第一篇：英语四六级作文常用词高级替换(贬义+褒义+中性)
英语四六级作文常用词高级替换（贬义+褒义+中性）
2015-10-16 屠屠英语
贬义词
不好的(bad)undesirable 【例句】It was felt that the ageing of society was socially and economically undesirable。【翻译】老龄化对于社会和经济的不良影响呈现出来了。negative 【例句】You can't learn anything with negative attitude。【翻译】消极的态度会让你什么都学不到。adverse 【例句】The expedition encountered adverse weather conditions。【翻译】探险队遇到了不利的气候条件。
有害的(harmful)damaging 【例句】Many chemicals have a damaging effect on the environment。【翻译】许多化学物质都会对环境有破坏性的影响。ruinous 【例句】The decision was to prove ruinous。【翻译】后来证明这个决定造成了危害。destructive 【例句】Severe damage witnessed the destructive force of the storm。【翻译】严重的损失表明了这场暴风雨的巨大破坏力。
困难的(difficult)demanding 【例句】He found he could no longer cope with his demanding job。【翻译】他发现自己已无力应对那份劳神费力的工作了。laborious 【例句】They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree。【翻译】他们接受了伐大树的艰苦工作。formidable 【例句】He took on the formidable task of reforming the whole system。【翻译】他承担起改革整个系统的艰巨任务。
无聊的(boring)dull 【例句】The conference was deadly dull。【翻译】会议开得死气沉沉的。tiresome 【例句】I find it very tiresome doing the same job day after day。【翻译】日复一日做相同的工作让我觉得非常无聊。tedious 【例句】He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious。【翻译】会读书和思考的人不会感到长夜无聊或者生活乏味。
忧虑的(worried)anxious 【例句】He was anxious about the enormity of the task ahead。【翻译】他为眼前任务的艰巨性而担忧。apprehensive 【例句】The long delay had made me quite apprehensive。【翻译】长时间的耽搁使我相当焦虑。fraught 【例句】It has been a somewhat fraught day。【翻译】这是令人颇为担忧的一天。
沮丧的(sad)depressed 【例句】She felt very depressed about the future。【翻译】她感到前途无望。gloomy 【例句】They found him in gloomy, downbeat mood。【翻译】他们发现他情绪低落，无精打采。frustrated 【例句】Both sides in the dispute appeared very frustrated at the lack of progress。【翻译】争执双方因事情毫无进展而显得十分沮丧。
怀疑的(doubtful)skeptical 【例句】Many were skeptical about this solution。【翻译】许多人对这一解决办法表示怀疑。suspicious 【例句】Most organizations are, quite understandably, suspicious of new ideas。【翻译】大多数机构对新想法持怀疑态度，这不难理解。incredulous 【例句】She gave me an incredulous glance。【翻译】她表示怀疑地向我瞥了一眼。
褒义词
重要的(important)vital 【例句】She had found out some information of vital importance。【翻译】她已经发现了一些至关重要的信息 crucial 【例句】It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately。【翻译】立即着手解决这个问题是至关重要的。prominent 【例句】This considerable increase in investment played a prominent role in fueling economic growth。
【翻译】投资的较大幅度增加，对拉动经济增长发挥了明显作用。cardinal 【例句】Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law。【翻译】尊重生命是英国法律最重要的原则。
优秀的(good)excellent 【例句】She has always had a high reputation for her excellent short stories。【翻译】她一直因其优秀的短篇小说享有很高的声望。outstanding 【例句】The girl who won the scholarship was quite outstanding。【翻译】得奖学金的女孩是相当优秀的。extraordinary 【例句】Her strength of will was extraordinary。【翻译】她的意志力是非凡的。remarkable 【例句】The economic diplomacy of China is characterized by distinctive features and remarkable achievements。
【翻译】中国的经济外交具有鲜明的特点和卓越的成就。
有趣的(interesting)amusing 【例句】Do not hesitate to laugh at anything you find amusing。【翻译】只要觉得好笑就尽管笑。entertaining 【例句】This is an entertaining yet thought-provoking film。【翻译】这部电影令人捧腹，却又发人深省。engaging 【例句】His engaging personality made him popular with his peers。【翻译】他迷人的个性使他深受同龄人的喜爱。
有活力的(energetic)dynamic 【例句】South Asia continues to be the most dynamic economic region in the world。【翻译】南亚仍然是世界上最具活力的经济区。vigorous 【例句】We urge vigorous action to be taken immediately。【翻译】我们强烈要求立即采取有力措施。animated 【例句】His observations gave rise to an animated and lively discussion。【翻译】他的言论引起了一场气氛热烈而活跃的讨论。
充足的(abundant)ample 【例句】Agriculture has developed rapidly, thus providing light industry with ample raw materials。
【翻译】农业迅速发展，从而为轻工业提供了充足的原料。plentiful 【例句】Hot climate and plentiful rainfall favor the growth of plants。【翻译】炎热的气候和充足的雨水有助于植物生长。generous 【例句】No one is expecting a very generous pay increase this year。【翻译】没有人指望今年会有大幅度的工资增长。
勇敢的(brave)courageous 【例句】The pioneers are courageous indeed, overcoming one difficulty after another。【翻译】这些开拓者的确有勇气，他们克服了一个又一个的困难。bold 【例句】Big, successful moves need bold, masterful managers。
【翻译】重大而成功的举措需要既大胆又善于控制局势的经理来实施。fearless 【例句】To go in for technical innovation, one must have the fearless spirit of a pathbreaker。【翻译】搞技术革新就要有一股不怕困难的闯劲
合理的(reasonable)sound 【例句】She gave me some very sound advice。【翻译】她给了我一些非常合理的建议。rational 【例句】There is no rational explanation for his actions。【翻译】对他的所作所为无法作出合理的解释。sensible 【例句】It would seem more sensible to apply standards flexibly rather than rigidly。【翻译】灵活地运用标准比死守标准会显得更合情合理。
著名的(famous)renowned 【例句】The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty。【翻译】该地区以其无以伦比的自然风景闻名于世。noticeable 【例句】The class has made noticeable improvement。【翻译】这个班已有引人注目的进步。notable 【例句】The book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of modern science。【翻译】这部著作是现代科学发展史上著名的里程碑之一。
有益的(helpful)favorable 【例句】Such events occur only when the external conditions are favorable。【翻译】这种事情只有在外部条件有利时才会发生。beneficial 【例句】It can be beneficial to share your feelings with someone you trust。【翻译】向自己信任的人倾诉感情是很有益处的。rewarding 【例句】It is a very rewarding exercise to work this out oneself。【翻译】独自解决这个问题是一次受益匪浅的锻炼。
中性词 许多(many)numerous 【例句】Numerous factories have sprung up in this once desolate area。【翻译】过去这一带满目苍凉，现在却有了无数的工厂。a host of 【例句】The special theory of relativity has raised a host of questions。【翻译】狭义相对论引出了许多问题。a multitude of 【例句】I was awed by the multitude of stars in the night sky。【翻译】夜空中的繁星震撼了我。
不同的(different)various 【例句】These data have been collected from various sources。【翻译】这些数据是从各方面搜集来的。a variety of 【例句】A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port。【翻译】各种重工业沿着港口逐渐发展起来。diverse 【例句】People hold diverse attitudes toward these new regulations。【翻译】人们对于这些新规定抱有不同的态度。
普遍的(common)commonplace 【例句】Yet on the most commonplace occasion I can never know your thoughts。【翻译】然而即便在最普通的场合我也琢摸不透你的心思。universal 【例句】Such problems are a universal feature of senior citizens。【翻译】这类问题是老年人的通病。pervasive 【例句】It is the most pervasive compound on earth。【翻译】它是地球上最普遍的化合物。
唯一的(only)solely 【例句】Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement。【翻译】成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。unique 【例句】The examples are unique to this dictionary。【翻译】这些例证是这部词典独有的。merely 【例句】You are merely reciting facts that you have learned by rote。【翻译】你只是在背诵自己死记硬背下来的东西。
贫穷的(poor)needy 【例句】Needy and handicapped people depend on government relief for their support。【翻译】穷人和残疾人依靠政府的救济维持生计。impoverished 【例句】The rural people have been impoverished by a collapsing economy。【翻译】经济崩溃使农村地区的人们一贫如洗。in poverty 【例句】He was bred up in poverty。
【翻译】他是在贫苦的生活环境中长大的。
富裕的(rich)wealthy 【例句】All of them came from wealthy, upper class families。【翻译】他们全部来自富有的上流社会家庭。well-heeled 【例句】Both families are reasonably well-heeled and comfortably-off。【翻译】两家人都相当富有，都生活得很舒适。well-to-do 【例句】She comes from a well-to-do family。【翻译】她出身于一个小康之家。
大的(big)vast 【例句】The pollution has already turned vast areas into a wasteland。【翻译】污染已经使大片地区沦为不毛之地。massive 【例句】We needed to reskill our workforce to cope with massive technological change。【翻译】我们得让工人学习新技能，以应对巨大的技术变革。enormous 【例句】The enormous difficulty makes him cynical about the feasibility of the idea。【翻译】巨大的困难让他对这个主意是否可行持怀疑态度。
新的(new)brand new 【例句】Net Electronic Map has become a brand-new way for showing the geographic information。
【翻译】网上电子地图已成为一种全新的地理信息展示方式。fresh 【例句】The company seemed set to make a fresh start under a new broom。【翻译】公司似乎准备在新任领导的带领下开创新局面。novel 【例句】Protesters found a novel way of demonstrating against steeply rising oil prices。【翻译】抗议者找到了抗议油价飞涨的新办法。
第二篇：四六级英语作文-经典替换词
经典替换词 individuals, characters, folks(people, persons)2 charming, decent, fascinating, desirable, prosperous, positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding(good)3 wrong, plain, negative, useless, evil, dark side, nasty, dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(bad)4 an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, many, if not most(many)注意查清 if not most 的用法 a slice of, quite a few, several(some)6 harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that(think)注意书面语that一般不省略 7 affair, business, matter(thing)8 shared(common)注意只是某些情况 9 reap huge fruits(get much benefit)10 for my part, from my own perspective(in my opinion)11 increasing(ly), growing(more and more)注意没有growingly，当修饰名词用increasing/growing。修饰副词用increasingly。另外参照红皮教材。12 little if anything, little or nothing(hardly)13 beneficial rewarding(helpful)14 shopper, client, consumer, purchaser(customer)15 exceedingly, extremely, rather, fairly, greatly, considerably, exceedingly(very)16 hardly unnecessary, inevitable(necessary)17 sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb(sb take interest in)18 capture one’s attention(attract one’s attention)19 facet, dimension, sphere(aspect)注意sphere用时要谨慎，facet更好用 be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of(分别代替indicate, suggest, fear)21 give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger(cause)注意trigger引发一连串不好的事情 22 there are several reasons behind sth(reasons for sth)23 desire(want)24 pour attention into(pay attention to)25 bear in mind that(remember)26 enjoy, possess(have)注意possess是一个过程的感觉 27 interaction(communication)28 frown on sth(be against, disagree with sth)29 to name only a few, as an example, for instance(for example)next to/virtually impossible(nearly impossible)31 be interested, be fond of, crazy about, fanatical about, favorite,be keen on(like)32 fascinating, lovely, pure, handsome, promising, appealing(beautiful)33 modernization, globalization, industrialization, update, upgrade(development)34 significant, essential, substantial, play a vital part(important)35 argue, declare, admit, guess, reckon, conclude, I hold the opinion that, as far as I am concerned(think)36 discuss, talk about(say)37 means, measure, remedy, approach(method)38 notice, observe, be confronted with, witness(see)39 achieve, accomplish, implement, fulfill(finish, complete)40 reject, object, decline, the last thing, anything but(refuse)41 seek, chase, pursue, explore, trace(follow)查清搭配 42 alike, equivalent, identical, similar(same)43 slim, tiny, minute, minor, insignificant(small)44 obvious, transparent, known to all, well-believed, widely-held(clear)45 vacant, blank, idle, bare, hollow(empty)46 inspire, stimulate, impulse, motivate(encourage)47 disaster, misfortune, tragedy grief, sorrow(bad luck)48 sole, unique, single, lonely(only)49 illustrate, demonstrate, indicate, reveal, illuminate(show)50 flaw, error, fault, weakness, defect(mistake)51 obligation, responsibility, liability, charge(duty)52 accumulate, assemble, crowd(join)53 present, up-to-date, contemporary, nowadays(now)54 desirable, advisable, priceless, feasible(valuable)
