梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂英文版

第一篇：梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂英文版

St.Peter's Basilica(Italian San Pietro in Vaticano)is a major basilica in Vatican City, an enclave of Rome.St.Peter's was until recently the largest church ever built(it covers an area of 23,000 m² and has a capacity of over 60,000), and it remains one of the holiest sites in Christendom.Ancient tradition has it that St.Peter's Basilica was built at the place where Peter, the apostle who is considered the first pope, was crucified and buried;his tomb is under the main altar.Other popes are also buried in and below the basilica.Contrary to what one might reasonably assume, St.Peter's is not a cathedral-the pope's cathedral is St.John Lateran.The current location of St.Peter's Basilica is the site of the Circus of Nero in the first century AD.After Emperor Constantine officially recognized Christianity he started construction(in 324)of a great basilica in this exact spot, which had previously been a cemetery for pagans as well as Christians.In the mid-15th century it was decided that the old basilica should be rebuilt.Pope Nicholas V asked architect Bernardo Rossellino to start adding to the old church.This was abandoned after a short while, but in the late 15th century Pope Sixtus IV had the Sistine Chapel started nearby.Construction on the current building began under Pope Julius II in 1506 and was completed in 1615 under Pope Paul V.Donato Bramante was to be the first chief architect.Many famous artists worked on the “Fabbrica di San Pietro”(as the complex of building operations were officially called).Michelangelo, who served as main architect for a while, designed the dome, and Bernini designed the great St.Peter's Square.The following description is a virtual tour that follows this basic path: views from afar;St.Peter's Square;exterior of St.Peter's Basilica;nave;right aisle and transept;dome area with baldacchino;cathedra of St.Peter;left transept and aisle;and crypt/grottoes.See our St.Peter's Basilica Photo Gallery for a visual tour.St.Peter's Square Providing a fitting approach to the great church is the huge, elliptical St.Peter's Square(Piazza San Pietro), designed by Bernini and built between 1656 and 1667.There are two beautiful fountains in the square, the south/left one by Carlo Maderno(1613)and the northern/right one by Bernini(1675).In the center of the square is a 25.5-meter-tall obelisk, which dates from 13th-century BC Egypt and was brought to Rome in the 1st century to stand in Nero's Circus some 275 yards away.It was moved to its present location in 1585 by order of Pope Sixtus V.The task took four months and is said to have been done in complete silence on pain of death.If you include the cross on top and the base, the obelisk reaches 40m.The square is outlined by a monumental colonnade by Bernini, its open arms symbolically welcoming the world into the Catholic Church.Between the obelisk and each fountain is a circular stone that marks the focal points of an ellipse.If you stand on one of these points, the two rows columns of the colonnade line up perfectly and appear to be just a single row.On top of the colonnade are 140 statues of saints, crafted by a number of sculptors between 1662 and 1703.To the right of the southern gate of the colonnade is St.Macrina, grandmother of the Cappadocian fathers, followed by some founders of religious orders: St.Dominic, St.Francis, St.Bernard, St.Benedict, and St.Ignatius of Loyola.Some of the apostles are at the far end of the colonnade, outside the square and down the street: look for Paul and John on the south side(on the left as you walk to the square).More details here.Near the stairs to the basilica at the front of the square are colossal statues of Sts.Peter and Paul, the patron saints of Rome.These were ordered by Pope Pius IX on Easter 1847, who wanted to replace the existing smaller ones.The new statues had been commissioned by the previous pope for St.Paul Outside the Walls.Peter was sculpted by Giuseppe De Fabris in 1838-40 and stands 5.55m in height, on a pedestal 4.91m high.Paul was sculpted in 1838 by AdamoTadolini, and is also 5.55m in height, on a pedestal 4.91m high.Exterior of St.Peter's Basilica The dome of St.Peter's was designed by Michelangelo, who became chief architect in 1546.At the time of his death(1564), the dome was finished as far as the drum, the base on which domes sit.The dome was vaulted between 1585 and 1590 by the architect Giacomo della Porta with the assistance of Domenico Fontana, who was probably the best engineer of the day.Fontana built the lantern the following year, and the ball was placed in 1593.The great double dome is made of brick and is 42.3 metres in interior diameter(almost as large as the Pantheon), rising to 120 metres above the floor.In the early 18th century cracks appeared in the dome, so four iron chains were installed between the two shells to bind it.The four piers of the crossing that support the dome are each 60 feet(18 meters)across.Uniquely, Michelangelo's dome is not a hemisphere, but a parabola: it has a vertical thrust, which is made more emphatic by the bold ribbing that springs from the paired Corinthian columns, which appear to be part of the drum, but which stand away from it like buttresses, to absorb the outward thrust of the dome's weight.Above, the vaulted dome rises to Fontana's two-stage lantern, capped with a spire.The grand façade is 116 m wide and 53 m high.Built from 1608 to 1614, it was designed by Carlo Modeno.The central balcony is called the Loggia of the Blessings, and is used for the announcement of the new pope with “HabemusPapum” and his UrbietOrbi blessing.The relief under the balcony, by Buonvicino, represents Christ giving the keys to St.Peter.The facade is topped by 13 statues in travertine.From left, the statues represent: Thaddeus, Matthew, Philip, Thomas, James the Elder, John the Baptist, Christ the Redeemer(in the center), Andrew, John the Evangelist, James the Younger, Bartholomew, Simon and Matthias.St.Peter's statue in this set is inside.Two clocks are on either side;the one on the left is electrically operated since 1931, with its oldest bell dating to 1288.Stretching across the facade is the dedicatory inscription: IN HONOREM PRINCIPIS APOST PAVLVS V BVRGHESIVS ROMANVS PONT MAX AN MDCXII PONT VII(In honor of the prince of apostles;Paul V Borghese, pope, in the year 1612 and the seventh year of his pontificate)Between the façade and the interior is the portico.Mainly designed by Maderno, it contains an 18th century statue of Charlemagne by Cornacchini to the south, and an equestrian sculpture of Emperor Constantine by Bernini(1670)to the north.

