国际商务英语总结-

第一篇：国际商务英语总结-

国际商务英语培训个人总结

我很荣幸能能被集团公司列入千人计划，七个月的商务英语培训转眼即逝，通过这七个月的培训，我受益匪浅。在这儿不紧把我的英语大幅度的提升，还学习了和中国不同的西方商务礼仪，并结交了集团公司各方面的精英，为我以后在国际上工作奠定了坚实的基础，同时也能为公司奉献自己更大的力量！

因为我已经工作好几年，英语可以说几乎忘光了。刚来到这儿的时候第一节课接触的就是外教，上课间没有一句汉语，这让我很难明白外教的教学内容。记得第一次上交流课时，我每说一句英语都要提前查一下单词并思考一下语句，并且从第一句话开始我已经开始冒汗！所以我需要更加努力，首先我定制了属于我自己的计划，上课努力去听的同时我需要记下生词，直到能熟练运用。渐渐的我能听懂外教的课程并且慢慢融入整个课堂！

通过这次英语的培训总结了以下几点:

1、学语言是枯燥乏味的，且没有捷径。尽管不能否认，好的教材，辅助设备，老师，环境，以及个人的恒心乃至天分，都对学好外语有一定作用。然而绝不存在一种超越一切普通方法的神招妙术。国内流行过无数的国外英语教材和五花八门的学习方法，然而无不是昙花一现。常识和专家早就告诉我们：学外语和学其他一种技能一样，只能靠日积月累，无论什么方法都一样。

2、“成功”与否取决于具体目标。十个学外语的人大概就有十种不同的目地。例如考级，职称，学分，工作需要，留学，进入外企，上网浏览，乃至于看懂产品说明书等等。目的不同，所要投入的时间和精力也大不相同。例如对于一个受过中等以上教育，除了“ABC”之外基本没有英语基础的人，看懂简短的英语的产品说明书也只需半小时。要通过英语六级则需不止几个半小时甚至几天。若要达到和自己的母语一样的水平，能够在国外进行商务谈判，唯一的办法就是不断的学习，天天使用。

3、学习的方法和侧重点也取决于学习的目标。我感到国内目前流行的英语教学方式太强调听，说，读，写面面俱到的训练。其实绝大多数英语学习者是没有或很少有机会“说”和“写”的。因此这种训练往往是事倍功半。因为学得再好不用很快就忘记了。对于绝大多数人来说，“听、说”是唯一有实际效用，也是唯一能够尽快掌握的技能。通过我坚持不懈的努力，语音标准，能用英语表述流畅，通晓英语的基本语法，并通过后期的FDIC课程，掌握了一定数量的工程英语词汇。能够适应集团公司在国外从事国际工程项目建设对外语的需求，具有胜任各项任务的能力。掌握了常用商务信函格式，能够撰写各类商务信函，对在不同文化背景下对信函准确内涵的理解。并了解了国际政治、经济和国际商务知识，世界地缘政治。了解了国外及东道国的地理位置、自然条件、基础设施状况、具有在东道国进行国际工程项目组织管理的能力。提高了英语的综合运用能力，能够熟练的运用英语解决国际工程建设中的各种商务问题。并了解团队合作的精神，团队合作的意义与作用，具有团队合作的组织与管理能力。

尤为重要的一点，使我们进一步领略了集团公司的“走出去战略”的发展理念。如果可以的话，希望自己能够在国外为公司创造更多的荣誉，洒下更多的汗水，为我们公司的蓬勃发展献出点滴的贡献！让公司更上一层楼。

耿士超

2016年6月29日

第二篇：国际商务英语

Course: International Business Spring, 2011

Student Name:(in Chinese)

Student ID:

Case Analysis: Chapter 3, p.52

I.Introduction

Wal—Market is the world largest retailer.It was founded by American retail legend Mr.Sam Walton in Arkansas in 1962.Over forty years later, it has become the world’s largest private employer and retailer, on the top of the Fortune 500 list and has been among the most valuable brands for many years.II.Summary of Key Facts

