儿科学常考内容总结

第一篇：儿科学常考内容总结

儿科学常考内容总结

儿科学是儿科主治非常重要的学科，在儿科主治考试中占着比较大的比分，对于基础差、信心不足的考生来说，儿科学是比较困难的学科。为了帮助能够顺利通过儿科主治考试，小编整理了儿科学的知识点总结，希望对大家有所帮助。

1.儿科学知识点麻疹、幼儿急疹、风疹、猩红热的鉴别诊断：

（1）潜伏期：麻疹6～21天；幼儿急疹7～17天；风疹5～25天；猩红热1～7天。（2）初期症状：麻疹发热、咳嗽、流涕、泪水汪汪；幼儿急疹突然高热，一般情况好；风疹发热、咳嗽、流涕、枕部淋巴结肿大；猩红热发热、咽喉红肿化脓疼痛。

（3）出疹与发热的关系：麻疹发热3～4天出疹，出疹时发热更高；幼儿急疹发热3～4天出疹，热退疹出；风疹发热1/2～1天出疹；猩红热发热数小时～1天出疹，出疹时热高。（4）特殊体征：麻疹有麻疹黏膜斑；猩红热有环口苍白圈，草莓舌，贫血性皮肤划痕，帕氏线。

（5）皮疹特点：麻疹表现为玫瑰色斑丘疹自耳后发际、额面、颈部、躯干、四肢，3天左右出齐，疹退后遗留棕色色素斑、糠麸样脱屑；幼儿急疹表现为玫瑰色斑 疹或斑丘疹，较麻疹细小，发疹无一定顺序，疹出后1～2天消退，疹退后无色素沉着，无脱屑；风疹表现为玫瑰色细小斑丘疹自头面、躯干、四肢，24小时布满 全身，疹退后无色素沉着，无脱屑；猩红热表现为细小红色丘疹，皮肤猩红，自颈、腋下、腹股沟处开始，2～3天遍布全身，疹退后无色素沉着，有大片脱皮。

（6）血常规：麻疹、幼儿急疹、风疹三者白细胞总数均下降，淋巴细胞均升高；猩红热白细胞总数下降，中性粒细胞升高。

2.儿科学知识点麻疹的临床表现：潜伏期一般为 6～18天；前驱期也称发疹前期，一般为3～4天。发热后2～3天，出现麻疹黏膜斑，是早期诊断麻疹的重要依据；出疹期在发热3～4天左右开始出疹，皮疹 先见于耳后、发际、渐次延及头面、颈部，自上而下至胸、腹、背、四肢，最后出现在手心、足心及鼻准部；恢复期为出疹3～4天后，皮疹按出疹的先后顺序依次 消退。

www.xiexiebang.com 3.儿科学知识点麻疹的并发症：喉炎，多见于2～3岁以下小儿；肺炎，为麻疹最常见的并发症，多见于5岁以下小儿；心肌炎，多见于2岁以下小儿；脑炎。

4.儿科学知识点孕妇预防风疹的重要性：孕妇在妊娠3个月内应避免与风疹病人接触，若有接触史者可于接触5天内注射丙种球蛋白。对已确诊为风疹的早期孕妇，应考虑终止妊娠，避免发生先天性风疹综合征。

5.儿科学知识点典型水痘的临床表现：潜伏期 12～21天，平均14天。出疹期皮疹特点：初为红斑疹，后变为深红色丘疹，再发展为疱疹。位置表浅，形似露珠水滴，椭圆形，3～5mm大小，壁薄易破，周围有红晕；皮疹呈向心分布，先出现于躯干和四肢近端，继为头面部、四肢远端，手掌、足底较少；水痘皮疹分批出现，同一时期常可见斑、丘、疱疹和结痂同时 存在（四代同堂）。