第二篇：世界文化遗产梵蒂冈

吉林财经大学信息经济学院

《旅游与世界遗产》论文

（2012----2013学年第二学期）

姓 名： 王玥轩

学 号： 20803101621 教学班序号： 200 任课教师：

刘明菊

没有艺术家的艺术王国——梵蒂冈城

梵蒂冈在拉丁语中意为“先知之地”。早在公元4世纪，教皇康斯坦丁就在罗马城西北角耶稣门徒圣彼得殉难处建立了康斯坦丁大教堂以致纪念。到了15至16世纪，康斯坦丁大教堂被改建成如今的圣彼得教堂，成为天主教会举行最隆重仪式的场所。公元756年，法兰克王丕平把罗马城及其周围区域送给教皇。其后教皇权势日益扩张，在意大利中部出现了以教皇为君主的教皇国。1870年意大利统一后，教皇被迫退居罗马城西北角的梵蒂冈宫中。1929年，意大利政府同教皇庇护十一世签订了“拉特兰条约”，意大利承认梵蒂冈为主权国家，其主权属教皇。梵蒂冈为中立国，其国土神圣不可侵犯。

梵蒂冈是政教合一的国家。教皇是梵蒂冈的首脑，有最高立法、司法、行政权。教皇自称“基督在世代表”，是世界天主教徒的精神领袖。

梵蒂冈城是梵蒂冈城国的首都、世界天主教的中心、罗马教廷所在地，位于意大利首都罗马西北角的梵蒂冈高地上，北、西、南3面有高墙与罗马市隔开，而东面的圣彼得广场同罗马市畅行无阻，在这片面积仅0．44平方公里、约1400人口、常住人口仅500的城区、人口密度为约3181人/平方千米的地区内，集中了一批举世无双的艺术品和建筑杰作，修筑在使徒圣彼得墓上的大教堂是全城的中心，也是世界上最大的宗教建筑。1984年联合国教育、科学及文化组织将梵蒂冈城列入世界文化与自然遗产保护名录。

我们中间的大部分人每天都重复地过着日子，工作一成不变，生活没有激情。也许会有这么一天，忽然之间一切都不一样了，变化的原因可能有千百种，但是其中必有一种是因为你到了梵蒂冈。

