第一篇：【GRE写作】GRE作文issue精华段落——法律、道德、教育、竞争合作
【GRE写作】GRE作文issue精华段落——法律、道德、教
育、竞争合作
法律的制定
Laws are legislated by the majority of the society after they have made a final compromise between their interests and are carried out as basic principles to prescribe both government’s right and people’s behaviors in the society，thus maintaining a peaceful, orderly, and relatively stable society.法律不能自动调整以适应时代
Laws cannot automatically adjust themselves to the contemporary society as rapid advancement in society and technology is always leading to new problems and challenges and social awareness of emending laws is not always easily aroused among many people.Therefore, it is always observed that certain laws fail to keep pace with modernization in some angles.法律没有注意到一些人的需求
In this way, some traditional weak groups in society may not express their desire for interest strongly enough to arouse public attention.It has taken a long journey for the whole society to recognize and acknowledge the equal rights of women, the civil rights of the blacks, the reasonable right of gay, and so forth.法律的作用
Laws have solved a great number of problems and served a variety of functions.Laws, against crimes, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, and relatively stable society.Property and contract laws ensure common rules in business activities and financial planning.Laws limiting the powers of government reconcile conflicts between citizens and the government.DS工作室整理上传，转载请标明出处 |
道德
Morality is formed in social life and handed down from generation to generation through conversations, behaviors and instructions, which means morality is difficult to be described and written exactly and accurately.As principles concerning with distinction between good and bad, right and wrong behaviors, morality varies form person to person as they have different customs, values, religions and living environment.Therefore, debates on morality are always hot issues and consensus can hardly be reached in certain problems.教育的作用
Granted it is essential to lay a firm foundation for potential of personal achievements in a variety of fields through education, education serves to far more than providing knowledge, it also embraces delivering values, beliefs, self-confidence, humanity and morality.Form my perspective, the authentic purpose of education is rooted in not only introducing knowledge but also eliciting the talents of students aimed at helping them to realize their own richness and interests and providing opportunities to further their progress.竞争的好处
（由自然过渡到社会，理证+例证（电脑+中国））
In this era of rapid advancement in society and technology leading to improvement of living standard, competition is inevitable in nearly all aspects of life.As is known to all, competition serves as the driving force of adaptation and evolution in nature.Animals are struggling for the adequate food and living space in order to cultivate the next generation and ensure the continuity of the species.And the same goes to the human society.In the competition environment of market economy, individuals and companies, for the sake of survival, are bound to improve their services and products, and as a consequence, the entire society prospers.In the past decade, market has witnessed personal computers shrinking in size, increasing in power and declining in price.And the reducing price of telecommunication network has led to the rapid expansion of its usage, which contributes a lot to our convenience of searching information and expressing emotion.Simultaneously, competition is of vital importance to national economy.China has experienced the benefits of competition in the past three decades since her adoption of opening up and reform policy.DS工作室整理上传，转载请标明出处 |
竞争的负面影响
Over competition will lead to serious problems at both individual level and national level.In business competition, people have motivation to steal information or make rumors in order to survive or surpass other competitors if the environment is too sever.In the realm of arms race among powers, continuous competition has wasted a great amount of resources that could be used better in other positive ways.A typical example of is the Star War Program which eventually led to the budget deficiency of America.合作的好处
One of the purposes of competition is to separate winners from losers, however, the cooperation provides the opportunity to make every participant a winner.Development in almost all fields calls for cooperation as no one can accomplish such complicated tasks in modern society.For example, a CEO can hardly run a company well without many specialists in aspects such as marketing, finance, human resource, and technology.In a team work, in terms of designing an airport, building a road and even playing basketball, one can not win unless the team wins with discussions, understanding, compromise and tolerance between its members.DS工作室整理上传，转载请标明出处 |
第二篇：GRE issue题库大纲2 教育及大学
分类二
大学和教育 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。观点：偏否定
1、随着教育不断发展，教育机构具有越来越全面的手段去培养一个学生。有一个正在时兴的观点是教育机构有责任劝阻学生学习他们不太可能成功的领域。
2、我们必须承认这一观点有一定意义：a、通过劝阻学生，可以使学生避免在自己弱势的领域耗费精力；b、进一步说，由于教育机构要培养对于社会有用的人才，这样的劝阻有助于学生在擅长的领域发挥才智（talent）