Slow growth domestically, Wal-Mart entered Mexico in early 1990s with a Mexican partner.Shopping habits were different in Mexico: fresh produce;didn’t buy in large volumes.Wal-Mart adjusted its strategy to meet the local conditions, and became very successful.Next it expanded into Britain, Germany, and South Korea.Consumers there had a preference for higher quality merchandise, and were not attracted to its discount strategy.It pulled out of Germany and South Korea in 2006.Recently, Wal-Mart began to expand in China.Chinese were bargain-hunters and open to the low-price strategy.But it also had to adapt its merchandising and operations strategy to mesh with Chinese culture.III.Analysis of Key Issues

Know what is meant by the culture of a society.Identify the forces that lead to differences in social culture, and the business and economic implications of differences in culture.Understand how differences in social culture influence values in the workplace.Appreciate the economic and business implications of cultural change.IV.Implications

From the this case we candiscovery ,international business is differentfrom domestic business because countries are different.We can find that business success in a variety of country requirescross-culture literacy

第三篇：国际商务英语目录

一、何谓电子商务

电子商务已成为21世纪人类信息世界的核心，也并成为引人注目的技术和应用焦点。电子商务就其性质和应用的领域来讲是个复杂的系统工程，绝不能单纯理解为“电子”加“商务”，或者“电子网络”与“商务”概念的简单叠加，或者“电子是手段，商业是目的”。那么，究竟什么是电子商务呢？

不同的学者对于电子商务有不同的定义。Marilyn Greentein 和 Todd M.Feinman将电子商务定义为：电子传输媒体（电子通信）在交换中（包括产品和服务买卖）的使用，这些产品或服务需要从一个地方到另一个地方的运输，其中运输包括人力运输和数字运输。不同的学者对于电子商务有不同的定义。Marilyn Greentein 和 Todd M.Feinman将电子商务定义为：电子传输媒体（电子通信）在交换中（包括产品和服务买卖）的使用，这些产品或服务需要从一个地方到另一个地方的运输，其中运输包括人力运输和数字运输。

Kalakota和Whinston（1997）是从以下几个角度定义电子商务：

从通信的角度看，电子商务是指通过电话、计算机网络或者其他电子手段来传递信息，产品/服务或者支付。

从商务活动的流程来看，电子商务是指在于将商业交易及工作流程自动化的技术应用。从服务的角度来看，电子商务是一种用来满足厂商及消费者的需要，设法降低服务和管理成本，提高产品质量和加快服务速度的工具。

从在线的角度来看，电子商务能够实现在互联网上买卖产品和信息以及其他网上服务。电子商务的概念，可以作广义和狭义上的研讨。狭义上的电子商务，有些人把它称为“电子商贸”，指通过互联网、内部网或增值网，以电子方式进行的各种交易与管理活动。它既包括传统贸易活动在各环节的电子化、网络化，也包括通过互联网创新的商务模式和新业态。这些商贸活动，既可以是通过互联网买卖产品和提供服务，产品可以是实体化的，如汽车、电视，也可以是数字化的，如新闻、录像、软件等基于知识的产品。此外，还可以提供各类服务，如安排旅游、远程教育等。它实现了交易的无纸化、自动化和高效化。

广义上的电子商务，包括应用计算机、网络技术与现代信息通信技术，并按照一定的标准，利用电子化工具 来实现包括电子交易在内的商务和行政作业等商业活动的全过程。因此，一方面，电子商务包括通过网络电子邮件、视频交换、文件交 换以及EDI所进行的网络上的商业数 据交换和通过网络进行的电子交易，还包括政府职能部门所提供的电子化服务、网络银行以及跨企业共同运作，覆盖与商务活动有关的所有方面；另一方面，电子商务还包括企业内部的商务活动，如生产、管理、财务等，也包括企业间以及企业与客户之间的商务活动。它不仅是硬件和软件的结合，更是把买家、卖家、厂家和合作伙拌在互联网、内联网等网络上利用网络技术与现有的商业设施结合起来进行运营。

2.Definition of E-Commerce

Even today, some considerable time after the so called „dot com/Internet revolution‟, e-commerce remains a relatively new, emerging and constantly changing area of business management and information technology.E-commerce is a complex systematic project in its nature and application, which can not be simplified as “electron” plus “commerce”, or “electronic network” plus “commerce”, or “electron is the medium and commerce is the aim”.Then what is E-commerce?

