大学英语课文观后感（共五篇）

第一篇：大学英语课文观后感

The Summary of the Day Mother Cried

On that Wednesday long ago, the writer had come home expecting to have the place all to him, only to find his mother cried there, frantic with worry about losing her job.He was very shock because he never saw his mother cry.Then, he asked his mother what happened to her.His mother said that she had assumed that she could master typing in a just a few sessions, but it took much longer than she had expected.Try as she might, it seemed she just could not catch on to it in time.His mother supposed she should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as she did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.She fell helpless and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end she just had to accept defeat and change jobs.But she did not give up typing.She went on practicing and eventually mastered it.From this text, her example of never giving up gives us courage for the rest of our lives.In the life, we might meet a lot of challenges which are very difficult to overcome.But we should not give up.Noting is impossible.We should adhere to the unremitting efforts.We are bound to make it.

第二篇：大学英语课文翻译

梦今年夏天，超过 65 万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？七月，你看着 21 岁英俊的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、能参加奇特聚会的印象开始消退。总算熬到头了。等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。他只是偶尔走开去发短信，浏览社交网站 Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。这位前―千禧一代‖的后裔一夜之间变成了哼哼一代的成员。他能找到工作吗？这就是成千上万家庭所面临的景象：今年夏天，超过 65 万大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者，他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。他走进大学就业服务中心，又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。跟他一起住的另外 5 个男孩也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更清晰的计划。他说：―我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒了。他们给的年薪是 1 万 8 千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐煮豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。然后我又申请了公务员速升计划，并通过了笔试。但在面试时，他们说我‗太冷漠‘了，谈吐‗太像专家治国国论者‘。我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。‖打那以后他整个夏天都在―躲‖。他能够轻松复述《交通警察》中的若干片段，他白天看电视的时间太多，已经到了影响健康的地步。跟朋友谈自己漫无目标的日子时，他才发现他们的处境和自己的并没有两样。其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市摆货，其余的都是白天 9 点到 5 点―无所事事‖，晚上去酒吧喝酒打发时间。要么，干脆就在酒吧工作？这样还可以挣些酒钱。―我不想在酒吧工作，我上的是综合性中学，我拼命读书才考上了一所好大学。到了大学，我又埋头苦读，才得到一个好学位。可现在我却跟那些没上过大学的朋友处在同一个水平线上，他们整天给客人倒酒，干无聊的活。我觉得自己好像兜了一圈，又回到了原来的起点。他的母亲杰奎琳古德温为他辩护。她坚持认为她的儿子已经尽力了，她自己中学毕业后一直都在工作，可是她和她的丈夫发现，建议儿子如何继续找工作是件很棘手的事情。她说，―我一直都必须工作。现在找工作很难，因为如果你有了学位，学位就会为你提供新的机会，至少你自己会这么想。‖虽然现在她对儿子的态度还比较温和，但是她心里很清楚，去南美度三星期的假之后，他的休假就结束了。他可能还得付房租，分担家庭开支。她说，―在某个时候他们总该长大成人，我们已经帮了他们交了大学的学费，所以他们也该给我们一点点回报了。南美度假就是一个分水岭，他回来以后如果找不到工作，那就打圣诞节零工好了。‖心理治疗师盖尔林登费尔德是《情感康复策略》的作者。她说古德温家长的说法是很恰当的，从上大学到工作的转换对孩子和父母来说都很艰难，关键是他们要在支持理解孩子和不溺爱孩子之间取得平衡。―父母的主要任务就是支持他们，如果他们教导孩子该如何做就会引起矛盾，‖她说。―如果有熟人，一定要找他们想办法。但很多父母心太软了。必须限制孩子的零花钱，要求他们交房租，或分担日常生活或养宠物的花销。父母要过正常的生活，不要让孩子随便用你们的银行卡或者榨干你们的情感能量。‖为他们支付职业咨询费、面试交通费及书费是好事，但不能催得太紧。林登费尔德建议：虽说父母不能太宽容，但是如果孩子找工作遇到了挫折，父母应该体谅他们，宽容他们几天甚至几周——这要看他们受打击的程度来决定。等他们缓过来之后，父母就该坚决要求孩子继续求职。男孩更容易困在家里。林登费尔德相信男人比母亲和姐妹更容易帮助他们的儿子、侄子、或朋友的儿子。她说，由于男人和女人处理挫折的方式不同，孩子们需要跟男人谈话，才能度过难关。她强烈支持他们去酒吧工作：那是克服毕业冷漠症的一剂良方。这工作好不好要取决于你如何看待它。就是在酒吧打工的时候，林登费尔德找到了她的第一份工作，当航拍助手。她说在酒吧工作是拓展人际关系的绝好机会，肯定比赖在家里看电视更容易

