第一篇:评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法
评《老人与海》中海明威写作风格和手法
Abstract
Being distinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing style.Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is a typical one to his unique writing style and technique.The language is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial.Sometimes the simple style is made a little different.The dialogue is combined with the realistic and the artificial.The simplicity is highly suggestive, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion.Occasionally, the author uses some figures of speech.Hemingway‟s style is related to his experience as a journalist, his learning from many famous writers, and most importantly, his conscientious effort in looking for a style of his own.The influence of his style is great all over the world.The Old Man and the Sea is full of facts, most of which comes from Hemingway‟s own experience.So the way to use facts is a very important writing technique in this novel.The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted.In the forepart of the novel, they are used to show the quality of Santiago‟s life, and are narrated simply and naturally;while in the latter part of the novel, they are used from inside Santiago‟s own consciousness and form part of a whole scheme of the novel.Keywords: Facts;Simplicity;Artificial;Iceberg Theory 中文摘要
在众伟大的美国作家中,海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中,《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简洁,其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分,作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活,而表达形式则经过了加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法.还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,同时他兼菜各家之长,自成一体,形成了自己独特的创作方法和艺术风格。这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。
《老人与海》这部小说中运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简洁自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动之中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。
关键词:
事实;简洁;加工;冰山理论
Hemingway‟s Writing Style and Techniques in The Old Man and the Sea
Introduction
The Old Man and the Sea(1952)comes round at the finish of Hemingway‟s writing career.With its vivid characterization, its simple language, and the profound implicating it carries, it stands out as one of the excellent books Hemingway‟s former stature as the word‟s preeminent novelist after Hemingway‟s unsuccessful novel Across the River and into the trees(1950).The Old Man and the Sea earned its author the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for 1952, and was instrumental in winning him the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later.It is a short novel about Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who has gone for 84 days without catch.Therefore the boy, Mandolin, who used to sail with him, is forced to leave him and catch in another ship.The old man insists on fishing alone and at last, he hooks an eighteen-foot, giant marlin, the largest he has ever known.But the fish is very powerful and disobedient.It tows the old man and his boat out to sea for 48 hours, with the old man bearing the whole weight of the fish through the line on his back.The old man, with little food and sleep, has to endure much pain and fights against his treacherous hand cramp.To his great excitement, on his third day at sea, he succeeds in drawing the weakened marlin to the surface and harpoons it.On his way home, he lashes marlin alongside his boat because it is too big to be pulled into the boat.But, unfortunately, the come across sharks in different numbers for four times.The old man fights to kill the sharks with as much might and many weapons as he can summon, but only to find a giant skeleton of his marlin left after his desperate defense.At last, Santiago, having lost what he fought for, reaches the shore and struggles to his shack.He falls into sound sleep, dreaming of Africa, and the lions again.His struggle wins him much respect.Among many great American writers, Hemingway is famous for his objective and terse prose style.As the last novel Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea typically reflects his unique writing style.This paper aims to discuss the writing style and techniques in The Old Man and the Sea.Of course, Hemingway has used many techniques in this novel, such as realism, the creation of suspense, monologue, etc.And this paper focuses especially on the language style and one of the important techniques-the way to use facts in this novel.Hemingway is famous for his language.With much care and effort, he created a very influential and immediately recognizable style.