初中英语语法知识总结

第一篇：初中英语语法知识总结

英语作文常用谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea.海纳百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终。

7、Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音难觅。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善终。

13、A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes.母爱永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果，不用请医生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之计在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

20、Better late than never.不怕慢，单怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature.习惯是后天养成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。

26、Doing is better than saying.与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。

27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身体好。

31、Easier said than done.说得容易，做得难。

32、Easy come, easy go.来也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

34、Every man has his faults.金无足赤，人无完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命运自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts.分秒必争。

37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

39、Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth.健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy.做人诚信为本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。

45、Knowledge is power.知识就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。

47、No pain，no gain.（不劳无获。）

48、You never know till you have tried.不尝试，不知晓。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy

and wise.早睡早起，使人健康

52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set、富裕和聪颖。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（骄傲必败。）

Superstar and I It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors.However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart.He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin.When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around.What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music.Rome wasn’t built in one day.He achieved the great success through huge effort.I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and I Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder.She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart.Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me.The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it.She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up.She is like a sunshine that gives me hope.Where there is a will, there is a way.答：下面是初中英语语法总结，你可参考学习，或许有不全面的地方，欢迎你有不懂的问题再具体提问。另外，我个人认为猜题对于提高考试成绩没有多大作用和意义，并不可取，建议你进行全面复习，打下扎实的基础知识，以不变应万变。顺祝复习顺利!

语法总复习

第一节

名词与代词

名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词的复数构成通常是在其后加—s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh和大部分以o结尾的名词后加-es；以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词把“y”变成 “i”，再加-es。有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数：

名词的格可分为主格(作主语)，宾格(作宾语)和所有格(表示所有关系)。代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。

名词的用法

可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式，例如： If a person disobeys the order，he will be punished severely． The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups．

The reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular topic．

These courses are especially designed for senior students．

有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women等。例如： Every fall geese f1y over the house．

The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled． Mrs.Smith has three children，and Tonny is the youngest one． I think we've got mice in the kitchen．

有些名词的单复数形式是一样的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(缅甸)，Spanish(西班牙)，Lebanese(黎巴嫩)，Portuguese(葡萄牙)，Swiss(瑞士)．sheep，deer，swine(猪)，fish，carp(鲤鱼)，salmon(鲑)，means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。例如： The best fish are near the bottom．

When they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features．

I saw a white sheep running down the road．

Judging by his language，he must be a Japanese．

在表示一类事物时，介词of后的名词要用复数形式。例如： Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the world．

The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO's bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia.大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全体船员，乘务员)，crowd，faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人类)，militia(民兵)，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全体职员)等。例如：

The president said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复数，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器)，belongings(所有物)，customs(海关)，goods(货物)，suburbs(郊区)，papers(文件)等；而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如：electronics(电子学)，mathematics(数学)，optics(光学)，politics，statistics(统计学)等。例如： The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronics which isn’t his favorite suject． I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive．

有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。例如：

The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los Angeles． Mother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great winds． He’s having financial difficulties．

有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像：advice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，knowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsense，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，jewellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。例如：

I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights． Headache is the most common disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括：communication(通讯)—communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)，cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)，content(内容)--contents(目录)，convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利设备), humanity(人类)--humanities(人文科学)，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，wood(木材)-woods(树林)，pain(疼痛)—pains(辛劳)，ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟，遗迹)，sand(沙子)--sands(沙滩)，work(工作)--works(工厂，著作)等。例如：

“Hometown” is one of Lu Xun’s most famous works．

The insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accident． My child enjoys playing on the sands． No pains，no gains． 有些名词只有复数形式。如：fundamentals(基本原则), goods(货物), means(方法),shorts(短裤)，sweets(欢乐), valuables(贵重物品)等。

The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stability Don’t take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him aren’t expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation.名词做定语时，不能用作复数。例如：

Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。

The China's Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，You'd better inform my family members before leaving for Beijing． The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如：looker(s)--on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)，blood type(s)等。如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意以man，woman构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。如：man-servant—men-servants, woman-soldier—women-soldiers。例如： Would you bring me some dinner plates? We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers．

Don’t regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstances． We are of different blood types．

名词的所有格一般在词尾加 ’s，已有复数词尾-s的，只加’。例如： We must work hard to fulfil the country’s plans． The school is within a stone’s throw． Nearby are her relatives’ houses． Could you tell me the Smiths’s addres? 名词所有格有时还可以和of构成短语，有以下两种情况：

1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。

2)它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词，使句子表示某种情绪。例如： Several students of Lao Yang’s acted in the play． We saw a play Guo Moro's.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。I have some records of NaYing's.2．代词的用法

1)人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。例如： We haven't seen each other for a long time since he went abroad． Let you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever you've heard.2)物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her(指国家或轮船)。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与of连用可作定语：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。例如： Tonny is an old friend of mine．

My dormitory is next to yours，and Mary's is on the third floor． Titanic sank with her several thousand passengers． Next time it's on my treat．

3)反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。例如：

These children are too young to take care of themselves． Don't worry，he will be himself again soon．

Although Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a kind man in himself． You should be responsible for yourself．

4)相互代词表示相互关系，有：each other(两者之间)和one another(多者之间)。例如： I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each other． We should learn from one another and make progress together，5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要与a连用。例如：

Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the past．

The money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public health．

I want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday? His future is closely bound with that of the company。

You shouldn't trust on such a person who never keeps his promise． 6)疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主语和表语；whom作宾语，whose，what，which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一般用单数。Who will see to this matter? Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work? It is hard to decide whose is better.What’s on your schedule?

Which university did he enter at last? 7)关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who(m)代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有a11，something，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。例如：

Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effort． The factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are women． He promised to tell us all that he knew．

Whose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)连接代词有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever为复合代词。例如： I didn't know what to do at that very moment．

The government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of money． Whomever I worry about is none of your business． Take whichever you like，please．

第二节形容词与副词

形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。

1．形容词与副词的用法

形容词中有词形相近的，也有词义相近的，应注意区别。如：

1)behind(在后的)---hind(后部的)，considerate(周到的，体贴的)---considerable(应考虑的)，eminent(闻名的)--imminent(紧迫的)，gracious(亲切的)---graceful(优雅的)，like(有生命的)---alive(活的)，industrious(勤劳的)--industrial(工业的)，like(同样的)---alike(同样的，仅作表语)，opposite(相对的)---opposing(反对的)，perspective(透视的)---respective(各自的)，sensitive(伤感的)---sensible(明显的)，etc。例如：

We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs.Yan is really considerate． Professor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to us．

As any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewing． It’s a considerable success for him．

2)elemental(初步的)--fundamental(基本的)，eligible(合格的)--capable(能干的)，flexible(灵活的)--changeable(可改变的)，initial(最初的)--preliminary(初步的，预备的)，slack(松弛的)--lazy(懒惰的)，valueless(无价值的)--priceless(无价的)，vivid(生动的)一living(活的)，etc．。例如：

Henry’s speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitude． We have finished the preliminary exam．

Your suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully． 3)有些词尾为-ly的并非副词，而是形容词，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(现世的)，leisurdy(空闲的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫气概的)，brotherly，friendly等。例如： What a lovely girl Jenny is．She is always ready to help others． China Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly one． He is a very friendly young man．

As he didn't have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems．

以下情况形容词常用于后置：1)形容词短语，即形容词+副词，介词短语或不定式。2)一些表语性形容词要后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc,。3)形容词修饰不定代词something，anything，everything时要后置。例如： There was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11．

For this reason，as well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable．

I came across another question hard to answer then． I wondered if there was a room available．

副词的位置为：修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面；放在系动词和助动词之后，行为动词和分词之前。例如：

I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward train． The old law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.I can hardly believe that he is the murderer．

Although he has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win． 2．比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法

形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为：单音节词一般在词尾加-er和-est。如果以-e结尾，仅加-r和-st；如末尾仅有一个辅音字母，须双写词尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y结尾的，把y变i，加-er，-est；多音节单词和双音节词(其中包括由分词和分词演变而来的形容词，如：known，worn，wounded，shocking，striking，interesting，ect, 则在其前加more和most；有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容词没 有比较级形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如： Mary is the best student in the class．

Further negotiation will be conducted next month． The food we have is sufficient.Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent．

一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样，单音节的以在词尾加-er和-est构成，多音节的以加more和most的方法构成；有些比较特殊，如：well—better-best，badly-worse-worst，much-more-most，little-less-least。以-ly结尾的副词，在其前面加more，most, 例如： Tonny runs most quickly than any other students in the class．

Which do you like best，Thorn Birds，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation? I prefer less sugar in the milk．

She gets more income every month than her husband．

形容词和副词的原级比较由“as+形容词或副词(或后跟名词或短语)+as”构成，“as„as’’前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times等词修饰。否定式中not后面的as可改为so。例如：

Running for fifteen minutes will burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutes． Henan province is several times as large as Shanghai． Jimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his father． Getting rid of a bad habit isn't so simple as taking it up． 形容词和副词的比较级形式为：“形容词(副词)比较级+than+„”，应注意than前后相比较的人或物要一致。比较级前可以跟even，much，still等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。例如： Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about me． Sound travels faster through water than throughI air．

The economic development in South China is faster than that in North China． My books are much more than Li Ping's． 形容词和副词的最高级的形式分别为：“the+形容词最高级十名词+范围表达”和“副词最高级+名词+范围表达”，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加the。例如：

Our foreign exchange reserve didn't decline despite the worst flood in sixty years． I finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected．

应注意以下表达式的含义：the same„as(和„„一样)，no less than(不少于)，not less than(只有)，had better(最好)，less than(不到)，more or less(或多或少)，other than(除了)，rather than(而不是)，the more„the more/less(越„„就越„„)例如：

I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed．

You had better finisll your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorrow．

We have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less than the amount we ordered． The visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much．

第三节

从句

从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。1．定语从句

限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如： The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830．

The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn．

代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等词时，用that而不用which，that作宾语可省略。例如：

I care anything that has something to do with it．

You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him．

That is the last time we met each other．

I came across the woman you told me about yesterday．

who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when用来表示时间。whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如: Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production．

The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg．

The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery．

The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department．

在下列情况，限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略：1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语；或它们在从句中作介词的宾语，而该介词又在句末时；2)当先行词是that，all，only，everything，something，nothing等代词时，或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时；3)当先行词前有only，any，all，first，no，last等修饰时，或先行词就是time，moment，way(anyway)，direction，distance等名词时，关系代词即可省略。例如：

The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived． I met the woman you told me about． She gave me all she could afford．

With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening．

非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中，which可代表前面的整个句子；代表人时只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作关系代词。例如: The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell．

The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President Franklin D．Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945．

Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’s health，which is known to everyone． 2．状语从句

状语从句可分为：时间状语从句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，slnce，once，assoonas，Until，while等连词引导)，结果状语从句(由so„that和such„that连接)，让步状语从句(由though，although, no matter，even if, however，whatever等词引导)，原因状语从句(由as，because，since和for引导)，条件状语从句(由if, whether，as long as，provided that等词引导)，地点状语从句(由where引导)，行为方式状语从句(由as引导)。有时条件状语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。例如： The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring, long before the leaves grow.QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.Uniform acceleration(同样的加速)occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time．

Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate Shanghai，where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia.状语从句中的 “主语+be”可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词／过去分词介词短语／形容词／名词短语”。)例如： When well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes． If necessary，I would like to see you in your office.Although seriously wounded，he never complained． 3．名词从句

名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句

主语从句常出现在it is+名词、形容词、分词+主语从句”的形式中。例如：

It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month．

It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline． It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams.主语从句还可用when，where，how，why，whether等连接副词，和who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接代词来引起。例如： How to arrange the meeting is not your task．

Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking． When I leave is my own decision.Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home． 2)宾语从句

宾语从句可由that, 疑问代词或副词how，why和where等引出。例如：To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared． Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said．

Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone． Could you offer more details except that it happened at night? 由what，whether，how引导的宾语从句可用在介词后，而由that引导的从句只跟but，besides，except，in, save之后。例如: I can hardly believe in what they have done.He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021.一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished, certain，confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表语时，后面可跟由that, how等引导的宾语从句。例如：

I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures． He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination． She was surprised how simple his problem is．

We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.3)表语从句

表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用that引起，that起连接作用，不能省略。b表语从句也可用连接词how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表语从句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 结构中。例如： A logarithm(对数)is what is known in algebra exponent(代数的指数)． One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable． She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted．

I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day． 4)同位语从句

同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能相同。同位语从句由that引导，也可由whether，how，why，where, when等来引导。例如：

She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard．

The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly．

第四节

动词不定式

1．不定式的基本形式与结构

动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如to write)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外, 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2．不定式的用法 1)不定式结构作主语

Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．

To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．

在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：

It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago．

John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time．

不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb.to do sth.结构表达：

It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review． It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind, naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语： It is very kind of you to tell me the truth． It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing． 2)不定式作宾语

不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式, 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构: 只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care，claim，decide demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake，want, wish等。He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：