找到工作。她说：―给超市上货也一样。如果干得好，你就会被人发现的。如果你聪明、活泼，对顾客彬彬有礼，你很快就会升职。所以，把它看作是机会，那些最终能成功的人士都有在超市上货的经历。‖你的儿子或女儿可能不会干好莱坞影星们干过的活，比如像乌比戈德堡那样去停尸房给死人化妆，或者像布鲁斯威利斯那样在核电站当警卫，但即便是布拉德皮特也曾经不得不穿上宽大的鸡套装站在墨西哥快餐连锁店 El Pollo Loco 的门口招揽生意。他们中没有一个人因为这些经历而变得越来越穷。Unit 2危险！书可能会改变你的人生刘易斯卡罗尔书中的爱丽丝不小心掉到兔子洞里，在那里发现了一个神奇的仙境。当我们打开一本书时，我们也会像爱丽丝那样走进一个全新的世界。我们能从一个年长人的角度，或通过一个孩子的眼睛来观察生活；我们可以周游世界，遍访现实生活中从没想过要访问的国家和文化；我们可以体验未曾经历过的事情，这些事情有时令人不安，也许引人入胜；可能是不愉快的也可能是令人痛苦的，但无论如何都至少能把我们从现实世界中解放出来。英国诗人威廉考珀（1731–1800）说，―变化是生活的调味品，它让生活变得有滋有味。‖虽然他没有说在什么地方以及怎样才能找到变化，但我们知道他说得对。我们知道我们生活在一个充满变化与差异的世界里，我们知道人们的生活方式各不相同，人们过日子的方式不同，做不同工作，有不同信仰，持不同观点，有不同的风俗习惯，操不同语言。通常，我们不知道这些差异的大小，但一旦发生了不平常的事情并引起了我们的注意，这种变化或差异与其说是机会，毋宁说是威胁。读书让我们能够安全地享受和庆贺这种变化与差异，为我们提供成长的机会。在家里安详平和的环境中与他人的生活互动，这是阅读小说才享有的特权。我们甚至感觉到——哪怕只是在那一瞬间——我们和异文化读者的共同点要多于我们和家门口随便碰到的一个人的共同点。我们学会把目光移出我们周围的环境，投向天边，去领略一下异域山水。如果我们怀疑读书是否能给我们力量的话，我们就应该麻烦自己去一趟当地的图书馆或书店，或者，如果我们足够幸运的话，从家里的书架上取一本书来读一读。我们会惊奇于古今小说的标题所创造出来的壮观景象：约翰斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》、约翰欧文的《第四只手》、亚历山大索尔仁尼琴的《癌症病房》、厄内斯特海明威的《丧钟为谁而鸣》、格雷厄姆格林的《哈瓦那特派员》、奥黛丽尼芬格的《时间旅行者的妻子》、保罗托迪的《到也门钓鲑鱼》。一旦开始阅读，我们就必须思考我们在书中读到的别样人生。每一本书都有自己的语言、方言、词汇和语法。我们不见得总能理解其中的每一个字、句，但不管我们是痴迷其中，还是觉得被排除在外，我们的情感被调动起来了。尽管在地理上有一定的距离，但其他民族、其他文化未必就离我们那么遥远。在书里我们可能遇见生活在不同气候、有不同信仰、来自不同民族的人。即便是住在同一条街上的邻居，我们都有可能只在书上相识。小时候，在我们刚刚能听讲的时候，书对我们的生活方式就产生了很大的影响。从父母给孩子读的睡前故事一直到成年后家中摆满书柜的客厅，书界定了我们的人生。英国作家 E.M.福斯特（1879–1970）暗示书对我们具有另一种更加神秘的支配力。他写道：―我认为能影响我们的书籍是那些我们已经准备要读的书，它们只是在我们已经选定的道路上走得比我们更远一些而已。‖ 合适的书好像自己就会在恰当的时候找到我们，出现在我们面前，而不是我们去寻找那本书。美国修士、牧师及作家托马斯默顿（1915–1968）曾经被记者一连串地问了 7 个问题：说出你最近读完的 3 本书；你正在读的 3 本书；你打算要读的书；对你有影响的书，并解释为什么；一本每人都要读的书，并解释为什么。关于对他有影响的书，他列出了《威廉布莱克诗集》、古希腊思想家和作家写的各种戏剧以及一些宗教作品。当被问及这些书为何会影响他时，他回答说：―这些书——还有其他类似的书籍——帮助我找到了人生的真谛，它们把我从生活的困惑和空虚中解脱出来。销售就是一切的文化培育了人的需求和被动，而那种生活就深陷其中。‖那么，你又会如何回答这些问题呢？1947 年，克里夫顿费迪曼发明了―全垒打书籍‖这个词。当一个棒球手打出一个全垒打时，因为击球有力、打得远，他有时间跑完整个棒球场内的四个垒，不仅自己得分，而且帮其他各个垒的跑垒者得分，这是棒球赛里最有趣和最开心的事情。同样，一本―全垒打书籍‖指的不是儿童的第一次读书的经历，而是指他们第一次读到一本能给他们带来极大的愉悦和满足感的书、痴迷到手不释卷的经历。对世界上数以亿计的儿童来说，―全垒打书籍‖的最典型的例子就是《哈利波特》系列小说。作为成年人，我们总在寻找自己的―全垒打书籍‖，不是第一次，而是一次又一次地寻找。所有一口气读完一本小说的人都会记得那种令人期待的愉悦和满足感，并会焦急、固执、有时甚至疯狂地寻求重复体验这种感觉。我们想周游另一世界、会见不同国家不同民族的人、经历别样人生并自我反省，我们无法遏制这样的渴求。危险！书可能会改变你的人生。这就是读书的力量。Unit 4信用卡陷阱有一件事我得坦白。几年前，我排队为家人取戏票时，我的朋友也在为她的家人取票。我拿到了戏票，用信用卡付了帐，对这种非现金交易的便利感到很满意。然后就轮到她付款了，整个交易进行得和我的一样顺利，但我的高兴劲儿很快就变成了莫大的羞耻：我的信用卡太寒酸了，是不显示身份地位的黑蓝色，而她的信用卡则是高级的金卡。她是怎样弄到金卡的？怎么会这样呢？我知道我挣的比她多，我的车比她的车新，我的家比她的家漂亮，她怎