“The style he created in his early work, such as In Our Time and The Sun also Rises, was almost too good.Like the style of certain painters, it tended to become a manner, rather than a flexible way of responding to experience and conveying fresh insights through words.”1 Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is the most typical one to his unique language style.Its language is simple and natural, and has the effect of directness, clarity and freshness.This is because Hemingway always manages to choose words “`concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational.” 2 He seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax.Hemingway‟s strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details.His short sentences are powerfully loaded with the tension, which he sees in life.Where he does not use a simple and short sentence, he connects the various parts of the sentence in a straightforward and sequential way, often linked by “and”.In his task of creating real people, Hemingway uses dialogue as an effective device.It is presented in a form “as close to the dramatic as possible, with a minimum of explanatory comment.”3 Here is an example chosen from The Old Man and the Sea: „What do you have to eat?‟ the boy asked.„No, I will eat at home.Do you want me to make the fire?‟ „No, I will make it later on.Or I may eat the rice cold.‟
Here we can see that such interpolations as “he said” have frequently been omitted and the words are very colloquial.Thus the speech comes to the reader as if he were ing.Hemingway has captured the immediacy of dialogue skillfully and has made the economical speech connotative.But it is good to note that Hemingway‟s style is deliberate and artificial, and is never as natural as it seems to be.The reasons are as follows.Firstly, in some specific moments, in order to stand out by contrast and to describe an important turning point or climax, the style is made a little different:
He took all his pain and what was left of his long gone pride and he put it against the fish‟s agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost touching the planking of the skiff, and started to pass the boat, long, deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable in the water.5
The language in this one-sentence paragraph is different from other parts of the novel.Kenneth Graham has commented that the sentence builds up its parts in a carefully laborious sequence-“all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gone pride”.It emulates the movement of the exhausted marlin and the physical strain of the old man.And it mounts to a heavy crescendo in the very un-prosaic inversion of adjectives-“long, deep, wide”-ending in the virtually poetic cadence, “interminable in the water.”6
The dialogue, too, is combined with the realistic and the artificial.Usually the content contains and the expression contains the artificial.In The Old Man and the Sea, the language style is very peculiar from Hemingway‟s other writings.This is because the novel is an English version of the Spanish that Santiago and Mandolin would speak in real life.“Since we are meant to realize that Santiago and Mandolin could not possibly speak like this, since English is not his tongue anyway, we are more likely to accept other artificialities of the dialogue.Using the device of a pretended „translation‟, which would be bound to stilt in any case, Hemingway can „poetize‟ the dialogue as he wishes.”7 The speakers are distanced from readers to a certain degree.And while their language taking on a kind of epic dignity, it does not lose its convincingness.Even slightly strange exchanges like the following become fairly acceptable.For example:
„You‟re my alarm clock‟, the boy said.„Age is my alarm clock‟, the old man said.„Why do old man wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?‟
„I don‟t know‟, the boy said.„All I know is that young boys sleep late and hard‟.„I can remember it‟, the old man said.„ I‟ll waken you in time.‟8
The simple sentences and the repeated rhythms hit at the profundities that the surface of the language tries to ignore.Its simplicity is highly suggestive and connotative, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion.Indeed, the more closely the reader watches, the less rough and simple the characters appear.In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway uses an effective metaphor to describe his writing style:
If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.9