Different scholars define e-commerce in different way.Marilyn Greentein and Todd M.Feinman define e-commerce as: The use of electronic transmission mediums(telecommunications)to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, either physically or digitally, from location to location.Kalakota and Whinston(1997)define e-commerce from these perspectives:

From a communications perspective, e-commerce is the delivery of information, products/ services, or payments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means.From a business process perspective, e-commerce is the application of technology toward the automation of business transactions and work flow.From a service perspective, e-commerce is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consum-ers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery.From an online perspective, e-commerce provides the capability of buying and selling prod-ucts and information on the Internet and other online services.The concept of e-commerce can be discussed in broad sense and narrow sense.EC(Electronic Commerce)in its narrow sense is also sometimes called “electronic trade”.It refers to transactions and management activities conducted the electronic form via the Internet, Intranet or VAN.It includes electronic and net working procedures in traditional trade as well as innovative commerce mode and new state of industry via the Internet.It can provide transactions of products and services via the Internet.Products can be substantial, such as automobiles and televisions.They can also be digital ones, such as knowledge-based products like news, videos, and software and so on.Moreover, it can provide various types of services, such as itinerary, remote education, etc.It has realized the paperless, automatic and effective transactions.EC(Electronic Commerce, e-commerce)in its broad sense refers to the entire business process including electronic transactions and the administrative operation realized by applying electronic tools such as computer, network and modern information communication technology according to certain standards.Therefore, e-commerce, on the one hand, includes the commercial data exchange and on-line electronic transactions via network E-mails, videos, and documents as well as EDI.It also includes the electronic services provided by government departments, cyber-banks and inter-enterprise cooperation.It covers all aspects related to business.On the other hand, it includes the in-enterprise activities such as production, management, finance and so on.It also includes business to business EC and business to customers EC.It is not only the combination of hardware and software, it also enables buyers, sellers, manufacturers, and partners to cooperate

via network technology like Internet and Intranet as well as existing business facilities.不同的学者对于电子商务有不同的定义。Marilyn Greentein 和 Todd M.Feinman将电子商务定义为：电子传输媒体（电子通信）在交换中（包括产品和服务买卖）的使用，这些产品或服务需要从一个地方到另一个地方的运输，其中运输包括人力运输和数字运输。

Kalakota和Whinston（1997）是从以下几个角度定义电子商务：

从通信的角度看，电子商务是指通过电话、计算机网络或者其他电子手段来传递信息，产品/服务或者支付。

从商务活动的流程来看，电子商务是指在于将商业交易及工作流程自动化的技术应用。从服务的角度来看，电子商务是一种用来满足厂商及消费者的需要，设法降低服务和管理成本，提高产品质量和加快服务速度的工具。

从在线的角度来看，电子商务能够实现在互联网上买卖产品和信息以及其他网上服务。电子商务的概念，可以作广义和狭义上的研讨。狭义上的电子商务，有些人把它称为“电子商贸”，指通过互联网、内部网或增值网，以电子方式进行的各种交易与管理活动。它既包括传统贸易活动在各环节的电子化、网络化，也包括通过互联网创新的商务模式和新业态。这些商贸活动，既可以是通过互联网买卖产品和提供服务，产品可以是实体化的，如汽车、电视，也可以是数字化的，如新闻、录像、软件等基于知识的产品。此外，还可以提供各类服务，如安排旅游、远程教育等。它实现了交易的无纸化、自动化和高效化。

广义上的电子商务，包括应用计算机、网络技术与现代信息通信技术，并按照一定的标准，利用电子化工具 来实现包括电子交易在内的商务和行政作业等商业活动的全过程。因此，一方面，电子商务包括通过网络电子邮件、视频交换、文件交 换以及EDI所进行的网络上的商业数 据交换和通过网络进行的电子交易，还包括政府职能部门所提供的电子化服务、网络银行以及跨企业共同运作，覆盖与商务活动有关的所有方面；另一方面，电子商务还包括企业内部的商务活动，如生产、管理、财务等，也包括企业间以及企业与客户之间的商务活动。它不仅是硬件和软件的结合，更是把买家、卖家、厂家和合作伙拌在互联网、内联网等网络上利用网络技术与现有的商业设施结合起来进行运营。