第三篇：大学英语课文翻译

一、友谊的真谛

米歇尔.E.多伊尔马克.K.史密斯

1、我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准.在某一情境下，我们会把某个人称为朋友；然而，情境一旦变迁，朋友这个称呼就显得没那么贴切了。因此，人们对友谊的真谛的理解往往是非常肤浅的。为了帮助我们理解友谊的真正含义，我们需要回顾有关友谊的几种传统的看法。

2、一种传统的友谊观在古希腊著名的哲学家亚里士多德的著作里得以阐述。他将自己心目中真正的友谊同另外两种友谊截然分开。这两种友谊分别是：基于互利的友谊；基于愉悦的友谊。因此，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们可以将友谊分为三类：

3、建立在功利之上的友谊。功利并非永恒，它依照环境而变化。友谊的根基一旦消失，友谊也随之破灭。这类友谊似乎在老人之间最为常见，因为上了年纪的人需要的不是愉悦而是实用。基于功利的友谊也同样存在于追逐个人利益的中年人和青年人。这些人不会在一起消磨时光，因为他们有时甚至不喜欢对方，因而觉得除非可以相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。

4、建立在愉悦之上的友谊。年轻人之间的友谊常被看作室建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。然而，他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化，他们交友容易，分手也干脆。年轻人的态度变化无常，甚至一日数变，难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始，又匆匆的结束。

5、建立在美德之上的友谊。完美无瑕的友谊立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间建立的友谊才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行为是相同的，或者是类似的。爱和友谊多半在品行高尚的人之间发生，而且以最高雅的形式出现。这种友谊是罕见的，需要时间，需要交往。常言道，真正的朋友必须同甘共苦，经历风雨。只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并获得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友谊却要慢慢培养。

6、另一种传统的友谊观可以在罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗的著作里找到。西塞罗认为，真正的友谊只能在好人之间发生。他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开朗的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。“好人之间建立的这种友谊立足于美德，它确实可以带来物质利益，但绝不不以追求物质利益为目标。人类生活在以共同的理想为基础的社会。因此，在处理朋友关系和其他人际关系时，优越于他人的人必须平等地对待那些没那么幸运的人。美德创造友谊，美德使友谊之树常青。

7、我们由此可以看出，传统的友谊由三个要素构成：朋友以相伴为乐；朋友必须彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事业。这些传统的友谊观告诉我们，两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的，因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德。因此，认识朋友就是认识自我，了解朋友就是了解自我。可以说朋友就好比是一面镜子，每个人都可以从朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我们会对美德达成共识，共同为之不遗余力。这样的友谊是永恒的，因为朋友应该具备的一切品质都凝结在这种友谊关系中。

二、你的爱有多深

1、人认为爱如浮云

有人认为爱坚强如铁

有人认为爱是一种生活方式

有人认为爱是一种感觉

有人说爱要执着

有人说爱不要约束

有人说爱是生命的全部

有人说爱不知道爱为何物

2、在我们生命中的某个阶段，我们会经历难以名状的情感。这种情感只能体会，无法用语言描述。莫大的喜悦伴随着丝丝的伤感一同降临，这就是爱。

3、在紧张忙碌的生活中，我们竟能找到时间，沉湎于感情之中，这的确令人感佩。然而，此时我想知道：我们是否懂得爱到底有多么深刻。记得上学的时候，我迷恋的对象真是数不清：我的数学老师、邻居的儿子、好朋友的弟弟，还有另外一些因为眼睛的颜色、胡子的形状或走路的姿势而让我仰慕的人。年少时的爱慕，不会带来伤害，如肥皂泡一样转瞬即逝。那些稚气、大胆的想法和行为，现在想来大可一笑了之。但是，在那时，对我来说，没有比恋爱更重要的事了。接着就进入了真正“谈”情“说”爱的阶段。

4、我在女子学校学习，和男孩子交往的机会寥寥无几，因此，我热切地期待着我们学校和男子学校举办的交谊会。交谊会上，一群精心打扮的年轻男子毫无顾忌地盯着我们。这三个小时中的点点滴滴，成了我们在以后四个星期中足够的谈资，我们在议论时，心情澎湃。

5、即使是在那个时候，我也没有真正交男朋友的需要、6、在我的成长岁月中，不知何故，我相信爱情该来的时候自然会来。事实果真如此。当我有了稳定的工作，有了长期的计划和比较安定的生活（我现在还不到25岁呢！）时，爱情降临了。我也比较成熟了，能够步入不贪图许多回报而需要大量付出的感情关系。

7、我的爱情是在友谊这块地基上建起的高楼大厦、。爱情经过旷日持久的培育才开花。我和我的恋人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互关心，投入了丰富的感情，才使爱情发展大今天。爱情意味着情投意合。你也许会说，我属于浪漫的传统派。但是，应我看，爱情需要培养。我们必须把爱情同强烈而短暂的激情或身体的愉悦区别开来、8、我们的父辈，接受了理想爱情的灌输。那是一个约束、压抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。长裙、娴静质朴的外表、卷曲的长发、恬静的气质、羞怯的目光---这一切常使人想起一个消逝久远的年代。那个年代，男女之间的距离无论如何都有助于维持爱情以及恋爱关系的神圣性。

9、年轻的一代人，由于观念开放，随着男女之间交往界限的消退，他们便急于赶浪头，匆忙恋爱，以至于难以区分身体的互相吸引与心灵的相投。我们从媒体中接触到的人和事，是我们的感情历程大大加速，要想慢慢地体会自己的感受，确实须要付出努力。

10、学校里的青少年在全然没有感情的关系中所背负的感情包袱，令我深感难过。也许有些人会把他们面前的感情状况归结为同龄人之间所施加的压力。但是，可曾有任何人停下来想一想同龄人之间的压力来自何处？我们是否尝试着弄清楚是谁造成了这样的转变？可曾有人费神去研究青少年的心理呢？