Among all the works of Hemingway, the saga of Santiago is thought as the most typical one to this Iceberg Theory.The author seldom expresses his own feelings directly, nor does he make any comments or explanations.On the contrary, he tries to narrate and describe things objectively and blend his own feelings harmoniously to the natural narration and description this gives readers a pictures compression, from which-the 1/8 of the iceberg above water, they can learn the implying meaning and feelings of the author-7/8 of the iceberg under water.When Hemingway said of this story, “I tried to make a real old man, a real sea and real sharks”, he then went on to say, “But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.”10 So this novel has a great and significance conveyed by a compressed action.The core of the novel‟s action is fishing.To the hero, fishing is not simply of contest in life.It contains profound philosophic meaning.In addition, two details-the baseball match and the hand wresting with the Negro, like fishing, symbolize the contention in life.They compensate and enrich the inner meaning of the main plot of fishing.So the simplicity of the novel is highly suggestive.Occasionally, the author uses such figures of speech as metaphor, personification, etc to describe details.Hemingway likes to us natural things to make metaphors.For example, he describes Santiago‟s eyes as “the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.”11The metaphor reveals that the old man is closely linked with nature.At the beginning of the novel, a simile is used: “the sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.”12 Here Santiago‟s eyes are contrasted with the patched sail, which symbolize defeat, as reveals Santiago‟s unyielding character.So Hemingway has formed of narrative and dialogue, though natural and simple on the surface, is actually deliberated and artificial.It combines elements that are realistic with elements that are stylized and heightened.How Hemingway has formed such a writing style? The reason is related to his own experiences.“His use of short sentences and paragraphs and vigorous and positive language, and the deliberate avoidance of gorgeous adjectives are some of the traces of his early journalistic practices.”13 After leaving school at 17, he went to the Kansas City Star, which was one of the best newspapers in America at that time.He served as its eager and energetic reporter.As a journalist, Hemingway trained himself in the economy of expression.He once said that, during his working in Star, he had to learn to use simple sentences, which is very useful to him;and that the experience of working as a journalist would not do harm to a young writer, instead it is very helpful if he could cast it off timely.He laid stress on “speaking” with facts and objected groundless concoction in writing.His descriptions of details are full of factuality, and are as precise as news reports.The influence of Hemingway‟s language style is great.In the latter part of his life, Hemingway was known as “Papa Hemingway.”14 It refers mainly to his contribution to the development of a new writing style in America-the colloquial style.His simple word, short sentences and vividly colloquial language purity American novel.In England, which Miss Storm Jameson discussing “The Craft of the Novelist” in the January 1934 issue of The English Review, she advanced an explanation of Hemingway‟s popularity:
It is this simplicity, this appeal to our crudest interests, which explains Hemingway‟s success…In English at least his success has been largely with the intellectuals.Thy have praised his simplicity, his directness…15
When Hemingway‟s death was reported on 3 July 1961, the obituary in The Tines pronounced pontifically:
No history of the literature of our time will be able to ignore his achievement or his far-reaching influence…his last masterpiece, The Old Man and The Sea, he remained a solitary both in achievement and style…16
