第一篇:英语写作辅导
英语写作辅导
英语短文的结构及段落的组织
一、短文的结构
文章、段落、句子、词组、单词
从文到段,从段到句,是篇章结构的主要内容。
了解篇章结构,是进行写作的必备常识。
一篇文章通常可分为以下三种段落:
(一)引言段(Introductory Paragraph):向读者介绍此片文章的主题及背景材料。在文中起到开宗明义,即“启”的作用,是全文的主题所在。
(二)主题段(Body Paragraph(s)):也叫正文,是文章的主体部分,也是情节发展、事实说明或者层层递进的部分,把要论述的,具体而明晰。文章内容要具有 一致性、连贯性,在文章中起到“承”和“转”的作用。
(三)结尾段(Conclusion Paragraph):也叫结束语,是由通篇文章所得出的简短结论,或者事情发展到了最后一个情节,即故事的结束、结局、其作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或者肯定文章的中心思想,用以加深印象,在文章中起到“合”的作用。
二、文章的段落
段落是英语作文的基本结构单位,是文章中相对独立的一个部分。
段落与文章的三个组成部分相对应,通常由三个部分组成:主题句、发展句和结尾句。短文写作的技巧与套路
一、写作步骤
1.多读多练 充分准备 2.细读指令 认真审题 3.理清思路 构思布局 4.精选素材 列出提纲 5.动笔写作 组织成文 6.用词简洁 篇幅适中 7.认真检查 仔细修改
二、写作套路 1.写作类型 1)现象阐释型
通常要求考生对某一现象进行解释说明,分析其原因并加以评论。其基本结构是:首先描述现象并说明其现状;然后分析这种现象的原因或相关因素;最后提出建议或总结观点。典型题目如:
Why College Students Have Difficulty Finding Jobs?
Why College Students Take a Part-time Job?
Chatting on Line
2)问题解决型
通常要求考生从试题的提示行文字入手,描述其反映出的问题,提出解决方案或应对措施。其基本结构是:首先引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性,并简要分析其产生的原因或带来的危害和影响;然后提出解决问题的办法或措施;最后表明自己的态度,提出建议并展望前景。典型题目如下: How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic How to Succeed in a Job Interview How I Finance My College Life Staying Healthy hatting on Line 3)对比选择型
这类作文的标志十分明显,其要求比较明确,即直接要求考生比较两种观点或两种做法,进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点,也就是做出选择。其基本结构:首先对要评论的事物或现象进行整体介绍;然后陈述两种不同的观点或做法及其理由;之后表明自己的观点或态度。典型题目如: It Pays to Be Honest Should Education Be Commercialized? Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major? Reading Selective or Extensively? 4)利弊评述型
此类作文要求考生客观地分析和评论某一事物的正反两方面,或在某一问题上反映出的两种不同看法,并不需要明确表明态度,说明事物的对与错,尤其是会有较大争议的问题,可采用平衡利弊的态度,提出某种希望和设想。典型题目如: The Positive and Negative Aspects of Skyscrapers The Development of a Private Car Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good LUCK? College Life in Internet Era My View on Examination 5)观点论证型
此类作文一般要求考生根据题目所给的论点,按照题目要求通过摆事实、讲道理的方式对该论点进行论证或反驳。其基本结构是:首先提出要论证或反驳的论点;然后提出论据对其进行论证或反驳;最后表明自己的立场和看法。典型题目如:
Harmful of Fake Commodities Why I Attended College The Job I Like Best The Benefits of Making Friends of Different Kinds 2.段落类型
(1)描述段:一般首先对命题中提供的信息(如某现象、问题、背景或事件)进行提炼和概括,然后进行扩展描述。
(2)说明段:主要对原因、危害、影响、作用、方法、过程等进行分析说明,段落的组织必须要注意以下两点:一是要条理清楚,尽量使用一些比较清晰的表达方式。如说明原因时,可以使用the main reason, what is more, as a result等短语,以突出文章的条理性;二是要根据标题和提纲内容确定合适的说明角度和说明方法,如说明原因或举例说明等。(3)议论段:通常是考生根据文章的主题提出、论证或总结某项观点。写议论段时应做到观点明确、论证充分,并有令人信服的数据和例子来支持论点,使文章具有说服力。议论段主要有四种:提出观点段(有时是提出一种观点,有时是提出两种对立观点)、论证观点段、对比论证段(对两种观点进行对比论证,有时可分成两段来分述两种观点)和总结观点段。3.写作模板 1)现象阐释型
①Nowadays, there exists a social/economic/environmental phenomenon, which has aroused great concern among people around us./ 总体现象has increasingly become a common concern of the public./ 总体现象is commonly accepted by the people from all walks of life.②According to a survey, …。
③There are a couple of reasons booming this phenomenon./This problem/phenomenon has a great effect on … ④Firstly,/above all/First of all/原因一/影响一⑤Secondly/what’s more/ furthermore(原因二/影响二)⑥Besides/Finally(原因三/影响三)
⑦As a result/ Therefore/ consequently,(结果)⑧As far as I am concerned/ As to me /In my opinion, “我”的观点/态度/做法⑨furthermore,进一步说明 ⑩Therefore/ based on the above discussions, I can conclude/ it can be concluded that…(总结全文)(1)描述段:描述现象 ①开门见山,总述现象
②阐释现象的具体表现或变化(2)说明段:阐述原因
③承上启下,引出原因/因素/影响 ④具体阐述原因一/因素一/影响一
⑤列举原因二/因素二/影响二(可以用例证支持)⑥列举原因三/因素三/影响三(可以用例证支持)⑦总结以上原因或因素导致的结果/该现象的最终影响(3)议论段:表明观点
⑧我对此现象的思考或看法(可能是个人选择或者是对现象、趋势或影响的评述)⑨进一步说明自己的看法或陈述理由 ⑩总结全文
例:
Cards 1.现代城市中持卡的人越来越多; 2.原因在于。。; 3.“我”的看法。
①Nowadays, holding cards has become a common phenomenon.②According to a survey, over 80%of people in big cities hold various kinds of cards issued by banks, restaurants, supermarkets ,etc.(描述段)③There are a number of reasons for it.④ First of all, it is convenient to consume by cards.⑤What’s more, it is safer to carry cards than cash.For example, if one’s cards are lost, the owner needn’t worry too much because no one else can get the money out without the password.⑥In addition, cards can give card holders certain privilege or discount in service.⑦Therefore, holding cards, especially among the youth, becomes fashionable recently.(说明段)⑧ As for me, cards have a bright future.⑨With the development of science and technology, cards will become much safer and easier to use.⑩Therefore, it can be concluded that more people will use cards.(议论段,表明观点)
模仿练习1 • Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags outline:
1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用 2.造成的问题
3.限制使用的意义 模仿练习2 • On Power Failure •
1.很多城市缺电现象严重 •
2.分析原因 •
3.提出建议 模仿练习3 • Online Education • Outline:
1.目前网络教育形成热潮
2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是……
3.我对网络教育的评价 模仿练习4 Skipping Classes on College Campus Outline:
1.大学里逃课现象时有发生; 2.分析学生逃课的原因; 3.如何减少逃课现象 2)问题解决型
①In recent years, increasing numbers of people关注/牵涉/参与不良现象或某一问题 ②It is obvious that 危害一/作用一 ③Additionally, 危害二/作用二④therefore, special/considerable attention should be paid to 该问题
⑤on the one hand/ firstly, 方法一 ⑥On the other hand/ secondly, 方法二⑦ In addition/ thirdly, 方法三
⑧Of course, following these suggestions/methods may not surely solve the problem, but it is worth of trying ⑨As for me/ in my opinion, “我”的思考或看法 ⑩Only in this way… 倒装句总结全文/undoubtedly, it is necessary/ essential… 根本途径(1)描述段:描述问题
①开门见山,综述不良现象或某一问题 ②问题的危害一/解决问题的作用一 ③问题的危害二/解决问题的作用二
④承上启下,表达解决问题的必要性和紧迫性,引出解决问题的方法或相关因素(2)说明段:说明方法因素 ⑤解决方法一/决定因素一 ⑥解决方法二/决定因素二 ⑦解决方法三/决定因素三(3)议论段:
⑧指出这些方法不一定能成功解决问题,但付出总是值得的 ⑨“我”倾向的方法和途径
⑩提出根本途径或建议,应该采取的态度,总结全文 例: How to Treat the Parent-Child Relationship 1.父母与孩子之间的代沟越来越大; 2.代沟带来那些影响;
3.如何消除代沟,并改善父母与孩子之间的关系。
①More and more people are paying attention to the generation gap between parents and their children.②Obviously, the generation gap is a source of family disharmony.③Additionally, it may lead to a number of social problem.④Therefore, measures should be taken to deal with the issue.⑤On the one hand, parents should be more tolerant to their children , remembering that a child is a child and there is always such a stage in one’s growth.⑥On the other hand, children should also understand that without parents’ guidance, they won’t be able to grow up healthily.⑦ Finally, parents should spent more time with their children.⑧Of course , following these suggestions may not surely solve the problem, but it is worth the effort.⑨As for me, mutual understanding is the key solution.⑩Undoubtedly, it is essential for both parents and children to understand each other for a good parent—child relationship.模仿练习1 • How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
• 1.Importance of solving the problem of
heavy traffic • 2.Ways to solve the problem of heavy traffic • 3.My suggestion 模仿练习2 • How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities.• 1.解决住房问题的重要性
• 2.三种可能解决住房问题的方案:
1)多造高层建筑;
2)向地下发展;
3)疏散城市人口。• 3)对比选择型 • 3.我的建议
①When asked about/ when it comes to事物/问题 , different people will offer different opinions.②Some people take it for granted that观点一③ in their opinion, 选择观点一的理由一④Besides,选择观点一的理由二
⑤ however, others hold that观点二⑥ They maintain that观点二/选择观点二的理由一⑦And观点二/选择观点二的理由二
⑧Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the former/ later viewpoint/ choice.⑨”我”的理由⑩Therefore , as stated above, 重申观点/选择(1)议论段:提出观点
①开门见山,指出人们对某事物/问题存在不同的观点/选择 ②提出观点一/选择一
③提出观点一/选择一的理由一 ④提出观点一/选择一的理由二(2)议论段:对比论证 ⑤提出观点二/选择二 ⑥提出观点二/选择二的理由一 ⑦提出观点二/选择二的理由二(3)议论段:总结观点 ⑧标明“我”的倾向 ⑨阐述“我”的理由
⑩总结全文,重申“我”的观点/选择
例:To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond 1.在大企业工作的特点; 2.在小企业工作的特点; 3.我的选择。
①To the question whether to work in a large enterprise or in a small firm, different people may have different answers.②Some may choose to be a small fish in a big pond.③They hold that they can derive a sense of pride from being a member of a famous organization such as General Motors.④Besides, they can work with people from different parts of the world.⑤Still others may prefer to be a big fish in a small pond.⑥According to them, in a small company, they may be given greater responsibilities without much restriction.⑦Consequently, they can show their talents fully and freely.⑧Weighing up these two choices, I am for the latter.⑨I prefer to work in a small enterprise, where I can get more chances of promotion.⑩I’d rather become an important figure within my own small pond.练习1 Money Outline: 1.有人认为金钱是万能的。
