。B 项neutral 意思为“ 中性的” 在本文中的意思是与food-relatad 相对的，即“与食物不相关的” 因此是错误选择：C项不符合课文原意；D项barely 意为“仅仅，勉强，几乎没有” 因此也不符合句意。
5.D 选项A 所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关，不是答案，而是干扰项；B、C 内容也不能直接从短文中推断出来。选项D 是答案.最后一段第二句的“Humans an really perceive what they need or what they strive for”为选择D 项提供了依据。
第11篇，当胃主宰眼睛时
我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界，五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。一项新研究发现，相对于吃饱状态，人饿的时候对有关食物的词语更加敏感。
近些年来，心理学家发现大脑活动影响着人类的感觉。例如：越穷的人，越觉得硬币比它实际要大。饿的人认为食物的图片特别鲜明。法国尼斯.索菲亚.安提波利斯大学的若米.若戴尔想要弄清楚这个环节到底是如何发生。是否就像大脑收到视觉感受到的信息，人们看到世界这个过程一样还是更深层一些，在这个过程中有大脑高级思维过程的参与。
若戴尔找到42名身体质量指数正常的学生，想要在他们身上进行实验。实验当天，这42名学生要在中午赶到实验室，在这之前的3、4个小时之内，他们都不能进食。当42名学生到达后，实验人员告诉他们实验推迟。一组是要在10分钟之后再来，另一组给了他们一个小时的时间，让他们吃过中饭再来。所以当进行这个实验的时候，一半的学生是饥饿的，另一半是吃饱的。
在实验中，这些人看电脑屏幕，80个词语以1/300秒的速度依次出现在电脑屏幕上。词语出现的很快，所以被实验人员只能瞬间感受到这些词语，其中，有1/4的词语是关于食物的。词语播放完后，每个人要说出词语的明显度，然后在给出的两个词语中选出他们看到过的词语，比如蛋糕和船。每个词语都很清晰方便参与者读出。实验结果显示：饥饿的人感觉有关食物的词语感更加明显，在辨别时也更加清楚。由于每个词语出现的很快，每个人只能看到，没有时间去思考，因此，这就意味着没有思维过程的参与，完全是因为人的感知而产生不同。若戴尔说：“这个结果对我来说很重要。人类能够明确地抓住自己需要什么，争取什么。从这个实验中，我明白我们的大脑受到动机和需要的控制。”
（十二）Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass In January, 2003, the eastern two-thirds of the United States was at the mercy of a bitterly cold air mass that has endangered Florida’s citrus trees, choked northern harbors with ice and left bewildered residents of North Carolina’s Outer Banks digging out of up to a foot of snow.The ice chill deepened as temperatures fell to the single digits in most of the South, with an unfamiliar dip below the freezing mark as far south as parts of interior South Florida.Temperatures in Florida plunged, with West Palm Beach dropping to a record low of 2 degrees.“We couldn’t believe how cold it was,” said Martin King, who arrived this week in Orlando from England.“we brought shorts, T-shirt, and I had to go out and buy another coat.”
The temperature plunge posed a threat to Florida’s US$9.1 billion-a-year citrus crop, more of which is still on the trees.Growers were hurrying to harvest as much of the fruit as possible before it was damaged by cold.“Time is of the essence in getting fruit to the plant,” said Tom Rogers, a citrus grower who expected to see damage to oranges and grapefruit at that time.In Florida, Governor Jeb Bush signed an emergency order to eliminate the weight limit on trucks so citrus growers could get as much fruit to market as possible.Casey Pace, a spokeswoman for Florida Citrus Mutual, said growers had sprayed trees with sprinklers, which created a layer of ice and helped maintain a temperature near freezing.Citrus trees are considered in danger of damage if the temperature drops below minus 2 degrees Celsius for four hours or more.Snow ranging from a dusting to up to 30 centimeters blanketed the Carolinas, Tennessee and parts of Virginia.1.Which of the following statements is not meant in the first two paragraphs?