And Hemingway‟s influence as a stylist was “neatly expressed in the praise of the Noble Prize Committee about „his powerful style-forming mastery of the art‟ of writing modern fiction.”17 Apart from the language style, which The Old Man and the Sea is famous for, the writing techniques in this novel are also worth paying close attention to.A very important one of them is the way to use facts.The main events of the story seem to be based on a real incident, which is described by Hemingway in an article about fishing in the Gulf Stream in Esquire for April 1936.So the novel of full facts, such as the habit of fish, the technique of catching marlin, the weather, the sea, and so on.But the power of the novel lies in the way to use these facts.Firstly the facts are selected.“Hemingway‟s old man, boy, sea, fish, and sharks are not so much built up in our minds, detail by detail, facts by facts, as drive into our mind by the force and the sympathy with which the author himself shares in their imaginary existence.”18 Like any realist, he relies on selection.When the giant marlin finally surfaces, his tail “was higher than a big scythe blade and a very pale lavender above the dark blue water.”19 Sargasso weed is bleached and yellow by day;Tuna are silver when they jump out if the water, but blue-backed and gold-sides when swimming.Hemingway never described them with excessively, but choose some effective ones.He uses them with a sense of how colors shift and change in their relationship.Without selection, there can be no intensity, and compression.Secondly, the facts are used as a device to make the fictional word accepted.The novel is not simply a manual for us to study the technique to catch a fish or how to survive in a boat.The author tries to implicate people‟s imagination in what is happening by appealing to our love of practical knowledge.This shows “the facts are fundamentally a device, a technique of reassuring our sense of everyday values.”20 So they can help to make us accept more readily what the author has invented and made more dramatic than in everyday life.Still take the use of color as example: The clouds over the land now rose like mountains and the coast was only a long green line with the gray-blue hills behind it.The water was a dark blue now, so dark that it was almost purple.As he looked down into it he saw the red sifting of the plankton in the dark water and the strange light the sun made now.21
These facts show readers the process of fishing, which mostly comes from the author‟s own experience.From these facts, which are vivid, precise and terse, readers can learn a lot about how to catch a fish and can also feel as if they themselves were catching a fish.Then they will have the sense that what the author describes is real and believable.Therefore, as Kenneth Graham has said, many facts in the novel about fishing and about the sea have a double function: they satisfy people‟s sense of the real word.And this is what underlies Hemingway‟s famous statement that his intention was always to convey to the reader “the way it was.”22
All in all, Hemingway‟s language in The Old Man and the Sea is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial.“The language is rarely emotional.Rather, it controls emotions: it holds them in.”23 The forming of this distinct style is related to Hemingway‟s own experience.And the influence of this style is not only within America but also all over the world.The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted.Unlike other novelists who add allegorical meanings to their facts, Hemingway uses the facts simply and naturally, without any emotion.In the latter part of the novel, instead of being narrated by the author, the facts are used from inside Santiago‟s own consciousness, and form part of a whole scheme of the novel.Besides what have been mentioned above, other techniques in The Old Man and the Sea, such as realism, monologue, the creation of suspense and so on, are also very successful.All these show Hemingway‟s superb artistic attainments as a Nobel Prize winner.Notes:
1.Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p41
2.Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature,(TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987), p304
3.Mary A.Campbell, “Study Guide” in The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p126
4.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p8 5.Ibid, p83
6.Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p42 7.Ibid, p45
8.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p20
9.Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon,(New York, 1932), p138
10.Times, 13 December 1954.11.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p2 12.Ibid, p1
13.Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature,(TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987), p295
14.A.E.Hotchner, Papa Hemingway,(New York: Random House, 1966), p1
15.Roger Asselineau, ed, “Hemingway‟s English Reputation” in The Literary Reputation of Hemingway in Europe,(New York: New York University Press, 1965), p15
16.Ibid, p10
17.Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature,(TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987), p305