3、a、然而，这样的推论（inference）存在巨大的漏洞（flaws）b、首先，尽管教育学（pedagogy）、心理学（psychology）和其它学科在不断发展，教育机构对于学生能否成功的判断仍然无法保证准确（Thomas Alva Edison、Albert Einstein）；c、进一步说，对学生的劝阻可能不仅不会使学生服从，反而产生抵触心理，在看上去（seemingly）会成功的领域表现消极；d、在基础教育阶段，学生有全面学习的权利（right），而在高等教育阶段，学生有自由选择专业的权利。这两种权利皆为受教育权的一部分，教育机构无权剥夺。
结论：总体来说，教育机构可以有针对性的对不同人才进行培养，但没有义务也没有权利阻止学生从事他们选择的专业。A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。观点：中立偏否定
1、在接受高等教育（tertiary education）之前，学习统一的课程有许多优点：a、由于全国学习同样课程，有利于保证教育公平，避免不同教育水平地区差距拉大（widen the disparity between）；b、维护统一，利于开展一致的国民教育，普遍地提高国民素质；c、避免各个地区重复开发课程，极大降低财政负担
2、然而，这样也有很大的弊端（serious drawbacks）：a、从个体差异来看，不同学生有不同特长，要求全国统一课程显然谋杀了学生的个性，不利于个人发展；b、不同地区有独特文化，尤其在许多文化多样（diverse culture）的国家，不同地区学生接受同样课程可能造成地区文化的流失（gradually fade away）
3、事实上，这个问题不可一概而论（We should not make sweeping generalizations）：a、对于文化差异不大的国家，可以在要求全国统一部分compulsory curriculums，同时根据不同学生的需求开设elective courses，与大学课程设置制度类似，但必修部分较多，选修较少；b、对于文化差异大的国家，则不宜要求统一课程，可设置教学大纲（minimum syllabus），由各个地区按照大纲设置符合地区文化和发展需求的课程。
结论：尽管设置统一课程的影响仍需要继续讨论，我们已经知道了部分利弊，明白简单的决定设置统一课程是不明智的。通过适当的采用，在某些地区优点是可以outweigh缺点的。12 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.对任何被大学录取但无法承担学费的学生，政府应该为他们提供免费大学教育。观点：偏肯定
1、反：对能负担学费者不平等；
2、教育资源不足，不可行；
3、财政负担
2、正：a、提供均等机会；
2、提高整体素质；
3、促进竞争
3、交汇：a、依国情决定；b、依不同学生经济状况决定免费或部分免费
结论：政策的弊端还需研究，但只要合理采用，优点是能outweigh缺点的。Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。观点：偏肯定
1、反：a、加重课业负担；b、不利于特殊人才（Special Talent）；c、学校开课负担
2、正：a、有助全面发展 综合素质；c、学生不一定从事所学专业，增加就业机会；c、培养克服困难精神
3、交汇：a、学校考虑情况，减少自身负担；b、开设多种课程，兴趣和要求相结合结论：尽管弊端还需要讨论，但优点是显而易见的。只要学校合理开设课程，优点是能outweigh缺点的 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。观点：中立偏否定
1、正：a、提高学生竞争力，促进就业；b、对学生日后事业有帮助；c、使学生理智选择
2、反：a、有利专业有限，学校无力支持；b、热门专业学生扎堆，竞争激烈；c、无法预测专业是否一直有利可图；c、不能单纯以钱衡量事业成就
结论：尽管学校鼓励和学生事业的关系还需讨论，学校鼓励仍不是一个明智的政策。可以针对不同学生给建议，但简单鼓励可能造成得不偿失（get more kicks than half pennies）17 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放思维和精神。观点：偏否定
1、正：a、教育模式僵化（stiff）；b、教育目的功利（qualified people，not creative individuals）
2、反：a、创造性建立在一定基础上，需要正规教育；b、有改变趋势，引导思维解放（emancipate minds）
3、交汇：a、尽管有天才需要独特模式，大多数人仍依赖正规教育拓展思维；b、创造性主要取决于学生思维方法，不能全部归咎于（ascribe）接受教育
结论：尽管正式教育对学生思想的影响还需讨论，我相信教育目的和手段改良仍会有利于解放学生思想而非限制 The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
观点：中立
1、正：a、表扬积极行为促进个体发展；b、树立榜样；c、忽视消极行为减少压力；d、给予机会自主改正
2、反：a、造成被表扬者骄傲；b、表扬可能有争议，理由不充分；c、忽视错误造成忽视个体，产生孤僻（solitary）d、错误不被纠正，越错越远
3、交汇：很复杂：a、对于积极行为要表扬，但适度；b、对于消极行为不能简单忽视，小错可忽视或提醒，大错必须纠正
结论：尽管评价（evaluation）对学生发展的影响尚需讨论，各自的（respective）利弊已经被部分知道。只要合适的手段被采用，gains would outweigh costs 30 Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.教师的薪水应该基于学生的学业成绩。
观点：偏否定 It seems groundless to support this view
1、正：a、学生成绩较之教师学历（academic career）、从业时间等现存标准更能反映其对学生的贡献；b、学术成就是学生的根本，作为标准能体现教学的意义（significance on the view of curriculum and teaching）
2、反：a、学生基础不一，用成绩衡量，对基础较差班级的教师不公平； b、某些课没有考试，或部分同学未参加考试，这些特例难以衡量c、学生对学习态度不同，课内成绩不代表教学成败d、各学生接受能力不同，与教师关系不大
结论：尽管教师薪水和学生成绩联系复杂,讨论还远非充分，已知简单决定用成绩衡量薪水是不妥当的。需要全面衡量，采用多样化的标准。
Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.结论：在编制教学课程时，教育工作者应该考虑学生的兴趣和建议。原因：当学生对所学的内容感兴趣时，他们学习的动力更强。观点：中立
1、正：causal inference具有积极意义：a、兴趣指导克服困难；b、以人为本，尊重个体；c、学生不是知识容器，而是主动获取，如图书馆对书籍的编码
2、反：有一些漏洞（flaws）：a、社会学上不能对选择负责；b、心理学上兴趣多且不断改变，避繁就简c、知识固有的结构不能破坏
3、交汇：并不矛盾a、尊重知识结构，部分课程必修（compulsory courses）部分选修（elective courses）；b、与学生家长商议；c、不同年龄自由度不同
结论：尽管考虑学生兴趣设置课程的影响很复杂，Simply agree or disagree with this issue would be of equal inappropriateness.应该根据情况全面考虑，才能利大于弊。42 Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.学生应该质疑所学的知识，而不是被动的接受。观点：偏肯定
1、正：a、激发兴趣，the spirit of research；b、求知是本性；c、主动学习揭示（announce）学习规律，人不是只是容器而是主动获取，如图书馆书籍编号
2、反：a、理解力有限；b、大量质疑打断学习进程
3、交汇：并不矛盾，可以共存：a、某些基础知识要被动接受，如1+1；b、保证教学连续性前提下调动质疑精神；c、掌握质疑方法
结论：尽管主动质疑和被动接受的关系仍需讨论，质疑基本上是有利于学习的。如果两者结合，正确方法被采用，获得更好学习效果。
Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.追求高分数严重地限制各阶段的学习质量。观点：中立
1、正：a、成绩难以完全反应academic performance，如学得好不善考试；b、以成绩为标准使学生单纯追求成绩，如中国学生
2、反：a、成绩是客观标准，便于作比较；b、激烈竞争促进发展；c、机会有限，必须竞争
3、交汇：传统问题，存在已久：a、不同教育阶段情况不同；b、寻找多重手段发现优秀人才
结论：尽管对高分激烈竞争的影响仍需讨论，成绩对学习提高的意义recognizable。应该采用合理手段引导良性竞争（benign competition），获得更大利益。
Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.学生应该先学习有助于解释知识的理念、趋势和概念后，教育工作者再教学生知识。观点：偏肯定
1、正：a、学生认知不健全无法理解真相；b、掌握方法是获取知识的前提
2、反：a、学生有知道真相的权利；b、教师对学生能力的判断主观
3、交汇：尽管有弊端，我倾向相信学生应该被告知真相：a、真相作为提高能力的分析范例；b、舆论（public opinion）复杂有误导性，不如教师告知
结论：尽管较早告知的影响still remains largely unknown，其利弊已经被部分知道。如果采取正确，利大于弊。54 In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.为了成为全面发展的个体，应该要求所有的大学生选择可以阅读诗歌、小说、神话等想象力文学的课程。观点：中立
1、正：a、诗、文章和神话锻炼思想和创造性；b、思想对于健全人格（personality）很重要；c、学习枯燥，需要放松
2、反：a、时间有限，专业优先；b、教学资源有限；c、学生有自主选择的权利，尊重兴趣 交汇：依情况而定：a、仅靠诗文神话无法健全个人；b、难度较大，视不同学生接受能力选择
结论：尽管学习诗文神话的影响尚需讨论，简单要求所有学生学习是不明智的。但是在尊重选择情况下加以指导，则可实现利大于弊。
Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline;students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.从根本上讲，教育是个人的事情。学校不可能单方面激励学生。观点：偏肯定
1、正：a、人不是知识容器，要主动获取才能掌握，如图书编码存放；b、psychology上，需要学生有意愿才会被激励
2、反：a、学校激励可能比个人更重要，如小学生；b、学生不掌握科学方法，需要学校指导和激励
3、交汇：并不矛盾，可以共存：a、学习与学校和学生都密切相关；b、积极性来源复杂，外界因素多
结论：尽管学生还是学校更激励学习还需讨论，我仍倾向动机更多来自于学生。如果正确方式被采用，两者会互相影响并共同推动学习。There would be a reciprocal influence of two sides which may jointly facilitate learning.73 Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.学院和大学应该要求所有的教员拿出时间，参与学术界以外与教学科目相关的领域工作。观点：中立