A.The cold air mass was a threat to Florida’s citrus crop.B.The temperature in the United States except the South dropped below the freezing mark.C.The northern harbors were blocked with ice.D.The eastern two thirds of the United States was hit by cold air mass.2.According to the second paragraph, in which area(s)did the temperature fall below zero? A.Most of the south.B.Parts of interior South Florida.C.West Palm Beach.D.All of the above.3.King’s statement that “We brought shorts, T-shirt, and I had to go out and buy another coat,” shows that A.he was caught by the sudden cold.B.he needed formal clothes.C.fashion in Florida is tempting.D.Florida is how compared with England.4.Governor Jeb issue the emergency order because he A.thought speed limit for trucks was unreasonable.B.tried to improved the traffic condition of the express ways.C.wanted to encourage trucks to transport as much fruit to market as possible.D.wanted to stop trucks from carrying too much fruit to market.5.Which statement is NOT true according to the last paragraph? A.Sprinklers were used to protect citrus trees from being damaged.B.Citrus trees would be damaged if the temperature drops below minus 2℃for four hours.C.The Carolinas.Tennessee and parts of Virginia were covered with snow.D.Florida Citrus Mutual sprayed trees with sprinklers for citrus growers.答案与解释：
1.A 第二段中就有冷气团侵袭到 most of the South，所以，B是不符合原意的。
2.B … with an unfamiliar dip below the freezing mark as far south as parts of interior South Florida.在南至南佛罗里达州腹地的一些区域，气温前所未有地降至冰点以下这句话说明 B是正确选项。在 most of the South,气温降至 10℃以下，在 West Palm Bench，气温虽然降至历史昀低，但有 2℃。
3.A 佛罗里达位于炎热的南方。King只带了短裤、T恤。到了佛罗里达，寒潮来了，他只好去买御寒衣服。
4.C 第六段中“ Jeb Bush signed an emergency order to eliminate the weight limit on trucks so citrus growers could get as much fruit to market as possible.”这个句子提供了答案。
5.D 选项 A、B、C文章中都提到，而且，A、B、C的内容都符合原意，唯有 D不正确。因为，文章中只是说 Florida Citrus Mutual(佛罗里达柑橘互助协会)通报了柑橘种植人采取的防冻措施，并没有说这个协会自己采取了防冻措施。
译文：
第十二篇
纳佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击
2003年1月，美国东部2/3的地区处于强冷空气团的控制下，强冷空气团给佛罗里达的柑橘树造成了危胁，同时也使北部的港口被冰冻结。冷空气团让北卡罗来纳州沿岸地区的居民不知所措，不停地铲着尺把深的积雪。
当南方部分地区的气温降到个位数时，冰雪带来的寒意加深了，从南方的大部分地区直到南佛罗里达的腹地地区，气温前所未有地骤降至冰点以下。气温在佛罗里达骤降，西棕榈海岸的气温创纪录地降至2度。
“我们不能相信有那么冷”，这周刚从英国来到奥兰多的马丁•金说，“我们买了运动裤、T恤，但我还不得不出去买件大衣。”
气温的骤降对佛罗里达每年价值91亿美元的柑橘产量造成了危胁，大部分的柑橘还未采摘，果农们正赶着在柑橘被冻坏之前尽可能地多采些。
“时间对柑橘成熟是非常重要的，”果农汤姆•罗根斯说，他预计冷空气会对柑橘和葡萄造成损害。
佛罗里达州州长杰夫•布什签署了一份紧急命令，这个命令取消了对卡车上货物的重量限制，这样，果农们就能使尽可能多的柑橘上市。
佛罗里达州柑橘信托基金会的发言人Casey Pace女士说，果农们用洒水器向果树喷水，这使果树表面形成了一层冰，冰有助于气温维持在冰点附近。如果气温降到-2℃以下超过4个小时，柑橘就会被冻坏。厚度从薄薄一层到30厘米的雪覆盖了卡罗来纳、田纳西和弗吉尼亚的部分地区。
（十三）Invisibility Ring