国内考试作文常用表达(2008-10-10 12:01:54)
标签：杂谈
分类：考研与四六级写作
基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)：
越来越：be increasingly adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 许多问题：a host of/a number of problems 引起人们注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb.to the fact/danger 适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change 接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems 接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society 获得成功：achieve/accomplish success 提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work 产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on 较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of one's life 剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity 取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way 采取措施：take effective steps/measures to 控制我们的环境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment 躲避危险/挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge 满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of 补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage 解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon 对……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on.provide/gain an insight into 把某因素考虑进去：take sth.Into account(consideration), give much thought to 品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth 培养对……的信心：develop/foster one's interest/confidence in 经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience 表现出自信心等：project one's confidence/feeling/image 生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice 追求学习/职业：pursue one's academic interest/professional career 学习知识/技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill 被看作学习的……榜样：be held up as a good example 交流经验/知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge 发挥/起到重要作用：play an(important/active/great)role/part 逃学/缺课：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture 知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience 确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard 到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective 克服困难：overcome obstacles/difficulty 面临危险/困难：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty 阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth 阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of The contents 持传统的看法：hold conventional wisdom 发表看法：voice/express one's opinion 持相反/合理的观点：take the opposite/fresh view 揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatter the myth of 求得帮助：enlist one's support/help 缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf(between city and country)把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to 对……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to 施加压力：put/exert a academic pressure on 重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to 强调：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on 把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one's attention/efforts/thoughts upon 提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.抓住机会：grab/seize/take the opportunity 得到机会：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information 有可能：there is(little/much)possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that 展开竞争：compete against/with sb.for the prize/position/control/the mastery of 开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising)campaign(for/against)对我很有/没有什么意义：make much/little sense to me 带来无穷的幸福/满足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint 献身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career 大不（没什么）两样：make much(little/no)difference 真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is … 改变生活旅程：change/alter the course of life 建立在大量的学习/实践上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice 进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment 辞去工作/学习：leave/quit one's job/work/school 参加考试/竞赛等：enter(for)the examination/contest, race 参加活动/讨论：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion 影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shape one's thinking/attitude 进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals 实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one's dream(hops/wish/desire)减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension 提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership 提高技术/能力：sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)one's skill/ability 加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of 随着生活节奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society 开阔眼界/兴趣：broaden one's interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge)one's mental horizons 有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of 有助于解决问题：go a long way to(towards)solving the problem 迷恋名利/分数：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune 把时间花/浪费在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.利用机会/技术：make(full/better)use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent 把知识/经验运用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use 取得进步：make much progress/strides/gains in 充分发挥潜力/能力：develop one's ability/potential to the full, give full play to one's ability 充满激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for
写作练习方法----温故而知新
（一）(2008-10-10 14:34:22)
标签：杂谈
分类：考研与四六级写作
近日想到06年在东方的同事路程，实在是作文教学中的好手，却行卷求学于名校，无缘东方。痛惜。又温故而知新练习法也很多取材于此君，书于此以飨诸位。温故—— u 表达观点
1)have/hold/express opinions/views about/on/that 2)take/hold/have the attitude that/towards 3)in one’s opinion/view/point of view 注意：In my opinion, I think…是叠床架屋之举，删去一个。4)be convinced that 相当于firmly believe that 5)deem（正式）认为，视为。注意三种用法：
加从句：They deemed that he was a fool.加形容词：The novel was deemed successful.加名词：I deem it my duty to help the poor.6)presume 由某事推出某个结论：I presume from his accent that he is an American.7)suppose 侧重于主观推断，认为应该如何。I suppose that you have been there before.8)maintain, argue, assert, emphasize… u 表示同意
agree that/with/to/on 1)approve of sth.2)take a positive attitude towards that 3)consent of sth./to do sth.4)accede to sth.正式用语，（最初不同意）同意，答应。The government would not accede to public pressure.acced to a request/a proposal 这个词还有继职、就任的意思：accede to the minister 5)Support 6）vote / ballot for/against，cast one’s vote / ballot for / against
u 表示反对或意见不一 disagree 1)oppose/be opposed to 侧重于积极的对抗态度和行为，Congress is opposed to the military budget.2)object to sth.有强烈的不喜欢，逆反的涵义，Why do you always object to everything he wished to do for you? There’s nothing wrong with being painted in the nude;artists do it all the time.But our silly husbands have a way of objecting to that sort of thing.3)resist 有一种公开性，强调对外在威胁力量的驱除。抵制。They had resisted the and finally destroyed the Roman Empire.4)be divided over 在某件事情上有分歧。
u 表达应该做某事 should/ought to do 1)be supposed to do 2)be expected to do 3)be one’s duty/responsibility/obligation to 知新—— u 引起
大雨引起了水灾。
The heavy rain _______ a flood.他的新建议引起了他人的好奇心。
His new suggestion _________the others’ curiosity.这部电影引起了我对童年的回忆。
This film __________ my memory of childhood.人口的增长引起了住房的不足。
The increasing population _________ the shortage of housing.1)cause 是“引起”的全方位对等值对应词。不管引起的是什么事物、现象或活动，一般均可用cause表示。尽管如此，cause在表意上仍然有侧重——不如意或意外的发生。
North China was hit by unexpected heavy rain which caused severe flooding.The earthquake has caused only slight damages of houses.Many diseases are caused by microbes.2)arouse 侧重对某些心理活动的激起，以使其变得更活跃、更明显。
His speech aroused public indignation.sb’s curiosity, suspicion.3)provoke
=to cause a feeling or attention This little article has provoked great interest of authorities.4)evoke
侧重意念a memory, 情感a feeling的激起。
That movie evoked nice memories of my childhood.(call up)The suggestion of the headmaster evoked a heated discussion.(stir up)5)whet 引起食欲。Nothing can whet my appetite.6)originate 侧重于起源，发源。
The use of steam originated many other reforms.Many other reforms originated in the use of steam.蒸汽为因，改革为果。7)give rise to, give occasion to, give birth to, lead to, set off, touch off, stir up, bring forth, call forth 多见于书面语中。
The increase in population gave rise to a shortage of houses.That remark gave occasion to a burst of laughter.The new plan called forth a good deal of criticism.The inclement weather brought forth a host of diseases.Mind it will set off a chain reaction.Conflict of interests between the imperialists gave birth to two world wars.8)result from, result in 侧重表示由于某一过程的长期延续而形成的必然结果。