18.Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p25
19.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p79
20.Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p29
21.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998), p26
22.Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea,(Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991), p29
23.Peter B.High, “Chapter 11” in An Outline of American Literature,(New York: Long man Inc., 1986), p147
Bibliography:
1.Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature.TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987
2.Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea.Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991
3.Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea.Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998 4.崔道怡等编.《“冰山”理论:对话与潜对话》工人出版社,1987.5.刁绍华.《海明威》.辽宁人民出版社, 1980.6.傅景川.《二十世纪美国小说史》.吉林出版社, 1996
第二篇:从《老人与海》看海明威作品的写作风格(定稿)
[摘 要]本文从文学文体学的角度对《老人与海》独特的文体特色进行较为系统的分析, 运用统计法和描写法揭示其风格要素即小说的语言材料、表达方式和叙事方式的具体特征, 进而指出《老人与海》是海明威客观、简洁、朴实的美学思想的完美体现。[关键词]海明威 语言特色 现代叙事手法 老人与海 简介
美国着名小说家海明威是一位不平凡的语言大师, 他以“精通现代叙事艺术”和“在当代风格所发挥的影响”而荣获1954 年诺贝尔文学奖。文学语言可分为两种: 一种是叙事语言, 另一种是人物话语。海明威正是通过这种创新的语言艺术, 创造出一种独特的文学散文风格。本文从《老人与海》入手, 对其语言特色和叙事手法简单的分析。粗略的探析了其独特写作风格及形成原因和影响。
一、语言特色——电报风格
以《老人与海》为例, 从中可以看出海明威对词汇、句式、语气、对话模式和语法等运用了他个人的偏好, 显示了他的电报风格语言特色。海明威倾向用英语中最核心、最普通的词汇。从《老人与海》的用词和句子结构不难看出, 文章的用词很简单, 很少用表示抽象意义的大词。如: Aware that he will need to keep his strength, the old man makes himself eat the tuna he caught the day before,which he had expected to use as bait.While he cuts and eats the fish with a claw under the strain of taking all the fish‘s resistance.Stantiago is angered and frustrated by the weakness of his own body, but the tuna, he hopes,will reinvigo2rate the hand.As he eats, he feels abrotherly desire to feed the
marlin too.(老人清楚, 他必须得保持体力, 所以就强迫自己吃前一天捕获到的、原打算做诱饵用的金枪鱼。在右手切鱼、吃鱼的时候, 他那只被勒伤的左手开始抽筋, 而且, 由于那条大马林鱼在抵抗, 他必须拼尽全力拉住鱼线, 所以那只手搐得像一只爪子。桑提亚哥对自己的身体状况既感到气馁, 又忿恨不已, 他希望金枪鱼能使他的伤手恢复劲力。他吃鱼的时候, 产生一种强烈的愿望, 想喂一喂那条马林鱼, 像对兄弟那样。)
这段描写的是老人在与鱼僵持的几个简单的动作。就其用词而言, 喜欢用动词和名词写作, 少用形容词以增强动感。而且几乎所有的动词和名词都是简明、易懂。动词如: need, make, cut, eat, use, take。将形容词变成动词和名词的形式, 如: an2gered, weakness。从句子结构频繁使用He does something.简单的句式。主语是he, 谓语以使役动词为主。由于使役动词的基本意义是指一个动作发生并完成, 因此这类句型就成了动作的执
行者做一件事, 并使其行为产生预期的结果。在《老人与海》中, 这类句型和描写具体行为的短小动词占据主导地位, 所以从整体上传达出一个基本意义: 老人是个行动者, 他的行动都达到了预期目的。这完全符合海明威塑造“硬汉”形象的一贯追求。
在《老人与海》中, 作者充分使用贯穿小说的人物桑提亚哥和他忠实的助手兼朋友小诺曼林之间的对话或对话加上非常简练的描写与叙述来推动故事的发展。其中他们谈论最多的是棒球赛的最新战况, 探讨老人的偶像—狄马吉奥在球场的表现。如:“Tell me about the baseball, ”the boy asked h im.“In the Am erican League it is the Yankees as I said, ”the old man said happily.“T hey lot today, ”the boy told him.“T hat means nothing.T he great D im aggio is him self again.”
“T hey have o ther m en on the team.”
“Naturally.But he makes the difference.In the other league, between Brook lyn and Philadelphia I must take Brooklyn.But then I thnk of Dick Sisler and those great drives in the old park.”
省去不写, 这只会增强你的冰山重要的是那没有显露出来的部分。”这是海明威在《老人与海》出版后回答《巴黎评论》记者采访时的谈话。我们来看另一段摘自《老人与海》的片段: Just then “Therewasnothingeverlike them.Hehitsthe longestball I have ever seen.”
从表面来看, 只是老人的兴趣爱好, 实则表现桑提亚哥老人坚信伴随84 天一无所获的背运马上就会结束, 由此而引出故事的开端, 老人去更远的水域捕鱼。《老人与海》通过使用第三人称, 不流露个人感情, 超然叙述事情发生的经过。作者通过老人内心的意识来反映事件, 进而流露出作者本人的价值观和世界观。
二、现代叙事手法—冰山理论
想知道的话, 我一直用冰山理论指导我的写作。冰山有八分之七在水下, 只有八分之一是显露出来的。任何你知道的, 你都可以电报风格主要是用于说明他谴词造句的简洁、朴实, 但这并不代表海明威小说的语言艺术, 因为海明威小说在简单的表层之下蕴藏着许多内涵。借用他自己的观点叫“冰山理论”:“如果
the stern line came taut under his foot,where he had kept the loopof the line,andhedroppedhisoarsandfelt the weight of the sm all tuna’sshiveringpullasheheldthelinefirm andcom 2menced to haul it in.The shivering increased as he pulled in and he could see the blue back of the fish in thewater and the gold of his sides before he swung him over the side and into the boat.He lay in the stern in the sun, compact and bullet shaped, his big, unintelligent eyes staring as he thumped his life out a2gainsttheplankingoftheboatwith thequick shiveringstrokes ofhisneat,fast-movingtail,Theoldmanhithimonthehead for kindness and kicked him , his body still shuddering, under the shade of the stern.(就在这个时候, 船尾的鱼线在他脚下突然绷紧, 因为他在那打了一个环。于是他放下船桨, 抓牢鱼线, 开始往回拉, 他感觉到金枪鱼把鱼线拉得沉甸甸地抖动。他越往回拉, 鱼线抖动得就越厉害, 接着他看见了水中浮动的蓝色鱼脊和金灿灿的两侧, 之后他把鱼从船帮处拉了上来, 扔到船里。鱼躺在船尾, 阳光照射着, 它身体密实, 形如子弹, 它把身体一次次重重地摔到船板上, 匀称、动作迅速的鱼尾快速颤抖着, 反复扫动着, 两只大而无神的眼睛一直瞪着, 最后一点力气也没有了。老人友好地打它的头, 又踢它, 鱼的身体在船尾的背阴处仍在抖动着。)
这段描写桑提亚哥在第二天捕获金枪鱼经过, 这段文字是海明威简洁煽情的典范, 传神且优美。作者也正是通过使用最简单、最普遍的字眼来表达具体但又有诗歌意象的内容。上面场景的描写, 即使是对那些根本没有捕鱼经验的人, 也会让他们有身临其境之感。除此之外, 作者在此段最后用“for kindness”,“友好”两个字, 以及在上一段文字的最后作者用“brotherly”,“兄弟般的”字眼来传达作者与金枪鱼的关系, 看似自相矛盾, 实则将作者的心境体现得淋漓尽致。这几个字虽少, 却能使读者全面地了解到老人的个性。海明威在表现桑提亚哥与他所处的那个世界的关系, 他对世界的尊重时, 并未提及老人内心最深处到底想些什么, 而是刻意选择了这两个字, 从感情深处刻画出桑提亚哥是一个什么样的人。海明威把这种通过简单语言表达深刻意义的“冰山原则”运用得巧妙, 正如冰山顶端能够揭示出隐藏于水下的巨大冰块的品质一样, 潜移默化地揭示出人类最伟大的真理。