11、从这一代人处理个人生活的方式上，我们很容易看出他们的思想倾向。跟从前相比，现在有更多的情感欲望的压力下扭曲。他们更注重外表的美丽而忽视内在的魅力。两性交往随便了，亲密无间却少了；寻机获利的现象多了，无私的奉献少了。简而言之，“自我”多了，爱的分享少了。

12、在这个竞争激烈的年代，我们已经变得麻木不仁，将恋爱的舒适之抛于脑后。作为恋爱中的人，不只是意味着把红色的玫瑰花和五毛钱一张的卡片送给恋人，我们要做的事情还很多。我们将自己的时间、陪伴、支持和友谊作为礼物送给自己的恋人了吗？我们是否确定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真诚地做好每一件事？我们是否先在情感上成熟起来，在尽情的追求爱情？我们是否给自己、给他人足够的时间和空间以巩固恋情的发展？我们是否为了追求有意义的、永恒的友谊而不遗余力?我们是否履行了自己的承诺？我们是否将自己的精力和感情倾注于终生不渝的关系而不是浪费在朝秦暮楚的关系中？

13、的生命只有一次，我们必须去体验能使我们更为坚强的每件事。真正的爱情一生至于一次。我们任由挑佻的行为令自己身心疲惫，当真正的爱情到来时，我们却没有能力伸开双臂迎接它的降临。

四、如何变老

1、尽管文章的标题是“如何变老”，真正要谈的却是如何不老。在我这个年纪，讨论“如

何不老”，着实更为重要。首要的一条忠告是，要慎重地选择祖先。虽然我的父母皆属早逝，但是考虑到我其他的祖先，我的选择尚好。我的外祖父在六十七岁风华正茂时早逝，这是事实，可我的外祖母，还有我的祖父、祖母，都活到了八十多岁。在那些与我血缘关系稍疏些的祖先中，我只发现有一位不长寿的，他死于一种当前罕见的病：被砍了头。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，活到九十二岁，其精神状态之好自始至终都让子孙们敬畏，一直到她撒手人寰的那天。我的外祖母，生养了是个孩子，其中一个夭折，另外九个健康成长。此外，她还有过多次小产。她守寡之后，即可投身于妇女的高等教育事业。她是格顿学院的创始人之一，为促使医疗事业向妇女敞开大门而不遗余力。她过去常讲这样的一个故事：她在意大利遇见一个满面哀伤的老绅士，便询问他为何如此忧伤，老绅士说刚刚和自己两个孙子道别。“天哪！’”她叫道，“我有七十二个孙子孙女，如果和其中的一个分别依次就伤心依次，那我的生活岂不太凄惨 了！”“非同寻常的母亲啊！”老绅士回答道。但是，作为七十二子孙中的一员，我更喜欢她的这一处事秘诀。外祖母八十高龄后感到入睡有些困难，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三点这段时间阅读科普书籍。我想，她无暇顾及自己是否老了。我认为这就是保持年轻的秘诀。如果你拥有广泛的、自己钟爱的兴趣和活动，又能从中体会自己老当益壮，你就没有理由从那些只有在统计学中才有意义的数字上考虑生命已经度过了多少春秋，更没有理由担忧自己的未来也许很短暂。

2、说到健康，我很少生病，因此无法提供有用的建议。我随心所欲地吃喝吗，不能清

醒时就睡觉。我做任何事情都不是因为这些事情对健康有利。不过，我喜欢做的事情实际上大多都是益于健康。

3、就心理而言，老年人应慎防两种危险。其一就是过度地沉湎于过去。人不能活在记

忆中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而怅然若失中，也不能生活在缅怀已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必须放在未来上，想想可以有所作为的事情。这并非一件轻而易举的事：一个人经历的往事，渐渐变成一个沉重的包袱。人们很容易以为过去的情感比现在强烈，过去的头脑也比现在敏锐。倘若真的如此，我们就要忘却这个事实；如果忘却了这个事实，事实也许就不再是事实了。

4、另一种要提防的危险是：依恋年轻人，希望从他们的勃勃生机中汲取活力。当你的孩子已长大成人，他们就想过自己的生活；如果你仍像他们小时候那样关注他们，你很可能就成了他们的包袱。动物在下一代能够自食其力时就不再给予关注；人类因幼年时期较长而很难做到这一点。

5、孩子已长大成人，叮嘱他们不犯错误已经没有意义，因为他们不再相信你的话，再

说错误是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的兴趣无法摆脱个人情感的支配，你也许会发现，假如不关注子孙，生活就会空虚无望。在这种情况下，你必须意识到，虽然你仍可以给他们提供物质上的帮助，比如给他们一笔零花钱或为他们编织毛线外套，但是你决不能期望他们会乐意和你呆在一起。

6、有些老年人因害怕死亡而烦恼。年轻人有这种感受是可以理解的。年轻人害怕在战

场上牺牲，这情有可原。他们认为，死亡会剥夺生活赋予的最美好的东西，这让他们深感痛苦。但是，饱尝人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潜力、实现了自己的抱负，倘若再对死亡产生恐惧之心，未免有些可耻。克服恐惧之心的最好的办法是----至少我这样看-----开拓更广泛的、不局限于个人感情的兴趣，让包围自我的墙壁渐渐地消失，你的生活就渐渐融入人类的生活中。一个人的存在应该像一条河---初始为涓涓细流，裹在狭窄的岸间，在岩石缝隙中、在呼啸的瀑布上奔泻。河床渐渐变宽，河岸逐渐隐退，水流平缓，河水没有明显的停滞，最终融入海洋的怀抱，毫无痛苦地结束了独立个体的存在。、上了年纪的人，倘若能以这种态度看待人生，就不会因为害怕死亡而不安，因为他所喜爱的一切将继续存在。而且，当生命力衰竭之时，疲惫感油然而生，长眠的念头并非令人厌恶。我希望在尚能劳作之时告别人世，知道他人会将我未竟的事业继续下去，同时回想这一生可能做的事情，都尽力而为了，由此可以满意地安息了。