Liver and kidney damages result from prolong usage of a number of drugs.Sickness often results from eating too much.9)be responsible for+事情，to+人 表示这层含义的时候，作主语的必须是表示人的主语。
The only reason responsible for the traffic accident is carelessness of the driver.u 负责
这边的事由你负责。
You are ___________ the affairs here.他对工作很负责。He is __________ 1)charge 相当于have the management of，倾向于管理。
be in the charge of, be left in charge of, take charge of, have charge of, put…under one’s charge How would it be for you to take charge of this class? She took charge of the family business when her father died.He has been in charge of the whole office for 10 years.Who is in the charge of this work? Who is having charge of this work? He is in full charge of security affairs.Mr.Wang was left in full charge of the company’s business while the boss was ill.The general manager put everything under my full charge.2)responsibility 对……负责，倾向于“责任”
bear responsibility for, take(up)responsibility, take the responsibility for/of doing sth.lack responsibility, admit responsibility for, shoulder the responsibility for, assume responsibility, accept/undertake the responsibility for Successful leaders are emotionally and intellectually oriented to the future-not wedded to the past.They have a hunger to take responsibility, to innovate, and to initiate.He is lacking responsibility in his work.We must bravely shoulder the responsibility for our own acts.All of us want to share the responsibility with you.3)responsible be responsible for sth., be responsible to sb., be responsible to sb.for sth.Hold oneself responsible to The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passengers’ safety.Who should be responsible for the accident? Our duty is to hold ourselves responsible to the people.We must be responsible to the people for their interests.Who is the person responsible? Your side will be responsible for all the consequences arising therefrom.All the members of the committee are responsible directly to the president.4)undertake/take up 承担某个特定任务，担负起做……事的责任，前者为书面，后者为口语
A friend undertook to tape the proceedings at the opening of the exhibition.He has taken up too much.5)answer for, be answerable for, 强调责任
be in control, be in one’s hands, 侧重对……的管理
see about, see to, call the shots, 安排或关照，后者可直译为“发号施令”，引申为对……事全权负责
rest on/upon one’s shoulders，句型。对……事担负起责任。这些词组多见于非正式场合。
Who is in control here？（语气较重）Who is in charge here？
Who is the person responsible here？
I cannot answer for other people’s mistakes.If anything goes wrong, you’ll have to answer for it.I’ll see about the fuel.You won’t be put to that trouble again;I’ll see to that.The matter is in your hands.The task rested squarely on our shoulders.I’m calling the shots here.u 决心做…… 1)to determine 程度较强。to be determined, to be bound,后一种多用于口语。都是下定决心，决心干某事的意思。
The PLA men were to bound to fulfill the task even at the risk of their lives.We are determined to get the work done before May Day.He has determined to learn English well.2)to make up one’s mind, 口语色彩
to make a point of doing sth.to make it a point to do sth.书面语。Everybody of us must make a point of being punctual.Xiao Wang made it a point to learn ten new words every day.Xiao Wang made it a point of learning ten new words every day.He’ s made up his mind to learn English well.3)to resolve, to make a resolve, to be resolved, to make good resolutions.语义较重，多用于书面语的表达。
We are resolved to fulfill the tasks set before us by the Party.The local residents resolved to have the flood checked.He makes good resolutions to do the word well, but he never keeps them.We resolve to become one with the masses.4)to pledge, to pledge oneself to 语义重，有庄严的语体色彩。
He pledged to complete his father’s unfinished task, whatever the cost might be.They pledged themselves to save their comrades.5)to set one’s mind on sth, /doing sth., to be set on/upon doing sth.口语中惯用的表达方式。
We set on/upon transforming the barren hills to well-cultivated land.He has set his mind on going to Oxford University.She set her mind on finding out who it was.6)vow, make a vow, be under a vow to do.誓言，发誓。有坚定不移的语义 We vow to build up our factory and make it a strong modern enterprise by the year 2008.He is under a vow to drink no wine.7)我们学过的一些简单表达法：shall, 简单实用。语气较弱。We shall be the champions!be ready to, 由“准备”这个意义引申。After hearing the story, we are ready to help others.decide to do…强调计划上将要做某事，“下决心”的意味没有determine强烈。u 发生
happen, occur 1)happen,强调偶然性的色彩，usually by accident.occur 暗示“某种现象的发生往往与人们的思想活动或一定的客观规律有关。” 两者都能与to连用。
happen为通用语体词，occur则为书面语体词，多用于正式场合。A leap year occurs every four year.It happened to me an hour ago.1)take place, come about与happen完全等值。前者口笔语通用，后者多用于口语。How did the accident come about? The accident took place on the highway.The media have flocked to the place where the event took place.4)witness, see 主语必须是年代或地点。
The year 1949 saw a great change in China.The city has seen quite a few earthquakes.Beijing witness many a great historic event.The year 1976 witness many earth-shaking events in China.5)succeed 继……之后，表示一系列事物或现象的连续发生。One event succeeded another.During my illness, one trouble succeeded another.6)turn up 强调突然或意外，多用于口语。
manifest oneself, 多指事物、现象的显露 be in the wind强调即将发生。
No such disease manifested itself in these years.Something unexpected has turned up.She was told that something unusual was in the wind.There is something in the wind.7)There be结构
There have been many such uprisings in the history of our country.写作练习方法----温故而知新
（二）(2008-10-10 14:36:34)
u 在于
汉语中，“在于”通常有两种意思，我们来体会下面两个句子：
1、指出事物的本质所在：革命战争的目的在于消灭战争。
2、指出关键所在：决定于，取决于。这件事成功与否在于他自己了。1)lie in, lie with, lie in the fact that 指出关键所在
The remedy lies in education.Where does the difficulty lie? It lies in the lack of full proof.The fundamental way our for agriculture lies in mechanization.Our difficulty lies in the fact that we don’t know English.It lies with his whether he will study or not.2)consist in: have…as the chief or only element Leadership consists in farsightedness and forgiveness.Happiness consists in contentment.Happiness consists in serving the people wholeheartedly.National strength consists not only in national armies.2)stem from 流行于美国英语中的说法。起源于，发生于，滋长于。有追根溯源的隐含意味。His error stems from selfishness.Our failure stems from the lack of experience.5)be 主语多为point, idea, trouble, reason, worry, argument, suggestion,等。正是，就是的意思。一般主语比较抽象，需要系动词后面的表语加以说明。The point in dispute is the title to this newly-found manuscript.The problem is how to reduce costs.The trouble is that we don’t know English.In his book, the function of television is to edify, not to entertain.u 安排
1)arrange 有事先作好准备的意思。
We have arranged two trips for the students.The leadership has arranged for Xiao Wang to attend the meeting.We have arranged visits and sightseeing trips for the foreign guests.Everything has been arranged.It is up to you to arrange for the conference.2)Make proper/ necessary/ excellent/ adequate/ last-minute/ make-shift/ all/ a few arrangements Please make proper arrangements in the light of the specific situation.We must make adequate arrangements for the daily life of the students.If arrangements could be made, I still hope you will come.Do you agree to this arrangement? What do you say to this arrangement? The school authorities have already made the arrangements.3)fix, manage前者有明显的口语色彩。后者有克服困难想方设法做到的隐含意味。Don’t worry.I’ll fix everything for you.If you want to meet them, I can fix it.Properly managed, the money can last them three months.I doubt whether they can manage everything in time.3)see about, see to 美国惯用语。原意是关照。但在某些情境下，就对应了中文的“安排”之意。I’ll see to it tomorrow.明天我把这件事安排一下。
We’ve been seeing about a job for you since last week.I have seen to it that the nurse did day duty only.There are all kinds of things that have to be seen about.4)lay on for, lay out 有明显的口语色彩。前者尤用在服务性句子中。后者有精心考虑的意味。Concerts were laid on(=arranged)for the foreign guests.The work for tomorrow is all laid out.(=is all well arranged)5)schedule 强调安排工作的时间性、程序性。在美语中常用。What’s your schedule for tomorrow? We want to schedule a match for the next week.8)get up, work things, 前者是褒义短语，强调工作做得井井有条。后者是arrange matters.This book has been got up very nicely by the designers and printers.I think I can work things, so there will be no problem.I’d like to ask you to get up a special performance for the new students.6)reset, budget 前者有重新安排的含义。后者强调精心使用。Arrange again, arrange properly The things are changing all the time, so we must reset our business hours.The examination is at hand, and you must budget your time.7)set aside+time, choose+time We set aside one afternoon in a week for vocational study.My suggestion is that we must set aside more time for oral practice.To choose time is to save time.u 情况
1)situation 在某一时期里一个单位或一个地区事物的全貌。尤指复杂状态或事态。It is very important to handle complex situations aptly.After hearing the report from below, the newly-appointed manager got a general picture of the situation in the company.I know very little about the situation there.How is the situation at the front? The situation admits of no delay.2)case 一个个具体的或暂时的情况。
Special cases, of course, need special consideration.Those are isolated cases.This rule does not reach the case.Those are two different cases.What is the practice in such cases? 3)matter, affair or things Matter,多指重要的事情或情况