Scientists can’t yet make an invisibility cloak1 like the one that Harry Potter2 uses.But，for the first time，they’ve constructed a simple cloaking device that makes itself and somethingplaced inside it invisible to microwaves.When a person “sees” an object，his or her eye senses many different waves of visiblelight as they bounce off the object.The eye and brain then work together to organize thesesensations and reconstruct the object’s original shape.So，to make an object invisible，scientists have to keep waves from bouncing off it.And they have to make sure the objectcasts no shadow.Otherwise，the absence of reflected light on one side would give the obiectaway.Invisibility isn’t possible yet with waves of light that the human eye can see.But it is nowpossible with microwaves.Like visible light，microwaves are a form of radiant energy.Theyare part of the electromagnetic spectrum，which also includes radio waves，infrared light，ultraviolet rays，X rays，and gamma rays.The wavelengths of microwaves are shorter thanthose of radio waves but longer than those of visible light.The scientists’ new “invisibility device” is the size of a drink coaster and shaped like aring.The ring is made of a special material with unusual ability.When microwaves strike thering，very few bounce off it.Instead，they pass through the ring，which bends the waves allthe way around until they reach the opposite side.The waves then return to their originalpaths.To a detector set up to receive microwaves on the other side of the ring，it looks as if thewaves never changed their paths as if there were no object in the way!So，the ring is effectively invisible.When the researchers put a small cdpper loop inside the ring，it，too，is nearly invisible.However，the cloaking device and anything inside it do cast a pale shadow.And the deviceworks only for microwaves，not for visible light or any kind of electromagnetic radiation.So，Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak doesn’t have any real competition yet.词汇：
invisibility/invizE5biliti/n.看不见，无形 spectrum/5spektrEm/n.光谱
cloak/klEuk/斗篷，披风 infrared/5infrE5red/adj.红外线的
microwave/5maikrEuweiv/n.微波 ultraviolet ray 紫外线
reconstruct/5ri:kEn5strQkt/v.重建 gamma ray 伽马射线
radiant/5reidjEnt/adj.辐射的 wavelength/5weivleNW/n.波长
electromagnetic/IlektrEJ5mA^nItIk/adj.电磁的coaster/5kEustE(r)/n.托盘，垫子
练习：
1.Harry Potter is mentioned in the passage，because scientists Acan now make an invisible cloak of the same kind as he uses.Btry to make an invisible cloak of the same kind as he uses.Ctry to invent a device Similar in idea to the invisible cloak he uses.Dknow that it is possible to make an invisible cloak of the same kind.2.What is true of microwaves? ATheir wavelengths are shorter than those of visible light.BTheir wavelengths are longer than those of visible light.CThey are different from visible light as they are a kind of radiant energy.DThey are visible to the human eye.3.What is NOT true of the invisibility device? AIt is made of a special material with unusual ability.BMicrowaves bounce off it when they strike it.CMicrowaves pass through it when they strike it.DIt bends the microwaves all the way around until they reach the opposite side.4.What does the word “coaster” mean in the passage?