六、文化冲击

1、我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。

2、文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方法方式：与人会面时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人收的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。

3、当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你是心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境。：“我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。”当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时---可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美华美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛弃在了脑后，只记得故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。

4、要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中国。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。

5、人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感“，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来每一次任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结于民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性：他那样做并非因为他是乔.多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，国外人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。

7、你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景

缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式，你同事就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。

8、接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。

但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此、。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。

9、你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过

日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。

10、有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式、七、是什么早就了奥运冠军？

1、1992年，在法国阿尔贝维尔冬季奥运会上，当克里斯蒂.山口在冰场上跌倒时，观众席上一片遗憾的声音。这位20岁的运动员获得花样滑冰金牌的希望肯定会因为这一失足而化为泡影。但是克里斯蒂站了起来，她灿然一笑，旋转身体，继续表演，她虽然不幸跌倒，但

裁判给她打了几乎完美的分数。、她能鼓起勇气，重振旗鼓，获得了金牌，这足以证明她的决心和勇气。

2、作为美国奥运队及许多运动员的顾问，我目睹了许多像克里斯蒂这样年轻的男女运动员：他们在关键时刻能够挖掘自身，找到发挥潜能的一种力量。他们登上领奖台，不单纯是因为运动才能，还因为他们内在的不屈不挠的意志。

3、他们拥有梦想。克里斯蒂.山口6岁时首次穿上溜冰鞋，那是她就想象自己是一名奥运冠军。邦妮.华纳三度代表美国参加奥运会的仰卧滑行小雪橇比赛。她知道上了大学才有自己的梦想。之前，她从未听说过有“仰卧滑行的小雪橇“这种比赛用是雪橇。这两个年轻女子，一旦拥有梦想，就锲而不舍地、勇敢地追求，为了梦想的实现不遗余力、4、最重要的是，这些运动员的父母以及周围的人都支持他们的梦想。洛雷塔.道斯16岁的女儿多米尼克是代表美国参加奥运会的第一批黑人女性体操运动员之一。洛雷塔最近告诉记者说，培养一个世界一流的运动员着实不易。在1992年奥运会之前整整一年中，她很少看见自己的女儿。为了离体育馆近一点，女儿和教练住在一起，那儿离家又45分钟的车程。当有人请她给其他运动员的父母提一些建议的时候，他的回答简单却极具说服力。“相信你的孩子吧，“她这样说、5、这并非意味着每个拥有奥运会梦想的孩子都能有朝一日登上领奖台。但是，梦想是通向 成功的第一步===哪怕当初的梦想最终让孩子走向另一条不同的道路。

6、他们满怀激情。优秀运动员梦寐以求的奥运圣火在他们内心深处燃烧。他们有强大的动力，不仅要成为最优秀的运动员，还要竭尽全力去实现目标--=始终不渝。

7、正因为如此，已经获得八枚金牌的卡尔.刘易斯依然筹划在36岁时再度参加1996年的奥运会，同事那些年龄只有他一半的年轻人决一雌雄;铁饼运动员艾尔.奥特，在连续获得四届奥运会的金牌之后，47岁时依然为进入奥运队伍而努力。

8、游泳将珍妮特.埃文斯在1988年代汉城奥运会上虽获得三枚金牌，但她表达了同样的心愿：四年后再次夺冠。在400米自由泳项目中，她因毫厘之差与金牌擦肩而过，随后，她完成了800米自由泳项目，这是她一生中最具有心理挑战的一次比赛，结果她夺冠胜出。“我只是想再一次登上冠军的领奖台，“她坦白地说。

9他们胸怀大志。我曾经让一个世界级的运动员猜测一次重大比赛结果。“我会得第五名“他说。他果真的了第五名。他本来可以轻而易举地名列第三，甚至第二，因为另外两名主要对手发挥得不好。

10那他和“弗洛.乔“-----弗洛伦斯.格里菲斯.乔伊那比比吧。在1998年奥运会前一周的训练中，乔伊纳在日记中写下预计在几百米短跑夺冠的成绩：10.54秒。当弗洛.乔跨过终点线时，刚好是10.54秒。她不仅能够在 赛前看到自己夺冠，而且对夺冠的成绩也能做出毫秒不差的预测。

11/他们从不放弃。1992年夏季奥运会有两个人极度惋惜的特写镜头。在百米跨栏比赛中，本来绝对领先他人的美国短跑运动员盖尔.德弗斯在跨越最后一道障碍时绊倒在地。但她双膝跪地，极其痛苦地爬完了最后五米。虽然仅获得第五名，但是完成了比赛。

12更加令人心碎的是400米半决赛。英国选手德里克.雷德蒙的一条腿受了伤，显然是决

心完成比赛。他的父亲从看台上跑下来，想搀扶他离开跑道，但是这个运动员拒绝放弃比赛。他依靠着自己的父亲，父子俩蹒跚而行，直到终点，观众的掌声震耳欲聋。

13、他们创造运气。当保罗.怀利在阿尔贝维尔赢得男子花样溜冰比赛的银牌时，除他以外，所有的人都很惊讶。本来有望得奖的几位选手有的受伤了，有的发挥不好。“没有人会想到我能登上领奖台，“怀利说，”但是，之前我拼了命地训练，当最有希望获胜的运动员比赛失利时，我已做好了夺冠的准备。“