6.儿科学知识点猩红热的病原菌为A组乙型溶血性链球菌。

7.儿科学知识点猩红热的临床表现：（1）前驱期：起病急骤，出现白草莓舌。

（2）出疹期：皮疹于发热第2天迅速出现，最初见于腋下、颈部与腹股沟，于一日内迅速蔓延至全身，出现帕氏线及红草莓舌。（3）恢复期：皮疹按出疹顺序消退。

8.儿科学知识点猩红热的治疗：首选药物为青霉素。

9.流行性腮腺炎的临床表现：潜伏期为2～3周。腮腺肿胀是以耳垂为中心，向前、后、下发展。

10.流行性腮腺炎的并发症：脑膜脑炎、睾丸炎或卵巢炎、胰腺炎、其他并发症包括心肌炎、乳腺炎等。

11.中毒型细菌性痢疾按其主要表现分为四型：

www.xiexiebang.com（1）休克型：以周围循环衰竭为主要表现。（2）脑型：以神志改变、反复惊厥为主要表现。（3）肺型：又称呼吸窘迫综合征，以肺微循环障碍为主。（4）混合型。

12.手足口病的临床表现：主要表现为口腔及手足部发生疱疹。在口腔疱疹后出现1～2天可见皮肤斑丘疹，呈离心性分布，以手足部多见。

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第二篇：常考算法总结

-------------------------void insertsort(int list[],int n)//直接插入排序 { int i,j,temp;for(i=1;i

for(j=i-1;j>=0;j--)

if(temp

list[j+1]=list[j];

else

break;

list[j+1]=temp;} }-------------------------void incrsort(int list[],int n,int h)//shell排序 { int i,j,temp;for(i=h;i

for(j=i-h;j>=0;j-=h)

if(temp

list[j+h]=list[j];

else

break;

list[j+h]=temp;} }

void shellsort(int list[],int n)//shell排序 { int i,incr=n;do{ incr=incr/3+1;for(i=0;i

incrsort(list,n,incr);}while(incr>1);}-------------------------void bubblesort(int list[],int n)//冒泡排序 { int i,j,temp;for(i=0;i

for(j=i+1;j

{

if(list[i]>list[j])

{

temp=list[i];

list[i]=list[j];

list[j]=temp;

}

} }-------------------------void swap2(int &a,int &b)//引用传值 { int temp;temp=a;a=b;b=temp;} void swap1(int a,int b)//值传值 { int temp;temp=a;a=b;b=temp;} void swap(int *a,int *b)//指针传值 { int temp;temp=*a;*a=*b;*b=temp;} int partition(int list[],int low,int high)//快速排序 { int i=low+1,j=high,temp1;temp1=list[low];do {

while(temp1>list[i])i++;

while(temp1

if(i

{

swap(&list[i],&list[j]);

}

}while(i

swap(&list[low],&list[j]);

return j;}

void quicksort(int list[],int low,int high)//快速排序 { int k;if(low

k=partition(list,low,high);

quicksort(list,low,k-1);

quicksort(list,k+1,high);} }-------------------------void merge(int list[],int *temp,int a,int b,int c,int d,int *k)//两路归并过程 { int i=a,j=b;while((i

{temp[(*k)++]=list[j++];} } while(i<=c){temp[(*k)++]=list[i++];} while(j<=d){temp[(*k)++]=list[j++];} }

void mergesort(int list[],int n)//归并排序 { int *temp=(int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*100);int a,b,c,d,i,k,h=1;while(h

a=0;k=0;

while(a+h

{

c=a+h;

b=c-1;

if(c+h-1>n-1)d=n-1;

else d=c+h-1;

merge(list,temp,a,b,c,d,&k);

a=d+1;