为什么选择电子商务

电子商务解决方案就是在商务运作的各个方面都实施电子格式。许多广为接受的企业已经在网上进行了多年的销售活动。当一个企业采纳了电子商务方案，就能降低运作成本同时

提高赢利。电子商务解决方案使得企业减少不必要的纸质文件。所有的纸质文件和数据都能被转换成电子格式。这样，它就节省了宝贵的文件架的空间，而且可以在几秒钟内搜索并获得数据。

电子商务也使得销售过程自动化。顾客可以点击他们所希望购买得产品，填写顾客信息，产品将在几天之内被运送到顾客手中。管理部门不需要填写任何的纸质文件，因为顾客已经完成此项工作。这样就大大提高了工作效率。使用电子商务解决方案，企业可以一天24小时，一周7天地进行商业运作。全世界任何地方的人只要拥有网络连接就可以在任何时间访问网站。他们不会被“正常”传统的营业时间所禁锢。一个实体企业通常只能把他们的服务局限于他所在的地区。但是通过电子商务解决方案，企业可以超出此范围，而拓展到全球的在线市场上。基本上,企业的市场曝光率就大大地提高了。

促使企业在其商业运作中采用电子商务解决方案的理由有许多。其中以下几点尤为重要：

1.树立形象

全世界有成百万的人使用万维网，这一点绝对不能为任何企业所忽视。为了成为在线社区的一部分，一个企业需要让自己出现在万维网上。因为如果它不这么做，它的对手一定会的。

2.加强公众兴趣

一家小公司没法让《新闻周刊》报道它地方店铺的开张典礼，但如果该公司的网页新颖有趣，那么它的网址也许会被《新闻周刊》刊登。而且即便《新闻周刊》刊登出该企业新店开张的消息，对于一个在另一个遥远的城市的读者也没有什么意义，除非他们最近会去那个城市。了解网页信息以后，任何一个能够上到互联网并听说过他们网页的人都可能就是他们的潜在访问者并能成为他们的潜在顾客。

3.极大节省成本

开展电子商务业务，而不是传统公司业务，启动费用和营业间接成本可以大大削减。一开始筹办传统公司，你很快就会实现成本迅速增加。单单启动费用一项，就会消耗数千美元的创业基金。但是如果你只打算开展网上商店一个方面业务，所需要的网上店面，包括虚拟主机，域名，设计在内，仅仅需要几百美元。此外，传统公司业务需要支付房租，水电费，保险，总支出每月将达数千美元。而电子商务业务所必要的维护费用仅仅是申请域名和主机采买，在大多数情况下，支出总额不到500美元。客户会议可以在当地的咖啡厅，餐厅进行，或根据需要选择场所，这样可以免去设立办公室，而且可以使与会对方并允许对方处在在一个中立的位置，感觉更加轻松。

4.销售货物

许多人认为销售货物是利用万维网能做的第一件事。但是企业应当首先做到上述两点，然后才开始在互联网和万维网上展开销售活动。为什么？因为人们在决定购买之前，他们希望了解该企业及该企业能为他们做什么？在万维网上能简单并低价地进行什么商业活动？然后他们才有可能成为客户。

5.获得所企盼的大众市场

万维网用户可能是企业可获得的最广泛的大众市场群。他们通常受过大学教育或者正在接受大学教育，工资收入可观或者即将获得可观的收入。难怪网络社区的当红杂志《网路》轻易就接到雷克萨斯和其他高端市场营销商的青睐。

6.开发国际市场

一家企业不可能去了解所有的潜在国际市场上的邮件，电话和法规体系。有了电子商务方案，它能易如反掌地与国际市场对话，就像和街对面的公司沟通一样简单。事实上，在走向网络之前，企业应当决定它如何处理即将来临的国际贸易，因为企业在网络上的出现必将

带来国际机遇，不论该企业是否有此计划。

7.创立24小时服务

不是所有的企业都使用同样的时间表。商业活动是世界性的，但办公时间却不是。对于一个美国公司，试图进入亚洲或者欧洲市场会非常麻烦。然而，网页就可以每天24小时，每周7天为客户、顾客和合作伙伴提供服务。它可以定制信息来满足需求并收集重要信息使企业在竞争中占领优势，甚至可以在开始办公之前就把信息收集好。