14、我所了解的这些奥运会选手，为了那个辉煌的时刻，日复一日、年复一年地埋头苦干。溜冰运动员凌晨四时起身，为的是在溜冰场向公众开放之前挤出几个小时的训练时间。自行车竞技运动员在每天上班前，进行长达几个小时的长跑训练。拳击运动员每天都往体育馆进行不屑的训练

15‘、奥运会上运气当然重要，这和生活的其他领域一样。当最优秀的单簧管手生病时，屈居第二但是勤奋练习的乐手就有幸获得独奏 的机会。这就像在紧急情况下助理销售经理填补老板的位置一样。当然，在这两种情况下，要填补上来的人必须为自己的巨大转机做好准备。在奥运会上-----在任何情况下====好运只关顾那些做好准备迎接好运的人。

第四篇：大学英语课文（范文）

第一单元 Dr.Rob Boll was craving a hot turkey dinner and a slice of apple pie.After a hectic week treating patients with sore throats and ear infections at his family practice, the 52-year-old physician was ready for a night of home cooking and fellowship at his church’s annual fund-raising dinner.2 Stepping inside the crowded gym at St.John’s United Church of Christ, Boll and his family found a long line of people waiting to be seated.He wasn’t surprised.The turkey feast had become a popular event in Mokena, Illinois, attended by hundreds from the surround-the good food and were willing to pay ＄10 to heap their plates and help pay for the church’s new community center.Boll and his wife, Dana, and their son, Kyle, 14, went every year.3 After sitting down, Boll had barely placed his napkin in his lap when he heard a commotion on the other side of the room.”Help!” a woman shouted.“Does anybody know how to do the Heimlich?” Jumping up from the table, the doctor could see a white-haired woman slumped over in her chair.“I’m a doctor.What’s going on?” Boll said to the group gathered around 76-year-old Pat Rohrer.5 “My mother-in-law choked on a piece of turkey,” answered a frantic Colleen Rohrer.“We’ve tried the Heimlich maneuver, but it’s not working.” Boll reached around Pat’s abdomen and pulled sharply upward with his fists.Nothing happened.Moving quickly, he lifted Pat up and onto the floor to get her into a better position.Twice again he tried the Heimlich, but she didn’t respond.6 This can’t be happening, Boll thought.He worried he wouldn’t be able to help her.Looking up, he recognized Steve Hoblin, a nurse from the hospital near his office.“Steve, stick your fingers down her throat and see if you can sweep anything out,” he said.Hoblin reached in and pulled out a small piece of turkey.7 But Pat still wasn’t breathing.In fact, she was rapidly turning blue.Apparently, some food was still lodged in her throat.Boll knew he needed to do something drastic---and fast---to get air into her lungs.His only chance was to perform an emergency tracheotomy.8 “Call 911!And get me a sharp knife!” He shouted.His wife ran to the kitchen, and Hoblin handed over his pocketknife.9 Boll had never done the operation before.He flashed back to the only time he’d seen one performed: during his residency 20 years earlier.That procedure had been done in a sterile, controlled environment by expert surgeons.How was a family doctor supposed to accomplish the same thing at a church dinner with a dull pocketknife? 10 He was relieved to see that his wife had found a clean paring knife.Taking a deep breath, Boll carefully cut a small slit in Pat’s neck.As blood poured from the wound, he broke into a sweat.But Boll knew it was too late to stop.Two or three precious minutes had already passed.She couldn’t survive much longer without oxygen.Boll figured he had about 45 seconds to save her life.11 Oblivious to the crowd breathlessly watching him work, Boll steadied his hands and continued.But the knife wouldn’t cut deep enough.Out of nowhere, a man handed Boll a switchblade.It had a tapered point, nice and sharp, with a three-inch blade that locked securely in place.Boll quickly finished the cut.12 Then, as if she were reading his mind, Colleen handed him a tracheotomy tube.Her son, Shaun---Pat’s grandson---has a severe lung condition and needs a tube to keep his airway clear.But he could manage without it for an hour or so.13 Pat was turning bluer by the second.Colleen helped Boll gently push the tube into Pat’s trachea.Seconds ticked by like minutes, but the pair worked calmly, with precision---just like a surgical team, thought the doctor.14 “I’m in,” he said once the tube was finally in place.but the crisis was far from over.Boll needed to resuscitate the unconscious woman.Fortunately, her family never went anywhere without an emergency kit containing a manual resuscitator bag, just in case Shaun had trouble breathing.colleen clicked the bag onto the tube and pumped.within seconds, Pat Rohrer started breathing and the color returned to her cheeks.17 as paramedics rushed in and took over, boll stood up, trembling.He certainly hadn't anticipated anything like this when he left his job as a social worker to go to med school.“i 'm not terribly religious, ”Boll says now, “but i know now that God goes to Turkey dinners at churches.To take a doctor who only half knows what he's doing and give him the right tools ——i don't know how i recalled to do.To me there's no explanation but divine intervention.” 19 Maybe so, but Howard Stephens, assistant chief of the Mokena Fire Protection District, was quick to point out, “without Dr.Boll, this lady wouldn't have made it.” now that her grateful mother-in-law is back at home, with no signs of infection from the switchblade surgery.Colleen says, “we are so thankful that in this age of lawsuits, dr.boll was willing to put himself on the line.he just stepped up and did what had to be done.” later that November night, after returning from the hospital, Rob boll found another job that needed to be finished.he strolled into the church kitchen and rolled up his sleeves.“Divine intervention doesn't usually come into play, ”he says, “when it's time to do the dishes.”