AA disk or plate placed under a drinking glass to protect a table top.BA vessel engaged in coastal trade.CA roller coaster.DA resident of a coastal area.5.Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak doesn’t have any real competition yet，because Ascientists have not found out how his cloak works.Bthe cloaking device is a total failure.Cthe cloaking device works only for microwaves.Dthe cloaking device works only for visible light.答案与题解：
1.C文章的第一段告诉我们，科学家还没有发明哈里·波特使用的那种隐身衣，所以不能选 A;该段还告诉我们，科学家已制造了，一种装置，这种装置能使自身或置于其中的物体不被微波发现，所以C是正确选择，也就是说，科学家发明的隐形装置和哈里波特的隐身衣仅仅在概念上相同，这同时说明B和D是错误的选择。
2.B第三段最后一句中告诉我们，A是错误选择，B是正确选择。该段第三句说，微波与可见光一样都是一种辐射能，所以C的说法是错误的，不能选择;根据该段第一句：with wavesof light that the human eye can see和第三句：Like visible light，可以得知D是错误的说法，也不能选择。
3.B第四段第三句说，当微波到达装置表面时，very few bounce off。very few是几乎没有的意思，所以选择B。其他选择所述内容都可以很容易在该段中找到。
4.A第四段第一句告诉我们，科学家的这个隐形装置和一个杯垫差不多大小，所以A是正确选择。coaster是一个多义词，其他几个选择是该词的其他意思，B：从事沿海贸易的船;C：过山车，摩天轮;D：海岸地区居民。
5.CA句在短文中没有提到;按文章的内容B不是正确的说法;文章最后一段说，And thedevice works only for microwaves，not forvisible light，所以C是正确选择。
译文：
隐形环
到目前为止，科学家还不能造出哈利；波特使用过的隐身斗篷。但是他们率先研制出了一种与其类似的装置，这种装置能使自身和置于其中的物体不受微波的探测。
当一个人“看”某物体时，他的眼睛就会感知到从那个物体反射过来的光波。眼睛和大脑一同工作，编辑这些光感并重建其原貌。所以，如果要让一个物体隐形，科学家们就必须阻止光波反射。并且他们得确保此物体没有阴影。否则，反射光的缺失会使物体显现。
鉴于人眼对光波的感知性，要想隐形某物体很难做到，但对微波就可以做到。如同可见光，微波是一种辐射能。他们是电磁波谱的一部分，其中也包括无线电波、红外线光、紫外线、x射线和伽马射线。微波的波长比无线电波短，但比可见光长。
科学家研制出的这种新型隐身装置和杯垫一般大小，形状像个环。由于它是特殊材料制成，因此具有非同寻常的功能。当微波射向它时，仅有极少的光会反射回去，这些光会从一端穿过这个环，并在此过程中沿着弯曲的路线前进，直到抵达另一端。最后光波回到原来的路线。
对于在环的另一端放置的探测器来说，光波看上去就像从来没有改变过路径一样，即好像没有遇到障碍物。这样一来，这个环就如同没有存在过。
研究者又将一个铜线圈放进环里，依然得到同样的结果。不过，这个环和里面的东西还是会留下一点影子。环形隐身器只能作用于微波，而不能作用于可见光及电磁波。因此，哈里，波特的隐形斗篷目前还没有竞争对手。
（十四）Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers
A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road.The car’s sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver’s sweat for traces of alcohol.An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit.The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver
and passenger seats,while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver’s palm.Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems.For example,Sweden’s Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start.Nissan’s new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a drivers alertness by monitoring their eyes.It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest.The car technology is still in development,but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology.”For example,if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver,the facial recognition system would still be used,“ Doi says.Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system,but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015.The car’s seat belt can also tighten if drowsiness is detected,while an external camera checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly.However,Doi admits that some of the technology,such as the alcohol odor sensor,should be improved.”If you drink one beer,it’s going to register,so we need to study what’s the appropriate level for the system to activate," he says.In the UK,some research groups are using similar advanced techniques to understand driver behavior and the effectiveness of different road designs.1.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Japanese concept care