这类动词常见的有advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等。

He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find, think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。

She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.3)不定式做表语

一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)： To see is to believe.To work means to earn a living．

另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope, idea，job, plan，problem, purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用： His aim is to study abroad in the near future．

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price． What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience． 4)不定式作定语

不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：

第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如： There was really nothing to fear．

He gave me an interesting book to read．

如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如： Mary needs a friend to play with． That girl has nothing to worry about． They have a strict teacher to listen to．

Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on． 第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如： Have you got a key to unlock the door? The action to be taken is correct．

There is nothing to be gained by pretending．

第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如： Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her． I have no wishto quarrel withyou．

Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语

不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语： They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．

They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area． He was lucky to arrive before dark．

He was lucky because he arrived before dark． 作目的状语：

She raised her voice to be heared better．

She raised her voice so that she could heard better． We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．

We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam． 作结果状语：

The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．

The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians． He got to the station only to be told the train had gone． He got to the station and was told that the train had gone． 不带to的不定式的使用 动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：

1)在can／could, /may／might，will／would，shall／should，must, need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。

2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如： I often heard him say that he would study hard． I must have him see his own mistakes．

但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：

He was often heard to say that he would study hard．

After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions． 3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如： Help the old lady(to)carry the heavy box.4)在had better，would rather，may／might as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。例如：

Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight． She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5)在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如： They let go of the rope．他们松开了绳子。

John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。I've heard tell of him．我听说过他。

Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students．由于生源不足,一些教职员工被解雇了。6)在介词but，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如： He will do anything except work on the farm．

There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender．

The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in． I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining． 下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：

can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如： I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：

I did nothing but watch TV last night． 如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to： I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如： Why stand up if you can sit down? Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning? You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science． 4．不定式的完成式和进行式 1)构成

完成式：to+ have done 进行式：to+ be doing 2)用法

完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式。

进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：

She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline． The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．

When you called me last night, I happened to be working on the computer． 5．不定式的被动形式

当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：

For twelve years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca's name to be mentioned and his work to be published．

The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain． 6．不定式的否定形式

否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如： I decided not to ask him again．

Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out．

第五节 动名词 1．动名词的形式: 动名词是由动词原形+ing构成(如writing)，有完成时态和被动语态(如having written，being written)。

2．动名词的用法

动名词通常在句中作主语和宾语。1)动名词作主语

Going to the college is the little boy's dream．

Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam． 2)动名词作宾语

有些动词后面只能带动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。此类动词常见的有：admit，acknowledge，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest，dislike，ensure，enjoy，escape，excuse，evade，facilitate，fancy，favour，finish，forbid，imagine，include，keep，mind, miss，postpone，practise，resent，resist，risk，suggest，quit，worth等。例如：

John was considering buying a new car.I hope you didn’t contemplate coming with us on this trip． The witness denied having seen the accused man． I would appreciate your keeping it a secret．

3)某些短语后面只能接动名词，不能接不定式。

此类短语常见的有：be(get)used to, be accustomed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to，be busy，be committed to，be suject to，cannot help，cannot resist，cannot stand，confess to，feel like，give up，have trouble(in), have difficulty(in)，have a good／hard time(in)，have fun(in)，have an objection to，it is no good／use，keep on，insist on，look forward to，object to，pay attention to，put off，resort to，succeed in等。例如： I cannot stand getting up early in the morning．

I have no difficulty(in)reaching the top of the mountain.There is no use staying on． I cannot resist(his)bargaining．

Although punctual himself，the professor was quite used to students’being late for his lecture.4)动词或短语后面也可以接动名词的被动形式。用主动形式还是被动形式，要根据句子的意思而定。例如:

Carlos just missed being caught．

That person wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized．

I object to being treated like a child． 3．另一类动词后面可以带动名词做宾语，也可以带不定式作宾语。这类动词又可以分为两种： 1)带动名词作宾语与带不定式作宾语而意义无多大区别的动词

a)在begin，cannot bear，cease，continue，dread，like，love，neglect，omit，prefer，propose等动词之后，如表一般的行为，用动名词作宾语为多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则用不定式结构作宾语为多。例如：

I don’t like swimming.I don’t like to swim this afternoon．

John prefers doing it his way.John prefers to go outing tomorrow.b)在begin, start等动词之后，如表示有意的动作，用动名词结构为多；如表示无意的动作，用不定式结构为多。例如：

After some hesitation，he began speaking out his own opinion． It has already begun to rain．

c)在attempt，intend，plan等动词之后，用不定式结构与用动名词结构意义相同，但以用不定式较为常见。例如：

He intended to buy a new car．

He intended travelling abroad next summer.d)在encourage，permit，allow，recommend，advise，authorise等动词之后，一般用动名词作宾语，或者用不定式作宾语补足语。即：

encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+doing，或encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+somebody+to do。例如： He advised going out for a walk．

He advised us to go out for a walk．

e)在agree，decide等动词之后，可以直接跟不定式结构，但如果跟动名词，则动词后必须加适当的介词。例如：

He agreed to do me a favor．= He agreed on doing me a favor． In the end the manager decided to double the advertising budget．= In the end the manager decided on doubling the advertising budget．

f)在need，want，require, deserve等动词之后，可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，这相当于用不定式的被动形式。例如：

The house needs repairing.= The house needs to be repaired.The disabled deserve respecting.= The disabled deserve to be respected． 2)带动名词作宾语与带不定式作宾语而意义不同的动词

a)动词remember，forget后可以跟不定式或动名词，但意义有明显区别：跟动名词，其动作发生在“记得”或“忘记”的动作之前；跟不定式，其动作发生在“记得”或“忘记”的动作之后。试比较：

I remember posting this letter．我记得这封信已经寄出了。

I remember to post this letter in the afternoon.我记得下午要将这封信寄走。b)动词regret后可以跟不定式或动名词，但意义有明显区别： regret doing：为做过的事感到抱歉 regret to do：为即将要做的事感到抱歉

试比较：I regret to say that I can not go with you after school．

I regret having criticized you seriously in class． c)动词try，mean，can not help，used to后跟不定式还是动名词，取决于这些动词本身的含义。例如：

You should try to answer the questions by yourself．(try to do：设法或努力去做)We try using this new method．(try doing：试着做某事)I meant to go to the exhibition but I forgot．(mean to do：is算做某事)Success means working very，very hard．(mean doing：意味着做某事)I can't help apologizing．(can not help doing：忍不住做某事)I can't help to apologize for him.(can not help to do：不能帮助做某事)Mr．Smith used to jog in the morning，but now he has stopped．(used to do：过去经常或总是干某事)Inland canals are used to ship farm and factory goods to nearby towns．(be used to do：被用来干某事)I am not used to getting up early in the morning．(be／get used to doing：

习惯于干某事)d)动词stop，continue，go on，leaveoff之后，通常用动名词结构作宾语；如果用不定式结构，则不是宾语而是目的状语，相当于in order to。试比较： They stopped working．他们停止工作(来做其他事)。They stopped to work。他们停止(做其他事)来工作。

The students went on reciting the text．学生们继续背诵课文。

The students went on to recite the text．学生们停下其他事，继续背诵课文。She let off doing the housework．她停止做家务(去干其他事)。She let off to do the housework．她停止(干其他事)来做家务。动名词的逻辑主语问题

动名词，顾名思义，具有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词和名词的属格来表示其逻辑(这时动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致)。如果动名词的逻辑主语就是句子主语，不用加物主代词或名词的属格。例如：

The watchman reported finding the door open．= The watchman reported that he had found the door open．

此处，finding的主语与主句主语一致，都是the watchman，所以finding前不加物主代词。I appreciated very much your helping me through the tough period.此处，helping的主语是you，而主句的主语是I，两者不一致，所以helping前的物主代词your不能省略。

一般说来，能带动名词作宾语的动词都可以根据语义意图在动名词之前加上或略去主语。但有些动词，如excuse，forgive，pardon等，其后的动名词结构总是带有逻辑主语。这些逻辑主语通常由名词或代词宾格表示，也可由名词属格或形容词性物主代词表示。I do mind people smoking in public places．(名词宾格作逻辑主语)We don't understand him needing so much money．(代词宾格作逻辑主语)I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise．(物主代词作逻辑主语)Mary excused the boy’s upsetting the ink．(名词属格作逻辑主语)

第六节分词

1．分词的形式

这里所讲的分词包括-ing分词和-ed分词，即传统意义上的现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形+-ing构成(如listening)；过去分词通常由动词原形+-ed构成(如listened)，但也有不规则形式(如go-gone)。现代英语的绝大多数都是规则动词，不规则的只是少数。2．分词的基本用法

分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语。下面按照现在分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍。

现在分词的基本用法：

现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分，1)作表语

现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。例如： This story is quite interesting．

The journey without you will be boring． 2)作定语

现在分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开)，在意义上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。例如：

The man following was obviously in a hurry．(现在分词单独作定语)They acted just like a conquering army．(现在分词单独作定语)Do you know the man standing over there by the door?(分词短语作限定性定语)Last night，we caught a thief stealing John’s bike．(分词短语作限定性定语)The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”，meaning flat water．(分词短语作非限定性定语)3)作宾语补足语 a．表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear，feel，find，listen to，look at，watch，notice，observe，smell，see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如： I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting． I can smell turkey roasting，and it's making me hungry．

b．表示“致使”等意义的动词，如catch，get，have，keep，leave，set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如：

What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside． Please don't keep the machine running while you are away． 4)作状语

现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。例如： Rushing out of the room，he was knocked down by a car．(作时间状语)= When he rushed out of the room，he was knocked down by a car． Working harder，you will pass the entrance exam.(作条件状语)= If you work harder，you will pass the entrance exam． She sat at a window，reading a book．(作伴随状语)=She sat at a window and read a book．

Having won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars．(作原因状语)= Because he had won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars． Even if taking a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．(作让步状语)= Even if take a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．

The road is under construction，thus causing the delay．

(作结果状语)= The road is under construction，and thus caused the delay.注意，当现在分词作让步状语时，一般放在句首，常常由although，though，even if, unless等连词引入；作结果状语时，一般放在句末，前面可以加so，thus，hence，thereby等副词。过去分词的基本用法：

与现在分词不同，过去分词表示被动的意义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，只有一种形式。1)作表语

过去分词作表语表示主浯所处的状态。用作表浯的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如go，come，assemble等，它们用在连系动词之后，表示完成意义，无被动意义。例如： The man looked quite disappointed． He is greatly discouraged by her refusal． His hair is nearly all gone.已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有：accomplished，amazed，amused，astonished，broken，closed，completed，complicatcd，confused，crowded，devoted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，excited，frightened，hurt，interested，lost，satisfied，surprised, worried等。做定语

a)前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。例如： We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter．

= We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter． How many finished products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now? 来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义： a retired worker = a worker who has retired

an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a faded／withered flower = a flower that has faded the risen sun = the sun that has just risen a returned student = a student who has returned vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished b)用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这时相当于一个定语从句。例如：

Things seen are better than things heard．

= Things which are seen are better than things which are heard． The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious．

= The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.做宾语补足语

a)see, hear, feel，find，think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：

Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation． I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street．

Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.d)make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： I have my clothes washed everyday.Don't get your schedule changed；stay with us in the class． He’s trying to make himself understood.Please keep us informed of the latest price．

c)like，want，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：

We don't like such topics(to be)discussed in class． I wish this problem(to be)solved this week． 4)作状语

用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语，前边往往可以加when, while, if，as if, though。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如：

Whenever praised，she blushes．(作时间状语)= Whenever she is praised，she blushes．

United，we stand；divided，we fall．(作条件状语)= If we are united，we stand；If we are divided，we fall． Written in great haste，this book is full of errors．(作原因状语)= Because this book is written in great haste，it is full of errors．

Mary was reading a love story，completely lost to the romantic life．(作伴随状浯)= Mary was reading a love story，and was completely lost to the romantic life.Although born in Germany，John lives and works in U.S.A.(作让步状语)= Although John was born in Germany，he lives and works in U.S.A.3．分词的完成式及被动式

前面提到过，过去分词只有一种形式，所以这里所讲的完成式及被动式均指现在分词的完成式及被动式。

如果现在分词表示的是一般性动作，不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生，这时要用现在分词的一般形式。例如：

Living in the downtown，we found a lot of amusements． 如果现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用现在分词的完成式“(not)having+过去分词”。例如：

Having heard from my father，I was relieved．

Not having received any letter from my family，I was worried．

如果现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词所表示的动作的对象，则要用现在分词的被动形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being+过去分词”和其完成形式“(not)having been+过去分词”。例如： Upon being questioned，he denied having robbed the bank．

The new method，having been widely used abroad，can increase the working efficiency.4．分词独立结构

如果过去分词或现在分词带有与句子主语不同的主语，这就构成了独立结构，也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构，通常在句中起状语丛句的作用，表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。例如：

The holidays being over，they began to get down to do their work again．(原因状语)= As the holiday was over，they began to get down to do their work again． All things considered，her paper is of greater value than yours．(条件状语)= All things are considered，her paper is of greater value than yours． His homework done，Johan went out to play.(时间状语)= After his homework had been done，Johan went out to play．