Affair通常用复数形式，且不加任何冠词，多指与日常公事有关的情况。Things用法特色同上，多指与日常生活中的一般事物有关的情况。前两者有书面语色彩。
The minister personally explained the matter to the ambassadors.How do matters /things stand with them? Things got much better later on.Things are well again with us.What’s the state of affairs? He told us how affairs stood in the countryside.3)facts, conditions 当“情况”在具体语境中有事实或条件的意味时，可酌情。
We must determine working policies in the light of actual conditions.Conditions are changing all the time.No uniformity should be imposed since conditions vary from place to place.In view of the above-mentioned facts, we wish to make the following proposals.4)circumstances 周围的事态状态。多用在作状语的惯用搭配中。Under no circumstances In/under certain circumstances In the present/prevailing circumstances Under such circumstances Under similar circumstances In these circumstances only three courses are open to us.Under the circumstances we had to give up the plan.In such circumstances we can’t afford to wait any longer.5)略而不译
关于那件事的情况，请你告诉我。
please inform me as touching the matter.今天早晨病人的情况加重了。
The patient is getting worse this morning.u 管理
管理生产（公司。旅店，商店）___________ production, company, hotel, business 管理华侨事务 ___________ affairs concerning overseas Chinese 管理群众生活 _____________ the everyday life of the masses 管理家务 __________ the household 管理学校 ___________ a school 管理城市 _____________ a city 1)manager 侧重对business的管理，即对生产性企业或各类经济实体的管理
I don’t think he is able to manage such a big factory./farm,/store The hotel is badly managed.The major corporation is managed by a board of three directors.2)administer 侧重指对于affair的管理，因而与非生产性单位的行政事务有关的管理，则多用administer.有些句子兼有上述两种色彩，所以可以兼用。
A government that is badly administered can never be expected to last long.In our country it is people who administer the affairs of the state.In many Japanese homes the funds/the financial affairs are administered by the wife.3)run=be in the charge of 不管是对business还是affairs的管理，均可以用run表示。汉语“管理”和run有全方面对等的关系。有明显的口语色彩。
Mr.Wang has been running this factory/company/theatre/school/publishing house for more than 20 years.People have the right to run their own affairs.An old woman runs the house for me.4)govern法制管理，rule意志管理。两者都是权力性管理。而manager和administer是专业性管理和行政性管理。注意这句话：The country is ruled but not governed.In fact, the city is governed by nobody.The new president governs the beautiful country.The headmaster ruled the school with a firm hand.4)control/have control over 突出控制
look after,突出关照料理 regulate, 强调“调节” supervise,，突出督察
operate，作为“管理”的对等词，是美国人常用的表达法。我认为类似于中国人说的“运作” The new teacher has a good control over the graduation class.The Education Department effectively controls all the schools in the city.The department is operated directly by the president.Looking after the everyday life of the masses is of great importance.其他高频词汇—— u 各种各样
1)all kinds of, all sorts of, 2)all manner of多用于口语。
My grandfather has seen all manner of men.All manner of things were happening.All manner of questions, all manner of excuses for being late/absence Of every description/of all descriptions The department store has goods of all descriptions.There are people of all descriptions.Our library has magazines of every description.3)various, a variety of,侧重于指一种东西的两个或多个不同的品种，或不同的表现形式，或同一件事在细节上的差别。表明多样化的同时，又强调差别的意味。Various accounts of the incident were reported.Various interpretations were attempted to account for the experimental result but with no avail.Iron has a variety of use.4)diverse, a diversity,强调性质、品质或形式上的全然不同。The European people speak diverse languages.A person of diverse interests can talk on many subjects.5)mixed，常喻指事物的多样化或感情上的悲喜交织。
The play? It was a mixed experience.Some parts were a deadly bore, but others were interesting.A mixed feeling.u 大概
1)probably, presumably, maybe有……的可能性。可能。2)about, approximate, approximately, 3)or so, or thereabout, in the rough, more or less, before or after 4)a dozen or so The teacher is forty or thereabout The dictionary is worth ten yuan in the rough.I still have more or less twenty pages to cover.We’ll be through with our work before or after the end of this month.5)some, some around,后者为美国用法。It must be somewhere round 6.The delegation will arrive somewhere about 9 o’ clock.That was some twenty years ago.As to the attack plan, the commander gave us only a brief account.From the report we could draw only a general picture.The author of the article has made only a rough estimate about the situation.Everybody acknowledge that Newton was a great man;yet few people have more than the vaguest acquaintance with his living personality.u 非常
1)very, very much greatly, terribly, deeply, awfully, highly, frightfully, simply, badly, vastly, extremely, immensely, … We need this dictionary badly.I am awfully sorry for it.2)注意：most在某些情况下也有非常的意思，不用定冠词the的时候。
This is a most interesting film.就相当于我们中国人说，这是一部顶顶有趣的电影。并不表示最高程度，而是非常的意思。Iron is most useful.The design of an aircraft is a most complicated matter.3)but too…to, only too… to We are but too glad to do so.We are only too pleased to work together with the workers.I am only too glad to go there.We shall be only too pleased to hear from you.4)more than We are more than willing to see him here again.Everybody was more than happy to hear of your success in the experiment.The soldiers were more than brave.5)用反身代词itself表示终极概念。相当于我们中国人说“极其”。The newly built bridge is magnificence itself.To the people, he is loyalty itself.Our English teacher is patience itself.He boasted that his wife was beauty itself.6)另一些比较奇特的表达：
He is burning with jealousy.The little boy is burning with desire for study.This book is ever so interesting.Students are ever so diligent.He is even such a clever boy.It is even such a useful tool.Everybody enjoyed himself ever so at the evening party.Box at the opera costs no end.He has no end of books.I am hungry to death.I’m enjoying my trip up to the handle.He was tired to the world.7)As they come, as the day is long怎么翻译？ Tom was as clever as they come.At that moment he felt as happy as the day was long.Away off in a big city there was a young girl.She was as pretty as the day way long.He is as happy as the day is long.He is as honest as the day is long.一般词典都找不到。但在20世纪现代英美文学作品当中，这些惯用语早已被广泛使用。程度比very, greatly重。
8)你可以使用一些词语，让表达更生动： They were working as blazes.That boy was running as hell.The enemies are all as tricky as monkey.That old man was as mad as the devil.Xiao Zhang is a storehouse of information.The professor is really a walking dictionary.Never mind about him.The man is a back number.u 量词的使用： 1)一口
a mouthful/drink/sip/gulp of water a sip of brandy/tea, a gulp of milk a mouthful/breath of fresh air a mouthful/morsel of food，后者是一小口的意思 taking a deep pull or two of smoke, he said, “…” a suck of wine/smoke/tea，不大的一口。a drain of beer/water/gin.a swallow of, 慢慢吞咽的一口，a draught of 一饮而尽的一口。2)一群
a crowd/group/host(许多大量)of people, a galaxy of，星系，天河，褒义，想想中文中的“灿若星河”。往往用来比喻出色或著名的人物的群。
A galaxy of talents, a galaxy of beauties A troop of, 正在进行中人或动物的群，a swarm of蜂拥而至
A multitude of animals/people/islands，不像crowd那样拥挤，have enough space A throng of people/ film fans，为数众多的挤在一处。
A band/gang of, 轻蔑色彩。+ gangsters, thieves, robbers, convicts A flock of sheep/geese/ducks/goats/hens…飞鸟家禽，羊群。A herd of cattle, buffaloes/elephants.大动物的群，牛马 A pack of wolves/hounds A swarm of ants/flies/bees A cluster of butterflies/bees/bright stars A school/shoal of fish 较为形象的一些量词：替代a large area of… a vast stretch of turf/woods an expanse of green crops
a cloud of dust a scene of prosperity/desolation/bumper harvest a hive of activity, a veil of silence 3)其他
a batch of books/ letters/ documents/ goods/recruits a stock of goods a load of goods/furniture a crop of promising football players.A whole set of policies/selected works of Lu Xun/stamps A pack/tissue of lies A loaf of cheese A nice cut of meat/pork A chop of beef一块带骨头的牛肉。
A bar of chocolate, a cake of soap/ clay A cube/lump(没有固定形状)of sugar A dollop of ice cream/ pudding/ cheese
a burst of laughter/merriment/tears/thunder/applause/crackers眼泪夺眶而出
an outburst of cheers/anger a flood of rain/light/tears/anger泪如泉涌 a spell of warm/cold/fine/bad weather/drought a fit of acute pain/rage/coughing/laziness/madness/despair疾病，感情
a gust of rain/smoke/fier/wind风雨雹烟火等猛烈突发 a stab of anxiety/envy/joy一阵突然而强烈的感情
4)在阅读中寻找好词
喜欢，对……有兴趣have the appetite for adventure, a strong desire foràa keen appetite for 放弃desert, desert our ideals 坚持不懈的努力great effortàunremitting endeavor 存在competition would never enter in.很重要Achievement counts for a great deal.极其，非常overwhelming strong 美妙fantasyàecstasy 理解apprehend 管理governàhold sway above 我们应该it is well that… should 对……毫不在乎not give a fig for 不重要of small account 因为for the sake of 极度紧张a bundle of nerves 痛苦agonizing 你在想什么？What was going through your mind? 继续proceed with 震惊startle 同情compassion 生命逝去die, pass awayàLife flickers out.有益身心beneficial to both mind and bodyàwhole 藏hideàtuck away 普遍的natural beauty is an all-pervading presence.合适的congenial to 胜利triumph 远离keep away fromàshrink away from 不时sometimesàat intervals 总是time and time again 一见如故Peter and I clicked straight away.找出find outàfigure out 举个小小的例子to take a trivial instance 写下set down 有名的eminent 形容房间很舒服the room is cozy and invitingßcomfortable
文章功能来看，我们可把这10大类文章归为三种类型：解决问题、论证观点、阐述现象。其中第一类具有解决问题功能的短文包括了：
1、身体健康类；
2、职业道德类；
3、人口增长类；
4、环境保护类。第二类具有论证观点功能的短文包括了：
5、情感类；
8、人生价值类。第三类具有阐述现象功能的短文包括了：
6、文化交流类；
7、教育类；
9、家庭关系类；