第二单元

The forest was full of shadows as a little girl hurried through it one summer evening in June.It was already eight o’clock and Sylvia wondered if her grandmother would be angry with her for being so late

Every evening Sylvia left her grandmother’s house at five thirty to bring their cow home.It was Sylvia’s job to bring the animal home to the milked.When the cow heard Sylvia’s voice calling her.She would hide among the bushes This evening it had taken Sylvia longer than usual to find her cow.The child hurried the cow though the dark forest.toward her grandmother’s home As the cow stopped at a small stream to drink.Sylvia put her bare feet in cold ,fresh water of the stream

She had never before been alone in the forest as late as this.Sylvia felt as if she were a part of the gray shadows and the silver leaves that moved in the evening breeze.It was only a year ago that she came to her grandmother’s farm.before that she had lived with her mother and father in a dirty crowded factory town One day , Sylvia’s grandmother had visited them and had chosen Sylvia form all her brothers and sister to comer help her on her farm in Vermont The cow finish drinking and as the nine-year-old child hurried through the forest the air was suddenly cut by a sharp whistle not far away Sylvia knew it wasn’t a friendly bird’s whistle she forgot the cow and hid in some bushes but she was too late

Hello little girl a young man called out cheerfully How far is it to the main road Sylvia was trembling as she whispered two miles She came out of the bushes and looked up into the face of a tall young man carrying a gun The stranger began walking with Sylvia as she followed her cow through the forest I’ve been hunting for birds he explained but I’ve lost my way Do you think I spend the night at your home Sylvia didn’t answer She was glad she could see her grandmother standing near the door of the farm house

When they reached her the stranger explained his problem to Sylvia’s smiling grandmother

Of course you can stay with us she said we don’t have much but you’re welcome to share what we have Now Sylvia get a plate for the gentleman

After eating,they all sat outside.The young man explained he was a bird collector.“Do you put them ina cage?”Sylvia asked.“No,”he answered slowly,“I shoot them and stuff them with put them with special chemicals to preserve them.I have over one hundred different kinds of birds from all over the United States.”

“Sylvia knows a lot about birds,too,”her grandmother said proudly.“She knows the forest so well,the wild animals come and eat bread right out of her hands.”

“Maybe she can help me then,”the young man said.“I saw a white heron two days ago.I've been looking for it ever since.It's a very rare bird.Have you seen it,too?”He asked Sylvia.But Sylvia.But Sylvia was silent.“You would know it if you saw it,”he said.“It's a tall,strange bird with soft white feathers and long thin legs.It probably has its nest at the top of a tall tree.”

Sylvia's heart began to beat fast.She had seen that strange white bird on the other side of the forest.The young man was staring at Sylvia.“I would give ten dollars to the person who showed me where it is.”

That night Sylvia's dreams were full of all the wonderful things she and her grandmother could buy for ten dollars.Sylvia spent the next day in the forest with the young man.He told her a lot about the birds they saw.Sylvia could not understand why he killed the birds he seemed to like so much.She felt her heart tremble every time he shot an unsuspecting bird as it was singsing in the trees.Sylvia would have liked him vastly better without his gun;but as the day waned,Sylvia still watched the asleep inchild,was vaguely thrilled by a dream of love.They stopped to listen to a bird's song;they pressed forward again eagerly--speaking to each other rarely and in whispers;Sylvia followed the young man,fascinated,a few steps behind,with her gray eyes dark fascinated,a few steps behind,with her gray eyes dark with excitement.Long after the moom came out and the young man had fallen asleep,Sylvia was still awake.She had a plan that would get the ten dollars for her grandmother and make the young man happy.When it was near sunrise,she quietly left her house and hurried through the forest.She finally reached a huge pine tree.She could see the whole forest from there.She was sure she would be able to see where the white heron had hidden its nest.Sylvia's bare feet and tiny fingers grabbed the tree's rough trunk.Sharp dry branches scratched at her like cat's claws as she climbed higher and higher.When Sylvia had at last reached the tree'shighest branch,the golden sun's rays hit the green forest.Two hawks flew together in slow-moving circles far below Sylvia.Sylvia felt as if she could go flying among the clouds.too.Suddenly Sylvia caught a flash of white that grew larger and larger.A bird with broad white wings and a long slender neck flew past Sylvia and landed on a pine branch below her.The white heron smoothed its feathers and called to its mate,sitting on their nest in a nearby tree.Then it flew away.Sylvia gave a long sigh.She knew the wild bird's secret now.Slowly she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine tree.She did not dare to look down and tried to rorget that her fingers hurt and her feet were bleeding.All she wanted to think about was what the stranger would say to her when she told him where to find the heron's nest.About an hour later Sylvia came back home.Both her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the kitchen.The splendid moment to speak about her secret had come,but Sylvia was silent.She remembered how the white heron came flying through the golden air and how they watched the sun rise together from the top of the world.Sylvia could not speak.She could not tell the heron's secret and give its life away.The young man went away disappointed later that day.He never returned.Many a night Sylvia heard the echo of his whistle haunting the forest.She forgot even her sorrow at the sharp report of his gun and the sight of thrushes and sparrows dropping silent to the ground ,their songs hushed and their pretty feathers stained and wet with blood.Were the birds better friends than their hunter might have been?Who can know?