8.快速地变更信息

有时候，还没等资料印好，信息就变了，留给企业一堆造价不菲的废纸。而电子出版物可以根据需要而改变，不用纸张，不用墨水，也不用付任何印刷费用。它甚至可以把网页附到数据库里，从而定制网页的输出内容。企业可以根据需要随时更新数据。这种灵活性是任何打印文件所无法媲美的。

9.允许顾客的反馈

当你分发宣传册、彩页和小册子时，它们不一定会带来收效。没有销售额，没有电话，没有反馈数据。到底是哪里出错了呢？在你最终找到答案之前你可以尝试各种可能。然而你可能没有时间或者金钱去等到这一天。有了网页，一个企业可以得到反馈并不用付出任何额外成本。可以在网页中设置一个即时的电子邮件回复并在顾客刚有答案时就获得它们，这样无需成本即可得到确实的商业回复。

很显然，电子商务解决方案可以使企业在许多方面获利。实施电子商务解决方案可以产生一个全新的收入流，增加市场曝光率，减少运行成本。许多世界500强企业都在他们的商务运作中采纳了电子商务解决方案。许多著名的实体企业都开始在网上树立他们的商业形象。比如，北美的的顶级零售书商Barnes & Nobles 已经紧随亚马逊书店发布了网站。亚马逊书店是书籍和音乐网络销售的领军企业，被誉为当今世界最有效的商业运作形式之一。

第四篇：国际商务英语

21、虽然多数合同并不引起纠纷，但合同是依法实施的，任何一方当事人若未能履行合同义务，可能会受到起诉并被强制作出赔偿。

It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make competition, though most contracts do not give rise to disputes.22、虽然易货贸易是原始、低效，并且昂贵的贸易方式，但是发展中国家巨大的债务以及世界上大量的商品过剩使其不可避免。

Barter trade is a primitive, inefficient expensive way of doing business, but the massive debts of developing countries and the world’s oversupply of goods make it inescapable.23、对销贸易可帮助有严重债务的国家继续进口商品而实际上向债权人掩盖出口收入。Counter trade may help those nations, with serious debt problems to continue to import goods while ,in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors.24、在国际贸易中，由于交易当事人很难充分了解彼此的财务信息和信誉状况，很难建立相互信任。

In international trade, it is very difficult for the parties to get adequate information about each other’s financial standing and credit worthiness, and mutual trust is hard to build.25、如果进口国的政局稳定，而且又有出口商信任的代理人，出口商就可以采用寄售方式，待货卖出后再收回货款。

If the importing country has a stable political situation and a trusted agent there to work for the exporter, the exporter can enter into consignment transactions and get payment until the goods are sold.26、在付款交单的情况下，进口商在承兑了出口商所开出的汇票后，便可得到单据，而付款则要晚于这个时间。

In the case of documents against acceptance, the importer will get the documents once the bill of exchange drawn by the ex-porter is accepted, while the payment will not be made until a later date.27、卖方凭提交的正确无误的单据得到货款，买方凭规定的单据得到货物，这种双边保证是信用证独特的，具有代表性的特征。

Against the impeccable documents presented the seller gets paid, against the stipulated documents the buyer gets the goods.This bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit.28、受益人要对信用证的所有内容进行认真审核，以便保证安全及时地收到货款。

He beneficiary has to make a careful examination of all the con-tents of the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment.29、国际贸易中所使用的信用证多数为跟单信用证，即要求装运单据和汇票提示的信用证。Most of the credits used in international trade are documentary credits, i.e.credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.30、可撤销信用证是指在未同受益人协商的情况下对承诺进行改变，甚至取消。An revocable credit is one that its commitments can be altered or even cancelled without consulting with the beneficiary.31、在保兑信用证中受益人得到双重付款保证，因为保兑银行，在开证行承担付款义务的基础上又加上自己的承诺。