A It has a sensor system that could issue a warning if the driver is drunk.B It has sensors that detect traces of alcohol inside the car.C It has sensors locked up in the ignition system.D It has a breathalyzer-like detection system.2.What has Volvo developed? A The same detection system mentioned in the previous paragraph.B A breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt.C A smart car seat belt.D An intelligent engine.3.What is the function of the camera mentioned in Paragraph 4? A It monitors the driver’s eyes to see if he needs a rest.B It judges if the driver wants to pull over.C It judges if the driver wants to take a rest.D It issues an alarm when the driver speaks.4.According to Doi, A the overall effectiveness of the detection technology has improved.B Nissan is making a timetable to market the detection system.C it is impossible to improve the overall effectiveness of the detection system.D Nissan aims to improve the detection technology to reduce the fatality rate.5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 6? A An external camera checks that the car is going properly.B The car will automatically keep to its lane.C The seat belt will tighten when the driver is found drowsy.D The technology of the alcohol odor sensor should be improved.答案：
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B 解析：
1.C 选项A、B、D所述内容都可在短文的第一、第二段中找到。第二段最后一个句子告诉我们，传感器装在司机和乘客的座椅里，而不是在点火系统里，所以选择C。
2.B 短文第三段告诉我们，沃尔沃公司也发明了一种相类似的酒精检测装置，安装在保险带上。所以B是正确选择。
3.A 第四段描写了安装在概念车仪表板上的照相机的功能。相机跟踪司机的眼睛的活动从而监测司机是否保持清醒状态，如果发现司机需要停车休息，便用英语或日语发出警告。所以除A以外，其他选择都不正确。
4.D 短文第五段说，这种监测技术仍然在发展之中，使用不同的监测系统应能改进这项技术的整体有效性，所以A和C都不是正确选择。该段的最后一句说，日产公司并不准备将这种监测系统推向市场，但它的目标是使用这种技术到2015年将日产车的事故率年减少到 1995年的一半。所以B也不是正确选择，只有D表达了Doi的意思。
5.B 选项A、C、D在短文第六段都能找到，但是却找不到选项B所表达的意思
译文：
第十四篇 日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车
日本日产公司日前开发了一种新型概念车，这种车含有呼气酒精检测器和其他一些装置，用来防止那些醉酒和过于疲劳的司机上路驾驶。
车上的传感器能检测出车中的酒气，并通过监测司机身上的汗味探知酒精度。车中的电脑系统能报警，甚至还能在司机超速行驶时锁住引擎。这个气味传感器被牢牢固定在驾驶员和乘客的座位上。另一个探测器装在车的换档把手上，用来测试司机的掌心的汗液。
其他的汽车制造商们也开发了类似的探测系统。比如，瑞典的沃尔沃在汽车的安全带上安装了很多呼气酒精检测器，司机在开车前必须向里吹气。
这种新型概念车还在仪表盘上装有照相机，通过监测驾驶员的双眼探知其清醒程度。如果发现司机需要停车休息，便用英语或日语发出警告。
汽车监测技术仍在发展，总裁Kazuhiro Doi指出：综合多种探测技术将对整体技术水平的提高更为有利。例如，若是换档装置探测器被乘客代用，面部识别技术仍能受用。日产公司并没有明确将此项技术推向市场的时间，只是试图借助此项技术在2015年把死亡率降到1995年的一半。
如若探知司机昏昏欲睡，安全带会自动收紧，外部照相机也会检查汽车是否偏离路线。尽管如此，Doi承认有一些技术，如气味传感器仍有待改进。因为对很多人来说，往往只喝—口都会被检测出来。为避免这类事件的发生，必须研究激活系统的最低限度。
在英国，一些组织正在运用类似的先进技术来研究司机的行为和路标设置的有效性。
（十五）Winged Robot Learns to Fly
Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial and error1-but a winged robot has cracked2 it in only a few hours, using the same evolutionary principles.Krister Wolff and Peter Nordin of Chalmers University of Technology(CUT)in Gothenburg , Sweden, built a winged robot and set about3 testing whether it could learn to fly by itself, without any pre-programmed data on what flapping is or how to do it.To begin with4, the robot just twitched and jerked erratically.But, gradually, it made movements that gained height.At first, it cheated-simply standing on its wing tips was one early short cut5.After three hours, however, the robot abandoned such methods in favor of6 a more effective flapping technique where it rotated its wings through 90 degrees and raised them before twisting them back to the horizontal and pushing down.“This tells us that this kind of evolution is capable of7 coming up8 with flying motion,” says Peter Bentley, who works on evolutionary computing at University College London.But while9 the robot had worked out how best to produce lift10, it was not about to take off.“There’s only so much that evolution can do,” Bentley says.