几乎没人能抗拒梵蒂冈的魅力。这个面积世界上最小的国家，却是全球八亿多天主教徒的信仰中心，除去本身的辉煌史迹，这里陈列了太多的艺术巨作，令人心驰神醉。

一、特色建筑

梵蒂冈城是文艺复兴的艺术宝库。它面积不大，名胜古迹却十分有名，城内建筑具有浓厚的宗教色彩。作为建筑群的杰出范例，它展示出了人类历史上那个辉煌的时代。可以毫不夸张的说，所有东西都是精华。梵蒂冈城区略呈三角形，东西长1045米，南北宽805米，楼房、花园、庭院和广场各占总面积的1/3。它本身就是一件伟大的文化瑰宝，城内的建筑如圣伯多禄大殿、西斯廷教堂等都是世界上重要的建筑作品，包含了波提切利、贝尔尼尼、拉斐尔和米开朗基罗等人的作品，如圣彼得大教堂、圣彼得广场、梵蒂冈宫、梵蒂冈博物馆、梵蒂冈图书馆、教廷天文台等。

1、圣彼得大教堂

圣彼得大教堂位于广场的西南面，曾经是全世界最大的教堂。整栋建筑呈现出十字架的结构，造型传统而神圣。教堂最早建于324年，在十五世纪时开始改建，经过不少顶尖的建筑师和艺术家的参与修改，完成于1626年。圣彼得教堂不仅外形富丽堂皇，更是一个艺术宝库。教堂的作用在于赞美上帝，宣扬对基督的信仰，同时教堂又是一个城市强大与否的标志，在强大的城市中，教堂往往高大并凌架于其他建筑之上，从外表看哥特式建筑，给人印象最深的就是那高耸细长的塔楼及众多造型挺秀的小尖塔，给人一种轻盈向上，插向天空的感觉，哥特式建筑以垂直线条和图形代替横向构图，特别是正西面那两座高耸的塔楼加强了升腾的感觉。

大教堂东西长187米，南北宽137米，能容纳5万人，屋顶和四壁都饰有以《圣经》为题材的绘画，不少是名家作品。最著名的雕刻艺术杰作主要有三件。一是米开朗基罗24 岁时的雕塑作品《圣殇》，二是贝尔尼尼雕制的青铜华盖，三是贝尔尼尼设计的圣彼得宝座。此外，教堂中央的穹隆拱顶是米开朗基罗设计的，双重结构，周长71米，为罗马全城的最高点，游客可以乘电梯登顶俯瞰罗马全城。教堂左侧有卫兵守卫，他们身穿的别致制服500年不变，手中的长戈也是15世纪的产品。

2、圣彼得广场

圣彼得广场被称为世界上最对称、最壮丽的广场，是17世纪著名建筑大师贝尔尼尼花了11年时间建成的杰作，也是巴洛克式建筑的代表作。广场呈椭圆形，长340米，宽240 米，两侧由半圆形大理石柱廊环抱，284根圆柱和88根方柱，分排四列，形成三条走廊。朝向广场的每根石柱顶端的平台上，各有一尊3.2米高的大理石圣徒像。广场中央矗立着高25.5米、重320吨的方形尖塔。碑尖上是钉死耶稣的十字架造型，建造石碑的石料是当年专程从埃及运来的。在广场两侧各有一个银花飞溅的美丽喷泉。环绕广场周围的圆柱回廊列柱，成对形成半圆形，平坦的屋顶边缘排列着140尊高约3.5米的石像，这140尊石像无一相同，各以独特的姿态俯视广场。这些石像几乎集中了所有16世纪意大利有名望建筑师的作品，如勃拉芒特、拉斐尔、米开朗基罗、贝尔尼尼等。每件作品都做工精制，价值连城。

3、梵蒂冈博物馆

梵蒂冈博物馆，位于圣彼得教堂北面，占地约5.5万平方米，建于公元5世纪末，早期为教皇的一座宫廷，后来改成综合性博物馆，拥有12个陈列馆和5条艺术长廊，汇集了希腊、罗马的古代遗物以及文艺复兴时期的艺术精华，收藏有文艺复兴时期三大艺术大师之一的拉斐尔艺术珍品以及其他名家的原作，均属无价之宝。