Under a confirmed credit, the beneficiary is given double assurance of payment since the confirming bank has added its own undertaking to that of the opening bank.32、各种单证上所列的商品名称、数量、金额等项目要严格地与信用证上所列的项目一致。All the items listed on different documents such as the name of commodities, quantity, amount

must be in strict conformity with those in the L/C.33、商业发票是所要求的最常见的单证之一。它是缮制其他单证的基础。

Commercial invoice is one of the required and most commonly found documents.It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.34、提单是国际贸易中最重要的单证之一。有了它，合法持有者才可以到目的地提货。Bill of lading is one of the most important documents in foreign trade ,with which the legal holder can take delivery of the goods at the port of destination.35、常见的运输方式有水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空运输。

The widely seen modes of transport are water, rail, roads, pipe-line, and air transport.36、运输在生产过程中起着重要的作用。一方面，它将原材料、劳动力运到所需的地方。另一方面，将中间产品运到其他厂商供生产使用或把制成品运到消费者手中。

Transportation plays an important role in production.On the one hand ,it carries raw materials and labor to the place where they are needed.On the other hand, it transports intermediate products to other producers for use in their production process, or ship the finished goods to the hands of customers.37、保险单是投保人与承保人之间的保险契约。一旦投保人购买了保单，其特定风险就从投保人转移到承保人。

Insurance policy serves as the insurance contract between the insured and the insurer.Once the insured buys the policy, the specified risk will transfer to the insurance company from the insured.38、由承保人从投保人处收集的保险费作为共同基金，受损方的索赔费从此基金中支付。The premium collected by the insurer from the insured is pooled together as a fund, and the claims of those suffering losses are paid out of this fund.39、货物保险是一种旨在将风险从进口商和出口商转移到专门承担风险的保险一方的活动。Cargo insurance is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporters and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriter.40、最大诚信原则适用于各种保险，如某人要投保人寿险，他要如实告知其身体状况。Utmost good faith applies to all kind of insurance.If a person wants to insure against life insurance, he has to tell the insurance company about his real state of health.41、如果投保人有意隐瞒任何事情，或故意误导，其行为都被视为欺诈，因此保险合同无效。If the insured intends to hide or mislead anything, which will be regarded as fraud, the contract is voidable.42、在赔偿保险索赔时，凭借保险合同，保险公司将使受损人的利益恢复到发生损害前的同等状况。

In compensating claims, insurance company will restore the in-sured to the position he our she was in before a loss occurred.43、第一次民界大战之前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定其货币的平价。

Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.44、在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。

Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund ,increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.45、外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率和两者的平均值——中间汇率。

There are three type of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selliong rate and the average of the previous two—the medial rate.46、国际复兴开发银行由160个国家政府所共同拥有，其贷款的主要来源是在世界资本市场上的借贷。

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is owned by the governments of 160 countries.It finances its lending operations primarily from its own borrowings in world capital market.47、世界银行对贷款作了各项规定。它明确贷款必须以生产力为目的，必须促进发展中国的经济增长，同时还要具有偿还能力。

The World Bank has set various rules for its loaning operation.It specifies that it must lend only for productive purposes and must stimulate economic growth in the developing countries, and at the same time the loan-receiving countries must be able to repay the loan.48、对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行监控和经营通过对外投资获取各国的资产。

Foreign direct investment is the major form of international in-vestment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.49、控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一。而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方面。

Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI.And lowering production costs is an important consideration.50、即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。

The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation.51、证券所起着两个重要作用，它既是长期资本的融资市场，又是各类投资债券的交易市场。The Stock Exchange plays two fundamental roles: one for capital raising market, one for various investment instrument market.52、未上市的公司的股票不能在证交所或其他股票市场公开挂牌交易。

The unlisted companies can not trade their securities through the listing system at the stock exchange or other stock markets.53、关贸总协定的总目标体现了各成员国的向往，即提高生活水平，提供充分就业，持续、稳定地增加收入和有效需求，充分利用世界资源扩大生产。

The GATT embodies the expectations of its member countries, that is ,to improve standards of living, full employment ,steady growing volume of real income and effective demand ,the full use of the world’s resources and the expansion of production.54、乌拉圭回合和世界贸易组织的建立改变了世界贸易体系的性质。