“This thing is never going to fly because the motors will never have the strength to do it,” he says.The robot had metre-long wings made from balsa wood and covered with a light plastic film.Small motors on the robot let it move its wings forwards or backwards.up or down or twist them in either direction.The team attached the robot to two vertical rods, so it could slide up and down.At the start of a test, the robot was suspended by an elastic band.A movement detector measured how much lift, if any11, the robot produced for any given movement.A computer program fed the robot random instructions12, at the rate of13 20 per second, to test its flapping abilities.Each instruction told the robot either to do nothing or to move the wings slightly in the various directions.Feedback from the movement detector let the program work out which sets of instructions were best at producing lift.The most successful ones were paired up14 and “offspring” sets of instructions15 were generated by swapping instructions randomly between successful pairs.These next-generation instructions were then sent to the robot and evaluated before breeding a new generation, and the process was repeated.注释：
1.Learning how to fly took nature millions of years of trial and error:自然界里的飞行学习用了几百万年的时间反复实践和磨炼。
2.crack: to break through(an obstacle)in order to win acceptance or acknowledgement: 突破（障碍）
3.set about:开始做，着手
4.To begin with: 首先
5.short cut: 捷径
6.in favor of:原意为“赞成；支持”。这里，…… the robot abandoned such methods in favor of a more effective flapping technique意为:……这个机器人放弃了这样的方法，而去使用一种更为有效的扇动翅膀的技术。
7.be capable of: [指物]有可能，可以……
8.come up: to manifest itself;arise 出现。
9.while:虽然，尽管
10.lift:升高
11.if any:若有的话。确切意思是 :如果它能升高的话。
12....fed the robot random instructions:给机器人输入随意设定的指令。fed是feed的过去式。
13.at the rate of:以……的速度
14.pair up:把……配成一对
15.“offspring”sets of instructions:指的是将成功的指令配对后的结果。“ offspring”本来是后代的意思，在此修饰sets of instructions，所以加了双引号。练习:
1.Which of the following is NOT true of what is mentioned about the winged robot in the second paragraph? A The two professors of CUT built the winged robot B The two professors of CUT tested whether the winged robot could learn to fly.C The two professors of CUT programmed the data on how the robot flapped its wings.D The two professors of CUT tried to find out if the robot could fly by itself.2.How did the robot behave at the beginning of the test?
A It rotated its wings through 90 degrees.B It twitched but gradually gained height.C It was twitched and broke down.D It landed not long after the test.3.Which of the following is nearest to Peter Bentley’s view on the winged robot? A The winged robot could never really fly.B The winged robot did not have a motor.C The winged robot should go through further evolution before it could fly.D The robot could fly if it were lighter.4.What measured how much lift the robot produced? A Two vertical rods.B A movement detector.C An elastic band.D Both B and C.5.What does “the process” appearing in the last paragraph refer to? A Pairing up successful inst ructions.B Sending instructions to the robot.C Generating new sets of instructions for evaluation.D All the above.答案与题解 :
1.C A、B、D在第二段中都提到过。C是错误的，因为文中说，教授们测试机器人是否会自己学会飞行，而且预先没有对翅膀扇动的方式进行数据设定。
2.B第三段描述了机器人如何学习飞行的过程。第一句和第二句是问题的答案。
3.A第四段主要是 Peter Bentley对飞行机器人的看法。他认为前文描述的进化过程只能使机器人有一些飞行的动作，而要让其起飞则永远不可能，因为不可能有如此大功率的发动机。所以 A是正确选项
4.B答案在第六段的第三句中。
5.D文章昀后一段具体描述在机器人的进化过程中，指令的进化过程。成功的指令配对后产生新一代的指令，将指令输入机辑人，经筛选再进行成功指令配对，再产生新一代指令，如此反复进行。所以 D是正确选项。