The girl was smiling sweetly，her long hair flowing in the breeze．(伴随状语)当独立结构表示伴随状况时，可变为由with引导的介词词组, 而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由without引导。例如上例可变为：

The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze． Without anyone noticing，I slipped out of the room．

独立结构的位置比较灵活，它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外，独立结构中用作主语的名词之前的限定词有时可以省略。例如：

The manager sat quietly in his office，(his)eyes closed．

He stood in the doorway，(his)wet cloak dripping water on the rug，and waited for some sign of recognition．

第七节

前后呼应 主谓一致的基本原则

主谓一致有以下三条原则：

1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。例如：The students are very young．This picture looks beautiful．

2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。

The people in that country are fighting for independence． The crowd deeply respect their leader．

Three years in a strange land seems a long time．

3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如： Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy． 2．主谓一致的用法

根据以上三条原则，主谓一致有如下用法： 1)下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式

a．表示时间、重量、长度、价值的名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如： Two hundred miles is a long distance． Ten dollars is a high price for that book． b．由anyone，anything，anybody，no one，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代词作主语，谓语动词使用单数形式。例如： Someone is knocking at the door．

Anything is better than going to the movie tonight．

c．由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of +名词”作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如： A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week．

d．由“many a，more than one +单数名词”作主语，尽管意义上表示复数，但谓语动词仍采用单数形式。例如：

Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break． There is more than one answer to your question． e．“名词+and+名词”作主语，表示同一人、同一概念或事物时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：

A writer and educator is giving a lecture now．(这个人既是作家又是教育家)f．“either(neither)+ of +复数名词(或代词)”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able to finish the work． Neither of them wants to come．

g．在each„and each„，every„and every„等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： Each man and each woman has the right to vote．

h．动词不定式、动名词或分句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如： What I want to say is none of your business． Listening to the classical music is enjoyable．

i．以-ics结尾的复数名词指一门学科时，如politics(政治学)，mathematics(数学)，statistics(统计学)，acoustics(声学)，linguistics(语言学)等，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： Mathematics is what he majors in． 2)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式取决于of后的名词。

a．由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，the remainder+of+名词”等不定代词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如： None of the food is wasted．

None of the students were absent． The rest of the lecture was dull．

The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday．

b．由“lots of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of +名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由of后名词的单复数而定。例如：

Lots of work is to be done this week.Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon． There is loads of milk on the farm．

There are loads of big red apples on the ground． There is heaps of fun．

c．由“分数或百分数十of +名词或代词”作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后名词或代词的单复数形式。例如：

Three-quarters of the area is cultivated.Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam．

3)下列结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式根据意义而定。

a．由“the+形容词” 这种结构作主语，根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果表示一类人(如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，the young，the old)，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： The blind are taught trades in special schools．

(表示一类人)The good in him overweighs the bad．

(表示抽象概念)The departed was a good friend of his．

(表示个人)b．family，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式应根据意义而定。例如： The family like to listen to the music．(the family指这家人，用作复数)The family is small．(the family指这个家庭，用作单数)The committee has considered your proposal．(the committee指委员会，用作单数)The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave their votes．

(the committee指委员会的委员们，用作复数)下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般单复数均可。

a.以数词为名词词组中心词作主语时，谓语动词一般单复数均可。例如： Five and six make／makes eleven． Seven times ten are seventy．

但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten．

Six sevens are forty-two.b．由”one in／out of +名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。例如： One in ten were／was present．

下列结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

由and或both„and连接两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时，一般谓语动词用复数形式。例如：

A girl and a boy want to go． Both rice and wheat are grown in that country．

6)下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式视具体情况而定。

a．由as well as，together with，besides, like，along with，with but，except，accompanied by，rather than，including连接两个名词作主语，谓语单复数形式应由连接词前的名词而定。例如： The president of the college，together with the deans，is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations．

The young mother with her two children is coming now．

The plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced in designing new products． b．“名词+of+名词”作主语，谓语动词单复数形式跟of前的名词一致。例如： The picture of the children brings back many memories of my past experiences． The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be extremely harmful．

c．由not only„but also，either„or，neither„nor或or连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。例如： He or you have taken my pen．

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it． One or two days are enough to visit the city.d．there be句型中的谓语动词单复数形式一般取决于其后的真正主语的单复数形式。例如： There is a garden in front of the house． There are two things I'd like to say here． 7)关于几对容易混淆词组的一致用法

a．由“this／that kind／type of +名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由”these／those kind／type of +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： This kind of apples is highly priced． Those kind(s)of tests are good．

b．由“a number of，a total of，an average of +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： A number of students are waiting for the bus．

The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.c．one of，the(only)one of的一致用法

This is one of the books that have been recommended．

This is the(only)one of the books that has been recommended． 3．前后呼应的用法 1)当everyone，everybody，no one，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。例如： If anybody calls，tell him that I'm out． Something strange happened，didn't it? Every passenger has to carry his own luggage．

2)人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I(me)，he(him)，she(her)，it(it)都是代替前面的单数名词，而they(them)，we(us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。例如：

If a young person enters a classical music field only for money，he is in the wrong profession． The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and when ingested can kill them within fifteen hours。

3)物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。例如： The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut． Delphins are warm-blooded；that is，their body temperature always stays about the same，regardless of the surroundings．

4)反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。

Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.Everybody clings to this illusion about himself． I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea． 5)指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。例如： She invited all those who had been her former colleagues．

The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fluid is determined by the height of this column．

6)much和much of后接不可数名词，而many和many of后接可数名词的复数。例如： There is not much coal left．

A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake． 7)表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。接可数名词的有：a number of，a range of，a series of十复数名词；接不可数名词的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可数名词；既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a variety of。例如： The government attached a great deal of importance to education． Quite a number of women applied for this job． The college library has a variety of books． An apple is a variety of fruit．

A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscular system．

第八节．反意疑问句 1.反意疑问句的形式

反意疑问句一般有以下四种形式： 肯定陈述句+否定反意疑问。例如： This pencil is red，isn't it?

否定陈述句+肯定反意疑问。例如： This pencil isn't red，is it?

肯定陈述句+肯定反意疑问。例如：

This pencil is red，is it? 否定陈述句+否定反意疑问。例如： This pencil isn't red，isn't it? 前两种形式是主要的，后两种不常见。

2.反意疑问句的用法

1)当陈述部分是there be句型时，反意疑问部分的主语用there。例如： There aren’t a lot of flowers in the garden in winter，are there?

There existed different opinions on this issue，didn’t there?

2)当陈述部分是以不定代词one作主语时，反意疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one，在非正式场合用you。例如：

One cannot succeed at this，can one?

One cannot succeed at this，can you? 3)当陈述部分是I’m„结构时，反意疑问部分一般用aren't I。例如： I am a student，aren’t I? 4)当陈述部分是一个带有that引导的宾语从句的复合结构时，反意疑问部分一般根据主句的主语和谓语动词而定。例如：

You told me(that)I had passed the exam，didn’t you? He says that everybody in our class will attend the meeting，doesn’t he? 但是，当陈述部分的主句是I think，I suppose，I believe等结构时，反意疑问部分则往往由that从句中的主语和谓语动词决定，并且要注意否定的转移。例如： I believe(that)it is going to rain，isn’t it?

I don't think(that)he will come，will he? 5)当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，反意疑问部分要根据have的意义及形式而定。

a．当have表示“所有”含义时，反意疑问可以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如： He has a book in his hand，hasn't he? He has a book in his hand，doesn’t he? b．当陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如： You haven't a car，have you? You don't have any money with you，do you? c．当have不表示“所有”含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如： We had a good time in the vacation，didn’t we? He has his breakfast at seven everyday，doesn’t he? You have to get up early tomorrow，don’t you? 6)当陈述部分带有never，nothing，nowhere，seldom，hardly，rarely，few，little等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：

The summit meeting never took place，did it? You can hardly believe what he said，can you? There is little ink in the bottle，is there? Few people know this place，do they? 当陈述部分的谓语动词是带有un-，in-，im-，dis-等否定前缀的动词，则仍然把陈述部分看作肯定句，那么反意疑问部分用否定形式。例如：

He is impolite to the teacher，isn’t he? He distrusted anybody around him，didn’t he? 当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问部分在英式英语中用ought to形式，在美式英语中用should形式。例如：

You ought to see the new picture，shouldn’t you? Teachers ought to be honoured，oughtn’t they? 8)当陈述部分带有情态动词used to时，反意疑问部分可以用used to形式，也可以用did形式。例如：

She used to live abroad，usedn’t she? There used to be a news stand in the corner of the street，didn’t there? 当陈述部分带有情态动词must时，反意疑问部分需视must的含义而定。a．当must表示“命令或强制”时，反意疑问部分用mustn't。例如： You must do it by yourself，mustn’t you? b．当must表示“有必要”时，反意疑问部分用needn't。例如： You must see him tonight，needn’t you? c．当must表示“一定”或“想必”等推测意义时，反意疑问部分不用mustn't，而要根据must后的动词形式而定。例如： He must be crazy to do so，isn’t he? She must have been there for a long time，hasn’t she? They must have stayed at home last night，didn’t they? 10)当陈述部分带有need时，反意疑问部分需视need的含义而定。如果need用作情态动词，则反意疑问部分用need形式；如果need用作实义动词，表示“需要”，则反意疑问部分用do形式。例如：

You needn't go there，need you? She needs to go there，doesn’t she? Plants need sun to grow，don’t they? 11)当陈述部分带有I'd better或I’d rather时，反意疑问部分用hadn't或wouldn't。例如 ： You'd better finish the task before tomorrow，hadn’t you? He’d rather stay with us，wouldn't he? 12)当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问部分一般用will you，won't you，would you。例如： Don't be too late，will you? Close the door，won’t you? Come here，will you?

Open your books，would you? 12)陈述部分是以Let’s开头的祈使句时，反意疑问部分用shall we；若是以Let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分则用will you。例如： Let’s have a party tonight，shall we? Let us have a look at your pictures，will you? 注意, 如果祈使句是否定形式，那么反意疑问句只能用will you。例如： Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow，will you?

第九节

强调句

这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。它的结构形式是：It+be的一定形式+被强调成分+ that-／who-分句(只有当被强调成分是句子的人称主语时，连接词才可以用who，此时也可以用that：其余情况下只能用that)。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词外的大多数句子成分。例如：

It was Mary that／who needed the cash． It was the cash that Mary needed．

It was from Henry that John bought the car． It was the car that John bought from Henry．

此结构可以强调多种多样的状语成分，例如强调时间状语、地点状语、方式状语，也可以强调由because引导的原因状语分句，但不可以强调由since／as引导的原因状语分句，也不可以强调由although和whereas引导的从属或并列分句。例如：

It was before liberation that our people suffered from the imperialist aggression． It is in Iran that the family members participate in the wedding preparations． It was because he'd never had the opportunity that John hadn't learned to drive．

如果要强调谓语动词，通常采用另一种句型：主语通常是由what引导的名词性分句；分句的主动词通常是do的一定形式；主语补语通常是不定式结构，可带to，也可不带to。例如： The pupils elected him monitor of the class。强调谓语动词elected，变为：

What the pupils did was elect／to elect him monitor of the class．

第十节

虚拟语气

虚拟语气是说话人为表示一种假设的情况或一种主观的愿望，即认为动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实或主观设想时所用的语气。

虚拟语气的形式与用法：

1．有一类虚拟语气的形式称为be型虚拟式，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用原形(或should+动词原形)。

以下几种情况必须用be型虚拟式：

1)一些表示命令，要求，决定，建议等概念的动词后由that引导的宾语从句中，必须用be型虚拟式。这类动词有：ask(要求)，advise(建议)，command(命令)，decide(决定)，demand(命令)，insist(坚持)，move(提议)，order(命令)，propose(提议)，recommend(建议)，request(要求)，require(要求)，suggest(建议)，urge(极力主张)。例如： We strongly suggest that he(should)be told about it earlier． The doctor insisted that his patient take it easy for three months． I require that they come by ten．

I recommended that each competitor receive $100． The judge ordered that the witness tell the truth．

2)一些表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念后的主语从句中，必须用be型虚拟式。此类词主要有：

It is necessary, essential(重要的)，advisable(应该的)，appropriate(合适的)，desirable(值得的)，fitting(合适的)，important(重要的), imperative(必须的)，obligatory(必须的)，proper(适当的)，strange(奇怪的)，urgent(紧要的)，vital(极重要的)that„；

It is(was, has been)suggested(decided，desired，ordered，proposed，requested)that„ 例如： It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed．

It is important that everybody have his health checked yearly． I think it advisable that he leave soon.It is decided that you be the first one to do the experiment．

3)一些表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面由that引导的同位语从句中，通常用be型虚拟式。这类词主要有：advice，command，importance，idea，insistence，motion(提议)，necessity，order，plan，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，request，requirement, resolution(决议)，suggestion，understanding(协议)。例如：