1、正：a、教学是学校重要任务；b、从教学中获取灵感；c、缓解科研人员压力
2、反：a、研究任务重要不能中断；b、专业力量有限不能分散
3、交汇：因情况而异：a、对于研究为主院系要不放松研究；b、学校增加教师；c、吸引学生加入科研
结论：尽管科研和教学的关系还需讨论，简单说学校要求都从事教学是不明智的。要合理分析和采取措施，并不矛盾可以共存互惠。
All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的家长都必须无偿地为子女的学校花费时间。
1、正：a、了解子女校园生活；b、了解教学方法；c、促进学校发展
2、反：a、家长工作繁忙；b、过多干涉教学活动
3、交汇：总体上要肯定，但方法灵活：a、尊重家长选择；b、加强三方沟通
结论：尽管强迫家长参加并不明智，这样做的利弊已经被部分知道的。只要方法合理，可以削弱弊端并从优点中获利。
Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院或大学应该要求学生在国外至少留学一个学期。观点：中立
1、正：a、了解子女校园生活；b、了解教学方法；c、促进学校发展
2、反：a、家长工作繁忙；b、过多干涉教学活动
3、交汇：总体上要肯定，但方法灵活：a、尊重家长选择；b、加强三方沟通
结论：尽管强迫家长参加并不明智，这样做的利弊已经被部分知道的。只要方法合理，可以削弱弊端并从优点中获利。
Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.结论：为了给学生提供一个明确的方向，学院和大学应该指定所有的必修课程，移除选修课程。原因：和大众一样，大学生更喜欢按部就班，不喜欢自己做决定。观点：偏否定
1、正：a、课程体系要确保；b、学校比学生认识更清楚；c、学生以兴趣为导向不理智
2、反：causal inference有巨大漏洞：a、很难说学生喜欢follow directions；b、强制要求产生抵触；c、禁止选修限制兴趣发展
3、交互：不矛盾，可以结合：a、尊重学生选择；b、保证专业基本知识；c、鼓励发展兴趣的选修
结论：尽管学校如何规划教学还需讨论，强制所有课不明智。如果合理相结合，则弊端可以削弱，是学生最大受益。
第三篇：新GRE写作Issue题库中英文对照及分类整理完全版
新GRE考试Issue题库 中英文对照及分类整理完全版
一、政治
28/113/120/121/127/145国家伟大的判断 The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。
Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.结论：一个国家的伟大不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。原因：一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上。
Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.结论：一个国家的伟大体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。原因：统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就保证了大部分国民的生活安乐。
Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.有些人认为，一个国家的伟大不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。也有人认为，一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上。
The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.一个国家的伟大体现在国民的安乐上，而不是体现在统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上。
The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.相比统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就上，国民的安乐更能体现一个国家的伟大。
85/94/147 国民安乐作衡量标准
Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.有些人认为，为了保证社会繁荣，相比个体民众的安乐，社会整体的成功更为重要。也有人认为，一个社会的繁荣，只能通过社会民众的安乐来衡量。
The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.国家领导工作效能最好通过国民的安乐来评判。
The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.国家领导工作效能最好通过国民的安乐来评判。16/50/86/114/115/139 个意与民意 Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.有些人认为，为了保证效力，政治领袖一定要屈从民众意见，为妥协而放弃原则。也有人认为，有效力的领导者一定具备持续坚定自己原则和目标的能力。50 Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.政府官员应该依靠自己的判断做决定，而不是不假思索地遵从大众的意愿。86 Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve.Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.有些人认为政府官员应该遵从大众的意愿。也有人认为政府官员依靠自己的判断做决定。
Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.若是短期地、轻易地被民众的意见所左右，任何领导必定一事无成。115 Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.政府官员应该依靠自己的判断做决定，而不是不假思索地遵从大众的意愿。139 Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.结论：主要的政策问题应该交给政治家和其他政府专家决策。原因：政治家和其他政府专家比普通百姓见多识广，而且有更好的判断力和洞察力。
8/111/149领导5年后让位 Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.结论：如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。原因：对于任何机构，最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新。111 In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。149 In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should be required to step down after five years.如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。
/ 107领导者必须高伦理道德标准
To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.想成为一名有效力的领导者，政府官员必须坚守最高的伦理和道德标准。107 To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.想成为一名有效力的领导者，政府官员必须坚守最高的伦理和道德标准。零散主题 Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.政府应该把更多的精力放在解决当务之急上，而不是试图解决未来预期问题上。60 Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.政治家应该寻求共同点和理性的一致，而不是深奥的理想。62 Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.领导者主要是由身负的责任所造就的。
Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.有些人认为政治领导向大众隐瞒信息是有必要的，甚至是有益的。也有人认为公众有知情权利。
The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.社会培养年轻一代胜任政府、工业等领域的领导职位，最佳途径是灌输合作精神，而不是竞争精神。
Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive.Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.有些人认为，政府、工业或其他领域的成功领导者一定是具有极强的竞争精神的。也有人认为，为了成功，领导者必须情愿并且有能力和他人合作。130 Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate.Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.有人认为，公司有责任促进所在社会的福祉和环境。也有人认为，公司唯一的责任就是，在不违反法律的前提下多赚钱。
二、科技 As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.当人们越来越依赖技术去解决问题，人类独立思考能力却退化。
The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.人类智慧终将优于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。
The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.技术进步的首要目的是增加人们的效率，以便大家有更多闲暇的时间。101 Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网等发明似乎给学校教育提供改良的手段，但是这些技术往往是在偏离真正的学习。
Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us.Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.有些人认为，科学发现让人们更清楚地认识周围的世界。也有人认为，科学展现给人们一个比我们想象的复杂的多的世界。
Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction.Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.有些人认为，推陈出新的技术应用减少了人们相互交流的机会。也有人认为，技术给人们带来全新的、更好的交流方式。
三、社会