译文：
自然界中的飞行学习经历了几百万年的反复实践和磨练，而安装机翼的机器人仅在数小时内就成功实现突破，用的是同进化原理。瑞典Gothenburg Chalmers科技大学的Krister Wolff 和PeterNordin 研制出带翼的机器人，着手测试它能否在不预设振翅数据程序的条件下自行学会飞行。首先，机器人只是飘忽不定地振动盘桓，不过它的运动逐渐获得了上升高度，起初，它想走走捷径，试图仅用翅尖保持直立。然而三小时后，它放弃了这种方法，转用更有效的振翅技术，90度角旋转两翼，并在它们恢复到水平位置将其拉起。“事实告诉我们，飞行装置有可能实现这种进化。”Peter Bentley 说。他现正在伦敦大学研究进化计算技术。虽然机器人可以摸索出上升飞行的最佳方式，却不会起飞。“进化升级所做的只有这么多，”Bentley说，“这东西不可能自行起飞，因为发动机不能产生足够动力。”机器人的两翼由轻木制成，长约一米，覆有一层轻塑胶。它的小马达使机翼可以前后上下运动，并能在这两个方向上任意旋转。研究小组将机器人附着在两根竖直标杆上，它便能上下滑动。实验刚开始的时候，机器人悬挂在一根弹性带上。一旦它升高，运动探测器就能测量它任何运动的高度。每过20秒，计算机程序就给机器人输入任意设定的指令，以检测其振翅能力。每个指令或是让机器人停止运动或是在各种方向上转动机翼。通过来自运动探测器的反馈，程序测算出哪几组指令能最有效地产生高度。最成功的几组进行配对，而其“后代”指令则通过在成功组合间随意交换指令产生。在产生下一代组合之前，这些第二代指令被发往机器人并进行评估，然后这一过程反复进行。
（十六）Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth
In what resembles a journey to the center of the Earth, Japanese scientists have launched the world’s first attempt to bore a hole into the red-hot core of a volcano and unlock the secrets of deadly eruption.A 50-meter-high oil-rig-like derrick perched on the scrubby slopes of Japan’s Mount Unzen will begin drilling through the volcano’s crust next week in a bid1 to sample the magma bubbling below2.The aim is to study how the liquefied rock causes menacing gas buildup, said team leader Setsuya Nakata, of the University of Tokyo’s Earthquake Research Institute.“Gassing is important because it controls the explosivity of eruptions,” Nakata said.“The results can be expanded to anti-disaster research.”
Mount Unzen , a wind-swept 1.486-meter dome on the southern island of Kyushu, is a perfect model.It erupted in 1991, showering avalanches of hot rocks over a nearby town, killing 43 people and leaving nearly 2,300 homeless.Another 11.000 people were evacuated from the area until 1995, when the volcano had stabilized.The results are particularly important to a nation like Japan, where the meteorological agency monitors 20 dangerous peaks.Perhaps Japan’s most famous volcano is snowcapped Mount Fuji, which last erupted in 1707 and sprinkled Tokyo with ash.The drilling on Mount Unzen will begin very soon from an altitude of 850 meters on its northwest slope.Scientists hope to tap a magma vent around sea level by August and extract a 200-meter-long core sample by summer 2004.3
Boring into the glowing magma at that level would normally be impossible, because of its fiery 700 degree Celsius heat.Thus, a slurry of water will be pumped into the drill shaft to cool the magma and allow the drill head to cut through.Nakata said there is no danger of triggering another eruption.4
注释:
1.in a bid: 企图，努力 a在 in a bid之后，可接动词不定式，如 : The two sides negotiated again and again in a bid to find a solution.双方进行一次又一次的谈判，努力寻求一个解决方案。
2.below: below指的是 below the crust。3.Scientists hope to tap a magma vent around sea level by August and extract a 200-mcterlong core sample by summer 2004:到 8月底，科学家希望在约为海平面高度的地方引出一个岩浆口，到 2004年夏末，提取长度为 200米的样本。4.Nakata said there is 110 danger of triggering another eruption: Nakata说，不存在引发火山新一轮爆发的危险性。练习:
1.According to the passage, Mount Unzen A erupted in 1707.B erupted in 1991.C erupted in 1995.D several times in the last century.2.According to the passage, the study of the Mount Unzen volcano may benefit Japan in all the following aspects
EXCEPT
A finding causes of volcano eruptions.B helping to launch anti-disaster research.C looking into the connection between liquified rocks and gas buildup.D predicting volcano eruptions.3.Why is this research project so important to Japan?