My suggestion is that he be sent to help this group．

4)在lest，for fear that或in case表示“生怕，以防万一，免得”引导的从句中，从句常常用should。例如：

He studied day and night，lest he should fail in the test．

We dare not play jokes on him for fear that he should become angry． Be quiet in case you should wake the baby．

5)某些表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等的语句中用be型虚拟式。例如： God bless you!God damn you!Long live Chairman Mao!Heaven forbid!2．下列两种句型，从句总是用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。

1)It is(high)time that(该做„„，必须做„„)，丛句用一般过去时。例如： It is time that he went to bed now．

It is high time that this wrong spending was checked．

2)would rather, would sooner, had rather这些表示“宁愿”的短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气。例如：

Don't come today．1 would rather you came tomorrow． He had rather his children didn’t make so much noise． I would sooner we had dinner now．

3．If引导的条件状语从句的虚拟语气用法 If引导的从句的虚拟语气主要有三种结构：

1)与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would／could／might +动词原形”，从句谓浯用“动词的一般过去式”(be的过去式一律用were)。例如： If I had time，I would go with you．

If I were you，I might refuse the engagement．

2)与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would／could + havedone'’，从句渭语用“动词的过去完成式”。例如：

If I hadn’t lost my way，I would have caught the last train． They would have arrived earlier if there had been no storm．

3)与将来情况相反：主句谓语用”would／could／might +动词原形”，从句谓语用"were to／should+动词原形”。例如：

If you were to see Mary，what would you tell her? If I were to do it，I would do it in a different way． If it should rain tomorrow，I would stay at home． 4)省略if的虚拟语气句。

虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were，should，had等词时，可以省略连词if, 但必须将were，should，had等词移至主浯前形成句子倒装。例如：

Had he been given some information about it, he could have answered the question． Were you to get up earlier，you wouldn’t be late． 4．Wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用法

动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟浯气表示一种不可实现的愿望。

1)宾语从句用过去式表示与现在事实相反。例如： I wish I had enough time to finish my homework today．

My brother is in Europe on vacation，but I wish he were here with me． 2)宾浯从句用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如： I wish 1 had gone to the movies with you last night． I wish Professor Lee had taught me this equation． 3)宾语从句用“would/could +动词原型”表示一种愿望或要求。例如：I wish that you would come next time．

She wishes that you could stay here longer．

5．由as if／as though引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”，这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。

1)状语从句用过去式(be用were的形式)表示与现在的事实相反。例如： He treats me as if I were a stranger．

2)状语从句用过去完成式表示与过去的事实相反。例如：

He talked as if he had been to Australia.6.介词或介词短语表示虚拟：有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词或介词短语来表示，或通过上下文表示出来。如but for，but that，with，without，otherwise，on condition(that)，in case of，supposing，on the understanding that等表示让步假设。例如： If I hadn’t got your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = Without your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = But for your help，1 wouldn't have found my present job．

= But that you helped me，I wouldn't have found my present job．

7.错综虚拟条件句：一般来说，主句和从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是有时主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词的形式应作相应的调整，如：从句用过去虚拟语气，主句用现在虚拟语气(通常可以根据时间状语而定)。

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public，our company would not be so thriving as it is．

If Paul had receivd six more votes in the last election，he would be our chairman now． If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday，you would not find any difficulty now.8．此外，还有省略了结果主句的虚拟语气if only结构，一般表示愿望。if only从句中的时态有三种：V+ed；be用were；情态动词用could／would／might+v。例如： If only he saw me now!要是他现在能看到我那该多好!If only she had not been married!要是她没有结过婚就好了!If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into

第十一节、倒

装

倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如： How goes the time? Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装。如： At no time was the entrance left unguarded．

Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here．我们难得像在这里这么舒服。句子结构需要的倒装。为了句子结构的需要而进行倒装的情况有下列几种。1)疑问句。如：

Are you from here? Who was that? 2)祝愿句。如： Long live peace!May you succeed!So be it．就这样吧。3)某些感叹句。如：

There goes the bell．打铃了。Here comes the bus!Judith，how lovely are you![注]由副词there和here引导的倒装感叹句不可用人称代词，如不可说 Here comes he.而须说Here he comes。4)There+be结构。如：

There lived an old peasant in that house．

There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter． 5)其直接引语位于句首的陈述句。如： “It’s too late，” said Millian．

“ This is the house where Shakespeare was born，”said George．

6)地点状语位于句首、主语为名词而谓语为不及物动词的陈述句。如： From the window came sound of music． 7)某些条件从句。如： Had I the time, I would go．

Were you in my position，you would do the same． She’ll be sixteen come May．到5月她就16岁了。

All right，if stay you must，go and sit down properly over there． 好吧，如你必须留下，那你就在那里坐好。8)某些让步从句。如：

Look as I would up and down，I could see no human being．我尽管望上望下，还是看不到一个人。

Toil as he would，he might fall，and go down and be destroyed!他尽管苦干，还是可能失败、沉沦而被毁灭!Change your mind as you will，you will gain no additional support．你即使改变主意，也不会再得到援助。

9)代词so，neither，nor等副词置于句首时，全句常需倒装。如： If you can do it，so can I． If you don't go，neither shall I.I don't know，nor do I care．

10)Never，seldom，little，nor，hardly，scarcely，no sooner，not only等表否定的副词或连词位于句首时，全句需要倒装。如：

Never in my life have I seen such a thing． Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here． No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.Scarcely had he arrived when they asked him to leave again．他刚一到来，他们就又请他离去。Not only did he hear it，but he saw it as well．

11)only位于句首并后跟状语时，全句需要倒装。如： Only then did he understand.只有那时，他才明白。由only引导的从句位于句首时，主语亦应倒装。如：

Only when she came home did he learn the news．只有当她回家时他才知道这消息。12)主语部分较长需要后置时，全句需要倒装。如： They erect a bronze tablet on which is carved“The Yellow River Source”.他们立了一面铜牌，上面写着“黄河之源”。(on which…是倒装结构)To this class belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished． 属于这一类的有作者所完成的一部最惊人的著作。

Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sister Flora．She looked as though she had spend a sleepless night．我妹妹弗洛拉伏案沉思，好像一夜未睡似的。(后一句意义上相等于从句)13)为了上下文的衔接，全句需要倒装。如： “Now，I have no opinion of that policy．” “我可对这项政策没有好感。” “I sure have，”came a sarcastic gravelly growl from the admiral．“我当然有啰，”这是发自海军将军的讥讽而粗哑的咆哮声。(用came．．．admiral倒装结构是为了和上文相衔接)The girl who loves him so deeply finds herself unable to forgive his mistake．Around this point develops the sketch，which is humorous and full of a strong local flavor．那个钟爱他的姑娘觉得她不能饶恕他的错误。围绕这一点就写成了这一短剧，它不但幽默，而且充满了浓郁的地方风味。(第二句倒装。显然由于句首around this point与上文衔接的缘故)强调需要的倒装

这是为了强调某一句子成分而进行的倒装。这种倒装大致有下列几种。1)谓语置于句首。

a)谓语动词置于句首。如：

I’m going back to Washington to fight for it, believe you me．我要回到华盛顿为此而斗争，你相信我吧。(强调believe)At last he finds himself in a garden，full of beautiful flowers of strange forms，and watered by streams of crystal in which are swimming marvellous fish with scales of rubies and gold．他终于发现自己来到一个花园，这里到处是奇异的花卉，还有那清澈的溪水，里面游着珍贵的具有红玉般和金黄色的鱼鳞的鱼。(这里将谓语are swimming前置也是由于主语较长之故)有时倒装结构为主要动词+主语+助动词。如： Go I can't．我不能去。(强调主要动词go)Yield he would not．屈服他是不干的。(强调主要动词yield)有时倒装结构为主要动词+宾语+主语+助动词，其主要动词 往往是重复前文中的动词。如：

They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will．他们保证完成这项工作，而且他们一定会完成的。(强调主要动词finish)Save him she could not；but she avenged him in the most terrible fashion afterwards．她不能救他，但后来她以最可怕的方式为他报了仇。

(此句中的倒装结构强调主要动词save，其上文虽无save一词，但有与其类似的动词)有时倒装结构为助动词+主语+(主要动词)，如：

John was taken completely by surprise by the news, as was Susan．这消息完全出乎约翰的意料，也完全出乎苏珊的意料。

(as后的助动词was置于主语之前，是为强调主语；省去了主要动词)They looked upon him as a trusted friend，as did many others he had deceived． 他们和他所欺骗的许多人一样，也把他看作可以信赖的朋友。(替代词did置于主语之前以强调主语，省去了主要动词)b)过去分词置于句首。如：

Also discussed was a revenue-raising proposal to hike the sales tax…

也讨论了增加销售税的提高税收建议„„(这里倒装是由于主语较长)Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing．据说也考虑在北京上演。(这里过去分词与also连用，全句强调主语performance，倒装亦与上下文衔接有关)c)现在分词+be十主语。如： Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water．地球表面上许多地方都布满了水。Facing the lake was a little inn with its pillared veranda．湖的对面是一个柱廊的小旅店。这种倒装结构多半已变成词序固定的句型。在新闻文体中，现 在进行时的现在分词亦可进行倒装。如：

Throwing the hammer is champion William Anderson，who is a hard-working shepherd in the Highlands of Scotland．正在掷链球的是冠军威廉·安德森，他是苏格兰高地上的一位勤劳的牧民。(这里自然是强调现在分词throwing，但倒装亦与主语较长有关)d)引述动词+主语+直接引语。这种结构常用于新闻体。如： Declared rosecutor Roy Amlot：“It was one of the most callous acts of all time．”检察官罗伊·阿默朗特宣称：“这是最最淡漠无情的行为之一。” Said he：“We confront great evils and we need great solutions.” 他说道：

“我们面对着重大的邪恶，我们需要重大的决策。” 2)表语置于句首。

a)形容词+连系动词+主语。如：

Present at the meeting were Professor Smith，Professor Brown，Sir Hugh and many other celebrities．到会的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及许多其他知名人士。(这种倒装结构已经定型)Far be it from me to condemn him in any way．我决不会以任何方式谴责他。(这种倒装结构亦已成定型)b)过去分词十连系动词+主语。如: Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people．他们能够对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。(强调过去分词gone，同时也是由于主语较长)c)介词短语十be+主语。如：

Among the goods are Christmas trees，flowers，candles，turkeys and toys．货品中有圣诞树、花卉、蜡烛、火鸡和玩具。(这种倒装结构已成定型)Amid the gaseous pollutants they inhale are carbon monoxide，sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide，hydrochloric acid，ammonia and hydrocarbons．在他们所呼吸的污染气体中有一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、盐酸、氨和碳氢化合物。(此种倒装亦已定型)d)不定式+be+主语。如：

First to unfold were the two 14-foot-wide drogue chutes，which criented the craft and continued slowing it．首先要打开的是那两个14英尺宽的拖靶斜槽，这两个东西使飞机定向，并继续使之减速。

3)宾语置于句首。如： “Yes，”said the youth shortly．“是的，”那个小伙子简短地说道。Someone once said Australia is a country born to alcoholism．A man would pay $5 to get drunk and $8 to get home，goes the jest.有人说过，澳大利亚是生性嗜酒的国家。有一个笑话说，那里的人会花5元钱喝醉后，再花8元钱回家。4)状语置于句首。

a)某些副词+倒装结构。如：

Just then a along came Tom．就在这时，汤姆来了。

Just then in walked Isabella with a radiant face．正值此时刻，伊莎贝拉容光焕发地走了进来。[注]短语动词的小品词一般不可前置，如不可说Up cracked the soldier。又，上述例句中如用人称代词则不可倒装，如必须说，In she walked。

Then did I throw myself into a chair，exhausted．这时我累得一下就坐在椅子上了。Only in this way can we learn English．只有这样才能学会英语。[注]副词only后接非状语时则不可倒装。

So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day．皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样鲜艳。Crack goes the whip．啪的一声鞭子响了。b)介词短语十倒装结构。如：

By his side sat his faithful dog．在他的旁边蹲着他的忠实的狗。(介词短语表地点)Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill．我在童年时期曾多次爬过那座山。(介词短语表时间)Up the valleys，down the valleys go they，saying，“Here is a place to build a breast—work；here can you pitch a fort．．．”他们沿着山谷走上走下，说着，“这里是筑胸墙的地方，这里可以修一堡垒„„”(介词短语表方向)With it was mingled far-away cheering．远处的欢呼声与此融在一起。(介词短语表伴随)c)表示否定的词语十倒装结构。如：

Nor once did he talk to me． 他一次也没有和我谈过。

Never did he speak about his own merits．他从不讲他自己的功绩。

Seldom has a devoted teacher been so splendidly rewarded．一位忠诚的教师很少受到如此好的报答。

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining．他一到家，她就抱怨起来。

Little did I think that we were talking together for the last time．我没有想到我们这次谈话竟成诀别。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again．他刚到家就又走了。

Not only did they present a musical performance，but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments．他们不但做了音乐表演，而且简短地介绍了西方铜管乐器的历史。

[注]但不是所有以not开头的句子都必须倒装，如下面的句子即可不倒装： Not a soul was to be seen．一个人也看不见。Not that I know of．就我所知不是这样。

effect as soon as possible．要是委员会通过这些规定并尽快实施就好了!