乍然进入这艺术的宝库，一瞬间，仿佛掉进了中古世纪的时空，任你泰山崩于前而不变色的人，也难免失神。米开朗基罗、拉斐尔、罗丹、康丁斯基、达利、蒙克„„这一个个平时只能仰视的名字忽然成了眼前真实的存在，密密地在你身边织起了一道网，网住你的眼睛和你的心。罗丹说，艺术是心灵深入大自然，发现它蕴含灵性而感到的欢悦。而梵蒂冈的气质是艺术在历史的长河中经过无数次洗礼，无数次沉淀才成就的。每个人都可以把梵蒂冈当成一本书来读，一本超越政治、利益、金钱的人类文明艺术史的教科书。这里的每一件艺术品洗去了几百年人世浮沉的伤痕，洗去了俗世荣辱的尘嚣，在其中走上一遭宛如经历了一次纯美的朝圣之旅。

直面艺术本身，品味隐含其中的历史情绪时，无论是谁都会浮想连翩。登上圣彼得大教堂圆顶，罗马街景尽收眼底的刹那，有如在湖中投下了一枚石子，心中被遗忘很久的幸福和感动，悠悠如浪花般扩散开去。第一次，为身为万物之灵的人类而深感骄傲。

4、西斯廷小教堂

西斯廷小教堂，梵蒂冈博物馆的一部分。西斯廷小教堂里的穹顶画《创世纪》、巨幅壁画《最后的审判》出自米开朗基罗之手，而拉斐尔的《辩论会》与《雅典学院》堪称极品。有趣的是，正是这种名为“教权的建立和巩固”的壁画，其中的人本精神却恰为后世的启蒙张目，造成了教权的倾覆与消亡。西斯廷教堂本来只是罗马教皇的一个私用经堂。其教堂内的天顶画，是文艺复兴三杰之一的米开朗基罗的绘画艺术丰碑，它与同一教堂的另一幅壁画《最后的审判》并立为米开朗基罗一生最有代表性的两大巨制。西斯廷教堂因为米开朗基罗创造了《创世纪》和《最后的审判》而名扬天下。这两幅壁画工程也是意大利文艺复兴盛期最伟大的艺术贡献。

二、充满人文精神的宗教壁画

1、《创世纪》 米开朗基罗作

上帝以慈祥老者的形象飞驰而来，将生命凝聚在食指伸向毫无力量的人类始祖亚当。在这里上帝的目光是悲壮的，为完成创造人类的伟业贡献出全部的心血。而在米开朗基罗的心目中，上帝就是他自己。他把自己的血肉和生命都奉献给了艺术。整个壁画气势雄伟，人物众多，是文艺复兴时期绘画的代表作品。

2、《女巫》 米开朗基罗作

女预言者手持神谕、转首回望的状态。她那健美的身姿，洋益着青春的活力；明媚的双眼，蕴含着脉脉深情，充满渴望与期待。这一形象被认为是米开朗基罗笔下最美的女性形象。

3、《雅典学派》 拉斐尔作

这幅壁画中画家巧妙地利用拱形作为画面的自然画框，背景是以勃拉曼特设计的圣彼得教堂作装饰，两边作对称呼应，画中人物好像是从长长的、高大过道廊走出来，透视又使画面呈现高大深远。建筑物的廊柱直线和人物动态的曲线相交融，产生画面情境柔中有刚，加之神像立两旁，使画中充满深层的古典文化气息。画家极善利用台阶，使众多人物组合主次前后有序、真实、生动、活泼，画面将观赏者带进先哲们的行列。这宏大的场面，众多的人物，生动的姿态表情，具有肖像性人物个性刻画，布局的和谐、变化且统一的节奏，可谓把绘画创作发展到文艺复兴时期的顶峰。

三、信仰的力量

能够激发灵魂的高贵与伟大的，只有虔诚的信仰。在最危险的情形下，最虔诚的信仰支撑着我们；在最严重的困难面前，也是虔诚的信仰帮助我们获得胜利。从教皇、城堡、圣彼得大教堂、《创世记》壁画等这些神圣的象征中，不难想象它似乎是一个受到上帝特别眷顾的地方。这个面积只有北京故宫的五分之三大的世界上最小国家，其一砖一瓦、一草一木都沉浸在浓厚的宗教氛围之中，是一个名副其实的“上帝之城”。