10、社会热点类。需要说明的是，以上分类并不是具有绝对意义的，譬如一些身体健康类的话题也可能适合以论证观点的短文模板来套用。我们这里所说的是指大致的分类和适用范围。除了以上三项功能，我们还将在本部分的最后列出两个具有对比论证功能的模板。虽然自从1997 年以来的历年短文题目中没有出现要求进行对比论证的话题，但是考生仍然应该有所准备，因为对比论证是英文写作的一种重要写作手法，需要引起一定的重视。
1、身体健康类 模板1：
The picture.What is strikingly noticeable is , but it can be easily explained by shown in the picture.The discernable unhealthiness discloses a prevalent phenomenon that has long existed in the China’s.One the one hand,.On the other hand,.As a result, the integration of poor living conditions and work pressure leads naturally to their poor health and short life-span, just as the picture tells us.The situation is rather depressing because , and it is largely owing to.To solve the problem, I think there should be a thriving social trend , and those who should be rewarded with good living and working conditions.（参见范文2）
模板2：
In the picture, we are amazed to find that.It clearly tells us that in the domain of , there are.has long been a problem since , and are turning to be an increasingly severe problem because of.Besides, there are more reasons responsible for this issue.Firstly,.Secondly,.Thirdly,.Judging from the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that the daunting problem demands effective counter-measures.Most importantly, the government needs to implement sufficiently relevant laws and regulations in order to enhance the strength of.In addition, all residents should be aware of.（参见范文8）
2、职业道德类 模板1：
We can see from the picture that , but.If , he would surely express.There are three reasons to explain why it happens to.Firstly, , which resulted from.Secondly, though ,.Consequently,.Thirdly,.I maintain that effective measures should be taken to put an end to this phenomenon.Firstly, we need to endeavor to advocate.Secondly, strict regulations should be enacted and enforced to create a harmonious and orderly society.Only through the combined efforts can we eliminate this “tumor” forcefully and completely.（参见范文6）
模板2：
As is shown in the cartoon,.Take in the cartoon for example.This phenomenon appears commonly in our daily life.Nowadays,.Instead, they only try their best to Such deeds not only , but also.Therefore, it is of great significance to take actions to change this phenomenon.First and foremost,.In addition,.All these steps can help guarantee a solid economic order and a harmonious society.（参见范文8）
3、人口增长类 模板1：
The picture depicts a scene in which.The scene is presented in an artistic and ironic manner.Crowds of people are crammed in.Further examination reveals that.Apparently, the picture symbolizes that humans, with such a huge population, may one day suffer from the exhaustion of earth resources.Take for example.Given the fact that , we find that.To make it worse,.If the conflict between population boom and shortage of resources is not properly controlled, we have every reason to hold a pessimistic perspective towards human’s future on Earth.Perhaps eventually we would face the situation suggested by the picture, that is,.Accordingly, I strongly recommend that the whole globe launch aggressive programs to address this fatal contradiction.（参见范文3）
模板2：
Basically, what we see in this cartoon is.The interestingly echos the.while we can imagine.We can deduce from this picture that the artist is trying to attract our attention to the present exploding world population.The striking point is that.As a result,.On the contrary,.The simple picture is a wake-up call for the whole of human race..Hence, mankind should cooperate worldwide to control population by effective measures, in order to secure the prosperity of our future on this planet.（参见范文2）
4、环境保护类 模板1：
This is a very interesting piece of cartoon, in thanks to.Hence,.Though being a little exaggerating, the cartoon illuminates a serious fact that , and for that matter,.A recent report also supported this view by.On the contrary, we are sad to perceive that.Therefore, in my opinion, it is already high time for the whole world to form a solid cooperation fighting against , because not a single government or person can be exempt from its harm.A series of down-to-earth measures need to be urgently implemented to control.（参见范文2）
模板2：
Nowadays, lots of people have the illusion that.Just as what is shown in the picture,.This is a very serious social problem.Compared with other countries, China.If everybody behaves in this way, it would be far beyond the country’s capacity to.Moreover, it was reported that.Meanwhile,.Also,.Though , it is never the only way.What’s important, to solve these problems depends largely on our responsibility for society and environment.If the sense of responsibility is greatly aroused, the achievement of harmony between man and the environment will not be far away.（参见范文7）
5、情感类 模板1：
As is shown in the picture above,.Obviously from we can surmise that.It goes without saying that the primary purpose of the picture lies in eulogizing the practice of.As a matter of fact, it is not rare to find in our everyday life deeds of similar nature.For instance,.Additionally, we can also hear many stories about.Not to mention those moving cases of.All in all, I firmly believe that a harmonious society is based on a.By , people not only harvest , but also gain that can never be purchased via money.（参见范文7）
模板2：
, just as is depicted in the picture.It is not difficult to find that in today’s society, more and more people begin to.It is rather good news to.The picture reminds us that in China, due to ,.Moreover, there are.In addition, we should not forget.is a good way to express human love.To some extent, it also reflects individuals’ sense of social responsibility.It is also a feeling from deep heart that is beyond words and is difficult to obtain no matter how rich one is.Therefore, I strongly advocate that.I am sure our society will hence be more beautiful because of.6、文化交流类 模板1：
It is a very eye-catching photo in which.What makes this picture extraordinary is , which clearly indicates.The sense of that permeates this picture is representative of , that is, , and therefore,.China, in particular,.The effect of such communication can be best exemplified by.While people belong to nations, cultures know no boundary.is not only featured by , but more importantly, by.I firmly believe that is contributing, and will contribute more to the world’s peace, development, and prosperity.（参见范文1）模板2：
What is presented here is a very interesting scenario..From the subtitle we can infer that.Conspicuously,.We can deduce from the picture that.It partly owes to , and partly to.Except the case reflected in the picture, there are numerous evidence demonstrating.For example,.From a personal point of view, I am delighted to witness.To sum up,.As for China,.Therefore, I can firmly conclude that in the long run, cultural exchanges will contribute to a flourishing Chinese and global economy, as well as diversified cultures.（参见范文3）
7、教育类 模板1：
As the title indicates, “ ”, the set of pictures apparently reminds us that.It is discernable that.The drawing virtually reminds its audience a widespread phenomenon existing negatively in the area of basic education in China, that is,.That is to say,.Such a practice is very harmful in terms of the following aspects.Firstly,.Secondly,.Last but not the least,.In my point of view, , but it is only part of the picture.On the other hand,.Therefore, it is an urgent task to.As children are the future of our nation, creating a good environment for their upbringing means creating a bright and promising future for our nation.模板2：
The picture shows.symbolizes.As is quoted in the picture,.It apparently mirrors an increasingly common social phenomenon in China— in contrast with.One the one hand, the problem partially attributes to.Sometimes.On the other hand,.For example, , while.In my opinion, the government needs to launch a reform in the education system with measures that can show immediate effect.proves to be most beneficial to students.Further, a large-scale reform in the macroeconomic level to is the basic solution of this issue.（参见范文4）
8、人生价值类 模板1：
As the old Chinese saying goes,.It echoes with this picture in which.The title of the picture further points out that.The picture is meant to.As far as I am concerned, I think.This universal truth can be particularly proved in the field of , where.A brief survey of history about also demonstrates the fundamental importance of., for example,.The same principle applies to common people as well, and I am sure everybody can benefit from.（参见范文5）
模板2：
From the picture we can perceive that.What astonishes the drawing and the readers is that.It is known to all that , but it seems.The artist utilizes this artistic presentation to imply a spreading vogue that.Ultimately, the trend boils down to.Accordingly,.To worsen the problem, this behavior is evoking.In my point of view, we are in a prime time to curb the problem from deteriorating.First and foremost, the whole society should arrive at the consensus that.Besides, an awareness of should be infused into everybody’s mind.（参见范文6）
9、家庭关系类 模板1：
The cartoon reveals a very thought-provoking scene.The artist purposefully exaggerates.This picture reveals the in-depth problem of.In fact,.There are two reasons for this.The first and perhaps most important is that.The other reason is more serious from a practical point of view..It owes to.In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of our.What I want to emphasize by the above analysis is that,.Therefore, I strongly contend that.模板2：