2.有人说金钱是万恶之源(the source of all crimes)3.我对金钱的看法。模仿练习2 Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major Outline: 1.有人认为应该选择重点大学; 2.有人认为应该选择重点专业; 3.我的观点。模仿练习3 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 针对阅读,人们有不同的看法: 1.有人认为应该精读; 2.有人认为应该泛读; 3.“我”的看法 模仿练习4 The Best Means of Transportation Outline:
1.私家车越来越多,污染问题、交通问题随之产生; 2.人们出行时其实有多中交通方式可以选择; 3.从健康和环保节能出发,我认为最好的交通方式是 4)模板一(驳论)
①Up to now, many people hold it true that某观点 ②They believe进一步说明此观点③However, recent survey/ research shows that 与上述观点相反的论点 ④The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.⑤Above all, 论据一⑥For example,(支持论据一的事例)⑦Furthermore,论据二及支持论据二的事例 ⑧Most importantly, 论据三
⑨All that has been discussed above points to the fact that重申本文论点 ⑩Therefore,与该观点相符合的做法和态度
(1)议论段:提出观点
①指出普遍存在的某种观点活态度或做法 ②进一步说明此观点
③转折提出与之相反的本论文观点 ④承上启下,引出对观点的论证(2)议论段:论证观点 ⑤列举论据一
⑥举例说明论据一
⑦列举论据二并加以说明 ⑧列举论据三
(3)总结段:总结观点 ⑨承接上文,重申观点
⑩总结全文,可表达我们应该坚持该观点或采取该观点相符合的做法 模板二(立论)
①People are familiar with/it is widely accepted that某观点②As we know,观点正确性的表现③Therefore,小结观点④There are numerous examples supporting this argument.⑤ A case in point is 例一 ⑥For another example, 引出说明例二⑦Moreover, 阐述第三个例子
⑧From what has been discussed above, we should understand that重申观点 ⑨But(one thing we have to notice is that)提出个人建议 ⑩Therefore,总结全文(1)议论段:提出观点
①开门见山,直接提出观点 ②阐述观点正确性的表现 ③小结观点
④承上启下,引出对观点的论证(2)议论段:论证观点
⑤列举支持论点的具体事例一 ⑥列举支持论点的具体事例二 ⑦列举支持论点的具体事例三(3)总结段:总结观点
⑧承接上文,重申观点 ⑨指出坚持该论点应该注意什么 ⑩总结全文,指出正确的态度或做法 例1
Wealth and Happiness 1.每个人都想获得财富,财富似乎就是幸福,其实不然; 2.世界上有许多东西是财富换不来的。
①Up to now, many people still hold that wealth can bring happiness.②They believe that with a great amount of money, they must live a happier life.③However, recent survey shows that wealth is not necessarily associated with happiness.④The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.⑤Above all ,good health plays an important role above wealth in a happy life.⑥For example, people can buy medicine with money, but cannot buy health.⑦Furthermore, wealth may encourage those harmful habits which may ruin the wealth owner, such as addition to drugs and gambling.⑧Most importantly, there is one thing essential to happiness which cannot be bought with wealth---love.⑨All that has been discussed above shows that wealth is not equal to happiness.⑩Therefore, we should not be crazy about money and earn it with honest work.例2
Blood Donation ①In modern society, it is widely accepted that blood donation is good for health.②As we know, donating blood benefit both society and people.③Therefore, people should be encouraged to donate blood regularly.④Many remarkable facts can support this argument.⑤First of all, according to medical research findings, donating blood can effectively reduce the happening of certain disease.⑥What’s more, donating blood regularly could reduce the pace of aging.⑦Besides, donating blood regularly could help people keep good mood.⑧All mentioned above tell us that blood donation does more than harm to health.⑨We should hold a positive attitude towards it.⑩Therefore, it can be concluded that bllod donation should be encouraged under the scientific instruction.5)利①For the past years,某事物has been widely accepted by people/has come into people’s daily life.②No one can deny that 某事物的好处.③For one thing, 好处一④For another, 好处二
⑤However, just as all coins have two sides, there are also disadvantages about某事物的弊端.⑥For example 弊端一⑦Moreover, 弊端二.⑧Finally,弊端三
⑨In my opinion, “我”的建议⑩only in this way, can we 总结全文.弊评述型(1)议论段:
①开门见山,总述现象 ②分析某事物的有利面 ③举例说明好处一 ④举例说明好处二 ⑤举例说明好处三
(2)说明段:
⑥承上启下,引出对弊端的讨论 ⑦举例说明弊端一 ⑧举例说明弊端二
(3)总结段:
⑨“我”的建议(如何趋利避害)⑩总结全文 例
The Positive and Negative Aspects of Home Computers 1.家用电脑的普及; 2.家用电脑的好处;
3.家用电脑带来的问题。
①Nowadays, computers have come into people’s home as one of common household appliances.②There is no doubt that like TV, home computers benefit people greatly.③With the computer, the home becomes a library, a school, an office and an entertainment center.④All kinds of information can be close at one’s finger tips.⑤In addition, home computers bring people far away closer to us.⑥Despite the convenience that home computers bring about, they have disadvantages.⑦For example, people, especially the youth, may easily get addicted to computer games.⑧Besides, since nearly everything can be done in front of the computer, we may become more isolated from people around us.⑨In my opinion, we all should consider how to control home computers, so that they won’t control us.⑩Only in this way, can we make full use of them, while avoiding of the side effects.模仿练习1 The Development of Private Cars Outline:
1.私家车普及的好处; 2.私家车带来的问题; 3.“我”的看法 模仿练习3 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 针对阅读,人们有不同的看法: 1.有人认为应该精读; 2.有人认为应该泛读; 3.“我”的看法
第二篇:2012英语四级写作辅导
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主,又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即:
时间(When)—— 何时发生,有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生,有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与,谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么,有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来,在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中,只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作,即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.),2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文,即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”,知道命题要求后,我们就要开始构思了。
When:题目已规定了是“清晨”,在这个时候,“我”去散步。
Where:到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好,还是不去!)。
Who:在公园里看到晨练的人:中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What:人们热火朝天地做操,随音乐跳舞,打球,等等。
Why:清晨空气清新,适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨,背背书,读读单词。
当然,由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西,因篇幅所限,我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early,and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen,shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park,breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park,I found,to my surprise,that there were so many people there.Men and women,boys and girls,all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some were doing morning exercises,some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight,I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home,I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order),第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”),并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting),接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park),然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening),最后在文章结尾点题,即,归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”,又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节,行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题,想想该怎么写。注意:题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When:
Where:
Who:
What:
Why:
How:
参考思路
When:哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where:在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who:是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What:拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why:倒霉嘛,无非是运气不好,睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„
How:一团糟,挨批,心情极度沮丧,不过也无所谓嘛„
想完之后,我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来,别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。根据自己的思路,写一篇文章:
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday.Everything,it seemed to me,went wrong.And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.In the morning,as luck would have it,my alarm clock didn’t ring,and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual.I was in such a hurry that,when making an omelet,I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.Having no time for my breakfast at that point,I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers.I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway,but somehow I couldn’t make it.I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class,because my English teacher is very strict and demanding,and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.After getting off the 7:40 subway,I raced all the way from the station to my school,thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day.At the corner of the street near my school,I abruptly bumped into a man and,worse luck,broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week.With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology,I just kept on running and running.At long last,I arrived at the school only to find,with great sadness mixed with some relief,that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked.It was Saturday.My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end.When I returned home greatly frustrated,I found myself locked out.In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me.Just my luck!【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想:“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始,在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场,最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动,既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受,让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故:1)用第一人称;2)短语提示:drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck,driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her,but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child,I thought to myself.B: 以第一人称写一篇记叙文,讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea,and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation,the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting,but there was one man,a Mr.James,who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about,it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had,apparently,read more books,visited more countries and studied more languages,than anyone else had.After a few days,we ate our meals in silence,because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject,look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject,Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr.历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴,如,2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序,选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以,说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如:
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London,one of the first things you will see is Big Ben,the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834,the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size,but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once,however,it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文,介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦,且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来,特点——不仅外型巨大,而且走时准确,在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上,把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章,我们不难发现,区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里,为什么?本文基于事实,分析了主题的来龙去脉,语言简洁又不失生动贴切,作者态度客观又充满幽默,使读者既“明白了事理”,又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识,此乃说明文之真谛也。以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。
参考思路
1)目标的分类:(可根据时间顺序,空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序,任选一个进行分类和排列)
2)各个类别的特点和细节:
3)组织成文:
范文点评
Goals
Everyone has goals.Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning.These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime,intermediate and short term.Lifetime goals should be written out.These goals should be clear and reasonable.For instance,the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable.Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles,earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university,successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.For the beginning doctoral student,intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal.Like lifetime goals,these are measurable and clearly stated.Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.These goals are more performance oriented,and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course,learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.【点评】本文介绍了人生的三种目标:终生的、长期的和短期的目标。在文中采用了说明文常用的方法:定义、举例、分类和比较等。我们要了解并且要掌握的方法:
1.定义法(definition)
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:
① „ is a/the „ of „ which/that „② „ relate to/involve/refer to „
【例】
(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.2.举例法(illustration)
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。
专家提醒
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
请看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
3.分类法(classification)
分类法就是把说明的对象,按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如:上述范文介绍人生的三种目标,并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。
4.比较法(comparison)
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。
(1)Lifetime goals should be written out.(2)Like lifetime goals,these are measurable and clearly stated.(3)These goals are more performance oriented,and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.5.数字法(statistics)
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture.By age 50,one out of every two persons has gum disease.(2)And it seems sensible to wait.One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce.In Britain in 1972,there were 124,248 divorces.说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
1.用定义法解释:
CET-4:
the Olympic Games:
a skeleton in the cupboard:
Hope Project:
qualifications:
2.用举例法说明:
教育的重要性:
当前网络游戏的危害:
成功的方法:
健身的种种看法:
大学生学好英语的方法:
3.用分类法说明:
社会实践的方面:
课外活动:
大学生谈恋爱的原因:
大学毕业生的分配情况:
食堂的伙食:
4.用比较法说明:
留学的利弊:
兼职的好坏:
不同的减肥方法:
题海战术与素质教育:
5.用数字法说明:
大学生的身体状况:
大学生的就业现状:
汽油价格上涨带来的影响:
手机的使用情况:
中国人住房状况:
借助说明文的构思方法,看看下列题目该如何写:
(1)The Layout of a Hospital
Direction: You are asked to write a composition about “The Layout Of a Hospital”。Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the picture and information given below.Your compositions should be no less than 100 words.1)the Emergency Department
2)the Out-patient Department
3)the Surgery Department
4)Dispensary/Pharmacy
5)Physician Department
6)the Eye,Ear,and Throat Department
7)the Dental Department
8)the Laboratory
9)the X-ray Department
10)the Administrative Building
11)the Ward
参考范文
Near the gate,on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department.Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department.The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary,which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall,from south to north,stand three buildings: the Physician Department,the Eye,Ear,and Throat Department,and the Dental Department.The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about,and beside the Laboratory,the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road.A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.Near the end of the main road,the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.
第三篇:大学生英语竞赛写作辅导
B类
2010 初赛
a letter to a friend introducing the school sports center;comments on one of Bertrand Russell’s statements
2009 决赛
2009初赛
a letter to a company declining a job offer;comments on a poem
2008决赛
a letter from the dean of the English Department in your University to a prestigious scholar of British Literature to come to be a judge of the English speech contest;comments on a poem
2008初赛
an email of apology for missing an email appointment with your foreign language;comments on a poem
2007决赛
a letter to a friend sharing your work experience in a youth camp and giving advice for the job application;comments on a poem
2007初赛
a letter to a language school asking for information about a summer language course;comments on a poem
Formal Features
1.letter
Dear ***,。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
Yours sincerely, / Sincerely,***
(Dean of the English Department)
2.email
From: ***
To: ***
Date: 19 April, 2009
Subject: ……
Dear ***,。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。Thank you.Best wishes.3.信件应根据内容和身份、对象的区别而注意措辞。
4.文学评论基本都包括两方面:discuss the moral of the poem / passage;express your personal views on the subject
C类
2010 初赛
write a notice;Key Considerations for the School Leaver(career planning)
2009 决赛
a memo(格式同上面email, 除To/From顺序反);Take My Advice on How to Control Stress 2009初赛
an email;report on fashion industries
2008决赛
analysis of a chart;Books—An Endangered Species?