2/5/117 社会与城市 To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.要想了解一个社会最重要的特征，人们必须研究这个社会主要的城市。Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.结论：政府需要给社会主要城市提供财政支持，来保证其繁荣发展。原因：一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以传承和发展。
It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以传承和发展。22/122通过英雄或模范了解社会 Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.结论：了解一个社会特点的最好方法是，考察这个社会标榜的英雄人物和模范榜样的特点。
原因：英雄人物和模范榜样揭示了一个社会的最高理念。
The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.了解一个社会特点的最好方法是，考察这个社会标榜的英雄人物和模范榜样的特点。
零散主题 The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.当很多人都质疑权威时，社会才会繁荣昌盛。The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.现代生活的奢华和便利，让人们无法成为真正强大、独立的个体。
It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.我们主要通过认同社会群体来定位自己。
The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.如今节奏日益加快的生活解决的问题，远不及带来的麻烦。
The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.了解当代文化最有效的方式是分析当代年轻人的潮流。78 People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.人们的态度更多是由即时环境决定，而不是社会整体环境。
Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.很不幸，在当代社会，打造一个引人入胜的外表已经变得比外表下的内容更加重要。
四、法律 Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.法律应该根据不同的环境、时期和地点而足够灵活。
Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws.每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，违抗不公平的法律。
Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system.Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.结论：现代社会的很多问题不能通过司法途径解决。原因：法律无法改变人们的感情和思想。
五、保护
10/125/148保留原生态地区 Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.国家应该通过法令保护任何存留的原生态地区保持原状，即便这些地区可以用作商业开发。
Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state.Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.有些人认为，国家应该通过法令保护任何存留的原生态地区保持原状。也有人认为，这些地区应该用作商业开发。
Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state.国家应该通过法令保护任何存留的原生态地区保持原状。
63/67 濒危动植物保护
Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.社会应该努力拯救濒危物种，只要这些物种的灭绝是人类活动的结果。63 There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.特别是考虑到花费代价和精力，对于任何社会，投入巨大的努力拯救濒危的动植物是不合理的。
Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.有些人认为，社会应该拯救所有濒危的动植物，尽管花费人类的精力、时间和资金。也有人认为，社会没有必要拯救濒危物种，特别是需要花费大量的资金和精力。
零散主题
When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.当现代规划者认为历史建筑物所在地可以用作现代开发时，相比历史建筑的保护，现代开发应该放在首位。
六、舆论
11/99 人的行为是外界胜过内在的 People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人们的行为多是被外界力量所左右，难以被自己控制。
People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人们的行为多是被外界力量所左右，难以被自己控制。
41/144 衡量伟大或成功
The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.个人的伟大是由后来人评判，不是由同时代的人来评判。
True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.真正的成功只能通过自己设定的目标来衡量。44/75/84媒体与英雄塑造
Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.结论：当今任何社会已经不再可能将任何在世的人标榜为英雄人物。原因：任何人遭受媒体的监察，必定会声名扫地。
In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.在这个媒体无孔不入的时代，当今任何社会已经不再可能将任何在世的人标榜为英雄人物。
It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.当今任何社会已经不再可能将任何在世的人标榜为英雄人物。
49/76/118 同道者受益更多
Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.结论：相比意见不同的人来说，通常，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。原因：意见不统一会导致压力，阻碍学习。
We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.相比意见不同的人来说，通常，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。118 We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.相比意见不同的人来说，我们从意见相同的人那里学的更多。
51/71 长期目标与短期声名
Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.应该鼓励年轻人追寻长期的、现实的目标，而不是寻求短期的声名。
Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.应该鼓励年轻人追寻长期的、现实的目标，而不是寻求短期的声名。
74/133/134历史经历与当前决定
Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.了解过去不能帮助人们在现在做重要的决定。
Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.结论：了解过去不能帮助人们在现在做重要的决定。原因：相比刚刚发生的过去，今天的世界已经变得更加复杂。
Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.结论：了解过去不能帮助人们在现在做重要的决定。
原因：人们尚且不能联系过去和现在的事情，除非两者都以成为历史。
79/146说服异见者最能说明辩论效果
Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.结论：最能说明辩论效果的是，让持有相反观点的人信服。
原因：面对疑问和他人相反的观点，只有一个人为某观点辩护时，他才能发现某观点的价值所在。
The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.最能说明辩论效果的是，让持有相反观点的人信服。
108/110 批判性判断的用处
Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非判断来自于该领域专家。110 Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非判断来自于该领域专家。
零散主题 Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.丑闻是有裨益的，因为它们让人们注意到一些问题，任何演说家和改革家都无法做到的。
In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.在任何情况下，持有不同意见的人讨论过程中才会有进步。53 If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。
People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.人们在从事危险活动之前应该认真地考虑一下后果。
People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it.对于一种想法或者政策最忠实的人往往是那些对其最严厉的人。
Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future.Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.结论：任何被称作事实的信息都应该被怀疑，因为它们很可能在将来被证明是错误的。
原因：很多被人们称作是事实的信息结果是错误的。141 It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.折衷自己的信仰比坚持信仰要有害。
七、艺术
80/88 饥饿失业与艺术资助
Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.当有公民为饥饿和失业所困时，政府需要中止对艺术的资助。
Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.结论：当有公民为饥饿和失业所困时，政府需要中止对艺术的资助。
原因：当人们的基本需求得不到保障时，使用公共资源扶持艺术是不合适的，甚至是残忍的。
零散主题 Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people.Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.有些人认为政府对艺术的资助是有必要的，资助能够保证艺术繁荣发展，并且让所有人享受艺术。也有人认为政府对艺术的资助会威胁到艺术的完整性。