有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下：

The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口语是需要技巧的。光靠大胆自信还不够。关键是系统的方法。我是英语专业毕业的，英语八级，现在当翻译，在大学时去英语角，上课发言等都不管用，一度非常苦恼。后来发现口语练习需要系统的方法。建议你按照我的方法做。

买个口语软件，口语宝或者右脑王都不错。

1语音阶段，照软件的内容练，一天俩小时，最多一个月，语音可以过关。无论你的基础怎么样。切记一定要仔细认真模仿纠正模仿在模仿。

2篇章阶段，根据软件上的资料，句子，语音，语调，断句，停顿，高低，节奏，长短等等，越细越好，模仿，对比，模仿，纠正，再模仿。不求量只求质。同样一个月，明显可以提高。3电影阶段，看英语电影。每句话听五遍以上，看看能听懂几个单词。在看汉语五遍，看看能听懂几个词组，再看英语五遍以上。然后倒过来从英语字幕到汉语字幕到无字幕，五遍以上。冰河世纪这部影片够你看两个月，五分钟的影片可以看两小时以上。4与人交流。现在开始舍弃软件，自信大胆的与中国人，别管对错，把自己想说的说出来。与老外更好。记住耐心模仿，细心比较，持之以恒，反反复复，1,2个月以后你的口语一定很棒。

你是外企的白领要经常的说英语哦，这个很正常的哦，如果你要学英语口语的话，那么对如何学习英语口语我有一些经验了。我建议你可以跟我一样报个电话英语培训啊。现在的电话英语还很很好了，电话英语，只通过声音传递内容上课，所以要求学生要有更高的注意力，因此对提高听力有很大的帮助，同时在听他人说话的同时，自己也要开口说话，这种学习方式被认为是锻炼听力和口语的最佳方法，还有，电话英语最大的优势就是将上课内容全程录音可以供课后复习。而且时间安排可以在你的工作空余时间来学习英语口语哦，如何学习英语口语的必备条件—语言环境。口语是交流、是听和说。学习任何一种语言，首先要听懂，然后才学说话。口语不可以自学。学习英语口语必须进入英文语言环境。每天听的都是英文，也必须讲英文。中国学生为什么不会讲英文？因为中国的英文老师大部分不讲英文，用中文上英文课。学生在英文课上不讲英文，大部分还是讲中文。1 如何学好英语口语--学习英文口语最好是英文母语老师—即外教。英文为母语的老师，从小生活在英文的环境里。知道各种生活场景、生活内容的英文用语，并且他们的发音纯正，只有他们才可以教好口语。就像外国人要学中文，一定要请中国的老师。所有这里我向你推荐恩京电话英语培训学校，真是不错的，外教通过电话一对一教授日常口语，商务口语，雅思口语.面试英语，外贸口语,青少年英语等，每天回到家，晚上可以学10-20分钟，而且时间，外教都可以任选，均有指定教材，外教都是很有经验的老师，报名后每位学员在网站上都有专属学习地盘，每晚上课时外教会就你的问题当时提出纠正，上课后会在学员的学习地盘中留下当晚学习的详细评语和学员的进步情况分析，及第二天晚上上课讨论的建议。最重要的是，网站上有学员每晚学习的录音，学员可下载收听对照自己的学习；费用也特别实惠，我一个普通打工族就可以接受。随时随地和外教说英语，不错！2 学习英文还必须了解英文为主的西方文化。学习口语必须知道在什么场合，说什么话？怎么样说话是有礼貌的？什么是外国人忌讳的？就如同中文，从小父母就会教我们在什么场合要说你好、对不起。看见老人、叔叔、阿姨应当怎样称呼？在客人面前该问什么问题？不该说什么话？等等。因为我们的言语得体可以给别人留下良好的印象，不至于造成误会。3 学习口语必须大量地听说练习。我们从小中文是怎么学会的？是每天起床后就不断地听不断地说。每天至少12个小时在中文听说语言环境里。其他语言的学习也是同样的道理。不断地听，不断地说，随时纠正。学生只要在与外国人或学生之间讲英文，就是在学习。

我有啊，奉献给你一些啦，快快学习吧：

Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。

How about having lunch with me? 一起吃顿中饭怎样？ Good idea.好主意。

If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的话一起吃顿中饭如何？ When did you have in mind? 你想什么时候呢？ I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎样？ That will be fine with me.没问题。

I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow.我打电话给你，是想知道明天一起吃顿中饭怎样？ I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me.对不起，这个星期我都不方便。

Perhaps we van make it later.那么，也许改天吧。That would be better.好啊。

I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打电话来，是想确定一下我们约好吃饭的事。

It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12点吧？ Yes, that's right.是的，没错。I'll be there.我会去的。

I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉，不过我不得不取消我们午餐的约会。I'm sorry to hear that.真遗憾。

I have pressing business to attend to.我有紧急的事情要处理。

No problem.we'll make it later in the month.没关系，这个月改天再说吧。

一、多“说”。

自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。

或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。

如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系，你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象，对它谈你一天的所见所闻，谈你的快乐，你的悲伤等等，长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。

第二篇：初中英语语法总结

第一讲

1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）agree with sb 赞成某人

all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样

all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 as you can see 你是知道的

ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book

ask sb for sth 向某人什么

ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事

at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen

at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day

at this time of year 在每年的这个时候

初中英语语法复习（2）be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 be ashamed to 不好意思… 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于

初中英语语法复习（3）B．情感型使动词：

情感型使动词表示客观事物使人产生情感上的变化，可以分为下列概念：（1）惊讶（surprise）；（2）高兴（delight）；（3）恼怒（irritation）；（4）烦扰（trouble）；（5）兴趣（interest）；（6）激动（excitement）；（7）迷惑（bewilderment）；（8）坚信（conviction）；（9）恐吓（fright）；（10）厌倦（tiredness）和（ll）愤怒（anger）。这类动词用于被动语态时，要注意前置词的用法。分述如下：（1）惊讶：

表示“惊讶”概念的情感型使动词，主要有surprise，astonish，astound，amaze，startle，stun，dumbfound，shock等，例如： 78）a．The taste surprised him，it was not as he'd imagined． b．The taste made him surprised，it was not as he'd imagined． c．He was surprised by the taste，it was not as he'd imagined．（这味道使他大出意外，那完全不是他原先想的那样。）79）a．The news astonished everybody． b．The news made everybody astonished． c．Everybody was astonished at the news．（这个消息使大家感到惊奇。）

80）a．Sherlock Holmes astounded Dr Watson with his accurate analysis．

b．Sherlock Holmes made Dr Watson astounded with his accurate analysis．

c．Dr Watson was astounded by Sherlock Holmes with his accurate analysis．

（夏洛克·福尔摩斯精确的分析使华生医生感到惊奇。）81）a．Their performance amazed me． b．I was amazed at／by their performance．（他们的演出使我惊奇。）

82）a．The explosion startled me out of my sleep． b．I was startled out of my sleep by the explosion．（爆炸声使我从睡梦中惊醒。）

83）a．The unfairness of their judgment stunned me． b．I was stunned by the unfairness of their judgment．（他们判决的不公正使我为之震惊。）

84）a．The strange news completely dumb-founded me． b．I was completely dumbfounded at／by the strange news．（这个奇怪的消息完全把我惊呆了。）

85）a．The news of her death greatly shocked me． b．I was greatly shocked at the news of her death．（她的死讯使我大为震惊。）初中英语语法复习（4）B．情感型使动词：(2)

（2）高兴：

表示“高兴”概念的情感型使动词，主要有delight，please，statisfy，amuse等，例如： 86）a．Her singing delighted us． b．Her singing made us delighted． c．We were delighted at her singing．（她的歌声使我们欢乐。）87）a．His work pleased me． b．His work made me pleased． c．I was pleased with his work．（他的工作使我高兴。）

88）a．The result completely satisfied most of the people． b．Most of the people were completely satisfied with the result．（这个结果使大多数人完全满意。）

89）a．The old man's jokes amused the children． b．The children were amused at／by the old man's jokes．（老人讲的笑话逗得孩子们都笑起来。）（3）恼怒：

表示“恼怒”概念的情感型使动词，主要有annoy，irritate，vex，displease等，例如：

90）a． What he said annoyed me． b．What be said made me annoyed． c．I was annoyed by what he said．（他的话使我恼怒。）91）a． His delay irritated us． b．His delay made us irritated． c．We were irritated by his delay．（他的拖延激怒了我们。）

92）a．The boy's bad behaviour vexed his mother． b．The boy's mother was vexed by his bad behaviour．（这男孩子的恶劣行为使他母亲生气。）93）a．Her levity displeased him． b． He was displeased at／with her levity．（她的轻浮使他感到不快。）

初中英语语法复习（5）

be interested in 对某方面感兴趣

be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到

be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气

be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观

be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静

be short for 是…的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床

be sorry to do sth / be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 很遗憾做…/ 对某人感到抱歉

be sorry to hear that 很遗憾听到…

be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 很抱歉打扰某人

初中英语语法复习（6）

be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles

be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well

be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）

be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试

be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语

be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样

be used to doing sth习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉

be worth doing 值得做什么

be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句

第二讲

（一）形容词，副词比较级和最高级的构成。

（二）比较级用法：

1.同级比较时（a=b），用“as +形容词，副词原级+as”，表

示„„和„„一样

This newspaper is as expensive as that one.Today is as cold as yesterday.They have as many things to do as we do.2.如果a=b,用not as/so „as , 表示。。不及。。

Your bag is not as/so big as his.There is not as/so much rain this year as last year.It is not as/so cold in Nanjing as in Beijing.3.两个人或事物进行比较，a>b 或a

（1）比较级+and+比较级，表示越来越。。The weather is getting warmer and warmer.I believe our country will become stronger and stronger.（2）the+比较级„„，the +比较级„„表示越„„就越„„ The more you read and listen to English, the fewer you make

mistakes.The harder you work , the better you get.6.表示倍数，百分数和分数的比较级与程度副词一样，要把倍数，百分数和分数放到比较 级前。The road is one third longer than that one.He is 6 years older than you.（三）形容词，副词的最高级：

1.三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较用最高级。其结构是：

the+最高级+范围 Peter is the cleverest boy in our class.Which is the most interesting movie you have seen? Who is the youngest of all the teachers in your school? 2.形容词的最高级前表示‘第几’，用the+序数词+形容词的最高级+名词

Mike was the second tallest basketball player in our school.3.形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不再加the He showed me his best stamp collection.（四）重点词汇：

1.You can move from one news site to other sites with similar

information.similar to sb./sth.We have very similar interests.Gold is similar in color to brass.2.On average, I look at news websites twice as often as TV

programs.On average, there are about 10 classes in Grade 1 every year.3.However, some news channels are on TV all day and so, in this way, they are the same as Internet websites.the same as 表示和„„一样，相当于as„as This book is the same as that one.These pens are not the same as the others.4.Websites sometimes have short videos but often these are too

large to open.She is too exc ited to speak.You are too young to go to school.5.at any time

This is a 24-hour fast food restaurant.You can go there at any

time.You can call me at any time.6.at certain times The news is on TV only at certain times, so it is not as recent as

the Internet news.7.instead of

Could I have chicken instead of pork?