}

for(i=0;i

{list[i]=temp[i];}

h*=2;} }-------------------------void selectsort(int list[],int n)//简单选择排序 { int i,j,small;for(i=0;i

small=i;

for(j=i+1;j

if(list[j]

small=j;

swap(&list[i],&list[small]);} }-------------------------char * nizhi(char *str)//字符串逆置 { char *p=str;int len=strlen(str);int i,j;char temp;

for(i=0,j=len-1;i<=j;i++,j--){ temp=*(p+i);*(p+i)=*(p+j);*(p+j)=temp;}

*(p+len)='';

return p;}-------------------------int x,y;//判断回文数

void judge(int * data,int len)//判断是否回文 { int i,j,f=0;for(i=0,j=len-1;i<=j;i++,j--){ if(*(data+i)!=*(data+j)){ f=1;printf(“%d bu shi hui wen！!n”,x);break;} } if(f==0)printf(“%d shi hui wen!n”,x);}

void separate(int *data,int n)//将数字个十位分开 存入data { int j,k,t;y=0;while(n!=0){ *(data+y)=n%10;n=n/10;y++;} *(data+y)='';

for(j=0,k=y-1;j<=k;j++,k--){ t=*(data+j);*(data+j)=*(data+k);*(data+k)=t;} }-------------------------//单链表逆置

node* nizhi(node* head){ node *p1,*p2,*p3;p1=head;p2=p1->next;while(p2){ p3=p2->next;p2->next=p1;p1=p2;p2=p3;} }-------------------------//统计字符串中不含有重复字符的最大子串长度 int search(char *text){

int lastpos[256], lmax=0, curmax=0;

int i;

for(i=0;i<256;i++)

lastpos[i]=-1;

for(i=0;text[i];i++)

{

if(i-lastpos[ text[i] ] > curmax)

{

curmax++;

lmax =(lmax>=curmax)?lmax:curmax;

}

else

curmax = i-lastpos[ text[i] ];

lastpos[ text[i] ] = i;

}

return lmax;}-------------------------//整数转换成字符串 法一：

while（num）{ temp[i]=num%10+’0’;i++;num=num/10;} 再将temp逆序 法二：

itoa（number，string，10）；

//字符串转换成整数 法一：

while（temp[i]）{ sum=sum*10+(temp[i]-‘0’);i++;} 法二：

int atoi(const char *nptr);-------------------------//字符串循环右移n个

例如

abcdefghijkl n=2 结果为

klabcdefghij 实现：

Void loopmove（char *str,int n）{ Char temp[maxsize];Int step=strlen(str)-n;Strcpy(temp,str+step);Strcpy(temp+n,str);*(temp+strlen(str))=’’;Strcpy(str,temp);}-------------------------//单链表排序(简单选择排序)void selectSort(Node *node){

Node *p;/*当前节点*/

Node *q;/*遍历未排序节点*/

Node *small;/*指向未排序节点中最小节点*/

int temp;

for(p = node->next;p->next->next!= 0;p = p->next)

{

small = p;

for(q = p->next;q->next!= 0;q = q->next)

if(small->value > q->value)

small = q;

temp = p->value;

p->value = small->value;

small->value = temp;

} }

-------------------------

//打印一字符串，数字正常打印，小写正常打印，大写转换成小写打印，其他字符不打印 for(i=0;i=48&&(int)str[i]<=57)printf(“%c”,str[i]);

if((int)str[i]>=65&&(int)str[i]<=90)printf(“%c”,str[i]);

if((int)str[i]>=97&&(int)str[i]<=122)printf(“%c”,(char)((int)str[i]-32));

}-------------------------//二分法查找

int halfsearch(int list[],int low,int high,int k){ int i,j,mid;i=low;j=high;if(i<=j){ mid=(i+j)/2;if(list[mid]==k)return mid+1;else {if(list[mid]

else return halfsearch(list,low,mid-1,k);} } else return 0;}-------------------------//单链表中已知一个指针p指向一个结点，p非头结点也非尾结点，如何删除p指向的结点

p->data=p->next->data;p->next=p->next->next;-------------------------//计算str中子串sub出现的次数，str为原字符串，sub为子串 //判断两字符串是否相等，相等返回1，不等返回0 int Judge(char *movePt,char *tempPt){

int i;

for(i = 0;i < strlen(tempPt);i++, movePt++)

{

if(*movePt!= tempPt[i])

return 0;

}

return 1;} //计算子串出现的次数，str为原字符串，sub为子串 int StrCount(char *str,char *sub){

int count = 0;

char *move = str;

if(strlen(str)< strlen(sub))

{

return 0;