The Uruguay Round and the establishment the WTO have shanged the character of the wold trading system.55、尽管关贸总协定是以无判别待遇为原则的，但欠发达国家仍指责关贸总协定是只考虑发达国家利益的“富人俱乐部”。

Although the GATT is based on the principle of non-differential treatment, the less-developed countries still criticize it as a “rich men club” for the interest of the developed world.56、采用强制性的自动补偿措施被看作解决发展中国家的贸易条件恶化问题的一种方案。The introduction of compulsory and automatic compensatory measures is considered as a solution to solve the problem of deteriorating terms of trade in the developing countries.57、为了促进欠发达国家的工业化进程，西方国家应开放他们的制造市场，或提供优惠关税政策。

Western countries should open up their manufacture markets or provide preferential tariffs to facilitate the industrialization process of the less-developed countries.

第五篇：国际支付---国际商务英语

Introduction to International Payment

Abstract:With the development of economic globalization, international trade is becoming more and more important.International payment is vital to both the importer and the exporter.The purpose of this paper is to introduce what is international payment, its characters, its development and what’smost essential, its types and how it works.Keywords:international payment, international trade, fund transfer

As we all know, with the development of economic globalization, international trade is becoming more and more important.We can see foreign goods everywhere in our life and use it conveniently.But international trade is far complicated.Purchase and sale of goods and services are carried out beyond national boundaries, which make it rather difficult for the parties concerned in the transaction to get adequate information about each other's financial standing and creditworthiness.Therefore, mutual trust is hard to build.Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract.And the currency exchange is also a trouble.So it relates to what is international payment and how it works to safeguard the seller and the buyer’s benefits.1、The concept of International Payment

Generally, International payment is an act of paying off one party’s international debt by some payment instruments in international transactions, it is usually performed bytheparty withthe obligation of paying money.In short, it is a means of payment in international trade by parties in different counties.2、the characters of international payment

We can easily find that international payment has some characters:

Firstly, it is caused by the debt and creditor’ rights relationship in international transaction.Secondly, the objects of international payment are the parties of international commercial activities.Thirdly, the payment was made by some tools, usually by currencies and bills.On one hand, because different countries use different currencies, this involves the choice of currency, the exchange of different currencies, and other risk problems by the flexible exchange rate.on the other hand, in order to avoidvarious risks and inconvenience caused by direct delivery of large quantities of money,the use of bills must be considered, associated a series of complex legal issues related to transfer of different countries’ bills.Lastly, there are different means of payment to deal with the problem of security assurance and finance flow, such as remittance, collection, and letter of credit, and international factoring.3、the development of International payment

International payment does not exist from the beginning.It came with commercial import and export, and developed for a long time.with the development of international trade, its scope of application also expanded fast and increasingly.Before the period of liberal capitalism, people often used cash payment by conveying gold or silver between countries for international transaction, which is not only risky but also inconvenient.what’s more, those gold and silver should be carefully identified and counted.So it is only fit for small trading volume.In the 16th and 17th century, bills were widely used for payment in some European commercial city and took the place of cash.It make the payment very quick, easy, and save cash and expense of circulation.So it promoted the further development of international trade.At the end of nineteenth Century the beginning of the twentieth Century, in international transaction the buyer voucher payment ,which called for the bank to finance exporter by mortgaging the bill documents ,was completely mature.Since the Second World War, with the development of modern technology as well as the improvement of international treaties and practice, the international payment adapted to the highly developed world economy needs and became more and more fast, convenient and important.4.the types of international payment

There are two kinds of international payment: direct and indirect payment.Direct payment is the way that the two parties of international transition work with the bank, such as remittance, collection, and letter of credit.On the other hand, indirect payment refers to that besides the parties and the bank, there are other subjects attended to the payment.In practice, the latter way, namely international factoring, is more popular.(1)Remittance

Remittance is an act of payment that the remitter hand off the finance to the bank, and then the bank deliver it to the payee according to the remittance instruction.whether to pay or not depends on the importer(buyer)or a service recipient, the payment is not guaranteed.So it is risky to both two parties.Actually, unless both parties have a close relationship or it is a small amount of payment, remittance is rarely used.In international payment, remittance refers to direct payment between the importer and exporter.It can be divided into three types: Mail Transfer, Telegraphic Transfer and Demand Transfer.A.Mail Transfer, M/T