（五）课文写作框架：

Paragraph1 General introduction Let’s compare two types of

news.Paragraph2 Advantages of TV news 1.See and hear real people.2.The pictures and sound are better.3.Someone has already chosen the most important news.Paragraph3 Disadvantages of TV news 1.TV news is not as

recent as the Internet news.2.TV news programs have ads.Paragraph 4 Advantages of the Internet news 1.You can see

them at any time.2.The news is updated all the time.3.It’s easy to find similar information.4.You can comment or join in a discussion.Paragraph 5 Disadvantages of the Internet news 1.The Internet news is not as personal as TV news.2.The sound and video are not good.3.There are ads on websites.Paragraph 6 Conclusion It’s hard to say which one is better.［课堂练习］ I、选择填空

1.My schoolbag is larger than________.A.she B.her C.hers D.hers’

2.He's much ________ today, but she is even ________.A.well, worse B.well, better C.better, ill D.better, worse 3.My aunt is very _______, but my uncle is much ________.A.strong, strongest B.strong, stronger C.stronger, stronger D.strong, strong 4.We have ________ rain this year than last year.A.plenty B.much C.plenty of D.more 5.He always makes his radio as _______ as possible.A.louder B.loudly C.loud D.aloud 6.We are glad to see that Shanghai is developing _____ these years than before.A.quickly

B.less quickly

C.more quickly

D.quicker 7.Hello, Mr.Green!I want to see you right now.Can you come as

_____ as possible?

A.quick

B.soon

C.late

D.can 8.A: Jane, it’s time to go to school.Get up and have breakfast.B: But I am not feeling _____.I don’t feel like eating anything.A.bad

B.good

C.well 9.It’s ____ to teach a man fishing than to give him fish.A.more B.better

C.good

D.best 10.Bill jumped _____ than any other player in the sports meeting.A.tall

B.taller

C.high

D.higher

II.用所给词的适当形式填空。

1.Where do you get the news about what _________(happen)now in the world? 2.You mustn’t read it.It is a ______________(person)letter.3.Can you find the ____________ between news on TV and news

on the Internet?(different)4.You can join in a ____________ on many new sites.(discuss)5.The newspaper is _____________ as expensive as that one.(two)6.He draws even ______________ than his father.(well)7.This text is far _____________________.(interesting)8.News Today does not cover as _______________ as News Time.(much)

III.用所给形容词或副词的适当形式填空

1.Which runs________(fast), a cheetah or a kangaroo? 2.Mr.Zhang speaks ________(clear)of all the teachers.3.They did _________(bad)on the test th an the other students.4.Who is ________(good)at playing chess, you or your brother? 5.Who did ________(well)in the competition? 6.After the accident he drove __________(careful)than before.7.She talks ________________(quickly)than her sister.8.Liu Mei sings_________________(beautiful)in our class.9.________(hard)you study, __________(high)mark you will get.10.The day is getting_____ and ____(short).11.He got a cold yesterday and he feels even _____________ today.(bad)

第三篇：初中英语语法总结

1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随……

eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去

the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时

eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信

eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么

eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样

eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害

eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于

be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心

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be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自

eg ：He is from Beijing He comes from Beijing Is he from Beijing ? Does he come from Beijing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满

eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句

be going to + v(原）将来时

be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处

eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处

eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处

Exercising is helpful to your body 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中

eg : She is in trouble They are in trouble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像……

eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气

be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静

be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床

be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noels 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格

eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格

be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定

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be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心

eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心

eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心

eg: I'm sure that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试

be sure to do sth一定会做某事

eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth习惯做某事

eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早 He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么

be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语

eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么

eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 两者之间

borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb(lend sb sth 借给……什么东西

eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me(he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as)= not different(from)表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站

the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old Wang 84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人

chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来 89 come up with 提出

eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做什么

eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？

dance to 随着……跳舞

eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞

decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查

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do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错

Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 99 each +名（单）每一个…

eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑

eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事

fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 106 far from 离某地远

eg: The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样

eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人

forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了

eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某

eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…

eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）

Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）

get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备

eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告

eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳

go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）127 good way to 好方法

hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事

have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈 131 have been doing 现在完成进行时

eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …(地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来

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have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做

eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做

have to do sth 必须做某事

have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 have…time +doing

have…(时间)…off 放……假

eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处

help sb with sth one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 帮助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事

How about(+doing)= What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会

He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达

if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句

eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州

If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国

in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv)最后

in the north of… 什么在什么的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东）151 in the sun 在太阳下 152 increase 增加

eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3% the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now 153 instead of +（名）代替

eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学

154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事

156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间

eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook 157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样 158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样

159 It's +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样

160 It's +adj(for sb)to do（对某人来说）做某事怎么样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样

eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English 161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意 162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It's important to me 163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间

eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了 164 join = take part in 参加

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165 just now 刚才

166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样？ 167 keep out 不让 …… 进入 168 keep sb adj 让……保持……

eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康 169 key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案 170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙 171 laugh at… 取笑……

eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke 172 learn by oneslfe 自学 173 learn from sb 向某人学习

eg: We should learn from Lei Feng 174 learn to do sth 学做某事 175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事 176 Let sb down 让某人失望

eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望 177 live from :离某地远

178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地

eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan 179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看 180 lose one's way 谁 迷 路

eg : Lose your way 你迷路

181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事 182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友

eg : I want to make friends with you 183 make it early 把时间定的早一点

184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相 185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么

eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife 186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样

eg : You must made your bed clean 187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样 188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事

eg : I made him write 我以前让他写

189 make up be made up of(被动语态）由……组成 190 make…difference to…

191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么 192 most +名 most of +代

193 much too +形容词 194 must be 一定 195 need +名词

196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事 197 need to do(实义动词）need do(情态动词）198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing 199 no +名词

200 not anymore = no more 再也不……

eg: He didn't cry any more He cried no more 他再也不哭

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201 not…(形、副）at all

eg: He's not tall at all she doesn't junp far at all 202 not…at all 一点都不 203 not…either 表否定，也不

eg : I don't japanse either I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐

204 not…until 直到……才……

eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar 205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供

206 offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人

eg : I offer you water(I offer water to you 我给你提供水 207 on one's way to… 在谁去那的路上

208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈 210 on time 准时 in time 及时

211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，有一天 212 one of +可数名词的复数形式 213 one to another 一个到另一个 214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的

eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin 215 part-time job 兼职工作 fall-time job 全职工作 216 pay for… 付……钱 pay the bill 开钱，付钱 217 please +do 218 please help yourself 219 pleased with sb 220 pool into = pore into 221 practice +doing 练习做某事

222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢……

eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做…

eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车 prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿

eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车 prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意…

eg: I prefer her not to come 我不喜欢她不来 223 pretend to do sth 装着去做什么 pretend that 从句

eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 这两个骗子装着努力工作

He pretended that he did not know the answer 他装着不知道答案 224 rather…than 宁可……也不……

eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师 He likes dogs rather than cats 他喜欢狗，不喜欢猫 225 regard…as 把……当作……

eg: Please give my best regards to your family 请带我向你的家人我最好的问候 I regard you as my friend 我把你当作我的朋友 He shows little regard for others 他不爱关心别人

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226 remind sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事

eg : he reminds me about cooking(he reminds me to cook 他提醒我做饭 227 remind sb of sth 使某人想起什么

eg : the pictures remind me of my school days 这照片使我想起了我的学校 the words that(which)the teacher talked to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人 229 say to oneself 对自己说 230 say to sb 对某人说

231 sb spend some money on sth 花了多少钱在某事上 232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少时间陪谁 233 sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少时间做某事 234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are 235 see sb do 看见某人做过某事 see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事 236 seem to do/be +adj 显得怎么样

eg: You seem to be tired You seem to be happy 237 send +sb sth 送给某人某物 238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去？ 239 shock 使……震惊

eg: Oh, It's only you!You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！吓我一跳 240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物

eg: I show her the book.241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么东西给某人看

eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me 242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物

eg: I show the book to her.243 some…others… 一些……另一些……

244 start…with… 从……开始 begin…with… 从……开始 245 stay away from 远离……

eg : We're told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 当我们参观zoo 时，我们要远离动物 If you want to lose weight you'd better stay auay from the sweet food 徒工你想减肥，你最好远离甜食 246 stop doing 停下正在做的事

247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 248 stop sb(from)doing 阻止某人做某事 249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事 250 such +名 这样，这种 251 suit sb 适合某人

252 surprise sb 使某人惊奇 to one's surprise 令某人惊奇 253 take classes 上课 254 take sb to 把某人带去

eg : I take you to the hospital

255 take walks = take a walk ＝ go for a walk 散步 256 ①talk to 对谁说 eg : I talk to you ② talk with 和谁说eg : I talk with him ③ talk of 谈到 eg : we talked of you ④ talk about 谈论关于……

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257 talk with sb 和某人说话 258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事 259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事

260 tell sb sth tell sb that 丛句 tell sb not to do sth tell a story 261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事

262 tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做什么 tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做什么 263 tell…from… 264 thank you for +doing 265 the same +名词(doing)+as……

266 the same…(名)…as as…(adj adv)…as 相同

267 the way to do sth ＝ the way of doing st做某方面 的方法the way to +地方 去哪的路

eg :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English 268 the way to…（地点）到哪的

269 too…to… 太怎样而不能……adj +enough to 足够…能… so…that +丛句

eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to school He is old enough to go to school ＝ He is so old that he can go to school 270 transalte ……into…… 把什么翻译成什么

eg : Trasalte English into chinese 271 travel with sb和某人去旅游

272 try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事

eg: I will try my best to learn English well 273 try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了

eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但没成功 He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已经做过了274 try…试衣服 have a try 试一下 275 turn down 开小 ←→ turn up 开大

276 turn off 关上 ←→ turn on 打开 open 拆开 277 upside down 倒着 278 visit to… 参观某个地方 279 wait for sb 等某人

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第四篇：初中英语语法总结

Summary of

Grammar

1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。He says(that)he will have a walk soon.The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school.I． want to know who came here late this morning.2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。

He wondered if I would come.She told me that her son had got well.She said that she liked watching TV.We thought Jim was wrong.3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。

Mr.Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。

Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you）

Do you know which sweater she is wearing?(不是is she)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当„的时候), as soon as(一„就„)，before, after, until, till, as(当„的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。

You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：

I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.When he got to the park, his classmates had left.My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。

She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted.She is a girl(who/whom/that)I know very well.That boy whosehair is very long is my brother.(所属)

The girl whois tall is my sister./ I own a bike whoseprice is high.I bought a watch(which/that)I paid 100 yuan for.（指物）

I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet.I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life.（在这儿）

I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth./sb to do sth./that从句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao.I wish youto join my flowers smell beauti l.The sweets taste sweet.The silk feels soft.I felt tired.这些动词不用于被动语态。The sweets are tasted sweet.是错误的。

注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：

He looks like his mother.That sounds like a good idea.It smells like a flower.It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从)

宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，John found his son a clever boy.2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：I would like/ want another three desks.◇都可接带to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.2 feel like: ◇后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea? ◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】

10.词序易错的短语：1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?

Nothing serious.There is something wrong with the computer.I want to go somewhere warm.else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。

What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?

Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。

This sweater is cheap enough.Nemo is old enough to work.He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1What do you think of „?=

How do you like „? “你对„怎么看？”(How„?句中有like，是动词。)2What’s the weather like in„? = How is the weather in„?“„的天气什么样?”(What„?句中有like，是介词“像”。)

12.take, cost, pay, spend区别： It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.物+cost+sb+钱: The bag cost me thirty yuan.(cost, cost, cost)

若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.人+ pay +sb + 钱+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike.(pay, paid, paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth /(in)doing sth.The girl spent two hours(in)searching the Internet.The girl always spends much money on her clothes.spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter 13.双宾结构：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/

ask/ tell/ build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb + sth.其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.buy, build等可接sth + for sb.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please pass it to me.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）

Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher.（连词）

Keep care l when listening to the teacher.（介词）

类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。

如：I’ll wait until I hear from her.（连词）

I’ll wait until next Friday.（介词）

那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。

He’s eating fried chicken.他在吃炸鸡。There is no time left.I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。

He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。

the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner(正进行)

a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit(功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。I felt surprised at his words.How exciting the film is!/ I want to go to a place which is relaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：

To be a teacher is my dream.Working hard brings you success.Taking care of our environment is very important.To plant trees makes me happy.（谓语用单数）

Reading books gives you knowledge.(谓语用单数)

Listening and writing are both difficult.(谓语用复数)18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“„时间后”结构：时间段+later

常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’ll see you later.)

2after“„时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days.(after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home.He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.)

3ago“„时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago.(since +时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)

4before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”

I have been to London before.He has seen the film before.(若是时间段+before, 则常用过去完成时，译为“„时间前”：

I had seen the film two weeks before.We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)19.四季

20.月份

21.星期 22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句

23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。The apples are too tall for the boy to reach./The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.24.(a)little /(a)few: 1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, little加不可数名词。2a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little;在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little.而quite a few/ a little译为“很多”

25.及物动词+副词：put on/off/away/up/down/out;break off/down;

turn on/off/up/down;get back;use up;give away/out/up/back;try out/on;ring/call up;let down;clean up/out;set up;think up;hand in/out;fix up;work out;;dress up;pick up;help out;

keep off/out/down cut down;write down;wake up(叫醒);

take off/away;sell out;look up/over;eat up;throw away/off

宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as„„as用法：1和„一样„ His room is as big as mine.He runs as fast as I /me.2as„as possible/sb can “尽可能„”

We went there as soon as possible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listen to the teacher as carefully you can.3有些短语有几个意思：as soon as 和„一样快；一„就„；as much as和„一样多；多达；as long as和„一样长；长达；只要；as well as和„一样好；和„一样；as far as远达；就„来说；

27.prefer用法：prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing sth比起„更喜欢„

prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿„也不愿„

prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事 28.some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。I have something to tell you.Maybe somebody has taken it.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? 2any-, 在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”You may put the box anywhere in the room.He is taller than any other student in the class.We don’t have anything to eat this morning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are + v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/be going to+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were +v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has + v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had + v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would + v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。

30.if/whether区别：if 如果(引导条件状从)/ 是否(引导宾从)

whether无论(引导让步状从)/ 是否(引导宾从)

都译为“是否”时，whether可接or not, 也可接带to不定式。

if 则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。

If you have any water, please give me some.31.因为：because, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。

since, 位置：Since„，„.Since it’s already late, I must go now.for, 位置：„，for„.语气最弱。I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must, may, might, can, could, can’t

must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。

There is the door bell, it must be Tom.may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。

She is coming to us.She might be our new teacher.can / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。