居民的日常生活具有浓厚的宗教色彩。每遇周日，圣彼得广场天主教徒聚集，中午12点，随着教堂钟声响起，教皇在圣彼得大教堂楼顶正中窗口出现，向教徒们发表演说。梵蒂冈的瑞士卫队每年5月6日在圣达马索院内举行宣誓仪式，诵念4个多世纪来一直不变的誓词，祈求上帝保佑自己圆满完成任务，效忠教皇，甚至可以献出自己的生命。每年都会有无数天主教徒来到这圣城，瞻仰这座上帝之城。

四、遗产管理、保护和可持续发展

作为历史文化名城和世界遗产的梵蒂冈城，是长期社会发展与人类文明进步，人与自然和谐相处的一个缩影，其产生、保护与发展都受到人类社会的、人与自然等多种因素的影响，是一个宏大的系统。因此走可持续发展的是保护、保存、发展整治世界遗产——梵蒂冈城的必由之路，是社会进步和经济繁荣的的现代化过程。在它的保护、保存、发展、整治的过程中，不仅要重视生态环境与经济相协调，而且更要重视社会进步与人文景观的和谐，并能发挥它持续发展的历史文化资源优势，建立人与自然，名称与发展融洽，形成独具特色，文化深厚，人类世代共享的城市空间。

对于梵蒂冈这个宗教之城来说，保护这些遗产可以说是每个教徒与生俱来的使命。但随着先进科学技术对“绝对精神”的批判与否定，随着人们在现代化过程中得到的物质利益越来越多，教堂原来意义上的精神控制功能就越来越弱化。如果说欧洲人民在不断满足物质利益的基础上再追求一种精神需要，从广义上来看，那就是包括被扬弃了的以人道主义价值观为基础的，以自由、平等、公正、互助为中心的人类现代文明。教堂也必然在这个文明中不断地修正自己，不断地与生产力相适应，不断地与群众相适应，包括宗教本身与时俱进。这样，当人们跟随着自身信仰的步伐逐步前行的时候，才不会迷失方向。

五、总结

在梵蒂冈的国旗图案上有一段话：“我要把天国的钥匙给你，凡你在地上所捆绑的，在天上也要捆绑；凡你在地上所释放的，在天上也要释放。”在圣彼得广场、圣彼得教堂、梵蒂冈博物馆和西斯廷小教堂这些艺术与宗教完美结合的地域里，就连着空气也充满着朦胧、神秘的气息。信仰之类的字眼以及一切的语言都显得那么的苍白——这种氛围可能会使它产生更多的哲思，带给我们更多的惊喜和经典吧。在这座没有艺术家的艺术之城中，我们所能给予它的也就只有尽绵薄之力施以保护了吧。

第三篇：第一次梵蒂冈大公会议专题

第一次梵蒂冈大公会议 第一次梵蒂冈大公会议（拉丁语：Concilium Vaticanum Primum）于1868年6月29日由罗马教宗庇护九世召开，是罗马天主教会第20次大公会议，共744位教会领袖出席。会议于1869年12月8日在圣伯多禄大殿开始举行，会议讨论范畴包括：理性主义、唯物论、自由主义、教宗无误论（Papal Infallibility，指教宗在公告信仰教理上的不能误，而非教宗永远正确）等。1870年9月，由于罗马被并入意大利王国，庇护九世退缩至梵蒂冈城堡内作为抗议，会议于1870年10月20日宣告中断。此后90年间会议一直处于休会状态，直到1960年由教宗若望二十三世正式举行闭幕式。