}

else

{

while(strlen(move)>= strlen(sub))

{

if(Judge(move, sub))

{

count++;

}

move++;

}

}

return count;}

-------------------------补充：

12.单例模式

public class MyBean {

private static MyBean instance = null;

private MyBean(){}

public static synchronized MyBean getInstance(){

if(instance == null){instance = new MyBean();}

return instance;

}

} 13.回调函数

回调函数就是一个通过函数指针调用的函数。如果你把函数的指针(地址)作为参数传递给另一个函数，当这个指针被用为调用它所指向的函数时，我们就说这是回调函数。回调函数不是由该函数的实现方直接调用，而是在特定的事件或条件发生时由另外的一方调用的，用于对该事件或条件进行响应。14.句柄

句柄，是整个windows编程的基础，一个句柄是指使用的一个唯一的整数值，是指一个四字节长的数值，用于标志应用程序中的不同对象和同类对象中的不同的实例，诸如，一个窗口，按钮，图标，滚动条，输出设备，控件或者文件等，应用程序能够通过句柄访问相应的对象的信息。但是，句柄不是一个指针，程序不能利用它句柄来直接阅读文件中的信息。如果句柄不用在I/O文件中，它是毫无用处的。句柄是windows用来标志应用程序中建立的或是使用的唯一整数，windows使用了大量的句柄来标志很多对象。

// 八皇后问题(采用回溯法求解)#include #include using namespace std;

bool place(int,int,int *);void NQueens(int,int, int*);void NQueens(int,int *);static int sum=0;

int main(int argc, char* argv[]){ int x[8];NQueens(8,x);cout<<“总共有”<

}

bool place(int k,int i,int* x){

//判定两皇后是不是交叉

for(int j=0;j

if((x[j]==i)||(abs(x[j]-i)==abs(j-k)))

return false;

return true;}

void NQueens(int k,int n,int* x){ for(int i=0;i

if(place(k,i,x)){

x[k]=i;

if(k==n-1){

for(i=0;i

cout<

cout<

++sum;

}

else NQueens(k+1,n,x);

} } }

void NQueens(int n,int* x){ NQueens(0,n,x);}

第三篇：常考词频总结

常考词频总结

available

suit certain

raise

transform

comparative charge

transmit

yield

transfer

transport

adapt

adopt

alter

arise

arrange

assemble

cancel

continually event

extensive

leak

length

present range rise

access

account

accumulate accurate

adequate affair

affect applicable approachable approve

arouse

artificial

attend

bargain

bring

capacity

case

consequently consider

considerable continuous

cultivate

deliver

demand dense

dispute

enormous

exaggerate

exhaust

exposure

extend

extent extra

feature

gap

gather

generous

grant

guilty

impact

impression incident

increase

inform

injure

intensive interval

involve

lead lively

look

mark

minimum

mood

normal

oblige

obvious

offer

order

omit original

pace

perform

possibility preferable probability publish

question

rank

rate

refuse

regard

regular

regulate

remedy

responsible result

resist

retain

rewrite

rigid

scold

settle

spoil

spot

status step

stick

suppose

take

tense

trace

transmission trouble

turn

urgent

vary

view

vigorous

virtue

yield

almost

attack

abandon

absent absolutely abundant

abuse

acceptable accomplish accuse

acknowledge acquaint

acquire

actually

adaptable

add

adjust

advertise advisable

aggressive

alike

alive

allow

along

amaze

ambitious amount

amuse

annually

anxiety

anxious any

appeal

appearance apply

appointment appreciate approve arbitrary

assessment assignment associate

assume

attach 52

attainable

attempt

attend

attention

attitude

attraction

attribute

avenue

average

avoid

awkward

badly

bare

barrel

barrier

basket

battery

beneficial

benefit

bite

black

blame

blank

blast

bloom bold

compete convenient complete convert completely

coordinate comprehensively

correct compress

cost

bother

bound

break

breed

burst

carry

challenge chance change

characteristics

cheat claim

classify

collected

comfortable comment

compare

comprise

concern confident

confirm

confuse

conservative considerate consistent consistently constantly

consult

consume

contain content contrary contrast contribute 53

counting courage course crash

crime crisis

crude curiosity curious

damage

dark debate decision decrease delay delicate deny

desert desire destroy determination devote diagram differ direction dislike dispose distance disturb draw drop each earn edge educate effect effective efficient emotion