In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.若是任何艺术作品（例如，电影、文学、雕塑或者歌曲）存在价值，都必须易于大多数人理解。
八、教育
3/35/37/137阻止学生不太可能成功的研究 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。
Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。
Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.社会应该甄别那些天资聪颖的孩子，并且年幼的时候就开始提供训练培养它们的才能。
Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。
6/14/96/116大学前的统一学习课程 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。96 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。116 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。
12/25免费大学教育 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.对任何被大学录取但无法承担学费的学生，政府应该为他们提供免费大学教育。25 Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.政府应该为所有的学生提供免费的大学教育。
13/46/70/102/112/140 选修外专业学科 Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。
Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study.Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.结论：大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。原因：接受真正的教育的最佳途径是获得各种学科知识。
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。
Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.让每个大学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科，是接受真正的教育的最佳途径。140 Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.有些人认为大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。也有人认为大学不应该强迫学生学习任何课程，除非这些课程有利于学生在所选的领域就业。
15/32/98/129/135/136学习与就业 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。32 College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大学生应该选择那些就业前景好的研究领域。98 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育机构应该鼓励大学生选择那些就业前景好的研究领域。
College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大学生应该选择那些容易找到工作的研究领域。
Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。136 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些就业前景好的研究领域。
17/68遏制学生思维和精神而非解放 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放思维和精神。
Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit.Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.有些人认为教育的目的是解放思维和精神。也有人认为正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放它们。20/39依兴趣或就业选择研究领域 Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study.Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.有些人认为大学生应该根据自己的才能和兴趣选择研究领域。也有人认为大学生应该选择那些容易找到工作的研究领域。
College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.应该鼓励大学生选择自己感兴趣的课程，而不是那些容易找到工作的课程。
24/29/52通过表扬实现教育 The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.无论是教育工作者、雇主，还是父母，教育的最佳方法是是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育的最佳方式是赞扬积极的行为，忽视消极的行为。
30/83 教师薪水与学生成绩挂钩 Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.教师的薪水应该基于学生的学业成绩。
Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.教师的薪水应该基于学生的学业成绩。
40/90 课程编制与学生兴趣
Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.结论：在编制教学课程时，教育工作者应该考虑学生的兴趣和建议。原因：当学生对所学的内容感兴趣时，他们学习的动力更强。
Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.在编制教学内容时，教育工作者应该考虑学生的兴趣。
45/138 高分数与学习质量
Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.追求高分数严重地限制各阶段的学习质量。
Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom.Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.有些人认为，追求高分数促进学生在课堂表现优秀。也有人认为，这样的竞争只会限制学习的质量。
81/95 家长义务服务学校
All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的家长都必须无偿地为子女的学校花费时间。
All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的家长都必须无偿地为子女的学校花费时间。
82/97/100/124留学海外一学期
Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院或大学应该要求学生在国外至少留学一个学期。
Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院或大学应该要求学生在国外至少学习一个学期。
Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院或大学应该要求学生在国外至少学习一个学期。
All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country.学院或大学应该要求学生在国外至少学习一个学期。
零散主题
Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.学生应该质疑所学的知识，而不是被动的接受。
Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.教育工作者应该发掘学生对课程的需求，并满足他们。
Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.学生应该先学习有助于解释知识的理念、趋势和概念后，教育工作者再教学生知识。54 In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.为了成为全面发展的个体，应该要求所有的大学生选择可以阅读诗歌、小说、神话等想象力文学的课程。
Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline;students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.从根本上讲，教育是个人的事情。学校不可能单方面激励学生。
Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit.Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.有些人认为教育的目的是解放思维和精神。也有人认为正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放它们。
Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.学院和大学应该要求所有的教员拿出时间，参与学术界以外与教学科目相关的领域工作。
Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.在评估学生的学习情况时，教育工作者应该关注学生是否能够解释所学知识阐明的思想、趋势和概念，而不是是否牢记知识。
Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.结论：为了给学生提供一个明确的方向，学院和大学应该指定所有的必修课程，移除选修课程。
原因：和大众一样，大学生更喜欢按部就班，不喜欢自己做决定。
九、科研
23/36/72政府限制科研 Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.政府应该尽量不去限制科学研究和发展。
Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究。
Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究。
105/106/126 想象力>经验 or 知识
Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.结论：相比经验，想象力是更重要的财富。
原因：缺乏经验的人更容易放飞想象，而不受既定的习惯和态度所禁锢。106 In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在任何职业或学术领域，想象力比知识重要。