三、象征主义
象征主义是海明威小说语言艺术的又一大特色。甚至有人称海明威是象征主义作家。他善于依据作品内容运用象征手法来展现主体。在《老人与海》中, 基督教象征主义手法, 特别是基督受难的形象在这一着作中, 自始自终得到充分的体现。老人在和马林鱼搏斗的过程中, 手掌被鱼线勒割得血肉模糊, 虽然这说明了桑提亚哥的艰辛, 说明了他甘愿献身的精神, 但伤口却寓指基督身上的圣伤痕, 海明威一心要把桑提亚哥塑造成一个像基督一样的殉难者。鲨鱼袭来时, 老人立即发出一声“像是一个人的手被钉子钉穿在木板上时”所发出的惨叫。再有, 老人肩上扛着船桅, 艰难地攀爬小山, 向村里走去的情形会使人联想到基督朝着卡尔加里艰难行进的场面。甚至桑提亚哥精疲力竭地扑倒在床上的动作, 他脸朝下、双臂直伸、手心朝下的姿势, 都会让人联想到基督在十字架上的惨景。此外, 在故事悲剧性的结尾时, 最后的画面寓意极其深刻: 他拖着沉重的步子走进小屋睡下了, 梦中他见了非洲的雄狮—勇敢无畏的象征。
四、海明威独特写作风格的形成原因及影响
海明威的简洁、朴素的散文文体风格, 其所以形成是有其原因的。首先, 继承。海明威十分推崇的前辈作家是美国现实主义作家马克·吐温, 他认为,“一切现代文学来自马克·吐温的一本书《哈克贝利》, 这是我们最好的一本书”。舍伍德·安德森采用了一种随随便便、信手拈来的风格。这些都对海明威的创作产生了十分重要的影响。第二, 生活经历。一个作家的文体风格往往是作家本人, 即“文如其人”。而这个“人”不是孤立存在的, 而是其文化背景、社会环境和生活经历等因素的综合体。他从小受父亲影响, 喜欢打斗、第一次世界大战爆发时踊跃报名参加, 大大地丰富了他的阅历。贯穿一生的记者身份和崇尚毅力的硬汉性格, 使他的作品中的“电报风格”语言特色尤为明显。第三, 独创精神。为了适应快节奏的社会生活, 也为塑造行动型的人物性格, 开创了他“冰山理论”指导的叙事风格。
结语
海明威的作品以其独特的文体风格而着称。他的小说言近而指远,平白而蕴籍。他善于用白描的手法写景, 他的叙事艺术则以藏而不露的感情变化支撑人物的行动, 他的对话简洁, 素有“电报风格”之称, 叙事则充分体现其“冰山理论”。他的写作开创了一代文风, 其影响将是永恒的。
参考文献
[1]Donaldson,Scott.ErnestHemingway.[M ].上海: 上海外语教育出版社.戴金喜.论海明威独特的文体风格.[J ].南平: 南平师专报2006(1), 63-66.董衡巽.海明威研究[M ].北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1980.刘瑛.从《白象似的群山》看海明威作品的语言特点.[J] 乌鲁木齐: 乌鲁木齐职业大学报.2005(12), 116-118.欧内斯特·海明威.《老人与海》[M ].南京: 译林出版社, 1999.张国敬译, 欧内斯特·海明威.《老人与海》[M ].天津: 天津科技翻译出版社,
第三篇:简论海明威《老人与海》的文体风格
(总的有点多不过你就前面的这段就不要写这么多或者不写)
论海明威《老人与海》的文体风格
《老人与海》(ne old mall and the sea)是欧内斯特·海明威(1899"--1961)晚年的成熟之作。凭借这篇小说,他获得了1954年的诺贝尔文学奖。海明威作为美国的现代著名作家,对现美国和世界文学产生过重要的影响。海明威一生经历丰富多彩,甚至带有某种传奇性。两次参加世界大战,虽然多次身负重伤,但他没有倒下去。他的特殊经历促使他在作品中对战争做了深刻的反思。另外,他还喜欢打猎、钓鱼、拳击等,这些经历都为他的小说创作提供了丰富的素材。小说叙述一个老渔民在海上捕鱼的故事。古巴渔民桑提亚哥是个捕鱼能手,他接连下海第八十五天才捕获了一条大马林鱼。在回港的途中,成群的鳖鱼游来吞食马林鱼,于是,桑提亚哥与鳖鱼进行了一场激烈的搏斗。小说的故事情节十分简单,含义却十分深刻。名义上桑提亚哥是个渔夫,实则是一个抽象化的人;他与鳖鱼的搏斗,是人生搏
斗的象征。小说通过人与自然的搏斗,热情讴歌了人类不可摧毁的精神力量,同时表达了作者对人类美好未来的憧憬。在作品中,无论写景还是刻画人物,他总是选用最普通的日 常用语,用词准确、贴切、形象。很少用名词和形容词,动词的使用频率较高。他还喜欢用短句,其文体十分简洁。这种简约的文体既有利于刻画少言寡语的渔民桑提亚哥这一人 物形象,又增添了节奏感,渲染了人鲨相斗的紧张气氛,突出了小说的主题。作品风格表现为:孤独的主人公及其内心独自,缘情写景,感情的表露极为含蓄,非常简练的对话,清 新洗练的文字和反复锤炼的日常用语等。表达方式是:从感觉、视觉、触觉着手刻画形象,将作者和读者之间的距离缩短到最低限度,由读者去体味凝聚在形象里的思绪。
一、作品充分体现“冰山”原则海明威以精通叙事艺术获得诺贝尔文学奖,而他的“冰 山”理论就是精通现代叙事艺术集中的体现。“冰山”原则在《老人与海》中发展到登峰造极的程度,它是现实主义和象征主义相结合,象征意义又很浓的一部作品。把他那清澈流 畅、朴实无华的散文体奠定了他作为那个时代最富有才华和艺术感染力的文体作家的地位。海明威的文体风格具有简洁性、含蓄性等特点。首先,他以简约、清新的文体净化了 文风。英国评论家赫欧贝茨称海明威的文体“引起了一场文学革命”。他说:“海明威是一个拿着板斧的人,砍伐了整座森林的冗言赘词,还原了基本枝干的清爽面目,通过疏疏落 落,经受过锤炼的文字,眼前豁然开朗,能有所见。”他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时指出:“《老人与海》本来可以写一千多页那么长,小说里有村庄中的每个人物,以及他们怎样谋生、怎样受教育、生孩子等等的一切过程。”但结果小说却被浓缩到只有五万多字,小说仅集中描写了老人在海上捕鱼的惊心动魄的三天。其次,他采用了多种简约、含蓄却内涵 丰富的表达形式。在《老人与海》中包含着丰富的潜台词,主人翁的情感,不论是失望、恐惧还是悲愤,从来不作过分的描写,它们总是凝结在艺术形象里,包含在简洁的景色描 写、人物动作中。他常用电报式的对话、内心独白、象征手法、意识流手法等来表达复杂的思想感情。这些含而不露的写法为读者留下联想的空间,从而达到厚积薄发,意到笔不 到的艺术神韵。
二、故事结构设置引人入胜的悬念
海明威在《老人与海》中一开始就设了两个悬念:老人一连80多天一条鱼也没捕到,他准备第85天继续捕鱼,他很背运,那么,他能否捕到一条大鱼?老人在感到他的力气可能不支的情况下,认为自己有信心有诀窍,认为像他这样一个“古怪”的老头子会做好一切的,那么,他有什么样的信心和诀窍?他的“古怪”又表现在哪里呢?这是读者迫切想要知道的,这股巨大的吸引力牢牢牵着你去寻找你所想知道的一切,最后读完作品就会得到比较圆满的答案:老人第85天捕到了一条特大鱼,不过最后又失去了;他的信心就
是战胜一切困难。取得最后的胜利;他的诀窍就是对付鱼的一切有利办法;他的“古怪”表现在他那坚毅不可战胜的倔强性格上,悬念随着情节的发展消失了,我们对作品的总体 精神也得以了解,这就使悬念设置的艺术效果。
三、整个作品成功采用象征寓意的手法
在《老人与海》这部作品中,大海象征人生舞台,象征世界,有美丽的外表,却有凶险的实质。它是桑提亚哥老人赖以生存的物质世界,是他生活的全部内容。因为他生来就是 捕鱼的海为他准备了神秘的大鱼,为他提供了充分展示其无比的勇气和毅力的场所,因此老人爱大海。“老人总是把海当作一个女性,当作施宠的或者不施宠的一个女人,要是 她做出了卤莽的或者顽皮的事,那是因为她情不自禁。”在小说中,好几处用“dark”来修饰大海,好像大海是从头到脚穿着黑色衣服的女性,她很仁慈,也会很残忍。老人与鲨鱼 的搏斗象征他不屈于命运,敢于拼搏的精神。而老人是大海的一部分,与海有着紧密的联系,海孕育了他,是海养育了他坚强的性格,当他回到港口时,战利品只是巨大的白骨
架,表面上老人是失败而归,但精神上,他并没有失败,他是成功的,他也曾捕到一条大马林鱼,正如老人所说“只怪我出海太远了”。老人梦到狮子表明:他没有放弃,依然有决 心。即使在最严峻的时刻,他也坚信并高喊:“人不是生来要给打败的,你尽可以把他消灭,但就是打不败他。”而小说中的那男孩,就是未来的象征。他把老人看作他的老师,一心 想跟随老人一起出海,象征着人的意志将世代相传,永不泯灭。
四、作品将绘画与摄影手法的描述应用到了高峰
《老人与海》的色彩以暗淡为主,这与它那悲壮的主题是一致的。作者呈现给我们的这幅油画,以大海之色——黑魃、深黑、深蓝为底色,有深度的阴影之感,以突出聚光作
用,使主要形象鲜明夺目,产生一种立体感;同时选择了对比强烈的白云i雪峰来与大海遥遥相对,色彩明亮,产生了醒目感;选择了富有生气的绿色海岸,淡青色的小山做大海 的边线,产生了柔美之感;选择了色彩斑斓的光柱做大海的中心色彩,反光作用强烈,整个画面顿时明亮起来,深色转为中间色,产生了活泼明快之感;加上月亮的倒影、鸟儿的 飞翔、老鹰的盘旋,构成了一幅脱俗的捕鱼图,也与老人捕鱼的艰难格调形成了和谐的统一,起到了渲染的作用,达到了完美的统一,显示出老人刚中有柔,柔中有刚的性格特
征。海明威所擅长的“摄影机式的描写艺术”这在《老人与海》中达到了高峰,这主要表现在:其一,客观冷静的画面,尽力使读者感觉到:好像是亲身经历一样;其二,鲜明,生动 的动作描写,老人打鱼过程中一系列的动作让读者清晰地了解详细过程;其三,结构上的摄影的单纯性,人物少得不能再少,主人公性格单一而鲜明。这种单纯性是海明威小说艺术结构的重要特征。
五、充分应用了现代叙事手法
海明威在叙述故事时采用了巧妙的手法,不断转移叙事视角,使得叙述者在文中不露痕迹。在小说开头部分,叙述者即为作者站在读者面前介绍必要的故事背景,介绍故事主角老渔夫。等到主人公出场之后'叙述者便隐藏在人物▲ 和事件的背后,使读者几乎无法感知他的存在。此时,作者使用两种方式展开叙事:一是由人物对话或是人物对话加 上非常简练的描写与叙述来推动故事的发展,给人以十分客观的印象;另一手法则是通过老人内心的意识来反映事件,从而完全省略叙述者的介入和议论。小说中大部分时间 里只有一个主人公’,J、说的叙述基本采用第三人称。作者巧妙大量运用了的直接引语和自由直接引语,来增强了口述的效果,对读者产生强烈的听觉刺激,使读者产生对话感,自己也被卷入到作品描绘的事件中去。通过大量的直接引语和自由直接引语,小说运用意识流的手法展现了老人丰富、复杂、敏感的内心世界。全书除部分片段客观叙述了他 的身世和经历外,大量篇幅描写了他在海上捕到大马林鱼以及与鲨鱼搏斗的经过,其中老人心理活动记述几乎占据全书一半以上篇幅。在作者笔下,老人的思维活动有些是有秩序,有条理的,如想到捕鱼前应做的准备,到海上去碰运气等了;而有些思维活动是缺乏逻辑的,带有很大的随意性和盲动性,如在全力与鲨鱼搏斗时他突然想起垒球大赛,又想起老年的孤单,甚至想到被捕到的大马林鱼的可怜。所有心理描写都体现了老人在逆境中人的尊严,人性的力量以及坚持在肉体上可以被消灭,但在精神上必须战胜敌人的信心。综上所述,海明威的《老人与海》以简约的文体风格向读者塑造了一个坚强的“硬汉”,更体现了“精通现代叙事艺术”的文体大师的高超的艺术手法。《老人与海》也是一部剔透玲珑的艺术精品小说的文字极其洗练简洁而又含蓄,充分体现了海明威的“冰山”理论。同时从其风格中体会到老人的“硬汉”性格。