2008初赛
a letter;computer dependency
2007决赛
an advertisement;comments on a newspaper article on the loss of national and cultural identity 2007初赛
a letter;comments on a newspaper article on personal freedom
2005-2006
1.写信要注意署名的要求,一般会明确要求用某指定化名
2.看图写话,一般包括两个要求: interpret the message conveyed by the picture;make your comments on what is represented
3.要求写个speech的话只要起个鼓动性的title写篇议论文就行
附: notice只要以本单词大写作标题就行;advertisement 只要以相关主题作标题就行,如English Club
[精华]写作绝招
开头万能公式
1. 开头万能公式一:名人名言
有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”,很好办:编!
原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧?
经典句型:
A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言)
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言)
更多经典句型:
As everyone knows, No one can deny that„
2. 开头万能公式二:数字统计
原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型:
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造:Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工
具是自行车。
Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型:
A recent statistics shows that „
结尾万能公式
1. 结尾万能公式一:如此结论
说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:
Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!
更多过渡短语:
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型:
Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„
2. 结尾万能公式二:如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽!
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢?
更多句型:
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”
一、长短句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢,老让读者读长句,累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题:
As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,岂不爽哉?牢记!
强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则
国有其君,家有其主,文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学,故意把主体隐藏在文章之内,结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句).Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点„ 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)
2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)
3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)
4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)
5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)
6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)
7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)
8)most important of all, moreover, finally
9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)
10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)
建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!
四、短语优先原则
写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其
一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,看不到一个自己不认识的短语,必然会看你低一等。相反,如果发现亮点—精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其
二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:
I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。再比如:
走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room
所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩!
六、多变句式原则
1)加法(串联)
都希望写下很长的句子,像个老外似的,可就是怕写错,怎么办,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:I enjoy music, and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:
Not only is the fur coat soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用:
Besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2)转折(拐弯抹角)
批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点,这种方式虽然阴险了点,可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢,我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先来点废话,注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语:
despite that, still, however, nevertheless然而, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding虽然,尽管
3)因果(so, so, so)
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩,然后我主动搭讪,然后我们去咖啡厅,然后我们认识了,然后我们成为了朋友„可见,讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!
The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语:
then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)
有些人脑袋大,身体小,或者有些人脑袋小,身体大,虽然我们不希望长成这个样子,可如果真的是这样了,也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。
举例:This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:
When to go, Why he goes away„
5)附加(多此一举)
如果有了老婆,总会遇到这样的情况,当你再讲某个人的时候,她会插一句说,我昨天见过他;或者说,就是某某某,如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面,那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr.Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单,同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6)排比(排山倒海句)
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.(气势恢宏)