In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在任何职业或学术领域，想象力比知识重要。
零散主题 In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.任何研究领域，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响，就不可能会有意义重大的成功。In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。
As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.当人们获得越来越多的知识时，事情非但没有变得更加透彻，反而更加复杂神秘。56 Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.很多重要的发现或创造都是偶然的：通常，人们为一个问题寻求答案时，通常获得其他问题的答案。
The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.研究历史的最大益处在于打破这样的幻想：现代人和历史上的人有很大不同。59 Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.科学家和科研人员应该研究更容易造福大众的领域。
The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.带着炙热的兴趣，最好的主意往往来自平凡的事情。
Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.结论：科研人员不应该仅仅将研究工作限制在容易在短期内有实际应用的领域。原因：不可能肯定地预测一系列研究带来的结果。
No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.在任何研究领域，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。
第四篇：GRE issue写作之自己总结的万能例子
Renaissance
For example, the helpless fate can be felt from the tragedy works, written by Shakespeare.Mona Lisa, created by Beethoven, revealed the mysterious and implicit smile.Although works completed by different artists and writers revealed slight variations in the access, performing form, and social aspect focusing on, as far as common theme and hidden ideas were concerned, the obvious similries to each other seemed much more than any of the minute differences, namely, resisting the feudalization and corrupt institution and enlightening freedom of human being.This is called “Renaissance” in the history.Genetic engineering
迄今为止，基因工程还没有用于人体，但已在从细菌到家畜的几乎所有非人生命物体上做了实验，并取得了成功。事实上，所有用于治疗糖尿病的胰岛素都来自一种细菌，其ＤＮＡ中被插入人类可产生胰岛素的基因，细菌便可自行复制胰岛素。基因工程技术使得许多植物具有了抗病虫害和抗除草剂的能力；在美国，大约有一半的大豆和四分之一的玉米都是转基因的。目前，是否该在农业中采用转基因动植物已成为人们争论的焦点：支持者认为，转基因的农产品更容易生长，也含有更多的营养（甚至药物），有助于减缓世界范围内的饥荒和疾病；而反对者则认为，在农产品中引入新的基因会产生副作用，尤其是会破坏环境。
诚然，仍有许多基因的功能及其协同工作的方式不为人类所知，但想到利用基因工程可使番茄具有抗癌作用、使鲑鱼长得比自然界中的大几倍、使宠物不再会引起过敏，许多人便希望也可以对人类基因做类似的修改。毕竟，胚胎遗传病筛查、基因修复和基因工程等技术不仅可用于治疗疾病，也为改变诸如眼睛的颜色、智力等其他人类特性提供了可能。比如，运用此技术，可使患儿的父母生一个和患儿骨髓匹配的孩子，然后再通过骨髓移植来治愈患儿。
So far, genetic engineering has not been used in human, but it has achieved successful experiment in almost all the objects on non-human life--from bacteria to livestock already.In fact, all the insulin treatment for diabetes come from a kind of bacteria which can be inserted into a human genes to make copies of insulin by bacteria oneself.Genetic engineering technology makes many plants have the disease-resistant ability and herbicide, In the USA, about half of soybean and a quarter of corn is genetically modified.At present, whether the transgenic plants used in agriculture has become the focus of debate, transgenic supporters think: the agricultural is faster to growth, and easier to contain more nutrition(even medicine), to help slow down worldwide famine and disease, But opponents argued, introducing new genes into agricultural will occur side effects, especially destroy the environment.Advantage: Admittedly, ethicist rejected the innovative development of genetic engineering because, although it resolved some problems, it also produced new complications.Nevertheless，there are still many genes function and work principle beyond human knowledge, but using genetic engineering can make the tomatoes have anti-cancer effects, make the salmon bigger than in nature, and also make pet no longer allergy, many people are expect to do similar human genetic modification.After all, gene engineering technology can not only cure the disease, also make most possibility for change human characteristics, such as eye color, intelligence and others.For example, by using this technology, it is possible to make the parents pregnant to born a baby whose bone matches one needs homogenous bone, and then through the bone marrow transplants to cure patients.We said the advantages and disadvantages of biological technology, is mainly refers to the genetic engineering.弊:1)克隆将减少遗传变异，通过克隆产生的个体具有同样的遗传基因，同样的疾病敏感性，一种疾病就可以毁灭整个由克隆产生的群体。可以设想，如果一个国家的牛群都是同一个克隆产物，一种并不严重的病毒就可能毁灭全国的畜牧业。
2)克隆技术的使用将使人们倾向于大量繁殖现有种群中最有利用价值的个体，而不是按自然规律促进整个种群的优胜劣汰。从这个意义上说，克隆技术干扰了自然进化过程.7)克隆技术对家庭关系带来的影响也将是巨大的。一个由父亲的DNA克隆生成的孩子可以看作父亲的双胞胎兄弟，只不过延迟了几十年出生而已。很难设想，当一个人发现自己只不过是另外一个人的完全复制品，他（或她）会有什么感受？
所以说,科学技术有时就是一把双刃剑,有利也有没弊,没有标准答案!就看人们这样利用了!Disadvantages:
1)genetic engineering would reduce the genetic variation of individuals and own the same diseases sensitivity , as a result, a disease can destroy whole colony by cloning.So we can imagine that, if a nation is the same cloned cattle, a kind of the virus could destroy the animal husbandry.2)The use of genetic engineering will make people tend to propagate the most value individual within existing colony, rather than the natural law of survival.In this sense, the cloning technology will interrupt the procession of natural evolution.Interference
7)genetic engineering will lead a great influence on family relationships.A father of the DNA can be seen as twin brothers, but only delayed for decades.It is hard to imagine that, when a man found himself was just another man's fully reproductions, what feelings will he or she have?