You could be right, but I don’t think you are.The light in the office is off.The teacher can’t be there now.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall/slowly„

such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather / good news„;

such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone„;

such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies„;

若名词前形容词是many, much, few, little时，不用such, 而用so.so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water„

也常有“so / such „that„”句型，译为“如此„以致于„”。34.so的另两个用法：1so + be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“„也”

上下文所指不是同一个人或物。The twins are working, so am I.I will stay up tonight, and so will Peter.以及对话形式：A: I woke up late this morning.B: So did I.so + 主语 + be/情态动词/助动词，“的确„是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A: We have lunch at school.B: So you do.又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem.B: So he can.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+ be/情态动词/助动词+主语

“„也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.或对话形式：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast.B: Neither have I.36.keep, make, get,have用法：

1keep + sb/sth doing sth “让„一直做„” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long.keep + doing sth “坚持做某事”

2make + sb/sth do sth让„做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean.I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.3get + sb/sth to do sth.让„做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 /ing /过去分词

Have him do it, please.让他做它吧。We had the machine working.我让那台机器一直工作着。We had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。

5也都可接形容词：keep safe/busy, keep the door closed/open, make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready.37.used短语：used to + 动原，“过去常常”He used to smoke.be used to 译为“被用来„”，后接动原。It is used to cut things.be used to 译为“习惯于„”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.如：He’s used to working late./ We are all used to following others.be used for + 目的（名词或动词ing）如：

English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.38.through/past/across: 都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。

He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.He went past me without saying any words.He swam across the river.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】

位移动词+ past 相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.the number of / a number of: 前者“„的数量”；后者“许多的”

都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。The number of the trees is two thousand.用单数is.A number of trees have been cut down.用复数have.40.延续性动词：How long，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。

How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.Let’s wait until he comes back..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：

I haven’t seen you for a long time.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1All boys/All of the boys are from China.all 接可数复数，谓语也用复数。All of the water is polluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。

2Each boy/Each of the boys has a different bag.each接名词单数或接of + 限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。

3Both of the twins are clever.后面谓语用复数。

4None of the students has/have been there before.none +of +限定词+复数, 谓语用单、复数都可。另见88

5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Either day is OK./ Either of the days is OK.谓语用单数。

6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days.That is, neither time is OK./ neither of the days is OK.谓语用单数。

all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/ “每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。

The building is twenty meters tall./ The street is forty meters wide.The fish is five kilos heavy./ This baby is only six months old.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。

They dug an eight-meter-deep hole./.I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice./ They built a 50-meter-wide street.It’s a two-month holiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.Must I / May I / Need I „? 用法：1Must I „?我必须„吗？

A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.2May I „?我可以„吗？A: May I go out for a walk now?

B: Yes, you can./ No, you mustn’t/can’t.3Need I„?我有必要„吗？

A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion: 前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s, 加of.如：thousands of trees;many millions of people.nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：several million pounds 45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something, nothing, anything, everything作主语，QT主语用it.Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it? 2I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she? I don’t think he will come here on time, will he?

QT要结合think后的从句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用will you? 而Let’s „用shall we?

Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you?

Be quiet, will you? Please don’t talk, will you?

Let us do it now, will you? Let’s do it now, shall we?

4There be句型，QT主语用there.There is a man working in the field, isn’tthere?

There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’tthere?

There won’t be a movie in the theatre, willthere? 46.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。You should put on your coat when you leave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter./I like wearing beautiful clothes.3dress, “给„穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.Lucy is dressing her little brother now.be dressed in后常接具有某种特征的衣物。

The lady is dressed in a white skirt / white.可直接加表颜色的词。

4in, “穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。The woman in a white skirt is my teacher.Do you know the girl in a red coat? I’ve seen the boy in yellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）

If there were no air, people would die.(与现在事实相反)

If I got rich, I would travel around the world.(可能性很小)48.other/others/the other/the others/another:

1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）

another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting will last another two hours./ We need another six desks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：

第一种，所说内容只有两个：

Mrs.Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other(one / son)is good at science.【只有两个，用the other, 不加s, 后面名词可省略。】 又如：This pair of shoes is strange.One is blue, yet the other is green.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。

第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s.Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students are girls / the others are girls.Two children went, but the others stayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）

3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.Have you any other questions?

Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。

He is taller than any other boy in his class.(划线中boy用单数)=

He is taller than all the other boys in his class.(划线中boy用复数)

他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。

49.how long/how often/how soon/how far: 1how long 是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river?-It’s 5,000 kilometers long.How long have you lived there?-For five months./ Since 2002.2how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day等。

How often do you watch TV?-Every two days./ Twice a week.【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问：

How many times do you watch TV a week?-Twice./ only once.】

3how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问：

How soon will you return to Beijing?-In a week./ In two days.4how far是对时间段’s + walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。

-How far is it from your home to the school?

-Five minutes’ walk./An hour’s ride./Thirteen minutes’ drive.或者说：It’s about 20 kilometers(far)away.（问和回答不同。）50.分数表达：二分之一: half a/an 或a half.如：

half an hour= a half hour半小时 It’s half past seven.(省略冠词)

以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：

三分之一: a /one third 三分之二: two thirds

四分之一: a/one fourth 或a/one quarter

四分之三: three fourths或three quarters.五分之一: a/one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它类推。

若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：

Two fifths of the students are on time.(指名词复数时，谓用复)Two fifths of the land is polluted.（指不可数时，谓用单）

51.到达：1get to + 地点 get to Shanghai/London/ China

接地点副词时，不带to.get there/home/here.2arrive in+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用：Please ring me up when you arrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach Beijing/England

但常不说reach home/there/here.52.感叹句：What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！

What lazy boys(they are)!What hard work!What good news!

What a good idea!What bad weather(it is)!What a pity!

How +形容词 / 副词+ 主语+ 谓语！

How hard the work is!How fast he runs!How rude you are!

How carefully they are listening!How bad the weather is!

53.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别：

1because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。

He didn’t come because he was ill./ because of his illness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 还要接名词或代词。

We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead./ instead of it.3out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向„外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)

He went out early.或He went out of the house early.54.too much, too many与much too:

much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big/slowly等。

too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work/rain等。

too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books/people等。55.alone / lonely: 1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。

可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone.杰克是单身。

The old woman is alone in the house.那位老妇一个人在屋里。

可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone.她独居。

Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？

Dick is walking on the beach alone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。

（注意：不可说very alone.但可说very much alone.是特例）

2lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

He has many relatives, but he feels lonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）

也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄（alone不可作定语）56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me /Lucy /my brother.(人)

This suit is mine /Lucy’s /my brother’s /hers.（某物是某人的）

57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar.You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary.He travels by bike.2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

The train had left by the time he got there.3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.4“经过”He passed by me without noticing me.5“在„„旁边”Sit by me.They are playing by the river.58.部分用in的短语：in English, in a good way, in a hurry，in pen / ink(见105), in the day(见92), in different sizes，in different shapes, in a difficult situation，in good health，in a red coat / in red(见46), in style, in the open air(露天场所)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：

much/many→more→most bad/badly/ill→worse→worst

far→farther/further→farthest/furthest little→less→least

few→fewer→fewest old→older/elder→oldest/eldest

以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me.(有than)

He did better than any other student in the school.(参照48)

Tom is the cleverest boy in his class.(某个范围内)

He is the taller of the two(boys).(两者，此句型中加the)

He is the tallest of the three(boys).(三者)

Which is better, tea or milk?(两者选择)

Which is the best, tea, milk or water?(三者选择)

It’s the second longest river in China.（序数词后用最高级。）

3“越来越„”比较级+and +比较级

He cried harder and harder.She is getting taller and taller.类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse„

另一种情况：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully /„

4“越„, 越„”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，倒装。

The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.The younger we are, the more energy we have.The more you eat, the fatter you will get.5“越来越多的„”more and more +名词

More and more people are getting richer and richer.We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water „.6“„得多”much + 形容词/副词比较级

This room is much bigger than that one.类似：much taller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better„

以及：much more careful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious„

7“另外的„(个)„”结构：数量+ more + 名词

one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles，much more ttruth, some more meat, a lot more wood，a little more experience, once more = one more time = again.这种结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：

five more trees = another five trees(记住词的位置)60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。

Don’t talk in class.Shall we talk about our English study?

He is talking with his teacher.May I talk to you?

(talk with/to sb talk about sth)

2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构。

Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Who told you the news?

3say必须接有内容。Please say it in English.He said nothing.“I disagree with you.” said Tom.What will you say?

say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.4speak“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.接人时先加介词to.May I speak to Mr.Smith?

可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now.There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak.“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting? “说”可作及物 动词。

61。sometimes/some times/sometime/some time:

sometimes: “有时”=at times.He is imes late for school.some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.sometime: “某一时刻”I bought it sometime last spring.We’ll meet again sometime next week.some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：Need I go now?(need 在一般疑问句的开头)I needn’t tell you the answer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】

2need 可当行为动词（和want 等用法类似）：

He needs a bike.(后可直接加名词)

I need to go over my lessons.(后接带to不定式)

Do you need to have a rest?（一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首）

We don’t need to wait for her coming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)

【注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为：

The TV needs to be repaired.= The TV needs repairing.】 63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”

What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。

How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。

下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem? 64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucyis wrong.There is a dog and two cats in the yard.(there be句型)

Not only you but(also)Iam strict in the work.Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.65.主谓一致：One/Neither of you is right.（单数谓语）

Tom, with his friends, has gone.(主语是Tom, 单数谓语)

This pair of shoes looks beautiful.（主语是pair, 单数谓语）

The shoes look beautiful.（主语无pair, 复数谓语）

Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it.（单数谓语）

The old need to be looked after carefully.The young are energetic.(the 加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数)

Mr.and Mrs Green are from America.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)

The teacher and writer is an able man.指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。

Both you and I are excited about the news.（复数谓语）

the number of与a number of参见39.（分数表达见50）

66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，常放在后面。

It’s quite an easy question.He is quite a clever boy.It’s such an important lesson.(另见33)Lily is really a lazy girl.67.部分用what 提问的句型：

What size do you want? What will you do with the problem?

What’s the population of China? What day is it today?

What’s the date today? What’s the price of this one? 68.there be部分用法：1There is only a student taking notes now.There is no need to open the box.There are 20 trees to be planted.2常有以下结构: there may/will/must/is going to/used to/„be.„

3there be中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。另一用法见45。

69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等.有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, too„to„

without anything, too tired to go any further

但前缀如dis--, un--, in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。

70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。

【注意否定形式：had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 动原；而please加don’t+动原】

71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish /enjoy /practice /give up /

end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer„to„/can’t help /

be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(错过)/spend /have fun /介词等。

72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order(为了)/疑问词，等等。另外，it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。【否定：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】 73.被动语态(be +v.过去分词)用法：I did it.→It was done.双宾:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us.She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me.情态动词:We can make a plan.→A plan can be made.进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom.完成时态：I have finished the work.→The work has been finished.74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ； a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。

2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词。

3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / the Teachers’ Day /

the Children’s Day “复数 + ’s ”作定语，译为“„的„”

4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。

（附：and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers.分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加“’s”

Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting.两个人共有的爸爸，所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。）

75.win与beat区别：win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.We won the first place in the sports meeting.而beat后加的是人：I’m afraid they will beat us.I hope we can beat the boys’ team.(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。This book is very useful.I will take good care of it.it也可指上文所说的事：My son has lost himself in the computer games.I’m worried about it.2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。

The food in China is quite different from that in America.The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.that也可指上文所说的事：A: I had an accident and broke my legs.B: I’m sorry to hear that.3one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，但不是同一个物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/by the end of, in the end 的区别：

1at the end of +时间点或地点，“在„的尽头，在„的末尾”

They will have a sports meeting at the end of March.(加时间)

He put some books at the end of the bed.(加地点)

2by the end of +时间点，“截止到„末”

若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了„（还未回来）”-I can’t find those children, where are they?