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!
七、挑战极限原则
既然是挑战极限,必然是比较难的,但是并非不可攀!
原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如:
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪!
文章主体段落三大杀手锏
一、举实例
思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子!In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fume熏him or her.更多句型:
To take „ as an example, One example is„, Another example is„, for example
二、做比较
方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的;
世界上没有同样的指纹,没有相同的树叶,文章亦同,只有通过比较,你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语:
相似的比较:
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
相反的比较:
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with „, „
三、换言之
没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子:
I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语:
in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply
第四篇:专题写作辅导
一、论证的展开
人们在写作中常用的表达方式主要有叙述、描写、说明、议论等几种。学术论文是议论文的一种,当然要以议论为最主要的表达方式。
论题、论点、论据和论证是议论的几大要素。在学术论文中,论题是作者所要解决和证明的问题,论点即作者对问题的看法,论据是支持论点的事实和理论根据,论证则是作者运用论据证明论点,从而把论点与论据结合起来的过程和方法。从本质上说,论证就是一个逻辑推理过程,正确地运用各种逻辑推理形式,是使论证过程严密、论文具有足够的逻辑力量的重要条件。
把论点和论据结合起来,需要使用一些具体的论证方法。常用的论证方法主要有:
(1)举例法
举例法是以事实为论据,以典型事例证明观点的一种论证方法。
(2)归纳法、演绎法与类比法
从文章整体来看,完整的论证过程也就是归纳推理、演绎推理或类比推理的过程;从文章的局部来看,在各个具体的论证环节中,作者还可以采用归纳法、演绎法及类比法对某个小的观点加以阐述。应当说,归纳法、演绎法及类比法在论文写作中有着广泛的用途。
归纳法是由特殊到一般的推理方法,演绎法则是由一般到特殊的推理方法。前者是根据个别知识,推出一个一般性性结论的过程,后者则是根据普遍规律认识个别事物,推出一个个别性结论的过程。两者的思维运动的方向相反,适用场合、基本用途也有所不同,但它们的依存关系又是十分明显的。任何一项复杂的认识活动,都必须通过归纳推理与演绎推理的交互进行、相互渗透才能完成,这是由认识规律所决定的。
类比法是根据两个或两类认识对象某些属性相同,推出它们的其他属性也可能相同的推理方法,这是由特殊到特殊的推理方法。类比推理是一种或然性推理,其结论往往具有假说的性质,是否真实,能否上升为科学理论,还有待于检验。
(3)反证法
反证法是从反面间接地证明论点的方法,即在论证中,先不从正面直接证明某个论点的正确,而是先假设如采用相反的看法所可能产生的消极结果,与之相矛盾的看法的错误,也就从反面证明了另一种看法的正确。反证法也被称为排他法,排除了其他观点,保留的就是正确的观点。
(4)对比法
对比法是通过两种相反情况的比较,辨明是非,得出结论的论证方法。运用对比法,既可以将不同的事物放在一起进行比较,也可以对同一事物的不同侧面或它在不同时期的状况进行比较。
(5)因果法
因果法又称分析法,是一种通过对论点和论据之间的事理因果关系的分析,证明论点正确的论证方法。运用因果法,既可以用原因作论据证明结果,也可以用结果作论据证明原因,正因为如此,人们还常把这种论证方法称为因果互证法。
(6)引用法
引用法是一种引用理论论据或以他人的言论为论据,对自己的观点加以证明的论证方法。
使用引用法必然要涉及到引文的问题。引文的种类很多,而且从不同的角度可以对其进行不同的分类,比如,从引文本身的状况来看有直引和意引,直引即直接引用文献原文,完全照录他人言论的引文形式。直引还分全引和节引两种形式;意引则是不直接引用原文,而是在对原文加工、改写的基础上,引用其基本意思的引文形式。从引文在文章中的地位及其表述方式来看,有段中引文和提行引文。段中引文是指把引文写在段中;提行引文是指以提行的形式,把需要给予特殊强调的引文写出来,使之自成一个部分。
在论文中使用引文,总的来说应当遵循少而精的原则。此外,还要注意以下几点:首先,在一篇文章中,引文不宜过多。滥用引文,不仅会影响文章本身的独创性,还会使读者产生反感;其次,引文要忠实于原文献,真正反映原文献的精神实质;再次,要把引文同对引文的解说、诠释区分开来,要使读者一看便知哪些内容是引文,哪些内容是论文作者所作的解释,而不要把两者混在一起;最后,还要注意揭示引文同其所要证明的观点之间的关系。只把引文罗列在观点的后面,而不加任何分析、说明,是无法达到论证的目的的。
(7)归谬法
归谬法是专门用于驳斥他人观点的一种论证方法。其要领是先不直接指出某一观点的错误,而是先假定它是正确的,然后以此为前提进行推理,得出一个明显荒谬的结论,再用结论的荒谬来反证作为推理前提的观点的错误。
上面所列举的几种论证方法都是较为常用的论证方法。学术问题一般比较复杂,对一个学术观点的证明也是具有一定的复杂性的,一篇学术论文的完成,通常需要通过各种论证方法的综合使用,形成一个缜密的论证过程。
二、语言的运用
人们常说,语言是思想的外壳、信息的载体。如果不是凭借着语言工具,无论多么精妙的构思、深邃的思想,也都只能停留在文章作者的头脑之中,读者无从了解,社会效果更无从产生。在此意义上可以说,语言是写作的第一要素。
语言不仅具有把无形的理论认识变为有形的研究成果的巨大功用,而且,它还具有同文章的思想内容相互制约的特性。低劣的语言形式无法表达出色的思想内容,模糊、混乱、粗糙的思想内容也难以找到一个精美的语言形式,对语言形式的选择与运用,同时也就是对思想内容的再思考与再调整。有人认为,有了好的观点、好的材料,即使不重视语言的运用,也会写出好的文章。这种把语言形式同思想内容割裂开来的看法是不正确的。
语言能力是构成写作能力的一个要素,语言运用的状况直接关系到文章的质量,论文作者要把文章写好,除了要在其他环节的改善上多作努力之外,还必须在语言的运用上多下功夫,以使所用的语言充分体现科学语体的特征,更好地为学术成果的完美表达服务。
科学语体是现代汉语的基本语体之一,科学语体的特征是对各种学术文献相对稳定的语言特点的一种概括。其中,学术论文应该算是比较典型的学术文献,学术论文的语言无疑最能集中、突出地反映科学语体的特征。与其内容的科学、结构的程序化以及表达的多样化相适应,学术论文在语言的运用上,确有自己的一些共性的东西,这也说明科学语体是一种客观存在,科学语体的特征对科学文献的作者应当具有较强的约束力。另一方面,科学语体的内涵及表现形式又是丰富多采的,这就使得不同学科的论文的语言特点,也存在着不同程度的差别,而自然科学和社会科学两大类论文的语言差别,还是比较明显的。如此看来,文科论文的语言在具备科学语体的共同特征的同时,还具有自己的一些特点。全面了解文科论文的语言特点,对于提高文章的语言质量是大有益处的。
概括地说,精确、简明、平易、庄重及富有文采是文科论文语言所应具备的几个主要特点,同时,这也就是对文科论文语言的几项基本要求。中文学科的论文是文科论文的一大门类,同时也是最能体现文科论文的语言特点的一类论文。
1.精 确
精确应是一切学术论文语言的首要特点,这由学术论文的内容和功用所决定。语言准确,是对所有文章写作的要求,而在学术论文写作中,这一要求则更为严格、具体,并且有着特殊的意义。学术论文的语言要在准确的基础上更进一步,达到精确的程度。文科论文语言的精确性大体表现在以下几个方面:
(1)用词恰当、贴切,是构成文科论文语言的精确性的一项最基本的内容。有时,表达同一个意思,可用的词语却不止一个,用词恰当、贴切就是指作者在几个可供选择的词语中,选出了最妥当、最得体的那个,把所要表达的意思恰如其分、富有效果地表达出来。
一个孤立的词语,是无所谓恰当不恰当,或贴切不贴切的,词语只有进入具体的篇章,在特定的语境中,才谈得上是否恰当、贴切。简单地说,用词恰当、贴切,就是指所选用的词语切合内容、切合语境、切合语体特征和文章风格。为做到用词恰当、贴切,论文作者在使用词语时,就必须根据内容、语境以及语体特征、文章风格,进行严格的选择。
在词语的选用中,有许多问题需要注意,比如,词义的辨析就是一个比较重要的问题。每一个词语都有其固定的含义,完整的词义是概念义与附加义的统一,概念义是词义的核心,附加义则主要包括词的语法意义、色彩意义等等,另外,在长期的语言实践中,有些词语还形成了一些特殊的情调。掌握每一个词语的各种意义及其特殊情调,才有可能用对、用好每一个词语,从而使文章的语言具有高度的精确性。为保证学术论文语言的精确性,不但意义差别较大的词语不能互相借用,就是意义相近或基本相同的词语也不能混用。
语言是思想的直接现实,用词恰当、贴切,表意才能准确、周密;用词不当,不仅会使研究成果受到不同程度的歪曲,而且往往反映出作者思想认识的模糊或偏颇。在写作中能够迅速作出词语的最佳选择,不仅说明作者具有较高的语言修养,而且说明作者已对问题有了比较深入的思考和比较明确的认识。
(2)大量使用含义单一的专业术语,排斥语义模糊、含混的词语形式,也会增强文章语言的精确性。专业术语,是指在特定的学科或专业领域内使用,具有固定的含义的专门性词语。单义性、概括性、客观性是专业术语的特点,专业术语的含义一般已经严格规定,并相对稳定下来;每个科学术语都是人类对自然或社会的认识成果的浓缩反映,因而其概括性极强;专业术语一般不带任何感情色彩,最适于用来客观地表述科学事实。例如:
“五四”浪漫作家不满足于现实主义的再现、摹仿、描写等叙事手段,但他们对纯形式的崇拜,也始终只是一种幻想。热情、感伤和坦诚使他们在本质上更接近的是卢梭而不是唯美主义、艺术至上主义,所以他们并不热衷于形式的精致完美,而是努力于消除作家创作主体与作品本体之间的距离,把自己整个心灵、情感投射于字里行间。于是他们寻找着不同于写实主义的表现性叙事。正是这一艺术追求,使他们从弗洛伊德关于梦的理论中找到了启示。
这段文字引自文学论文《弗洛伊德主义与“五四”浪漫文学》,其中的现实主义、唯美主义、艺术至上主义、形式、创作主体、作品本体等都是文学专业术语。如果去掉以上专业术语,换用其他一些说法,那么原文内容就会面目全非,即便多用几倍的文字,也难以把作者所要表述的意思表述得非常确切、周严。
(2)适当地使用一些成语、文言词语。成语是在长期的语言实践中,经过千锤百炼,最终凝固而成的语言形式。它有固定的出处,而且多半带有典故性,是对典型材料的概括。成语的特点是结构简洁,含义丰富,其实际意义往往大大超出字面意思,把成语妥当地用在文章中,能够提高增强语言的表现力,收到言简意赅的表达效果。
文言词语是指以文言形式保存下来的古汉语中的词语。古汉语词以单音节为主,现代汉语词则以双音节为主,所以,表示同一个意思,古汉语语句的字数一般要少于现代汉语语句的字数。在适当的地方使用一些恰当的文言词语,可以使语句更为精练,有助于增言的简明性。例如:
古人云,“人贵有自知之明。”以我学术的成就来说,我决不敢妄想和从这个世纪开始时起接受过这奖章的任何一位著名学者相提并论。这一段话中的“古人云,'人贵有自知之明”即是文言说法,译成汉语就成了“古人说:'对于人来说,可贵的是能够正确地自己'。”换成这种说法,不但多出了许多字数,而且失去了原文所特有的典雅风格。
这里所说的可适当地使用一些文言词语,并不是一般地提倡在论文中大量使用文言词语。现代文章写作无疑要以现代汉语词汇为最基本的语言材料,文言词用得过多或用得不当,则会使文章文白夹杂,不伦不类,失去可读性。
(3)要避免一切不必要的重复。无论是字面上,还是意义上,一切不必要的重复都是有害无益的语言成分,是应该剔除的赘余成分,因为“凡是受信者一方所已经知道的信息,其信息量等于零。”字面上的重复比较容易看出,因而也较易于避免,意义上的重复则常被忽视。刘勰在《文心雕龙·熔裁》中说;“裁则芜秽不生,熔则纲领昭畅,譬绳墨之审分,斧斤之斫削矣。骈拇枝指,由侈于性,附赘悬疣,实侈于形。一意两出,义之骈枝;同辞重句,文之疣赘也。”意义上的重复就象多生出的肢体,辞句上的重复就如同多余的肉瘤,通过炼意与炼辞,可以去掉重复的意思和字句,使语言更加精粹,使文章更加精悍。
(4)耍杜绝客套话之类的空话、废话。有人惯于在论文中,写上一些空洞乏味的客套话,诸如“本人才疏学浅”、“定有疏漏之处”之类。谦虚、诚恳是值得肯定的治学态度,而治学态度如何应在科研实践中体现出来,把人人都会说的客套话写到篇幅有限的学术论文中,则大可不必。学术论文是描述科研成果的工具,一切与课题研究无关的内容都应删去,而且,空话、废话本身就是毫无价值的语言,“陈词滥调所提供的信息,其信息量很小很小,甚至等于零,废话则是一种没有语义(或没有正经语义)的信息。对于收信来说,废话虽是头一次听到,但既然是废话,那就是100%的无用信息或无效信息。无用或无效信息,其信息量极小,或几乎接近于零。”起草学术论文,应把每一字、每一句都落在实处,如果用了大量的语言材料,只传达了少量的信息,或者根本没有传达任何信息,那么,写作就是失败的,至少不是高效率的。
“文章烦简,非因字句多寡、篇幅短长。若庸絮懈蔓,一句亦谓之烦;切到精详,连篇亦谓之简。”强调语言的简明,也并不是说词语用得越少越好,更不是说文章写得越短越好,而是要以表意的明确为原则,该用的词语必用,不该用的词语一律不用,以达到一种“长者不为有余,短者不为不足”的写作境界。
3.平易
理论是朴素的,表述理论的语言应当是平易的。所谓的语言平易,主要是指文章的语言形式具有平实自然、明白晓畅的特点。古人李涂在《文章精义》中说过:“文章不难巧,而难于拙,不难于曲而难于直,不难于细而难于粗,不难于华而难于质。”这段话说明了文章语言平易的难能可贵。平易不是平淡无奇,而是要能“俗中见雅”、“拙中见巧”、“平中见奇”,以取得一种“语浅而意深,言近而旨远”的写作效果。从积极的方面来看,要使文章语言达到平易的要求,应该从以下几个方面去努力:
(1)用语要平实。学术论文属于非欣赏型文章,在这类文章中,要用实实在在、朴实无华的语言把事理讲述得明明白白,最好能让读者感到娓娓道来,如叙家常,而深刻的道理已包含于其中。
语言平实看起来容易,做起来却很难。西方一位著名的新闻记者曾指出,最优雅的写作也就是最简朴的写作。论文作者要想在写作中做到用语平实,除了要有正确的写作观念和对研究研究的深入把握之外,还要在平时的语言实践中,注意加强自己的语言修养和驾驭语言的功力。
(2)用语要直白。与其实用的目的相适应,在学术论文中应当避免使用晦涩难懂或模糊曲折的语言形式,而要直陈其事,直截了当地把要告诉读者的意思表述清楚。选用词语要考虑有利于启发读者的思想,要能引导读者只就文章内容本身进行思考,而不必在对语言形式的推敲上花费时间,更不要让读者去费心揣摩那些难以读懂的语句。欣赏型文章通常所追求的那种含蓄的语言表达方式,也是为学术论文写作所排斥的。
(3)语句要顺畅。
学术论文要一层紧承一层,一句紧接一句,语意的承接要紧密,该说的话都要说出来,而不能有省略、有跳跃,让读者自己去领会靠语境显示的“言外之意”。在有些文章的写作中,十分讲究发挥语境因素对于语义的补衬作用,论文写作却不能如此。
从消极的方面来看,要使论文的语言平易,还应注意以下几个问题:
(1)避免使用生僻词语。生僻词语会给读者的阅读带来一定的困难,应当尽量避免使用。
写作是从内容到形式(根据内容选择形式),阅读则是从形式到内容(根据形式理解内容),语言形式是读者理解文章内容的凭借,假如读者连作者所用的词语都未能读懂,怎么谈得上对文章内容的理解呢?而生僻词语恰恰就是一般人不易读懂的词语。汉代王充在《论衡·自纪》中说:“何以为辨,喻深以浅。何以为智?喻难以易。”避深就浅、避难就易是选用词语所应遵循的准则,生僻词语的大量使用显然是同这-准则相悖的。
或许有人认为,使用生僻词浯,会使人感到文章有深度,使人觉得作者学问高深。实际上,语言的艰深同内容的深刻并无必然联系,相反,会写文章的人往往善于用最平常的词语,深入浅出、通俗易懂地说明最深奥的道理,免得读者只顾琢磨生僻词语的含义,却忽视了对文章内容的深刻领会。
(2)不要堆砌华丽词藻。不顾表达的需要,胡乱堆砌华丽词藻,会使文章华而不实,并给人一种庸俗、浅薄的感觉,这是一切文章写作之大忌。在学术论文这类非欣赏型文章的写作中,对此要求得尤为严格。
(3)不可滥用专业术语。多用专业术语,是学术论文语言的一个突出的特点,也是构成学术论文语言的精确性的一项内容,这在前面已经谈过。但虽然如此,对专业术语也不能不加限制地使用,文科论文特别是中文学科的论文的读者对象还是比较广泛的,论文作者在使用专业术语时,也要适当地照顾一下非专业人员的特点。在一些读者面极广的论文中,过于专业化的词语用得太多,对于一般社会成员来说,阅读的难度就大大增加了,这无形中也就缩小了文章的读者范围。
另外,应当特别注意的是,前几年在文科论文写作中出现了一种偏向,那就是牵强附会地搬用新术语或者盲目地引进自然科学术语。有人不管写什么文章,不管有无必要,都要套用一些新名词或纯料的自然科学领域中的专门词语,甚至常常在没有真正把握那些术语的含义时,就望文生义,生搬硬套,把它们用在自以为合适的地方。这种作法不仅破坏了文章的可读性,而且容易给人以故弄玄虚之感,会使读者对文章望而生畏,望而生厌。
前面曾提到过,随着科学的飞速发展和科学一体化趋势的增强,新的术语或其他学科的术语被用于论文之中,已成为一件极其平常的事情。在对新的术语或自然科学术语的使用中,确实存在着生搬硬套与融会贯通的区别问题,后者是有益的,前者则是有害的。
4.庄 重
科学是严肃的,理论是郑重的,高度科学化、理论化的学术内容的表述,必须相应地采用较为庄重的语言形式。学术论文语言所应具有的庄重的特点,主要体现在造句与措词两个方面:
(1)大量使用严整的句子形式,有助于增加文章的庄重感。同其他类型的文章相比,学术论文中长句、复句、整句(主谓句)以及常式句、完全句要多一些,短句、单句、零句(非主谓句)以及变式句、省略句则要相对地少一些。这种造句方式一方面体现了学术论文语言表意精确的特点,另一方面也增加了文章的沉实感、凝重感。
(2)独特的措词方式,也有助于保持文章的庄重感。具体地说,在学术论文写作中,有些词语是应该避免使用或慎重使用的,例如,对口语色彩过于浓烈的日常生活用语,像方言土语、歇后语、儿化词等,应禁止使用;对有损于祖国语言的纯洁与健康的粗俗词,像黑话、切口、骂人话等,应坚决予以弃除;对叹词、象声词和部分感情色彩过于浓烈的形容词、副词,应严格控制使用;对尚未经过社会约定俗成,进入全民语言交际系统的“言语新词”,应尽量少用;对简称之类特殊的词语形式,应慎重使用。从原则上说,在比较庄重的语体中,是不能随便使用简称的。但如果一个字数较多的词语在文章中反复出现,为使行文简洁流畅,也可以在这个词语第一次出现时,对之进行简缩,并在括号中注明“以下简称为……”。总之,无论哪类词语,只要会损害语言的庄重感,就应避免或慎重使用。反过来,有些词语,如文言词语的合理使用,也会使文章更有庄重感。一般来说,具有明显的书卷语体色彩的词语,是有利于增加文章语言的庄重感的词语,应当成为论文写作的基本的语言材料。
精确、简明、平易、庄重,是论文语言从不同的角度表现出来的特点,同时这几个特点又是互相联系着的,四者统一,构成了文科论文语言的主要特征。在使论文语言具有这些特征的基础上,还应努力把文章写得富有文采。如果说精确、简明、乎易、庄重是对-切论文语言的一般要求,那么,富有文采则是较高层次的要求,是对中文学科的论文语言的特殊要求。
5.富有文采
出色的论文语言要做到规范性与艺术性相统一,文科论文特别是中文学科的论文不仅要以巨大的逻辑力量打动、征服读者,最好还要能以浓郁的文学色彩吸引、感染读者,文学论文尤其应当如此。语言富有文采,能为理论增添魅力,在这一点上,马克思主义经典作家为人们留下了许多成功的范例。
那么,怎样才能使论文的语言富有文采呢?