第四篇：英文

This year summer vacation, I read the American well-known writer Hemingway's novel “ old person and sea ”.I extremely admire in the novel the senior fisherman's will, he let me understand one person certainly must have relentless spirit, only then could obtain successfully.The novel description is one year near sixty years of age senior fisherman, when alone goes to sea in one fishing, fished one big fish, actually did not pull.The senior fisherman socialized several days after the fish, only then discovered this was the big marlin which one surpassed the oneself fishing boat several fold, although knew perfectly well very difficult to win, but still did not give up.Afterwards and further because in the big marlin wound fish fishy smell brought in several crowds of shark fish snatches the food, but the old person still did not hope like this to give up, finally highlighted encircles tightly, returned to the big fish belt the fishing port, lets other fishermen not admire already.When I read “ the senior fisherman think: Here to the seacoast really was too near, perhaps could have a bigger fish in a farther place...” When, I extremely admire this senior fisherman, because he by now already projected on some fish, but he had not settled to the present situation, but was approaches the bigger goal advance.Again has a look us, usually meets one slightly is difficult, we all complain incessantly.We will be the motherland future, will be supposed to like this old person same mind lofty aspiration, will even better pursue even better, the bigger goal.When I read “ the big marlin start fast to gather round the young fishing boat hover, twined the cable on the mast, the old person right hand lifted up high the steel fork, leapt the water surface in it the flash, did utmost throws to its heart, one wail ended the big fish's life, it was static static floats on the water surface...” When, my heart also liked together the big stone falls.I extremely admire old person that kind do not dread, the relentless spirit, although knows the match strength is very strong, but he not slightly flinches, but is welcomes difficultly above.Just because had this kind of spirit, the senior fisherman only then achieved this life and death contest success.We also must study senior fisherman's spirit in life, handles the matter does not fear the difficulty, only then can obtain successfully.Was reading the big fish's smell of blood is smelled by one crowd of shark fish, struggled swims snatches the food, old person's left hand happen to in the convulsions, he only could use the right hand, with wooden stick，the mouth and so on all was allowed to use for the weapon self-defense which attacked, and finally expelled this crowd of shark fish.But the big fish's meat was already eaten one most, but the old person also charmingly criticized oneself the left hand “ this work time actually was resting ” time, I also was subdued by the old person optimistic spirit.In the life, some losses are inevitable, we should treat by the optimistic manner, cannot be calculating.Finally, the novel sees by one youth the senior fisherman fully has 18 foot long big marlin in the measure, once more described this fish's hugeness, explained senior fisherman overcomes the difficulty was big, non-was more common than.The novel eulogized the spirit which the senior fisherman fear hard and dangerous diligently did not struggle, we also should like his such, could not satisfy the present situation, should positively to above, do any matter all is relentless, meets difficultly must welcome difficultly above, could give up halfway in no way.Only has this, we only then can obtain a bigger success and the victory.4，My comments and some ideas I have already heard of this masterpiece for many years,peope love it,prise it,and respect it.But when I finished it,at the first moment,I just wonder:Actually,Our human-beings don’t know what we really want,what we dream for,and what we fight for.Many people admit and prise this belief that the man is not made for defeat，a man can be destroyed but not defeated,but what about other creatures in the world,to some extense,in the whole universe?No matter what kind of person we are,or how small or humble we are,it doesn’t matter.What matters most is whether we know what we want to purchase through our life.At finally,what impressed me a lot is that child with great naïve and loveliness!The child took the beautiful and bright days back for the old man.We human beings are really a kind of strange creature.We can accept death,but when facing the failure,it will call for all of our strenth and courage.What’s I want to say at the end of this report is that:don’t hesitate any more!Enjoy yourself and your beautiful,even gray days!