emphasize employ endure

enlightened ensure entitle equal equivalent erect essentially exception exception excess excessive exchange exclusively exhibition expand expansion expansive expense expensive

extension

extremely face faith false fame favor favorite feeling fill finish fixed flat flow fluent fluid follow forceful form fresh fulfill fully

fundamentally furnish gain generate genuine glimpse gradually grasp growth guarantee guide hard hardly harm harsh heavily heighten high hollow hope hurry hurt

idleness ignore imply impose impress inability incapable incline include

indifferently

indispensable individual inevitably infinite inform inform inhabitant inquire insensible insert insignificantly instant 55

intensive intention interfere interview invite isolate issue join judge know

label lack large last lasting late later latter laziness leak level liable

liberal lie light likely liking live living lodger lonely long maintain manually

automatically matter mean mild mind miserable modest motivation multiply nearly

necessarily necessities neglect nuisance numerous object

observation occupy offend one opinion opportunity

optimistic optional ordinary outstanding overlook pair partial

particularly passion peculiarly

permit

perspective pile pitch plunge point pollute possession postpone potential pour poverty prepare prevent price private profitable progress prohibit promise promote properly

property propose provision purchase purpose puzzle quantity quite quote rack rainbow reaction ready reality realize receive recommend reduce regard regardless reinforce relate

relate relation relation relatively release relieve remarkably remove replace request require reserve resident resistant response result reveal reverse revise ribbon rob roughly

rude rush scale scarce scene scope scratch seat secure seek seize seldom sentence separate seriously service set

settlement settler severely shame shape

share shift short shrink side sight signal significance significant single slight smooth sole solution some sorry span spare speed spend split stain

stimulate sting store strength strive strong stuff supply supreme surprisingly survive sustain swallow synthetically tame tear tedious temper tend tender tidy tie

tight time tolerate touch tough track tradition tragedy translate transplant treat

tremendous unceasingly undergo uniform unlike unnatural unreal vacant vacuum violently vision

wear withdraw witness wonder worry wreck 59

第四篇：常考词频总结

常考词频总结

available

raise

charge

transfer

transport

adapt

adopt

alter

arise

arrange

assemble

continually event

extensive

leak

length

present rise

suit transform

transmit

access

account

accumulate accurate

adequate affect applicable approachable

approve

arouse

artificial

attend

bargain

bring

capacity

case

certain

consequently

considerable

continuous

cultivate

deliver

demand dense

dispute

enormous

exaggerate

exhaust

exposure

extend

extent

feature

gap

gather

generous

grant

guilty

impact

impression

incident

increase

inform

injure

intensive interval

involve

lead lively

mark

minimum mood

oblige

obvious

omit original

perform

possibility preferable probability publish

question

rate

refuse

regard

regular

regulate

remedy

responsible resist retain

rewrite

rigid

scold

settle

spoil

spot

status

suppose

tense

trace

transmission urgent

view

vigorous

virtue

yield

abandon

absent absolutely abundant

abuse

acceptable accomplish accuse

acknowledge acquaint

acquire

actually

adaptable

advertise advisable

aggressive

alike

alive

along

amaze

ambitious amount

amuse

annually

anxiety

anxious

appeal

appearance apply

appointment appreciate

approve arbitrary

assessment assignment associate

assume

attach attack

attainable

attempt

attend attention

attitude

attraction

attribute

avenue

average

awkward

bare

barrel

barrier

basket

battery

beneficial

benefit

bite

blame

blast

bloom bold

bound

breed

burst

challenge characteristics

cheat

claim

classify

collected

compete

complete completely

comprehensively compress

comprise

concern confident

confirm

confuse

conservative

considerate consistent consistently

constantly

consult

consume contain content contrary contrast contribute convenient convert coordinate correct cost counting courage course crash crime crisis crude curiosity curious damage