There is a popular Chinese song, named “ ”, which encourages.However,the in the picture does but for a very different reason—.From the facial expression of we can read.Sadly as it is, this phenomenon does not occur rarely in today’s society, for which are responsible.For one thing,.For another,.As a matter of fact, the boosting economic development in China sadly and ironically witnesses a deterioration of.The above analysis is best exemplified by.In my opinion, the awareness of is elementary for paving the way towards success.（参见范文6）
10、社会热点类 模板1：
The two pictures illustrate vividly.In the left picture , while in the right.From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of.Aside from , another telling example is , which was so successful in that.The pictures also make it obvious that we should.Admittedly, it is natural that.Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of our government and society to.In my opinion, what’s the more important is to.In short,.（参见范文1）
模板2： It goes without saying that this picture aims at revealing a current problem:.In this drawing,.Even.It seems to me that the artist is sending a message about the importance of.Though the drawing is a little exaggerating, it is not rare for us to find in.If we let this situation of continues, it not only harms , but also prevents.Accordingly, we urgently call for.Though the government has already taken pains to implement regulations, it still failz to.In my opinion, this problem should be urgently solved so as to protect benefits.I expect the government will put forward more effective propositions as soon as possible.（参见范文5）
比较类 模板1：
According to the two pictures presented, it can be observed that.In the left picture,.A the same time, as the right one shows.Different people have different views on.Some people support by claiming that.In their opinion,.In addition,.Meanwhile, there are some people, especially young men, who.Their reasons are quite different, sometimes for , sometimes for , sometimes simply for.In my point of view, both sides are partly right.To thoroughly analyze this problem, we should take into consideration of all relevant aspects, so as to make the right decision.Therefore, my conclusion would be that.模板2：
From the drawing, we can learn that.It can be seen easily that..We can deduce from that people’s opinion on vary from person to person.Some people take it for granted that.For example, they firmly believe that.But they often neglect that fact that.Yet there are also another group of people who hold a different point of view.They think that.Beside,.Personally, my attitude for this matter is positive, with reasons as follows.Firstly,.Moreover,.Lastly,.Therefore,
第三篇：英语高级词汇替换
英语写作《高级词汇替换》 ★ 形容词：
1.贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2.富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3.优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4.积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5.消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6.明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7.健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8.惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9.美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10.有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11.流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive 1.Everywhere 普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant 2.Good 好的Beneficial、Advantageous 3.Harmful 有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 4.Rich 富有的Wealthy、Affluent 5.Poor 贫穷的Impoverished 7.Serious 严重的Severe 8.Obvious 明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 9.cheap 便宜的Economical、Inexpensive ★ 动词：
1.提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2.引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3.解决： 高考英语作文中《关于复杂句型和高级词汇》
①词汇篇
单词可以说一个人单词量的展现，如果总停留在使用very good等小学词汇，那老师把你当成发育不完全也正常.所以要使用一些高级词汇（就象是给文章穿上了成人内衣），我不建议大家用考纲以外的词汇（当然你能用更好），夏哥可以教你用高级替换简单词汇~~
severe 替换掉serious（严重的）
a severe water shortage严重缺水
needy替换掉 ppor（贫穷的）
wealthy 替换掉 rich（富裕的）
benificial 替换掉 good（有益的）
undesirable 替换掉 bad（不好的，不受欢迎的）
nevertheless 替换掉 however（然而，不过）
fundamental / significant 替换掉 important（重要的）
relevant 替换掉 related（有关的）
....is highly relevant to.......extraodinary 替换掉 surprising（惊人的，非凡的）
provided/providing（that）替换掉
if（如果.....）
promote /strengthen 替换掉 improve（提高，加强）
More should be done to strengthen industry's links with universities.应该做更多的事情加强工业界和大学的联系.cope with 替换掉 solve（解决）
motivate 替换掉 encourage（激励）
We are looking for someone who will be able to motivate the staff to work hard.我们在寻找能激励职员们努力工作的人.jeopardize 替换掉 be bad to（损害，危及）
Failing exams could jeopardize her future.考试不及格危及她的前程.ease 替换掉 relieve（减轻，缓解）
To ease the problem of.....为了缓解....的问题.....well-being 替换掉 happiness（幸福，安康）
pros and cons 替换掉 advantages and disadvantages（好处和坏处）
You must consider all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision.在你做决定之前，必须考虑这个问题的正反两个方面.approach / method 替换掉 way（方法，方案）
adopt 替换掉 use（采用，采取）
the aged 替换掉 old people（老人）
adolescents 替换掉 the young（青少年）
employment 替换掉 job（就业）
affair 替换掉 thing（事情，东西）
bent 替换掉 gift（天赋，爱好）
catastrophe 替换掉（disaster 灾难）
subscribe to 替换掉 agree with（同意）
tend 替换掉 want（趋向于..想要.....）
I am tending to another customer at he moment.acquire 替换掉 gain（获得（尤指知识上的））
administration 替换掉 government（政府部门）
contribute to 替换掉 cause（引起）
extremely 替换掉 very（非常的）
frown on sth 替换 disagree with sth（不同意）
for instance 替换掉
for example（例如）
advocate 倡导
compensate for 弥补.....Spare no efforts for努力
In contemporary society 在当今社会A vast amount of 大量的 be abundant in 富有...on ones own account 为了某人自己的利益
at ones own risk 自行负责
on account of 由于
On no account绝不要
arise from 由....引起
Are these any matters arising from the last meeting？
这些事情都是由上次的会议引起的吗？
assess 评估，评价
Examinations are not the only means of assessing ones ability.考试不是评价一个人能力的唯一方法.authentic 真实的，可信的 gradual 逐渐的 There has been a gradual improvment in...over the last two years.过去的两年中...逐渐改善.....multiply rapidly...迅速增加.ripe 时候成熟的The country is ripe for change.国家已是时候改变.trend 趋势，趋向，潮流
The trend at the moment is that....现在..是一个趋势.....emphrasize 强调，重视
I’d like to emphrasize how important it is to....sustainable development 可持续发展
②句型篇
英语里面常用的句型也就那么几个，尽量往里套。能用到以下句型的千万别用一般陈述句，能用长句千万别用短句，最好一句话老长.每个句型我都弄个例句~~
倒装：
Not only di he speak correctly，but he spoke easily.Here comes a bus.Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here.双否：
The postman never fails to come on time.被动：Many things can be done to solve this problem.非限定：
The man is from the UK，which we can tell from his accent.定从：
This is the reason why he came late.This is the reason for which he came late.The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous
让步：
Child as he is，he can speak many foreaign languages.独立主格：
（With）There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.③常用句子篇
起到一个首饰的作用，让文章更销魂~~~~
这个有点头疼，多背一背吧~~~
Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
在过去的5年中这里发生的一些变化.A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．
在世界的沟通与交流方面产生了巨大的变化.This is a phenomenon that.....有一个...的现象........It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．...从...增加到了...........People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．
人们对..有不同的态度.When it comes to..., some think...当谈到...一些人认为..........There is a public debate today that...当今有一个公共的争论关于...........Recently the problem has been brought into focus.最近这个问题得到了关注.Now there is a growing awareness that...现在....的意识增强了.Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….有许多人，不是特别多，怀有这样的想法.....it is universally acknowledged that.........是一个社会的共识.....Just imagine what would be like if...设想一下如果......It is of great benefit to us....对我们是有很大的好处的.It has more disadvantages than advantages．
它有很多的优点和缺点.It plays an important role in our life．
它在我们的人生中扮演了很重要的角色....this story is not rare.这样的故事不少见...., such dilemma we often meet in daily life.这样的事情我们在生活中经常遇到...., the story still has a realistic significance.这个故事很有现实意义.But some others have just the opposite opinion.一些人有相反的意见.But every coin has two sides.每个硬币都有两面.（即每件事情都有两面）
As for me, I'm in favour of the latter opinion.我支持后者.promote the public awareness of 增强了...的公共认识
The government should take effective measures and immediate actions.政府应该采取及时有效的措施.To understand the truth of..., it is also important to see...为了理解...的真相......，认识到....也是重要的.A study of...will make this point clear.一项研究使这个观点更清楚了.There is no point(use)in doing.....做...是没有意义的.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years.(很优美的句子,值得借鉴)from the …point of view 从…角度来看
最近, XXXXX现象引起了人们的广泛关注
Recently, the phenomenon of(that)…… has aroused wide public concern
随着社会(科技)的发展,人们开始注意到XXXX的重要性
Along with the advance of the society(science and technology), people are attaching much importance to ……
Take...for an example, it is a very obvious case.拿..来说，这是个很明显的案例.Some people argue that….., whereas others maintain that….一些人争论.....另一些人支持....观点.就我个人而言(老实说), 我全力支持前者(后者)
As for me, I am in high favor of the former(latter)
Personally, I side with the former(latter)
Frankly speaking/ To be frank/ To be honest/ Honestly speaking, it is the former(latter)that I approve of
我认为(在我看来,就我看来,我的观点是, 我想….)