第四篇:《海明威老人与海的象征主义手法的赏析》.docx
莫言拿到“诺奖”,国人心里热了,大街小巷“奔走相告”,各大媒体更是将莫言先生的“红高梁地”的曝光到底的。溯源的精神总是驱使国人,遇事“总要翻过底朝天”。同样的,我最近方才读完海明威几本作品,其中包括《老人与海》、《永别了,武器》。并且翻阅海明威的相关资料,追溯其的生平事迹,以期望更好的解读文本。
一、海明威的人生经历与文本关系分析
(一)海明威事迹简述:
1899年出生在一个父母性格迥异的家庭,父亲的冒险精神深刻影响着他的人生。他爱好广泛,但是好胜心极强,在体育运动比赛项目上拿不到冠军,就会放弃这项运动。也因此,他拳击失败了,该踢足球,但因为足球队里不是主力而放弃。喜欢钓鱼和打猎,这是他一生都爱好的事情。自学生时代起,爱写作,是校园里写文章响当当的人物。
1918年参加军队,受到垄断资本家的鼓动,年轻的他赴欧洲意大利一带参加协约国对奥地利的作战受了重伤。战后获得意大利十字军功奖章回国做了记者,但是思想转入了迷茫。1924年辞去记者工作,专心从事文学写作,这一年出版了《在我们的时代》。次年再版的《在我们的时代》使他赢得了声誉。
此后,陆续出版了《太阳也升起来了》、《永别了,武器》、《下午之死》、《非洲青山》,《有的和没有的》。
1936年西班牙内战爆发,他参加了反对佛朗哥的战争,后来加入国际纵队,对人民和共产主义有了接触与了解。这改变了他在精神世界里面的迷茫。海明威在此期间写了剧本《第五纵队》的解说词,还写了战争题材的小说《战地钟声》等。二战中,他多次负伤,尽管健康不好,但是依然喜欢打猎和斗牛。他是一个在打击面前不肯低头的人,因此,晚年的他思想斗争极其巨大。但是,“唯有《老人与海》是他比较乐观的,尽管乐观里面透射出孤独哀伤。”1961年7月2日,海明威因治疗效果不显著,在友人家里悲痛难忍的他选择用猎枪结束了自己的生命。
(二)作者的人生态度分析:
首先,从学生时代可以知道,好胜是他最大的特点,因此,他身上有一种积极的冒险精神。后来主动要求参军,以求得建立“'军功“是最好的佐证。其次,他是一个硬汉式的人物,在意大利作战时,被炮弹炸伤晕死醒来依然扛着负伤的队友闯过敌区。第三,尤其重要的一点,是他一直不停的斗争着,跟敌人在战场斗争,在非洲和狮子、犀牛搏斗,在西班牙多次参加斗牛大赛等等。还有,他心里有一场从未停歇的战争。这样的作者,成为《老人与海》的主人公桑迪亚哥的原型。打渔为生,但是又老迈的主人公的原型,极大程度上源自作者自己。
二、《老人与海》中象征形象分析
(一)《老人与海》讲述的主要内容
老渔夫桑迪亚哥独驾孤舟在大海捕鱼,连续84天都一无所获.在第85天他遇到了一条比船还大的马林鱼。经过三天三夜的生死搏斗,老人终于将其捕获。不料返航途中遭到了一群鲨鱼的进攻。他们围绕着绑在船弦边的马林鱼你争我夺。尽管老人奋力拼搏,也无济于事,最后老人拖着疲惫的身体,仅将光秃秃的马林鱼骨架带回了小茅屋。这就是小说《老人与海》的全部情节。
然而就是这样一部“简单”的小说却能深深影响欧美文坛,震撼数亿读者心灵,重要原因之一就是小说看似简单的故事却包含着多层次、复杂而深刻的象征意义。老人桑迪亚哥是人类的缩影,海是老渔夫活动的舞台之一,出海捕鱼是与大海抗争、不屈于命运、积极奋争的象征。《老人与海》故事象征的是人类同大自然抗衡的故事。尽管大自然力大无比、坚无不催,人类凭借坚韧的意志力、自信、勇敢、不屈不挠、永不言弃、战胜自我的精神,不断向成功靠近,最终成为精神上的胜利者。《老人与海》颂扬的是可以被摧毁,但不能被打败”的人类伟岸品质。
(二)“老人、大海、小孩、鱼骨架”的象征意义分析
海明威艺术的鲜明个性与高度的才华,在于他不拘泥于传统的现实主义和浪漫主义,他自己独特的创作手法影响很深。在此,不得不要说明的就是他的“冰山理论”了。当然,冰山理论,最为熟悉的恐怕是弗洛伊德了。但海明威是不是受到佛洛依德心理学的影响,从小说采用象征主义的手法来看,这是显而易见的。
1932 年,海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中,提出著名的“冰山原则”。他把文学创作比喻成漂浮在大海上的冰山。认为“作者只应描写‘冰山’露出水面的部分,水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。”他说:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。”文学作品中,文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”,而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。前两者是具体可见的,后两者是寓于前两者之中的。这正如我国修辞史学上常说的“言不尽意”,“难写之物如在眼前,含不尽之意于言外”。作品里有大量的“潜台词”,阅读越让人深思其中象征的深刻情趣与卯足劲奋发的精神了。
1、老人桑迪亚哥
桑迪亚哥可被解读为一个典型的“硬汉式”人物。主人公曾是海边最有经验、捕鱼本领最高的渔夫,然而现在老了,也不佳。但是他并没屈服,仍然对生活充满着昂扬的斗志,为的就是要证明自己还是最棒的渔夫。所以他能够忍受三天三夜的饥饿,并想尽一切办法把扑到的鱼带回来(尽管剩下的只是骨头),以此证明他从来都不是弱者,而是命运的强者,从来不气馁,永远都乐观地面对生活。我们可以认为,主人公桑提哥的“硬汉”形象是海明威理想化的。
“硬汉”是他的信念,是他的理想人物,是他对当时灰暗的、压抑的社会现状发出的呐喊。其实,老人只是普通人中的一员,不过他对生活的态度达到了普通人生经历的超然境界。沃特•威廉姆斯认为,“作者关于生活周期性的思想不容忽视;每个周期都像一次基督被钉死在十字架上的经历”。基督执着于自己的使命而受难,最终赢得精神的超越。而老人经过激烈的拼搏,在失去战利品的同时也得到了宝贵的精神财富,即表面上虽然失败了,却取得了内在的胜利,精神上达到了新的境界。老人在与成群结队的鲨鱼进行搏斗的过程中,表现出了非凡的勇气、斗志和能力,然而这一切努力似乎最终被证明是徒劳的。首先,孤独一人出海是客观原因。之所以孤独是由于渔民们怕沾上厄运而疏离了他。老人一心要捕一条“他为之而生的”大鱼。老人就是要指望着它来恢复自己的名声,这就决定了他不得不一个人去深海,从而导致了一系列的厄运漩涡。老人在德行与命运的斗争中,德行取得了更高意义上的胜利——精神上的胜利。这些深刻反映了海明威创作思想从消极向积极方面的转变。海明威在 1926 年给马克斯韦尔•帕金斯的一封信中说:“我认识一些杰出的人物,他们即使正在走向坟墓,也要没法在路上有出色表现。”的确,死亡,老人并不畏惧,慷慨激昂的面对,毫不屈服于命运,反而把厄运重重地踩在脚下。
2、小男孩曼诺林——人类的智慧和精神传递
小孩与老人在心灵里有着极大的共识,他们是很投机的。从老人角度而言,这个年轻的小伙也正是他小时候的写照,所以老人对他寄予了期望。从小孩角度来说,老人是他心里的偶像,所以要一而再的多次陪他出海打渔,因为老人在小孩心里的伟岸是无与伦比的。由于老人一个人在小划艇里捕了八十四天鱼而无收获,小男孩的父母就迫使他离开老人。然而,当小男孩赚了一些钱之后,他又决定回到老人身边。这可以视为精神的回归,萨特存在主义里面也谈到类似的问题。每当老人黎明之前出海捕鱼时,他总会说:“Then if you looksomething truly big we come to your aid.”在捕杀大马林鱼和与鲨鱼的斗争过程中,老人总是一次又一次地叫喊着小男孩的名字。“How I wish the boy were here ”这句话在这篇小说里出现了许多次,这表明了小男孩对老人是多么的重要。
同样的,当老人没有带回一条鱼,而仅仅是一根大马林鱼骨架时,男孩并没有像其他渔夫那样嘲笑他,而是安慰老人:“We will fishtogether now for I still have much to learn ”。这两个人的性格、兴趣爱好、斗志雄心是如此类似,以至于我们可以把他们当一个人来看待。这在海明威的人生历程里,少年时的他或许也正如这个小男孩,充满着对世界的极大好奇心与征服感。“这个老人的过去和未来一幕幕全反映在小男孩的身上,并用一种不可比拟的精神力量使他精力充沛。”男孩决定陪着老人一而再、再而三出海捕鱼,象征着人类的智慧和精神力量将会代代相传,小男孩也象征着将来人类一定会取得最终的胜利。
当然,老人在搏斗里多次提到小男孩,也是他心里的脆弱之处。老子说,”刚强者,死之属;柔弱者,生之属 "。这在心里强大但实际上心有余力不足的老人那里,体现得很清楚。这和庄子的哲学,“无所待”是截然不同的。这种重视现实,对现实的有着强烈的改变欲。
3、大海——黑暗的世界
《老人与海》中的语言是很独特的。解构主义认为,言语在不断演绎的同时也进行着不断的播撒,使得文本的内容呈开放性、不确定性,且不具有还原性。延异与撒播是言语固有的特性,所以言语并不能真实反映作者的意图。言语的播撒使意义的传达不可能像在场的形而上学那样由中心向四周散开,而是像种子一样不断地向四周离散所获得的零碎性与不充分性来反对中心本源,并且拒绝形成新的中心地带。通过播撒,任何文本实际上都宣告了不完整,具有非自足性,然而却呈现出一种具有丰富内涵的意义多样性。因此,我们对大海也可以有如下解读。