(1)杜绝“零度风格”。要使语言富有文采,就不能板起面孔,故作姿态,用一种冷漠的腔调说话,在笔墨之间不妨流露出一定的主体色彩,以唤起读者的共鸣,或使读者产生亲切感。对此,朱光潜先生曾谈过这样的看法:“修辞学家们说,在各种文章风格之中,有所谓'零度风格'(zero style),就是纯然客观,不动情感,不动声色,不表现说话人,仿佛也不理睬听众的那么一种风格。据说这种风格宜于用在说理文里。我认为这种论调对于说理文不但是一种歪曲,而且简直是一种侮辱。说理文的目的在于说理,如果能做到感动,就会更有效地达到说服的效果。作者自己如果没有感动,就绝对不能使读者感动。”对于文章写作来说,所谓的“零度风格”是不可取的,因为那样的文章很难真正吸引读者,更不要说引人入胜了。论文固然应以冷静、客观地阐释科学理论为特点,但这同语言形式的平板、僵直以及文章语气的漠然、冷峻完全不是一回事。
中文学科的论文包括语言学论文和文学论文两大类,从总体上看,语言学论文的表述方式与自然科学论文的相同之处要更多一些。而文学论文则最能体现文科论文的特点,或者说应当具有一些“文学性”。文学是同“激情”联系在一起的,不仅文学创作如此,文学研究也同样如此。文学研究需要情感体验,文学论文常常会充溢着作者的情感,这样的论文往往是有创新价值的论文。
(2)多用具体、形象的词语。在不损害论文内容的科学性与表述的准确性的前提下,使用一些具体、形象的词语,会使文章显得更有生气。如果在论文中一味用干枯、空洞的语言来表述深奥、抽象的理论,就很容易使人感到文章枯燥无味,甚至难以卒读。赋予深奥、抽象的理论内容以具体、形象的语言形式,把无形的事理有形化,深刻的道理就会变得似乎浅显起来,读者易于理解、消化,并能留下鲜明的印象,进而会打消对学术文章的畏难心理。
(3)采用恰当的修辞方式。适当地采用一些修辞方式,也会增强论文语言的表现力和艺术性。
人们通常认为,科学语体中的修辞只能是消极修辞,即只限于词语的锤炼、句式的选用等。在科学文献的撰写中,不宜采用积极修辞的方式,也就是说一般不能运用辞格。但实际上,许多辞格都常被有效地运用于文科论文当中,比如排比、对偶等。排比这种辞格的最大作用就是贯通语势、突出文意,把排比句用在文章中,能使语言富有节奏感,使表达更富有条理。对偶是汉语所特有的修辞方式,对偶句的特点是音节整齐匀称、语义凝炼集中,把对偶用于论文写作中,能使文章具有一种和谐的美感。此外,巧妙的比喻既能深入浅出地阐明事理,又能使文章的语言生动起来,因而也常被论文作者采用。总而言之,修辞方式如果用得妥当,确实能为文章增添光采;如果用得不当,就会适得其反,妨碍内容的表述,所以,在行文中一定要从内容表达的需要出发,合理地选用修辞方式。
(4)多用新鲜的词语。语言的创新常常就是思想出新的过程,新鲜别致的语言形式同新颖独特的学术内容才是和谐一致的。撰写论文要力求“惟陈言之务去”,尽量选用新鲜的词语。新鲜的词语有生气、有吸引力,容易使读者感兴趣,也便于表达新的理论。相反,假如文章满篇都是陈腐的词语、过时的字眼,则会给人以陈旧感,难以引起读者的兴趣,也不适于表述新的理论。
(5)调整句式,寻求变化。在行文中有意识地调整句式,能够使语言错落有致,富于变化。
前面说过,长句、复句、整句多,是学术论文在造句方面的一个特点。但一篇文章完全采用这类句式,也会使文章显得呆板,沉闷。适当地调整、变换句式,能使文章改变单调、平直的格调,转而具有一种轻松、明朗的调子,并富有参差美、节奏感。其中,特别是长句与短句的交错使用,更是有利于发挥这两种句式的优势,会收到既严密周详,又不失简洁明快的表意效果。
(6)调协语音,追求和谐。在遣词造句中,要尽可能注意语言的声音美。语音和谐,读起来琅琅上口,是对-切文章语言的要求,声音美是构成文章的形式美的一个要素。
综上所述,论文语言应当做到精确、简明、平易、庄重并富有文采。立言得体,内容才能表达得充分、完美,学术论文的语言属于科学语体,要具有科学语体的一般特征。科学语体是对各类学术文献的共同的语言规律的概括,所反映的是共性的东西。共性之外还有个性,在论文的写作中,成熟的、有经验的作者经常会展现出个人所特有的语言风格,或清新隽永,或凝重古朴,或典雅俊秀,或淳厚平实,论文的语言风格干差万别,而一篇文章的语言风格则应当是统一的。运用语言不但要考虑如何突出特定的语体特征,还必须注意保持文章整体风格的一致性,否则,就会破坏文章的整体感,使得文章给人以支离破碎,极不谐调的感觉。能否用自己的语言表述自己的思想,能否运用既符合语体特征,又带有个性色彩的语言形式表达内容,也是衡量一个人写作水平高低的标准之一。
第五篇:2013年成考(专升本)英语写作辅导汇总
2013年成考专升本英语写作辅导
1、We're often told that the world is tethering on the brink of destruction.But is this really the case?
我们经常被告知世界处于毁灭的边缘。但事实真的如此吗?
2、An increasing number of people are joining the “Information Age ” via the Internet.In reaction to the phenomenon,some say the Internet has removed barrters and provided people with immediate access to the world.But do they raelize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to intrusions of privacy?
越来越多的人通过互联网进入了“信息时代”。针对这一现象,一些人认为互联网消除了障碍,为人们提供了与世界即时链接的途径。但是,他们有没有意识到迅速发展的信息技术也能导致侵犯隐私?