A.Because Japan has many living volcanos.B Because Japan wants to turn Mount Fuji to a dead volcano.C Because volcano gas could be a source of energy.D Because Japan is testing a new way of drilling into the earth.4.The drilling site on Mount Unzen is A around the sea level.B on the northeast slope of the mountain.C about half way up the mountain.D as high as 1,486 meters.5.The title of this passage Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth actually means that they A drill a hole into the core of a volcano.B bore into the rocks near the volcanic vent.C conduct an imagery journey to the core of a volcano.D regard magma as the core of Earth.答案与题解 :
1.B答案的根据在第五段。
2.D 选项 A是这个研究项目的主要宗旨（见第一段的“ unlock the secrets of deadly eruption”），选项 B是这个研究项目的后续研究项目（见第四段的“ The results can be expanded to anti-disaster research.”）。选项 C是这个研究项目的具体目标（见第三段的第一句）。选项 D文中没有提到，所以是答案。
3.A答案的根据是第六段的第一句。这一句说到 : “„ the meteorological agency monitors 20 dangerous peaks.” dangerous peaks指的是 dangerous living vocanos。
4.C Mount Unzen高 1486米，而钻探地点选在海拔 850米的半山腰。
5.A关于本文标题的确切含义在第一段的后半句能够找到。
译文：
日本人的地心旅行
就像进行一次地心旅行，日本科学家进行了世界上的首次尝试，在炙热的火山核心钻孔，从而揭开了火山致命喷发的秘密。
日本Unzen山繁茂的山坡上，伫立着一个高达50米，犹如石油钻探平台的钻塔。下周，它将钻透火山壳，试图采集下面沸腾的火山岩浆的样本。
研究工作小组的负责人，来自东京大学地震研究中心的Setsuya Nakata表示，这次任务的目的是要研究液化岩石如何导致威胁性气体的积聚。
“气体积聚很重要，因为它控制着火山喷发的爆炸性。”他说，“研究的结果还可以用于防灾研究。”
Unzen山是一座高达1,485米的圆顶山，它位于南部的Kyushu岛，是一个极佳的模型，1991年，它喷发出的热岩浆覆盖了附近的小城，造成了43人死亡，将近2,300人无家可归，到1995年它恢复平静时，又有11,000人从这五地区疏散。
研究结果对于像日本这样拥有20座被气象局监控的危险山峰的国家来说，尤为重要，日本最著名的火山也许就是被冰雪覆盖的富士山。它上一次喷发是在1707年，火山灰喷洒到东京。
钻探工作将很快从Unzen山的西北坡上850米的高度开始。到八月底，科学家希望在约为海平面高度的地方引出一个岩浆口，到2004年夏末，提取长度为200米的样本。
由于岩浆有将近700度的高温，在那个高度进行钻探是不可能的。所以，泥浆将被抽进钻孔机，用来冷却岩浆，以保证钻头的顺利工作。Nakata说，不存在引发火山新一轮爆发的危险性。
第五篇：2014年职称英语理工类A级考试第1部分 词汇选项
2014年职称英语理工类A级考试
第1部分 词汇选项
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。
1.This was disaster on cosmic scale.A.modestB.commercialC.hugeD.national
2.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.A.amazingB.depressingC.predictableD.dull
3.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.A.equalB.certainC.largeD.opposite
4.His professional career spanned 16 years.A.startedB.changedC.lastedD.moved
5.The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.A.easedB.improvedC.relievedD.appeared
6.The group does not advocate the use of violence.A.limitB.supportC.regulateD.oppose
7.She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.A.actB.homeworkC.justiceD.model
8.Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.A.motionlessB.silentC.seatedD.true
9.There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A.pointB.resultC.findingD.tendency
10.His stomach felt hollow with fear.A.sincereB.respectfulC.emptyD.terrible
11.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.A.copyB.publishC.summarizeD.furnish
12.That uniform makes the guards look absurd.A.seriousB.beautifulC.impressiveD.ridiculous
13.The department deferred the decision for six months.A.put offB.arrived atC.abided byD.protested against
14.The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated.A.inventedB.reproducedC.designedD.reported
15.The country was torn apart by strife.A.conflictB.povertyC.warD.economy
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