So, science and technology is a double-edged sword, sometimes, there are no harm and no standard answer!Just look like people to use!
Galileo
Galileo, Italian astronomer and physicist, discovered law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies.For example, Galileo, the great astronomer and physicist in X century, overthrowed the famous theory ,established over 2000 years ago by great people—Aritle, through the experience and thus led to discover law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies.Therefore, the question on the science might usually contribute the unexpected devotion to the progress of science, not obstacle one.Bearing generation “垮掉的一代”是美国战后的一代，他们成长在一个循环发生战争的世界上，他们中的一些成为了一种新的文化的杰出代表，即“垮掉”哲学。他们的思想在绝对自由的躯体里得以升华，在美国战后忧伤失望让人窒息的精神“荒原”时代拔地腾空而起，划破了迷茫的天空，给人们以极大震撼的同时也给了人们面对现实的勇气，在很程度上决定当时社会的发展趋势。
“Beat generation is indicated that American who grew up in a cycle of world war, but some of them became a outstanding representatives of tendency of new culture, named ” the collapse “philosophy.Their thought is updated in absolute freedom body, skyrocketed in the ”wasteland" era which make the people feel disappointed during the world war two, ripped out of the sky and over to people with great shock also gives people the courage of facing reality, certainly, they determined the social development trend at that time..Thatcherism 撒切尔主义
Thatcherism inferred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979.the main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions and the strengthening of the role of markets forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.To some extant their her program was successful and she led to one of the most remarkable period in the British economy.Measures taken by Mrs.Thatcher’s government to improve the economy 撒切尔政府为改善经济为采取的措施。
Mrs.Thatcher’s government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.(1)Macroeconomic measures were directed toward bringing down the rate of inflation and achieve price stability.(2)Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the gain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.geophysics地球物理
1.想象与现实（理论指导实践）
大陆漂移学说----由魏格纳提出，的提出深化了人们对地球板块构造的认识，同时也对地球的板块构造做出了一个合理的解释，并进一步在达尔文的进化学说中得到了验证。这一理论至今指导了地质学家，地球物理学家，以及有关地质方面的专家对地球进行进一步的分析和研究。
Continental drift assumption，proposed by Wagner, put forward to deepen the understanding of plate construction, and also made a reasonable explanation for it, and also verified further by the theory of revolution.Nowadays, this theory has guided geologists, geophysicists, and relevant geological experts for further analysis and research.从上面这个生动的例子可以看出，一种合理的想象----建立在一定的事实基础之上，不但会对已有的事实进行合理的解释，而且还可以指导人们进一步对现有事实进行归纳，整理和分析，从而发现其共同规律，协调着他们相互之间的复杂关系。
From vivid example mentioned above, we can infer that a reasonable imaginationpeople's umbrella, which insulate almost harmful radiation from outer space.3.知识在怀疑和证实中积累和进步
当大陆漂移学说—由魏格纳提出，刚刚被提出来的时候，人们对这个新的理论充满了热情和好奇，纷纷支持和赞扬它的伟大和新颖，但是后来随着一些历史事实的发掘，却不但被无情的批判，而且最终遭到了地质学家和地球物理学家的抛弃---随着另一种假说的提出，地幔热柱学说。现在，随着人们对更多地质事实的综合和分析，又重新对大陆漂移学说燃气了激情，认为它是最好能解释那些难以理解的地质现象的理论。
When the continental drift assumption, proposed by Wagner, firstly comes, the mostly people, who are full of enthusiasm and curiosity, completely support and praise.But later, with some relatively historical facts occurring, continental drift assumption is not only criticized ruthless, but discarded ultimately by the geologists and geophysicists as another hypothesis of plume appears.Now, by analysis more new historical evidence and summarizing geological phenomenon, the continental drift assumption is accepted again, they view that it can explain more difficult geological phenomena comparing with other assumption.从大陆漂移学说的提出到最终被人们所接受的过程中可以看出，一个学说，总是不断的在人们的怀疑和证实中进步，而不是一开始就完全正确或者完全错误，最终成为可以为人类服务的科学理论。
From the continental drift assumption mentioned above, we can infer that knowledge, especially occurred firstly, is always doubted and verified as the development of relative course, but not completely right or wrong at begin, eventually becoming authentically scientific theory.Leonardo Da Vinci 1.达芬奇怀疑权威：
Leonardo Da Vinci question authority
在天文学上，达.芬奇对传统的“地球中心说”持否定的观点．他认为地球不是太阳系的中心，更不是宇宙的中心，而只是一颗绕太阳运转的行星，太阳本身是不运动的．达.芬奇还认为月亮自身并不发光，他只是反射太阳的光辉．他的这些观点的提出早于哥白尼“太阳中心说” For example, rather than asserting the traditional view—the central of earth, Leonardo Da Vinci argues that the earth is not the central of solar galaxy, only a planet orbiting the sun.The sun itself is still quiescent.And also, he argue that the moon itself only reflect the light coming from the sun, not lighting itself.2.知识经验的积累（历史对现在的作用）
他提出的知识起源于实践的这种方法，后来得到了伽利略的发展，并由英国哲学家弗兰西斯．培根从理论上加以总结，成为近代自然科学的最基本方法． Truth coming from practice, mentioned firstly by Leonardo Da Vinci, is developed by Galileo latter, and then summarized theoretically by Francis Bacon, and at last, it becomes the most fundamental access of current science disciplines.3.全才 通才
达.芬奇在物理学方面，重新发现了液体压力的概念，提出了连通器原理．在解剖学和生理学上也取得了巨大的成就，被认为是近代生理解剖学的始祖．他的研究和发明还涉及到军事和机械方面.可以说，达.芬奇的研究涉及到自然科学的每一部门，他的思想和才能深入到人类知识的各个领域．他是世界上少有的全面发展的学者．