An old man sailed on sea for ages, only to bring back a large colossal marlin skeleton，a worn-out boat, and his exhausted body.In Ernest Hemingway’s novel , there is only simple plot, and characters pure as water drops.However, no battle can be more glorious , and no story can be more appealing than it.I firmly refer it to story of hero.“A man can be destroyed, but he can never be defeated.” The strong notes came out not from the old man’s mouth, but from the bottom of his heart.Though he doesn’t accomplish his initial goal, he is not a failure.On the contrary, he is remembered as, hero.Yes, no one can doubt that when he defended for the skeleton of marlin in the billows;When he raised up his powerful arms, grabbing the harpoon when attacked by a troop of sharps;When his profound, sea-like eyes shines the fearless perseverance.Though I don’t believe in fate, I believe that everything in the world has its limits.When encountering his limits, the old man doesn’t break down.He continues to sail, to fight, to push his boundaries, to challenge with fate and limits.I realized that our own lives are just like a vast ocean, splendid and miraculous, but dangerous with reefs as well.The waves can push you to an unbelievable climax, but in a blink of eye, it can also take away all your happiness without empathy.So, when it comes to failure, most of us get cold feet conspicuously.As a matter of fact, those who fight with limits are born to be nearer to so-called “failure”.For example, those who have devoted themselves to exploring the mystery of nature invariably end up in vain.Those who are dedicated to reform the society is more likely to be the first sacrifice.Only those comfortably staying in their own limits are constantly succeeding.However, this kind of “success” only dues to his rival has surrendered long before, or he himself has never engaged in the battle.No applause for this kind of “winning by default”.After reading this book, I understand that during the course of life, failures only belong to the one that compromise to limits.As long as you haven’t lose heart, you still have faith, you still preserve in fighting against limits till the day your weapon is broken like the old man’s, little by little, inch by inch, you will push the boundaries of hinders forward, and one inch is sure to be a beautiful leap.And that is not how you grow up, but how you stand up on your own.And virtually, that is the way human beings evolve.Chances are that life gives you little in rewards of your endeavors, and God may leave you with nothing but an empty marlin skeleton.But we ought to set the old man as our model;cling to his is attitude towards life through the changing era.Let’s dance on the wave of life, savor resolute in the gust of wind, and appreciate passion through the waves.For this is what life all about.Remember, you have become a hero when you fight till the last moment!

第五篇：一般英文格式

一般货物进口合同格式英文

英文：

「名称」 1.PURCHASE CONTRACT

「题注」

「章名」 Whole Doc.Contract No：

Date：

The Buyer：

The Seller：

The Contract，made out，in Chinese and English，both version being equally authentic，by and between the Seller and the Buyer whereby theSeller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goodssubject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows：「章名」 SECTION 1Name of Commodity and specificationCountry of Origin & ManufacturerUnit Price（packing charges included）QuantityTotal ValuePacking（seaworthy）Insurance（to be covered by the Buyer unless otherwise）8 Time of ShipmentPort of LoadingPort of Destination mark shown as below in addition to the port of destination，package number，gross and net weights，measurements and other marks as the Buyer may require stencilled or markedconspicuously with fast and unfailing pigments on each package.In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo（es），the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.Terms of Payment： One month prior to the time of shipment the Buyer shall open with the Bank of _______an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favour of the Seller payable at the issuing bank against presentation of documents as stipulated under Clause 18.A.of SECTION II，the Terms of Delivery of this Contract after departure of the carrying vessel.The said Letter of Credit shall remain in force til the 15th day after shipment.13 Other Terms： Unless otherwise agreed and accepted by the Buyer，all other matters related to this contract shall be governed by Section II，the Terms of Delivery which shall form an integral part of this Contract.Any supplementary terms and conditions that may be attached to this Contract shall automatically prevail over the terms and conditions

of this Contract if such supplementary terms and conditions come in conflict with terms and conditions herein and shall be binding upon both parties.FOR THE SELLER FOR THE BUYER

「章名」 SECTION 2

「章名」 14 FOB/FAS TERMS

14.1 The shipping space for the contracted goods shall be booked by the Buyer or the Buyer‘s shipping agent __________.14.2 Under FOB terms，the Seller shall undertake to load the

contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer，within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.14.3 Under FAS terms，the Seller shall undertake to deliver the contracted goods under the tackle of the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer，within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.14.4 10-15 days prior to the date of shipment，the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number，name of vessel，ETA of vessel，quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent，so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.The Seller shall advise by cable or telex in time the Buyer of the result thereof.Should，for certain reasons，it become necessary for the Buyer to replace the named vessel with another one，or should the named vessel arrive at the port of shipment earlier or later than the date of arrival as previously notified to the Seller，the Buyer or its shipping agent shall advise the Seller to this effect in due time.The Seller shall also keep in close contact with the agent or the Buyer.14.5 Should the Seller fail to load the goods on board or to deliver the goods under the tackle of the vessel booked by the Buyer.Within the time as notified by the Buyer，after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight，demurrage.Consequential losses incurred upon and/or suffered by the Buyer.14.6 Should the vessel be withdrawn or replaced or delayed eventually or the cargo be shut out etc.，and the Seller be not informed in good time to stop delivery of the cargo，the calculation of the loss in storage expenses and insurance premium thus sustained at the loading port shall be based on the loading date notified by the agent to the Seller（or based on the date of the arrival of the cargo at the loading port in case the cargo should arrive there later than the notified loading date）。The abovementioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at the port should be borne by the Buyer with the exception of Force Majeure.However，the Seller shall still undertake