3、There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers.Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability.They believe that strict limits should be placed on migrants entering China's cities.But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force,on the other hand,maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction program.目前,针对流动工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。反对流动工人增加的人认为这会导致犯罪率升高,从而危害社会稳定。他们主张应该严格限制进入中国城市的流动工人。但是,另一方面,支持廉价劳动力流入的人主张,为了支持大规模的城市基础设施建设规划,流动人口是必需的。
4、It is widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding.Experts argue that China must introduce a massive afforestation program.But I doubt whether afforestation alone will solve the problem.人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成了夏季特大洪水。专家认为中国必须推行大规模的植树造林计划。但我对仅仅植树造林就能解决问题表示怀疑。
5、Most people are of the opinion that wealth provides solutions to all problems.But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides,I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness.大多数人认为财富为所有问题提供解决的办法。但是,我认为,尽管财富提供物质上的利益,一个人应该放弃物质至上的追求,而是集中精力追求幸福。
6、Many people believe that capital punishment deters crime.But although criminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject,little evidence exists to support the claim.很多人相信极刑能阻止犯罪。但是,虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究,几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。
7、When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing,some people think that use should be limited.Others argue that the opposite is true.There is probably some truth to both arguments,but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.涉及北京机动车使用量增加这一问题,有的人认为应该限制使用。另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理,但是,无论车辆多少,必须对废气排放实行控制。
8、The use of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting business,but is it a wise one?The method is now being challenged by more and more people.利用关系是做生意的普遍做法,但这种做法明智吗?现在,越来越多的人对这种方法提出了质疑。
9、These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and poor.Some argue the developed world has totally ignored the problem.But has it ?Close examination fails to bear out the argument.最近,我们经常听到贫富差距扩大了的说法。一些人认为发达世界完全忽略了这个问题。事实是这样吗?细致的调查无法证实这一观点。
10、When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S.President Bill Clinton,most people say the affair involves a purely private matter.But many other people regard his actions as deplorable.I personally think the president committed impeachable offences.当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔。克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时,大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是,还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错,应该被指控。
11、Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident than now.历史上,人口过剩的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。
12、The rapid expansion of urban areas has in many cases encroached on valuable cultivatable land,and led to a general recognition that development must not be carried at the cost of agriculture.The government has attached greater importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being terminated.城区的迅速扩大在很多情况下侵占了宝贵的可耕地,使人们普遍认识到发展不能以牺牲农业为代价。政府更加重视这个问题,越来越多的不必要的工程被终止。
13、Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is official corruption,which is pervasive in all levels of government.也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是遍布各级政府的官员腐败。
14、Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face.通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。
15、One of the most serious problems many people talk about centers on the lack of adequate housing space.许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。
16、There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for strengthened environmental protection.世界上越来越多的人认识到加强环境保护的必要性。
17、There has been a dramatic increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS in recent years,with a new study projecting that the dreaded disease will affect over 30 million people worldwide by the year 2005.近年来,艾滋病蔓延的幅度进一步扩大,一项新的研究预测,到2005年,世界上有超过三千万人将感染这一可怕的疾病。
18、Working with the disabled cannot help but leave one impressed with their indefatigable desire.与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象深刻。
19、Perhaps no issues are more controversial than euthanasia and abortion,both of which involve taking the life of a human being.也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性,它们都涉及结束一个人的生命。
20、One of the pressing problema facing our nation(China)today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels.我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。
31、Quite obviously,immediate action is needed to extricate 80 million Chinese people from the grips of poverty in order to remove the danger of social unrest and ensure continuing stability.很明显,需要立即采取行动使八千万中国人摆脱贫困,从而消除社会动荡的危险,确保持续的稳定。
32、The ample evidence presented enables us to reasonably conclude that the scourge of AIDS will be brought under control in the foreseeable future.提出的充分证据使我们能够合理地得出这样的结论:艾滋病的祸害在可预见的将来就能得到控制。
33、What do you think of the increasing openness accompanying the ongoing sexual revolution?Do you ever fantasize?Answers to these questions should be based on a determination between appropriate and inappropriate behavior.你如何看待对现在的性革命越来越开放的态度?你曾经想像过吗?回答这些问题之前应先界定得体和不得体的行为。
34、Why do some governments persist in spending billions of dollars on space exploration when starvation and poverty continue to grip many countries throughout the world?This particular question is being raised by an ever increasing number of people.既然世界上许多国家仍被饥饿和贫困所困扰,为什么有的政府还坚持花费数十亿美元用于太空探索?现在越来越多的人提出这个问题。
35、Judging from the reams of evidence presented,we can safely conclude that the Three Gorges Project will change the lives of an untold number of people forever.根据现有的大量证据,我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论:三峡工程将永远改变无数人的生活。
36、Should parents spare the rod and spoil the child?Opinions concerning strict parental discipline vary widely.Some view strict discipline as nothing more than a form of abuse,while others argue it is an essential factor for instilling appropriate social behavior.家长应不应该闲了棍子、惯了孩子?针对严厉的家教的看法大相径庭。有的人就是把严厉的管教看成一种虐待,而另外的人认为这是逐渐灌输得体的社会行为的要素。
37、We must seek immediate solutions for problems leading to the rapid depletion of the earth's ozone layer.If allowed to proceed unchecked,the problem will undoubtedly exacerbate global warming and threaten life as we know it today.我们必须寻求立即解决引起地球臭氧层快速损耗的问题的办法。如果任其自由发展,这一问题无疑会加剧全球升温,并且正如今天我们所知道的那样危及生命。
38、I recently read a newspaper article on the rampant spread of child abuse.The deplorable problem of the widespread abuse of innocent children has aroused public concern nationwide.最近,我在报纸上读到一篇关于虐待儿童现象变得猖獗的文章。普遍虐待无辜儿童的问题令人深感遗憾,它已经引起了全国公众的关注。
39、Many of the explanations offered thus far are at least to a certain extent valid,but none fully address the problem and the issue must be examined in a wider context.目前提供的许多解释至少在一定程度上是正确的,但是,没有一个解释能完全处理问题,这件事情必须放在更广阔的背景中考虑。
40、Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution.认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。
31、Quite obviously,immediate action is needed to extricate 80 million Chinese people from the grips of poverty in order to remove the danger of social unrest and ensure continuing stability.很明显,需要立即采取行动使八千万中国人摆脱贫困,从而消除社会动荡的危险,确保持续的稳定。
32、The ample evidence presented enables us to reasonably conclude that the scourge of AIDS will be brought under control in the foreseeable future.提出的充分证据使我们能够合理地得出这样的结论:艾滋病的祸害在可预见的将来就能得到控制。
33、What do you think of the increasing openness accompanying the ongoing sexual revolution?Do you ever fantasize?Answers to these questions should be based on a determination between appropriate and inappropriate behavior.你如何看待对现在的性革命越来越开放的态度?你曾经想像过吗?回答这些问题之前应先界定得体和不得体的行为。
34、Why do some governments persist in spending billions of dollars on space exploration when starvation and poverty continue to grip many countries throughout the world?This particular question is being raised by an ever increasing number of people.既然世界上许多国家仍被饥饿和贫困所困扰,为什么有的政府还坚持花费数十亿美元用于太空探索?现在越来越多的人提出这个问题。
35、Judging from the reams of evidence presented,we can safely conclude that the Three Gorges Project will change the lives of an untold number of people forever.根据现有的大量证据,我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论:三峡工程将永远改变无数人的生活。
36、Should parents spare the rod and spoil the child?Opinions concerning strict parental discipline vary widely.Some view strict discipline as nothing more than a form of abuse,while others argue it is an essential factor for instilling appropriate social behavior.家长应不应该闲了棍子、惯了孩子?针对严厉的家教的看法大相径庭。有的人就是把严厉的管教看成一种虐待,而另外的人认为这是逐渐灌输得体的社会行为的要素。
37、We must seek immediate solutions for problems leading to the rapid depletion of the earth's ozone layer.If allowed to proceed unchecked,the problem will undoubtedly exacerbate global warming and threaten life as we know it today.我们必须寻求立即解决引起地球臭氧层快速损耗的问题的办法。如果任其自由发展,这一问题无疑会加剧全球升温,并且正如今天我们所知道的那样危及生命。
38、I recently read a newspaper article on the rampant spread of child abuse.The deplorable problem of the widespread abuse of innocent children has aroused public concern nationwide.最近,我在报纸上读到一篇关于虐待儿童现象变得猖獗的文章。普遍虐待无辜儿童的问题令人深感遗憾,它已经引起了全国公众的关注。
39、Many of the explanations offered thus far are at least to a certain extent valid,but none fully address the problem and the issue must be examined in a wider context.目前提供的许多解释至少在一定程度上是正确的,但是,没有一个解释能完全处理问题,这件事情必须放在更广阔的背景中考虑。
40、Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution.认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。