I am convinced that….As far as I am concerned, …..To my point of view, …..From where I stand, ……
We should take some effective measures．
我们应该采取有效的措施.We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．
我们应该努力克服困难.Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...当然，B有自身的优势，比如........As far as we know....正如我们所知道的...In a certain sense......在某种情况下......There is no denying the fact that.....不可否认的事实是.....结尾常用句：
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw....the conclusion that...In summary, it is wiser...In short.....From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that...英语《高级词汇替换》
1．occur 替换 think of Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house.→ An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.2．devote替换spend He spends all his spare time in reading.→ He devotes all his spare time to reading.3．seek替换want / look for They sought(wanted)to hide themselves behind the trees.4．average 替换ordinary I’m an average(ordinary)student.5．but替换very The film we saw last night was very interesting.→ The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting.The film we saw last night was anything but boring.6．seat 替换sit On his way to school, he found an old lady seated(sitting)by the road, looking worried.7．suppose 替换should He is supposed to(should)have driven more slowly.8．appreciate 替换thank Thank you very much for you help.→
We appreciate your help very much./ Your help is much appreciated.9．the case替换 true I don’t think it is the case(true).10．on替换as soon as As soon as he arrived, he began his research.→ On his arrival, he began his research..11．due to替换because of He arrived late due to(because of)the storm.12．cover替换walk/read After covering(walking)10 miles, we all felt tired.13．contribute to替换 be helpful/useful Plenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study.→ Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.14．round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearby ① The summer vacation is round the corner(coming).Do you have any plans? ② Li Ming studies in a school round the corner(nearby).15．come to light替换discover The family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels.→ The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light.16．have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneself After visiting the workshop, we went back to school.Every one of us had a ball(had a good time).17．come up with替换think of Jack is very clever.He often comes up with(thinks of)new ideas.18．set aside替换save Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books.19．be of + n.替换adj.The products are of high quality(very good)and are sold everywhere in China.20．refer to 替换talk about/of, mention The professor you referred to(talked about)is very famous.21．can not but / can not help but替换have to do I could not but(had to)go home.22．more often than not替换usually More often than not(Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed.23．lest替换so that /in order that I wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it.→ I wrote down his telephone number lest I(should)forget it.24．be long for sth./ be long to do sth.替换want to do sth./wish for I want to see you very much.→ I am long to see you.25．be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to替换be interested in He is caught up in(very interested in)collecting stamps.26．more than替换very ① I’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September.→ I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September.② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.27．perfect(ly)替换good/ very well He speaks perfect(good)English./ He speaks English perfectly(very well).28．do sb a/the favor 替换help Would you please do me the favor(help me)to turn down the radio? 29．the other day替换a few days ago The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.30．in the course of替换during In the course of(During)the mountain-climbing, please help each other and pay special attention to your safety.31．the majority of替换most The majority of(Most of)the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.32．consist of替换be made up of Our class consists of(is made up of)50 students.33．be worn out替换 be tired / broken ① After five hours’ non-stop work, we were all worn out(tired).② My shoes are worn out(broken).Please buy me a new pair.34．become of替换 happen What do think has become of(happened to)him ? 35．attend to替换look after 36．on condition that替换as long as 37．nevertheless替换however 38．express one’s satisfaction with替换be satisfied with 39．spare no efforts to do替换try one’s best to do 40．many a 替换many 41．be rushed off one’s feet 替换be busy in doing 42．a handful of替换a little / some 43．meanwhile替换at the same time 44．get to one’s feet替换stand up 45．beneath替换under 46．occasionally替换sometimes /once in while 47．for instance替换for example 48．seldom替换not often 49．wealthy替换 rich 50．amazing替换surprising 51．as a matter of fact 替换in fact
第四篇：四六级写作常用词语高级替换词PART2
写作常用词语高级替换系列—副词
非常（very['verɪ]）exceedingly[ɪk'siːdɪŋlɪ]
【例句】The child has skipped to the third grade as he did exceedingly well in his studies.【翻译】这孩子因成绩优异而越级升入三年级。extremely[ɪk'striːmlɪ] 【例句】He had been extremely tactful in dealing with the financial question.【翻译】他在处理这个财务问题时很有分寸。considerably [kən'sɪd(ə)rəblɪ] 【例句】The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person.【翻译】不同的人对睡眠的需要差异相当大。
尤其(especially [ɪ'speʃ(ə)lɪ])specially['speʃəlɪ] 【例句】It will be hard to work today---specially when it’s so warm and sunny outside.【翻译】今天无心工作——尤其是外面这样风和日丽。notably['nəʊtəblɪ] 【例句】Some subjects are very popular among students, notably computer science.【翻译】一些课程在学生当中是非常受欢迎的，尤其是计算机课。particularly[pə'tɪkjʊləlɪ] 【例句】Traffic is bad, particularly in the city center.【翻译】交通状况很差，尤其实在市中心。
立即（immediately [ɪ'miːdɪətlɪ]）directly [dɪ'rektlɪ] 【例句】Tell them I’ll be there directly.【翻译】告诉他们我一会就到。instantly ['ɪnst(ə)ntlɪ] 【例句】The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved.【翻译】那位外交官插进一个笑话,紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。promptly ['prɒm(p)tlɪ] 【例句】She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.【翻译】她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。
明显地（clearly ['klɪəlɪ]）obviously ['ɒbvɪəslɪ] 【例句】Obviously, they've had sponsorship from some big companies.【翻译】很显然，他们已经得到某些大公司的赞助。apparently[ə'pærəntlɪ] 【例句】Apparently they are getting divorced soon.【翻译】看样子，他们很快就要离婚。evidently ['evɪd(ə)ntlɪ] 【例句】Ellis evidently wished to negotiate downwards after Atkinson had set the guidelines.【翻译】埃利斯显然希望在阿特金森制定了指导方针后继续往下协商。
确定地(certainly ['sɜːt(ə)nlɪ])definitely['defɪnɪtlɪ] 【例句】I definitely remember sending the letter.【翻译】我记得这封信肯定发出去了。undoubtedly [ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ] 【例句】Mr.Brooke is undoubtedly in a spot of bother.【翻译】布鲁克先生肯定遇到了点小麻烦。decidedly [dɪ'saɪdɪdlɪ] 【例句】He made all the other players on the field look decidedly ordinary.【翻译】他使场上所有其他运动员都黯然失色。
完全地（totally ['təʊtəlɪ]）completely[kəm'pliːtlɪ] 【例句】This newspaper gave a completely different slant on the tax reform.【翻译】这家报纸对税制改革持有完全不同的看法。absolutely['æbsəluːtlɪ] 【例句】At the end of a day’s teaching, her nerves were absolutely shattered.【翻译】教了一天课，她精疲力竭。entirely [ɪn'taɪəlɪ] 【例句】An entirely rigid system is impractical.【翻译】一套完全死板的体制是不实际的。
广泛地(widely)generally['dʒen(ə)rəlɪ] 【例句】The plan was generally welcomed.【翻译】该计划大受欢迎。extensively [ik'stensivli] 【例句】She has travelled extensively.【翻译】她游历甚广。universally[juːnɪ'vɜːsəlɪ] 【例句】The scale of the problem is now universally recognized.【翻译】现在全世界的人都已认识到了这个问题的严重性。
写作常用词语高级替换系列—动词
认为(think [θɪŋk])deem [diːm]
【例句】I deem it advisable to purchase the shares in the railway now.【翻译】我认为现在购买铁路股票是明智的。reckon['rek(ə)n] 【例句】I reckon she has good reason to feel smug.【翻译】我认为她洋洋得意必有其缘故。maintain[meɪn'teɪn]