to load the cargo immediately upon the carrying vessel‘s arrival at the loading port at its own risk and expenses.The payment of the afore-said expenses shall be effected against presentation of the original vouchers after the Buyer’s verification.「章名」 15 C&F Terms

15.1 The Seller shall ship the goods within the time as stipulated in clause 8 of this Contract by a direct vessel sailing from the port of loading to China port.Transhipment on route is not allowed without the Buyer‘s prior consent.The goods shall not be carried by vessels flying flags of countries not acceptable to the Port Authorities of China.15.2 The carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall be seaworthy and cargoworthy.The Seller shall be obliged to act prudently and

conscientiously when selecting the vessel and the carrier when chartering such vessel.The Buyer is justified in not accepting vessels chartered by the Seller that are not members of the PICLUB.15.3 The carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall sail and arrive at the port of destination within the normal and reasonable period of time.Any unreasonable aviation or delay is not allowed.15.4 The age of the carrying vessel chartered by the Seller shall not exceed 15 years.In case her age exceeds 15 years，the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.15.5 For cargo lots over 1，000 M/T each，or any other lots less than 1，000 metric tons but identified by the Buyer，the Seller shall，at least 10 days prior to the date of shipment，inform the Buyer by telex or cable of the following information： the contract number，the name of commodity，quantity，the name of the carrying vessel，the age，nationality，and particulars of the carrying vessel，the expected date of loading，the expected time of arrival at the port of destination，the name，telex and cable address of the carrier.15.6 For cargo lots over 1，000 M/T each，or any other lots less than 1，000 metric tons but identified by the Buyer，the Master of the carrying vessel shall notify the Buyer respectively 7（seven）days and 24（twenty-four）hours prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of destination，by telex or cable about its ETA（expected time of arrival），contract number，the name of commodity，and quantity.「章名」 16 CIF Terms：

Under CIF terms，besides Clause 15 C&F Terms of this contract which shall be applied the Seller shall be responsible for covering the cargo with relevant insurance with irrespective percentage.「章名」 17 Advice of Shipment：

Within 48 hours immediately after completion of loading of goods on board the vessel the Seller shall advise the Buyer by cable or telex of the contract number，the name of goods，weight（net/gross）or quantity

loaded，invoice value，name of vessel，port of loading，sailing date and expected time of arrival（ETA）at the port of destination.Should the Buyer be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Seller‘s failure to give the above mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex，the Seller shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure.「章名」 18 Shipping Documents

18.A The Seller shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation of payment：

18.A.1 Full set of clean on board，“freight prepaid” for C&F/CIF Terms or “Freight to collect” for FOB/FAS Terms，Ocean Bills of Lading，made out to order and blank endorsed，notifying ___________at the port of destination.18.A.2 Five copies of signed invoice，indicating contract number，L/C number，name of commodity，full specifications，and shipping mark，signed and issued by the Beneficiary of Letter of Credit.18.B Any original document（s）made by rephotographic system，automated or computerized system or carbon copies shall not be acceptable unless they are clearly marked as “ORIGINAL.” and certified with signatures in hand writing by authorised officers of the issuing company or corporation.18.C Through Bill of Lading，Stale Bill of Lading，Short Form Bill of Lading，shall not be acceptable.18.D Third Party appointed by the Beneficiary as shipper shall not be acceptable unless such Third Party Bill of Lading is made out to the order of shipper and endorsed to the Beneficiary and blank endorsed by the Beneficiary.If the goods under this Contract are to be dispatched by air，all the terms and conditions of this Contract in connection with ocean transportation shall be governed by relevant air terms.