Leonardo Da Vinci discovered the conception of liquid pressure on physics;he also attained a great achievement on anatomy and physiology, is thought the originator of physiological anatomy.Also, his innovations and creations involve in military an mechanics.In one words, his study arrange almost involve in every section of natural science.His thought and talents penetrated into every realm of knowledge of human being.His is a less fewer one who developed comprehensively.4，学科交叉
达.芬奇把艺术和科学、理智和情感、形体和精神熔于一炉，继承和发扬了前人的人文主义思想和现实主义表现手法，把艺术推进到一个前所未有的高度，为自然科学的发展作出了巨大贡献，是当之无愧的“文艺复兴时代最完美的代表人物”．
Leonardo Da Vinci fused art and science, intelligence and emotion, form and spirit together.And at the same time, he inherited performance of realism and developed ideas of humanism of the past.Which pushed the art to a unprecedented height, making a great contribution to the development of natural science.In one words, he is the most perfectly incontrovertible delegation in Renaissance.5.达芬奇画鸡蛋 从基础做起 1467年，达·芬奇到佛罗伦萨的委罗基俄艺术工场学艺，当时他十四岁。他的老师委罗基俄对学生要求很严，他对达·芬奇说：“字画要有个好的开端，我不要你首先临摹古人名画，也不给你讲解绘画理论。你每天照着鸡蛋写生，这是画画的一个部分，而且是重要的组成部分。” In 1467, Leonardo Da Vinci, aged fourteen, was sent to study in artistic workshop, located in Florence.His mentor instructed him as follows(and I paragraph): it is very important to have a well beginning for painting, I do not ask you imitate famous art firstly and instruct any theory of painting.For you, painting egg from different angles is your necessary and indispensable task everyday.And you should know it is a vital part of painting.Even more important than others.6.想象与课本获取知识
他具有超越当时的广泛构思与想象力，著名的概念性发明比方直升机、坦克车、太阳能聚焦使用、计算机、板块构造论基本原理、双层壳等许多构想。
Sometimes, the imagination is more important than knowledge acquiring from the books.One compelling argument can favor this.Leonardo Da Vinci, great painter in Renaissance periods, owns a extensive idea and imagination that has suppressed contemporary society.Such as the innovation such as helicopter, tank, utilization of energy of concentrated sun, the principle of.computer, and fundamental principle of constituent construction is far suppressed temporal society.7.交叉学科（学科之间的关系）
文艺复兴人文主义(Renaissance humanism)在科学与艺术之间并无相互排斥的极端现象。达芬奇钻研科学、工程领域就像他的艺术作品般令人难忘与突出。手稿中约13,000页的笔记与绘画全是混合艺术与科学所组成的纪录。
There is no vital discrimination between science and art in the Renaissance humanism periods.The achievement of science and engineering by Leonardo Da Vinci is impressed groups of people just like art domain he did.The manuscript records associated with art and science takes a large amount of total number, about 13000pages.8.知识来源于实践与正式教育的相互关系(教育的重要性)达芬奇的手稿纪录是在欧陆行程中透过观察周遭并不断的创作而来，在科学上，达芬奇是一个巨细靡遗的观察家，能以极精细的描述手法表示一个现象。因为缺乏与科学相关的正式教育，所以不是透过理论与实验来验证，他打算发表一系列包含各种主题的论文，也因为缺乏系统的理论基础终未实现。
The manuscript, drafted by Leonardo Da Vinci, is created on the way of Europe by observing around.On science, Leonardo Da Vinci is an very careful observer, describing a phenomenon by vital careful describing access.Due to lack of formal education with relative science, so the phenomenon is not tested by the theory and experience.And also, he failed to public a series papers including kinds of themes.9.不遵循传统或者怀疑权威/ 理论和实践的关系
在文艺复兴早期，人们盲目地接受传统观念，达.芬奇反对经院哲学家们把过去的教义和言论作为知识基础，他鼓励人们向大自然学习，到自然界中寻求知识和真理．他认为知识起源于实践，只有从实践出发，通过实践去探索科学的奥秘．达.芬奇提出并掌握了这种先进的科学方法，采用这种科学方法去进行科学研究，在自然科学方面作出了巨大的贡献．
In the early periods of Renaissance, groups of people accepted blindly the traditional ideas.But Leonardo Da Vinci encouraged people to embrace the nature and seek the truth rather than accepting the past doctrine and assertion as a foundation of knowledge.In his point of view, knowledge is derived from the practice.Only beginning from the practice, it is possible to achieve the truth.Leonardo Da Vinci made a significant contribution to the science by this advanced access.叶红邮箱：albble1988@126.com
第五篇：新GRE Issue作文复习侧重点：列提纲
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新GRE Issue作文复习侧重点：列提纲
新GRE Issue备考侧重点：准备提纲
新GRE Issue要求考生根据所给的题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。Issue题库涉及社会、文化、科技、历史、政治、艺术等诸多方面。不同类型的题目有较大差别，但在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题方向非常接近的题目。
Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的积累是非常重要的。这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。因此要多读历史，积累例子，尤其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖等人的生平事迹、主要贡献。例如Issue里的这样一道真题：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society。”(真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致)。这个题目如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子，文章必然缺乏说服力。因此读历史积累写作素材，具体说就是论据素材是拿高分的一个重要环节。
另外，写GRE作文提纲对于Issue部分的备考是至关重要的，也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节。每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用去写开头段和结尾段，就写正文各段你的各个分支观点，也就是正文部分的论证过程。除了论证以外，写完后想想可以用些什么论据，把支持论证的论据也写上。需要强调的是，一定要较为详细地写Issue提纲，否则，在考场如果遇到没有思考过的题目，很容易自乱阵脚，导致失败。此外，题目必须考前按题材分类去写提纲，看懂，知道对立面和大致写作思路。论据往往在同类的很多题目中通用。写完提纲后，再写20-40篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话，尽量多写)。
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