【例句】She maintains that the accusation is groundless.【翻译】她坚称该指控是毫无根据的。
解决（solve[sɒlv]）tackle['tæk(ə)l] 【例句】I don't know how to tackle this problem.【翻译】我不知道该如何处理这个问题。cope with[kəʊp]
【例句】We have taken on extra staff to cope with the increased workload.【翻译】我们已经额外雇用员工来应付增加了的工作量。dispose of
[dɪ'spəʊz]
【例句】You did us a great favor by disposing of that problem.【翻译】你解决了那个问题，可算是帮了我们一个大忙。
提高（improve[ɪm'pruːv]）enhance [ɪn'hɑːns]
【例句】They'll be keen to enhance their reputation abroad.【翻译】他们会非常渴望提高他们在国外的声誉。boost [buːst]
【例句】We need a big win to boost our confidence.【翻译】我们需要大胜一场来增强信心。elevate['elɪveɪt] 【例句】Good books may elevate the mind.【翻译】好书可以提高思想修养。
激励(encourage [ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ])motivate ['məʊtɪveɪt] 【例句】Stock options are a good way to motivate employees to work harder.【翻译】股票选择权是激励员工更努力工作的好方法。stimulate['stɪmjʊleɪt] 【例句】They counted on foreign investment to stimulate their economy.【翻译】他们想依靠外国投资来刺激他们的经济。inspire [ɪn'spaɪə] 【例句】Her work didn’t exactly inspire me with confidence.【翻译】她的工作并没有真正的使我产生信心。
引起（cause[kɔːz]）result in 【例句】The flood resulted in a considerable reduction in production.【翻译】这次洪水造成相当大的减产。give rise to 【例句】So many things concurred to give rise to the problem.【翻译】许多事情同时发生而导致了这一问题。trigger ['trɪgə] 【例句】The current recession was triggered by a slump in consumer spending.【翻译】目前的经济衰退是由消费支出骤跌引起的。
完成(finish ['fɪnɪʃ])fulfill[ful'fil] 【例句】Unless we make a move soon, we shall not be able to fulfill our plan.【翻译】如果不赶快采取行动, 我们就不能完成计划了。accomplish [ə'kʌmplɪʃ] 【例句】Though the task was difficult, they managed to accomplish it in time.【翻译】尽管任务困难, 他们仍按时完成了。complete[kəm'pliːt]
【例句】He pulled out all the stops to complete the work in time.【翻译】他竭尽全力及时完成了工作。
支持（support [sə'portəbl]）advocate ['ædvəkeɪt] 【例句】We advocate solving international dispute by negotiation, instead of appealing to arms.【翻译】我们主张通过协商解决国际争端, 而不主张诉诸武力。argue for['ɑːgjuː]
【例句】Do directors see new risks that argue for a different approach? 【翻译】董事们有没有看到可能支持不同做法的新风险? infavour of ['feɪvə] 【例句】The majority voted in favor of the proposal.【翻译】多数人投票赞成这项提案。
反对(object['ɒbdʒɪkt])argue against['ɑːgjuː]
【例句】Three considerations argue against increasing fee.【翻译】三种理由反对增加费用。be opposed to[ə'pəʊzd] 【例句】Mr Clarke has shown himself to be resolutely opposed to compromise.【翻译】克拉克先生已表示自己坚决反对妥协。frown on[fraʊn] 【例句】He would frown on such a proposal.【翻译】他不会赞成这样的建议。
写作常用词语高级替换系列—名词
事情（thing[θɪŋ]）business[ˈbɪznəs] 【例句】I've got some unfinished business to attend to.【翻译】我还有一些未完的事要处理。issue ['ɪʃuː]
【例句】Is it right for the Church to express a view on political issues? 【翻译】教会对政治问题发表看法是否恰当？ affair[ə'feə] 【例句】The government has mishandled the whole affair.【翻译】政府对整个事件处理不当。matter ['mætə] 【例句】Until the matter is resolved the athletes will be ineligible to compete.【翻译】除非这个问题得以解决，否则这些运动员没有资格参加比赛。
优点（advantage[əd'vɑːntɪdʒ]）virtue ['vɜːtjuː]
【例句】The chair has the virtue of being adjustable.【翻译】这种椅子具有可调节的优点。merit ['merɪt] 【例句】They have been persuaded of the merits of peace.【翻译】他们被劝服，认识到了和平的好处。benefit ['benɪfɪt] 【例句】The benefit of an x-ray far outweighs the minutely increased risk of cancer.【翻译】X光检查的好处远远大于其在很小程度上增加的罹患癌症的风险。
缺点(disadvantage [dɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒ])shortcoming['ʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ]
【例句】Marriages usually break down as a result of the shortcomings of both partners.【翻译】婚姻常因为配偶双方的缺点而破裂。drawback['drɔ,bæk] 【例句】He felt the apartment's only drawback was that it was too small.【翻译】他觉得这个公寓唯一的缺点就是太小了。defect['diːfekt]
【例句】A report has pointed out the defects of the present system.【翻译】一份报告指出了当前体制存在的毛病。demerit [diː'merɪt] 【例句】The committee are looking at the merits and demerits of the proposal.【翻译】委员会正在评判该提议的优缺点。错误(mistake[mɪ'steɪk])fault[fɔːlt]
【例句】It is a big fault to think that you can learn how to manage people in business school.【翻译】以为在商学院能学会如何管理人是一大错误。error['erə] 【例句】She went through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it.【翻译】她认真地检查了打字稿, 排除了所有的错误。fallacy['fæləsɪ] 【例句】It exposes the fallacy of short-term industrial gain at long-term environmental expense.【翻译】这暴露了以长久的环境破坏为代价换取短期工业利益的错误。
名声（fame[feɪm]）reputation[repjʊ'teɪʃ(ə)n] 【例句】He tried to lie away her reputation.【翻译】他极力以谎言毁损她的名誉。renown [rɪ'naʊn]
【例句】His renown has spread throughout the country.【翻译】他的名声已传遍全国。prestige[pre'stiː(d)ʒ]（强调好的名声）
【例句】Their products enjoy ever higher prestige in the world market.【翻译】他们的产品在世界市场上享有越来越高的声誉。
能力（ability[ə'bɪlɪtɪ]）capacity [kə'pæsɪtɪ] 【例句】Her mental capacity and temperament are as remarkable as his.【翻译】她的才智和气质和他一样出众。capability[keɪpə'bɪlɪtɪ] 【例句】Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.【翻译】他难以胜任组织整个部门的任务。competence ['kɒmpɪt(ə)ns] 【例句】This mess is a poor reflection on his competence.【翻译】这种混乱情况说明他难当此任。
顶点（top[tɒp]）climax['klaɪmæks] 【例句】It was the climax to 24 hours of growing anxiety.【翻译】24小时里不断加重的焦虑在那一刻达到顶点。peak[piːk]
【例句】Traffic reaches its peak between 8 and 9 in the morning.【翻译】上午8、9点钟之间是交通高峰期。zenith['zɛnɪθ]
【例句】His career is now at its zenith.【翻译】他的事业现在处于鼎盛时期。
第五篇：有道学堂出品-四六级写作常用词高级替换·副词
【写作常用词语高级替换（副词）】
非常（very
['verɪ]）exceedingly [ɪk'siːdɪŋlɪ]
【例句】The child has skipped to the third grade as he did exceedingly well in his studies.【翻译】这孩子因成绩优异而越级升入三年级。extremely [ɪk'striːmlɪ] 【例句】He had been extremely tactful in dealing with the financial question.【翻译】他在处理这个财务问题时很有分寸。
considerably [kən'sɪd(ə)rəblɪ] 【例句】The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person.【翻译】不同的人对睡眠的需要差异相当大。
尤其(especially [ɪ'speʃ(ə)lɪ])specially ['speʃəlɪ] 【例句】It will be hard to work today---specially when it’s so warm and sunny outside.【翻译】今天无心工作——尤其是外面这样风和日丽。notably ['nəʊtəblɪ] 【例句】Some subjects are very popular among students, notably computer science.【翻译】一些课程在学生当中是非常受欢迎的，尤其是计算机课。particularly [pə'tɪkjʊləlɪ] 【例句】Traffic is bad, particularly in the city center.【翻译】交通状况很差，尤其实在市中心。
立即（immediately [ɪ'miːdɪətlɪ]）directly [dɪ'rektlɪ] 【例句】Tell them I’ll be there directly.【翻译】告诉他们我一会就到。instantly ['ɪnst(ə)ntlɪ] 【例句】The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved.【翻译】那位外交官插进一个笑话,紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。promptly ['prɒm(p)tlɪ] 【例句】She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.【翻译】她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。
明显地（clearly ['klɪəlɪ]）obviously ['ɒbvɪəslɪ] 【例句】Obviously, they've had sponsorship from some big companies.【翻译】很显然，他们已经得到某些大公司的赞助。apparently [ə'pærəntlɪ] 【例句】Apparently they are getting divorced soon.【翻译】看样子，他们很快就要离婚。evidently ['evɪd(ə)ntlɪ] 【例句】Ellis evidently wished to negotiate downwards after Atkinson had set the guidelines.【翻译】埃利斯显然希望在阿特金森制定了指导方针后继续往下协商。
确定地(certainly ['sɜːt(ə)nlɪ])definitely ['defɪnɪtlɪ] 【例句】I definitely remember sending the letter.【翻译】我记得这封信肯定发出去了。undoubtedly [ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ] 【例句】Mr.Brooke is undoubtedly in a spot of bother.【翻译】布鲁克先生肯定遇到了点小麻烦。
decidedly [dɪ'saɪdɪdlɪ] 【例句】He made all the other players on the field look decidedly ordinary.【翻译】他使场上所有其他运动员都黯然失色。
完全地（totally ['təʊtəlɪ]）completely [kəm'pliːtlɪ] 【例句】This newspaper gave a completely different slant on the tax reform.【翻译】这家报纸对税制改革持有完全不同的看法。absolutely ['æbsəluːtlɪ] 【例句】At the end of a day’s teaching, her nerves were absolutely shattered.【翻译】教了一天课，她精疲力竭。entirely [ɪn'taɪəlɪ] 【例句】An entirely rigid system is impractical.【翻译】一套完全死板的体制是不实际的。
广泛地(widely)generally ['dʒen(ə)rəlɪ] 【例句】The plan was generally welcomed.【翻译】该计划大受欢迎。extensively [ik'stensivli] 【例句】She has travelled extensively.【翻译】她游历甚广。universally [juːnɪ'vɜːsəlɪ] 【例句】The scale of the problem is now universally recognized.【翻译】现在全世界的人都已认识到了这个问题的严重性。
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