作品透过对大海这一意象的刻画,折射出了海明威的存在主义哲学及超人哲学的气息。萨特认为存在本身就是虚无,而尼采则认为存在是种超越,对人类本身的超越。而海明威则通过对这位“硬汉”式英雄的描写诠释了尼采的这一理念:超越本身不是来自于生命之外,而是人的生命本身。大海这一意象代表黑暗的人类世界,在她面前,人类只是渺小的弱者,受她支配。高兴时她会给人类带来好运(好收获:大马林鱼),同时也会给人类带来考验与磨难(鲨鱼),让人类一无所有。我们似乎无法预料未来社会的发展趋势,更无法躲避不幸的遭遇,因为我们此时正作为“此在”存在于这个世界上。人类唯有坚强地突破自我,不断获得新的希望和力量,才能超越现存世界强加给人的悲剧。海对渔夫来说既是他生活的来源,又是生命的依托;既是生存的竞争对手,又是神圣而玄妙的象征。他理想中的海是童年时代非洲的海,“拖长的金黄色的海难和白得刺眼的海滩,高耸的海岬和褐色的大山。现在,他每晚住在海边,在梦中听到海潮的怒号,看见本地的小船从海潮中穿梭来去。”他想象中的海是个女人。她爱憎分明,有时候撒性子,甚至搞恶作剧,那是她无法控制自己性情的缘故;正如月光能媚惑女子,月光也能媚惑海洋。海似乎就是他的情人,迷蒙月光下的海洋是一个多么迷人的女郎啊!海又是他的慰藉。有时大海更像一位母亲,仁慈而具有无限的生殖力;孕育并养育了一代又一代的人们。总之,她是他的母亲又是他的情人;既是他的女神,又是他的女妖;既是他童年的故居,又是他心灵的慰藉。她能够创造一切,也能够毁灭一切。大海这一意象从某种意义上说象征了个性意识的消失,她深不可测,代表着死亡。我们可以说老人所面对的问题其实就是“生存还是毁灭”。在死亡面前,主人公毅然保持着人类的坚强个性、价值与尊严。即使在与鲨鱼生死搏斗时,老人也从没被大海的汹涌、野蛮、阴险和深不可测所吓倒,反而激起了他的斗志并且保持了乐观优雅的风范。作者在此似乎是向人类发出倡议:面对失败应自强不息地勇敢面对。
4、马林鱼骨架——象征伟大意志的胜利
桑迪亚哥在海上捕鱼 87天,杀死了巨大的大马林鱼。为保护大马林鱼,老人同疯狂的鲨鱼展开了殊死的搏斗。最后,大马林鱼还是被吃光了,仅留下一具巨大的骨架。老人又一次无功而返。然而这次几乎以他的生命为代价的搏斗显然已经超出了老人的本来意图,发展成为对一种精神的追求。虽然在一般人的眼里,这具骨架只是一堆有待清理的废物,对老人而言,却意味着巨大的成功—一种精神上的胜利。这种胜利是他不可动摇的意志的象征,是敢于面对并挑战失败和死亡的象征。5、87天——带有宗教的象征意义
桑迪亚哥的身上带有浓厚的基督色彩。桑迪亚哥以前曾87天出海一无所获。现在又遇到了84天捕不到鱼的“背运”,加上海上拼搏的3天又凑成了87的数字。这是一个非常有趣的数字,因为耶稣在旷野之地受魔鬼的考验,40天水米未进,之后的40天又遭遇了各种各样的苦难,在后来一周便是被钉死在十字架上然后复活。前后加在一起恰恰也是 87 天。除了这隐藏的数字信息,海明威还在小说的后面部分描写老人回到小茅屋后的情形时写道:“脸朝下躺在报纸上.手心朝下两只胳膊伸得直直的”,俨然一副基督受难的姿态。这些描写似乎象征着“以耶稣的受难、复活暗示一切信仰宗教的人们都将蒙受巨大的灾难,但终将获得精神上的再生”。回想作者不服输的性格,敢于拼搏的精神,我越来越感觉到作者在写类似于自传的小说。
大海象征人生的搏斗场,是人类社会的剪影。大马林鱼象征着老人理想的追求之物,而老人对大马林鱼的征服,则表明了人类要实现自己的理想必须克服许多困难和阻碍。鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量,是掠夺成性、制造灾难,阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。老人魂牵梦萦的“那群狮子”表现出的无所畏惧的勇气和坚忍不拔的奋斗精神,代表旺盛的生命力和青春,象征老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往。
三、结语
《老人与海》象征手法的运用是海明威“冰山”风格的完整体现。小说以简洁的语言、短小的篇幅、简单的故事情节塑造一个硬汉的形象。老人圣地亚哥、小男孩、大海、马林鱼、鲨鱼、群狮等被赋予丰富的象征和寓意,所谓“言犹尽而意无穷”。整部作品内涵丰富、寓意深刻。颂扬了“可以被摧毁,但不能被打败”的人类伟岸品质。虽然解构主义有其局限性,但在其言语观的合理批判精神的观照下,我们确实体会到了《老人与海》文本的开放性和其意义的不确定性。尽管我们不能准确、具体地勾勒出其内涵,但我们却可以沿着言语演绎与播撒的轨迹进行建设性解读。为人类文学宝库增添了新的具有积极意义的形象。
第五篇:老人与海中读出的海明威
老渔人圣地亚哥是海明威塑造的最后一位悲剧英雄,也是他一生塑造的硬汉性格的最后总结。贫穷而又不走运的老渔夫圣地亚哥的命运是悲哀的,而他却又是一个失败的英雄,“打不败的失败者”,海明威的硬汉子品格像精灵一样铮铮依附在圣地亚哥这一人物形象之上,这便是海明威式“硬汉子”精神的象征,他不管有意还是无意,不管是自觉亦或不自觉,都作为了海明威“冰山原则”的有力体现。
圣地亚哥是一个“独自在湾流里的一只小船上打鱼的老头儿”。生活和岁月给老人的折磨,令他“后颈上凝聚了深刻的皱纹,显得又瘦又憔悴”,“身上的每一部分都显得老迈”了,可是他的那双眼睛“跟海一样蓝,是愉快的,毫不沮丧的”。作品一开始时,老头儿正赶上“背运(那是形容倒霉的一个最坏的字眼儿)”。八十四,整整八十四天,他连一条鱼都没有捉到,这对一个以打鱼为生的渔夫来说,那真是再倒霉不过了。就连跟他在一起很长时间的一个孩子,也不得不在第四十天离开了他。
老渔人的悲惨命运正是海明威的自身遭遇在艺术上的折光反射。海明威曾经参加过两次世界大战和西班牙战争,人们还未从世界大战的恶梦中醒来,幻灭、失落等种种迷惘困扰着人们。战后的社会是一片混乱、凋敝的景象,战争和社会的种种荒诞现象给海明威的精神和身体上都带来了很深的创伤,可谓九死一生。这也正是老渔人圣地亚哥苍老的表现之一。另外,我们发现从1940年《丧钟为谁而鸣》之后,海明威整整十年没有发表什么重要作品,而1950年出版的《过河入林》又遭到舆论界的一致批评,“众多评论家甚至断言海明威的才智已经枯竭,再也没有什么新鲜东西了”[vii]。这个情形与圣地亚哥老人一开始的景况多么的相似,老人背了运,一连八十四天打不到鱼,当他坐在海滨酒店时,周围的渔夫都在嘲笑他或者对他寄予同情。
圣地亚哥为了证明自己是个“古怪老头儿”,或者说是为了证明自己是有坚强勇气与毅力,为完成只属于自己的那项别人无法替代完成的任务,为了鳏夫的光荣与尊严,圣地亚哥一定要捕到一条大鱼,对于尊严与荣耀,海明威是极其强调的,他曾经一度打算为该文使用“人的尊严”这一标题。对于海明威来说,要写好一篇“一辈子所能写出的最好的作品”,“从战术上讲,现在发表《老人与海》可以驳倒认为我这个作家已经完蛋的那一派意见”[viii]。海明威意识到《老人与海》的这部作品的完成,将让“别的优秀而成熟的作品与它相比大为逊色”。我“今后还要努力写得更好一些,但这会是非常困难……我是一个专业作家,对这部作品心中有数。”老渔人圣地亚哥也意识到了“85”是个吉利的日子,“可以捉到一千磅的大鱼”。[ix]圣地亚哥老人在捕到他一生捕到过的甚至见到过的最大的鱼后,耗尽了全身了精力,不仅两手空空,而且伤痕累累;而海明威在写完这部最优秀的作品后,直到最后的自杀都未曾发表过任何作品,在写《老人与海》的同时写的另一部长篇小说《海流中的岛屿》都是在1970年他妻子整理后发表的。
虽然海明威说:“人们说什么象征主义,全是胡扯”,笔者认为把老渔人圣地亚哥作为“打不败的失败者”的人物形象进行塑造与对海明威双重性格的探讨也分不开。悲剧超越了他的失败,升华了存在的意义,失败后的言语与行为又折射出海明威的人生观和行为准则。精神上的胜利给了这些失败者和其创造者做人的尊严和勇气,同时又以一副面具去掩盖内心深处的、具有浪漫主义色彩的懦弱和自然主义宿命论。海明威的恩师格鲁特·斯泰因这样评述海明威的性格:“他用残忍当盾牌,以掩盖他惊人的胆怯和敏感。”《海明威传》的作者库·辛格也这样说:“海明威外表粗鲁健壮而又英勇,颇具男子气概,但在内心里,他有一种女人的直觉、善感、温情、容易落泪。”而著名的海明威学者杰佛里·迈那斯教授却很直接地指出:“在外表上极力压制他性格上多愁善感的一面,装出一副男子豪放不羁的形象”。正是由于海明威本人的精心掩饰,使我们判断失误而在潜意识里对他的硬汉子精神产生了公式化的认定。对于海明威多愁善感的一面在老渔人圣地亚哥身上也有体现。且看圣地亚哥是怎样在清晨喊醒小男孩的,“他轻轻握住孩子的一只脚,然后便一直握着直到孩子醒来”[x]这就是老人的细腻而又温情的一面,这一面却就被海明威极力地掩饰过,这一点也许与他双重性格有密切的关系。在现实和虚构的两个世界里,追逐描写失败而又不承认失败成了海明威内心不安与痛苦的一剂良药。
老人处境的一步步恶化就是为了表现出海明威这一硬汉子在“重压”之下所表现出的“优雅风度”,这样的重压之下,老人的失败才显得尤其悲壮,刚开始时,天天出海,但一连40天没有钓到一条鱼,这种失败就够“倒霉”了,后来小孩儿马洛林的离去更让老人的处理显得黯淡凄凉,最后的遭遇更让人感到凄惨,然而就是这种“从失败仍然是到失败”的境况下,圣地亚哥完善地体现了海明威的硬汉子性格:当他的大鱼被鲨鱼吃得仅剩下一副骨骼时,他自问:“可是,是什么把你打败的呢?”“什么也不是……是我走得太远啦。”老人勇敢地承认了自己的失败,却又绝对相信自我的力量。相信他纵然是失败依然勇敢无比,相信在精神上并没有败给鲨鱼,因为被消灭的是鲨鱼,而不是自己,正是基于对待失败的勇敢、毫不气馁的精神,圣地亚哥体会到:“一旦给打败,事情也就容易办了”。于是“现在只要把船尽可能好好地、灵巧地开往自己的港口去。”当战斗已成往事,辉煌也已逝去,桑提亚哥是那么安详平静地完成剩余的工作,绝好地体现了“重压下的优雅风度”。如果说人生是个竞技场,自然便是人生的大背景。而此刻的圣地亚哥却已完全超越了这个自然,超越了他人生中的磨难、辉煌、成功亦或是失败。
圣地亚哥“重压下的优雅风度”的象征与笔者在前面提到的战争对海明威的身心推残,战争的残酷、统治者的虚伪及其流血的无谓改变了海明威年轻时“拯救世界民主”的宏大抱负。
第一次世界大战铸成了海明威对人类社会的根本看法,严重的影响了创作基调。在海明威眼里,世界充满了暴力与虚伪;死亡不可避免地等待着第一个人。这就是海明威笔下主人公圣地亚哥的悲惨命运的又一象征。在这种社会中生存下去,就必须为自己树立一整套的生存法则,这就是:“在生活中,就是不能取胜,也万万不可以认输,你可以在默默忍受中尽力活下来;放弃感情的纠葛,莫要顾影自怜;在户外的体育运动中寻求欢乐,把„硬汉性格‟作为生命的支柱”[xi]正是这套生存法则让海明威成功地塑造出了典型的硬汉子形象,就算是驾着渔船“上面是一面千疮百孔的帆,上面先后补上了一些面粉袋,如一面标志着被打败的旗帜,”上天注定了老人失败的命运,但面对失败所表现出来的仍是硬汉子的坦然态度。海明威经过十六年之后,悟出了当年那个老渔夫的故事的真谛,他把古巴渔民的真实故事变成了一个渗透着人生哲理的寓言,海明威不再是单纯地讲述这个故事,而是揉进了自己的人生体验、情感和思想。“八分之一”的来源于生活素材,而余下的“八分之七”却是需要通过想象去挖掘的艺术真实与象征主义了。
可见圣地亚哥的象征所呈现出寓意的多义性,尽管其中也不乏某种朦胧气息,但我们还是不得不承认的是圣地亚哥是“海明威式”硬汉子精神的最佳体现者。