-They have gone to the farm.(去了农场，不在这儿)

2have been to+地点“去过„（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

She has been to Qingdao three times.I have been to two big cities.Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian.I have never been there before.(此短语省略了to)

3have been in+地点，“已在„（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since +时间点/一般过去时的句子。

Peter has been in China for a long time.I’ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago.(此短语省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)the land / all(of)the class / all(of)the students„【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area„【whole 在定冠词the 后】 80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词和副词。

I’m a bit / a little hungry.She feels a bit / a little tired.也可作代词或形容词，后接名词时有所不同：

I have only a little drink.She ate a little bread and went out.(a little 直接加名词)而下文：I have only a bit of drink.She ate a bit of bread and went out.(a bit 先加of再加名词)81.“擅长”与“不擅长”;“对„有利”与“对„有害”：

“擅长”：be good at / do well in

“不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

“对„有利”：be good for “对„有害”：be bad for 82.表数量的词和短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of(lots of)后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。2many /(a)few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。3much /(a)little / a bit of只接不可数名词。

83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。I really love reading.I really miss you.(修饰动词)

Tom speaks really quickly.汤姆说得非常快。（修饰副词）

It’s really kind of you.你真好。(修饰形容词)

2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像„), move(使„感动), excite(使„激动)等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much.杰克很想去那儿。

I hate reciting the words very much.我很讨厌背单词。

He enjoyed the film very much.他很喜欢这部电影。

He takes after his mother very much.他长得很像他妈妈。

(very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：I’m happy very much.He is lucky very much.都是错误的。)

3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：

She is very kind.I am very happy.Peter speaks very slowly.(very不可修饰动词：I very like English.He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）；since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）；How long（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词）in/all one’s life（在某人一生）；in/during the past/last+时间段(在最近的„时间内)；so far（到目前为止）；yet（用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)；ever；never；just；before(单独用在句子末尾，常用此时态。但若时间段加before, 常用过去完成时)以及recently等.85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）：

She is a kind girl.What bad weather!I bought a new bike.形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：

The girl is kind.His face turned red.It tastes sweet.2副词(划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子。

He ran quickly.Please speak loudly.Tim lives alone.修饰动词

She is very angry.He felt too tired.I’m so lucky.修饰形容词

He got up quite early.She did it very well.修饰副词

Unluckily, I failed the English exam.修饰整个句子 86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English.every day是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。We speak English every day.87.everyone与every one: 1everyone“每个人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.2every one“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后要接of短语。Every one of us has a dictionary.Every one of the trees is tall.88.none与no one: 1no one“没有一人”只指人,后不接of短语。

No one has been to Beihai Park.No one told us about it.(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)

2none“没有人；没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。

None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.（此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one）

A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.（对话中none单独用，指物，不用no one.）

89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike/ car/ sea(ship)/ air(plane)(无冠词)

2on a horseback /his bike /the plane /a ship(有冠词或限定词)

3in his/a car(car前用in)4on foot 5动词短语: ride a bike /a horse;drive a car;walk;take a plane/ taxi/ bus;fly 90.kind of 与kinds of:

1kind of 单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词：

He is kind of thin.”他有点瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有点饿”

Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly.王叔叔说得有点快。

2若kind of前有a, this, that等，译为“一种，这种，那种” 后加名词。

That kind of question is difficult to answer.那类问题难回答。

3熟记一些短语：all kinds of...“各种各样的...”many kinds of“很多种类的”different kinds of“不同种类的” 后加名词。动词，后接语言。Do you speak English? 91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词：a strong wind“一阵强风”

a heavy rain“一场大雨”heavy snow“大雪”（以上是名词短语）

blow hard“猛烈地吹”snow heavily“下大雪”rain hard/heavily“下大雨”（以上是动词短语）

92.day的部分用法：1on Teachers’ Day表节日或周几前用“on”.2in the day / daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3in eight days“八天后”用“in”。4(in)those / these days“在过去 / 现在”

5today, next/last/this/that/every/all day等前面常不加介词。

同样，on Sunday/Monday/.../Saturday介词用的是on（有时可省略）, 若有next/last/this/that/every等时不再加on.93.个别名词的部分用法：1family“家庭；家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式；指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：His family is going to move.My family is large.（以上指整体，谓语用单数）

My familyare very well.我全家人很健康。（指成员，谓语用复数）一般不再区分谓语的单复数形式。类似的还有：staff(职员)，class, team, public(公众)，government等.2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose.The cattle are eating grass in the field.3deer, fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同：

a deer(一只鹿)/ two deer(两只鹿)a fish(一条鱼)/ two fish(两条鱼)

a sheep(一只羊)/ some sheep(一些羊)

另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼)

4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：

man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;

mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛)

5有些名词通常只有复数形式：

scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜)

6有些名词只是不可数名词： It’s such great fun.What fun!

What good news!I won’t do anything in such bad weather.Can you tell me some information? I like music which is popular.类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等

94.leave的用法：1leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州

leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉

leave for Wuhan动身到武汉(for后接目的地，而不是出发地)

2leave留下；忘记 I left my backpack at home.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。Sorry, I forgot the money.95.ill与sick的区别：1都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语： Her mother was ill in bed.但sick既可作表语（在美语中），也可作定语：Her mother was sick in bed.Jane is taking care of her sick mother.(此处是定语，不可用ill, 见下文ill用法)

2若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人

sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“

The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.96.return用法：1“返回”，相当于“go back / get back / come back..如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.（当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.）

2“归还”，相当于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.（当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，若再接人时方可加to.同样不可再跟back.如：You should return the piano to Dick on time.）

97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite +名词（某人最喜欢的...）或者 + own + 名词(某人自己的...)

如：My favorite animal is dog.He found hisown bike.98.stop / start(begin)/ forget(remember)/ like/go on等动词：

1stop doing sth.停止正在做的某事。stop to do sth.停下来做某事（stop后是将要做的事）He was tired, so he stopped working.He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.要注意有时两种形式会同时出现：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.2start/begin doing/to do 含义基本相同，但以下情况下start/begin后只接to do: ★若start / begin 已用进行时态时：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.★主语是物而不是人时：The ice began / started to melt.★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：He began / started to understand it.3forget/remember to do sth.忘记/想起将要做的事。

forget / remember doing sth.忘记/想起已经做过的事。

4like doing sth.(因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)

Jack likes sleeping in the class.(在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。有睡觉的习惯。)

like to do sth(认为明智或正确而喜欢)

She likes to help others.（助人是一件正确的事，所以喜欢。）

I don’t like to play in the street.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)

有时区别不明显，接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.5go on doing sth.继续做某事（上文所做的事）go on to do sth接下来做另一件事（不是上文所做之事）

99.普通代词形式：

主格 宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词

(作主语)(作宾语)(后要再接名词)(后不再接名词)(主宾一致)

I me my pen/house...mine myself

you(你)you your bag/car...yours yourself

he him his desk/coat...his himself

she her her hair/books...hers herself

it it its tail/face...its itself

we us our teacher/room...ours ourselves

you(你们)you your class/hometown...yours yourselves

they them their school/fathers...theirs themselves 100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→first two→second

three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等类推

另外，“四十”forty;无字母u.“第九”ninth无字母e.101.room /space /place: 1room“房间”（可数）a room/ two rooms

“空间”（不可数）：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。

Could you make room for me? 你能为我让一下空间吗？

Is there room for me in the car? 车里有我的位子吗？

2space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”（time）为相对概念。in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间（太空）

time and space时间和空间

Is there any space for me in the car?(此处和room的含义相当)

3place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。

I want to live in a place which is warm in winter.Mount Chaya is a wonderful place.嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：

1China“中国”Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/中文（的）/中国的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个/两个中国人”

Japan, Japanese 和此类似。

2England“英国（原义：英格兰）”(= Britain)

English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/英语（的）/英国的”

He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”

注意复数：They are English.= They are Englishmen.(变为men)

3France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的)/ 法语(的)/ 法国的”

The lady is French.(前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词)

注意复数：The ladies are French.= The ladies are Frenchwomen.4Germany“德国”German“德国人(的)/ 德语(的)/ 德国的”

The boy is a German.(前有冠词)The boys are Germans.(复数加s.）

5America“美国” American“美国人（的）/ 美国的”

He is American.(前常无冠词）They are Americans.(复数加s)103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”;noisy(形容词);noisily(副词)◆health(名词)“健康”;healthy(形容词);healthily(副词)

◆luck(名词)“运气”;lucky(形容词)“幸运的”;luckily(副词)

◆succeed(动词)“成功”;success(名词);successful(形容词)successfully(副词)◆save(动词)“救，节省，存”;safe(形容词)“安全的”;safety(名词)“安全，安全场所”safely（副词）◆true（形容词）“真的，对的”;truly(副词“)真正地”;truth(名词“)真理,事实”◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”;terribly(副词)104.job与work:1job, 可数：I have a job as a teacher.Jobs are not easy to get.He wants a job.2work, 不可数

I cannot find work in this town.Have you finished your work? 105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen /a pencil/

a piece of chalk 2in用写字材料：write in ink / pen(前无冠词)106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点，如7:20→seven twenty→twenty

past seven: 2:02→two oh two→two past two 2分钟已过半点，如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 3刚好半点，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine 4刚好整点，如11:00→eleven o’clock 107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1It’s kind of you to help me.解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me.此情况下介词用的是of.2It’s easy for you to do the work.解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy.而是“做

这项工作”这件事是容易的。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain.“爬山”是危险的，不是说“我们”是“危险”的。for sb 是“就某人来说”之意。

108.take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处 ◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向性。

109.条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句有相同的意思。注意以下句子结构有何不同。

If you work hard, you will achieve your dream.相当于: Work hard, and you will achieve„

If you don’t listen to me carefully, you won’t understand it.相当于：Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it.110.in / on / at + 时间：1in three days(“„时间后”，常用于一般将来时)in September

in 1998;in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)

in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night

2on Christmas Eve;on October 1st;

on Sunday evenings;on a cold morning;

on Fridays;on New Year’s Day;

on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.(morning / afternoon / evening / night若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in)

3at 6:00;at Christmas;at noon;at night 112.one day与someday/some day的区别：

1one day“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。One day, a stranger came to my house.I will achieve my dream one day.2someday/some day“某一天”常用于一般将来时。可以和one day互换。I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday.113.missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的，失踪的”

但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。My pen is lost / missing.(表语)

I’ve found the missing / lost book.（定语）114.常见部分名词及其修饰词：1price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售 The price of the shoes is high / low.2number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰 3quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。4population(人口)常 big / large和small修饰(以上词都不用many, much修饰。)

第五篇：初中英语语法总结

1.agree with sb 赞成某人2.all kinds of 各种各样3.all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界4.along with同……一道，伴随…… 5.As soon as 一....就....6.Askfor ……求助 向…要… 7.ask sb for sth 向某人什么8.ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事9.at the age of 在……岁时10.at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始11.at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾12.be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能够…be able to do sth 13.be afraid to do(of sth 恐惧，害怕… 14.be allowed to do 被允许做什么15.be angry with sb 生某人的气be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气16.be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高17.be born 出生于18.be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……19.be different from…… 和什么不一样20.be famous for 以……著名21.be from = come from 来自He is from Bejing.He comes from BejingIs he from Bejing ?Does he come from Bejing ?22.be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满The glass is full of water.The glass is filled with water23.be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……24.be interested in 对某方面感兴趣25.be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)26.the same as … 和什么一样27.be used to doing sth习惯做某事28.because+句子because of +短语

29.begin to do = start to do 开始做某事30.borrow sth from sb 向……借……lend sth to sb /lend sb sth 借给……什么东西31.catch up with sb 赶上某人32.come in 进come over to 过来come up with 提出 33.communicate with sb 和某人交流34.consider + doing 考虑做什么eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 35.decide to do sth 决定做某事36.expect to do sth 期待做某事37.fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来38.find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样eg : I find the book interesting39.finish 完成+doing（名词）40.get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了）Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）41.get on well with sb 与某人相处得好get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处42.get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备 43.have been to …(地方）……去过某过地方have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来44.have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦45.help sb with sth 帮助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 帮助某人做某事46.if : 是否＝wethereg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的I'll go to England ,if I have

enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国47.in one's opinion某人认为48.in some ways 在某些方面49.in the end = finally(adv)最后50.in the north of 在...的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东）51.instead of +（名）代替eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学 52.introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍 53.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事54.It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间55.It's +adj +(for sb)to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样56.It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了57.join = take part in 参加58.key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案59.laugh at… 取笑……60.learn to do sth 学做某事61.look after = take care of 照顾 照看62.make a decision to do sth 决定做某事63.make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样eg : You must made your bed clean64.Be make up be made up of(被动语态）由……组成65.not…at all 一点都不66.not…until 直到……才……eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar67.offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人eg : I offer you waterI offer water to you 我给你提供水68.on one's way to… 在谁去那的路上 69.on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面70.on time 准时 in time 及时

71.one of +可数名词的复数形式72.one to another 一个到另一个73.practice +doing 练习做某事74.prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢……eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 75.prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做…eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车76.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车77.rather…than 宁可……也不……eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯当医生，也不当老师78.return sth to sb 还什么东西给某人79.sb spend somemoney(sometime)on sth 花了多少钱(时间)在某事上80.sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少时间做某事81.show sb sth= show sth to sb 向某人展示某物eg : I show her the book.eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me82.start…with…=begin…with… 从……开始83.stop doing 停下正在做的事84.stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事85.stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事86.① talk to 对谁说eg : I talk to you② talk with 和谁说eg : I talk with him③ talk of 谈到eg : we talked of you④ talk about 谈论关于……⑤talk with sb 和某人说话87.teach sb sth 教某人做某事88.tell sb do/not to do sth 告诉某人做/不做某事89.too…to… 太怎样而不能……adj +enough to 足够…能…So…that +丛句eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to schoolHe is old enough to go to school

＝ He is so old that he can go to school90.transalte …into… 把什么翻译成什么eg : Trasalte English into chinese91.try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事 eg: I will try my best to learn English well92.try to do sth 想干什么，但没成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已经做过了eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但没成功He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已经做过了93.turn down 开小turn up 开大turn off 关上turn on 打开