M/T is a method of payment that the remitter submits the finance to the local remitting bank, then the bank should issue a payment proxy and sent it to the local paying bank of the payee by post office.The cost of M/T is low, but speed is very slow.B.Telegraphic Transfer，T/T

Remittance by cable or telex is called telegraphic transfer.That is, the

remitting bank, at the request of the remitter ,transfers funds by means of cable or telex message to the paying bank, asking the latter to pay a certain sum of money to the beneficiary.T/T is faster and safer than M/T, but the cost is much higher.It is often chosen by traders, especially when the remitted amount is large and the transfer of funds is subject to a time limit.C.Demand Transfer，D/T

The remitting bank, at the request of the remitter, draws a bill of exchange on the paying bank, ordering the latter to pay on demand a certain sum of money to the beneficiary who will also be the payee of the draft.What is different from M/T and T/T is that in the D/T, the remitter submits the receipt of the draft to the payee and the instrument between the remitting bank and the paying bank is made by the bill of exchange.The bill is a bank draft.The advantage of the settlement is the transfer of the bill of exchange.(2)Collection

Collection means the handling of documents by banks in accordance with instructions received to obtain payment and/or acceptance for exporter and deliver documents against payments and/or against acceptance.The documents includes both financial documents and commercial documents.Financial documents are bills of exchange, promissory notes and cheques;commercial documents are invoices transport documents, title documents and other similar documents.According to whether commercial documents are attached to financial documents when submitted to the remitting bank, collection can be divided into clean collection and documentary collection.A.clean collection

It is the collection on financial instruments alone without being accompanied by commercial document.Shipping documents will be forwarded by the exporter directly to the importer.When a credit instrument is accompanied by a non-shipping document such as voice, the collection will also be considered as clean one.It is often used to collect incidental expenses occurred in a transaction such as freight, insurance premium, commission or any other supplementary charges.On the other occasions, clean collection is used in the collection of down-payment or in the case of service transaction where are no shipping documents available.B.documentary collection

Documentary collection is the collection on financial instruments being accompanied by commercial documents or the collection on shipping documents without financial documents.When financial instruments are not included, the stamp duty can be avoid and the invoice can do the job of financial documents by indicating clearly the amount to be collected.It can be further divided into documents against payment and documents against acceptance.The division is based on different conditions against which

the documents are released to the importer.The former means that the collecting bank may release the documents against payment of the sight drafts or simply against sight payment of the importer, and the latter means that the collecting bank may release the documents against payment of a time bill.(3)Letter of Credit，L/C

The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the person selling merchandise of payment if he makes the agreed-upon shipment.On the other hand, it also assures the buyer that he is not required to pay until the seller ships the goods.It is a catalyst that provides the buyer and the seller with a mutual protection in dealing with each other, and it is based on the credit of the bank to provide funds to the seller.Usually, as long as the exporter submits the bill of payment according to the credit conditions prescribed by the written documents, the bank must pay for it unconditionally, so the seller's funds will get.reliable guarantee.The importer can receive all shipping documents according with credit terms after payment.(4)International Factoring

International factoring is a widely used payment in developed countries.It refer to that when exporting goods on commercial credit, the exporter should transfer the invoice of the account receivable and shipping documentsto the factor after delivery, then the exporter can get a majority of receivable funds.If the importer pay over the due or even not pay for the international trade, the factor should undertake the responsibility because in factoring business, factors shoulder the first payment liability.This is both good to the seller and the buyer, and has developed to an efficient and popular payment.Conclusion:

In a word, International payment is an act of paying off one party’s international debt by some payment instruments in international transactions, it developed from cash payment to bills payment through the bank.There are four types of International payment: remittance, collection, and letter of credit, and international factoring.They are widely used in international transaction nowadays.References:

(1)< International payment >Hinkelman,E.Cshanghai foreign education press2009.1.1

(2)《国际支付与结算》 王益平（编者）肖云南（丛书主编）清华大学出版社 北京交通大学出版社

（3）《国际商务英语——理论与实务》 邹勇主编 上海财经大学出版社

（4）《国际保理——金融创新及法律实务》 黄斌 著法律出版社.