dark debate decision decrease delay delicate deny desert desire destroy determination devote diagram differ direction dispose distance disturb draw edge educate effect

effective efficient emotion emphasize employ endure enlightened ensure entitle equal equivalent erect essentially exception exception excess excessive exchange exclusively exhibition expand expansion

expansive expense expensive extension extremely faith false fame favor favorite feeling fill fixed flat flow fluent fluid forceful fresh fulfill fundamentally furnish

generate genuine glimpse gradually grasp growth guarantee guide harsh heavily heighten hollow idleness ignore imply impose impress inability incapable incline include indifferently

indispensable individual inevitably infinite inhabitant inquire insensible insert insignificantly instant intensive intention interfere interview invite isolate issue judge label lasting laziness leak

liable liberal lodger maintain manually automatically mild miserable modest motivation multiply necessarily necessities neglect nuisance numerous object observation occupy offend opportunity optimistic

optional ordinary outstanding overlook partial particularly passion peculiarly permit perspective pile pitch plunge point pollute possession postpone potential pour poverty prepare prevent

price private profitable progress prohibit promise promote properly property propose provision purchase purpose puzzle quantity quite quote rack rainbow reaction reality realize

receive recommend reduce regard regardless reinforce relate relation relatively release relieve remarkably request require reserve resident resistant response reveal reverse revise ribbon

roughly rush scale scarce scene scope scratch secure seize seldom sentence separate seriously service settlement settler severely shame shape shift shrink sight

signal significance significant slight smooth span spare split stain stimulate sting store strength strive stuff supreme surprisingly survive sustain swallow synthetically tame

tear tedious temper tidy tie violently vision withdraw witness wreck tight tolerate touch track tradition tragedy translate transplant treat tremendous unceasingly undergo uniform unnatural unreal vacant vacuum

这些单词有应向就是了，出现在完形填空中必要的时候可以直接选。

第五篇：常考化学方程式总结

常考化学方程式总结

化合反应

木炭在氧气中燃烧（氧气充足）

硫磺在氧气燃烧

镁带在氧气中燃烧

铜丝在氧气中加热

一氧化碳在氧气中燃烧

二氧化碳与水反应

木炭与二氧化碳在高温下的反应

木炭在氧气中燃烧(氧气不充足)

白磷在氧气中燃烧

细铁丝在氧气中燃烧

氢气在氧气中燃烧

钠在氯气中燃烧

氧化钙与水反应

分解反应

水通电分解

高温煅烧碳酸钙

碳酸氢铵受热分解

碱式碳酸铜受热分解

氯酸钾与二氧化锰共热制氧气

碳酸分解

置换反应

氢气还原氧化铜

木炭还原氧化铜

锌与稀盐酸反应

镁与稀硫酸反应

铁与稀盐酸反应

锌与硫酸铜反应

水蒸气通过炙热的炭层

氢气还原三氧化钨(WO3)

锌与稀硫酸反应

镁与稀盐酸反应

铁与稀硫酸反应

湿法炼铜的原理

其它反应

二氧化碳使澄清石灰水变浑浊

氢氧化钠吸收二氧化硫气体

氧化铜与稀盐酸反应

氧化铁与稀硫酸反应

一氧化碳还原氧化铜

甲烷燃烧

氧化铜与稀硫酸反应

氧化铁与稀盐酸反应

一氧化碳还原氧化铁

酒精燃烧

重要化学方程式巩固

白磷在氧气中燃烧

水通电分解

实验室制氧气

甲烷燃烧

氢氧化钠溶液与硫酸铜溶液混合木炭还原氧化铜

实验室制备二氧化碳

铁丝在氧气中燃烧

高温煅烧石灰石

生石灰与水反应

二氧化碳使澄清石灰水变浑浊

氢氧化钙溶液与碳酸钠溶液反应

氯化钡溶液与硫酸溶液反应

一氧化碳还原氧化铁