第三单元

Ryan Halligan was taunted for months.Classmates spread rumors via instant messaging that the 13-year-old boy was gay.A popular female classmate pretended to like him and chatted with him online,only to copy thier personal exchanges and share them with her friends.Unable to cope,the teenager from Verment in the US,killed himself.Gail Jones,a 15-year-old from the UK,took her life after receiving,at one point,20 silent calls on her cell phone every 30 minutes.Her father,Glyn,suspects a final call in the middle of the night pushed her over the edge.These are extreme but far from unipue examples of the devastation caused by cyber-bullying.Since Halligan died in 2003 and Jones in 2000,more and more and children are logging on to the Internet,so it's likely that online bullying,including sending threatening messages,displaying private messages,and posting embarrassing videos and photos online,is also increasing.A study last month by the Pew Internet & Amrican Life Project,based in Washington,found that one third of US teenage Internet users have been targets of cyber-bullying.And as online communication evolves from instant messaging and chatrooms to social networking sites and YouTube,the venues where bullying occurs are becoming both more central to young people's lives,and more public.Research into the causes and effects of cyber-bullying is still in its infancy.But it is becoming clear that aspects of online communicantion encourage people to act aggressively,prompting them to do things they wouldn't dare to try in real life.What's more,the ability to reach more people,and the always-on culture the internet,mean that cyber-bullying can have an even more detrimental effect on the victim than conventional playground bullying.“It's school-yard bullying taken to next level,'' says Justin Patchin,a criminologist at the University of Wisconsion.A study by UK-based Internet market research firm YouGov in 2006 found that for one in eight young people cyber-bullying is even worse than physical bullying.one reason for this is thesheer number of people who can view something that is posted online.”it would be bad enough to be cyber-bulied by one kid and nibody else knew about ut,but a video seen by hunders or thousands ofyour peer could be devastang,“says Roin Kowalski,a phychologist at Clemson University in South Caolina and co-author of the book Cyber Bullying;Bullying in the Digital Age,which will be published in October.Ghylain Raza,also known as the”Star Wars Kid“,learned thisthe hard way.In 2002,the somewhat overweigh and silghtly awkward Canadian adolescent made a video of himself playing with a pretend light sabre andleft it lying around at school.when his classmates found the video in 2003,they posted it online as a joke Raza was so upset he finished the school year from a psy chiatric ward Unfortunately for him,it was just his friends who found the video amusing.Acrodding to UK marketing firm the viral factory it became the Internet`s most downloaded video of 2006.Another reson cyber-bullying is so harmful is its relentlessness ,says John Carr,chair of the children`s Charities`Colaition for Internet Safety in London.”when I was a kid ,playground bullying stoped when the bell rang and you went back inside or when you went home at the end of the day.“he says.”with cyber-bullying it is 24/7,365 days a year.“ there is no escape While an adult could simple turn off the computer ,that`s not reallyy an option for today`s teens ,who are dependent on the Internet for communicatng whit their peers.”This is the awlways-on genertion,“say kowalski.”This is how they communicate.“A 2007 Pew study found that 93precent of US teens use the Internet and 61 percent go online daily.The Internet does`t just amplify the effect of bulying,however The many options to remain anonymous when online ,by using pseudonyms,say for instant messaging ,mean people can write things they would not daer to if their identity was known.Anonymity was at the heart of a 2001 incident when a student at an elite high school in New York City set uo a Web page that let students vote anonymously on who they felt was their most promiscuous peer.”Just enter the name of the person in the interschool who u think is the biggest ho(be them FEMALE or MALE)and write the number of their grade next to their name(maybe even their school),“read the site.”Since it's anonymous,u can write about whomever u please!“More than 13,000 votes were cast,and about 150 names,mostly girls,appeared before it was shut down.Anonymity can also amplify bullying's negative effect on the victim.”The psychological ramifications of not knowing who's attacking you can be maddening,“ says Kowalski.”The bully could be your best friend,a sibling, or half the school.“In a recent,as yet unpublished survey she carried out,nearly half of the children she interviewed didn't know who their cyberbully was.The lack of face-to-face contact might tempt bullies to new levels of cruelty.”On the playground,seeing the stress and pain of the victim face-to-face can act as an inhibitor to some degree,“explains Carr.”In cyberspace,where there is no visual contac,you get more extreme behaviour.“Kowalski says the effect unique to computer-mediated communication.”There is a distancing of the self and immediacy in response that we don't have in any other form of communication.“she says.”On the computer ,it's like it's not really you.“

So what can be done? Led by Ruth Aylett of Heriot-watt university in Edinburgh,Scotland，a consortium of European researchers recently developed roly-playing software called FearNot!, which gets children to empathize with wictims of bullying, After watching a short animation of a child being bullied either in the playground or online，the viewer is asked to help the victim by typing advice into the computer.The software will be tested in school in the UK and Germany later this year.Meanwhile,some governments have taken legislative action.In January 2006，the US congress passed a law making it a federal crime to “annoy,abuse,threaten，or harass”another person over the internet，Approximately 36 states have enacted similar legislation.And in South Korea, the “internet real-name system”,introduced last month ,forces online portals and news websites to record the identities of people who post content and to disclose their contact details if someone wants to sue them for libel or infringement of privacy.However, it can be difficult to persuade people to take these laws seriously, and in the US they only apply to over-18s.“many jurisdictions don’t want to investigate or prosecute these cases,”says Al Kush of WiredSafety.org, an Internet safety advocacy group based in Seattle, Washington, “they are short-staffed and busy pursuing what they call ‘real crime’.John Halligan, the father of the boy who killed himself after being harassed online，continues to lobby for cyber-bullying legislation that specifically targets children.He also talks to school groups and runs a website recounting the events that led to his son’s death.“it won’t bring Ryanback,” he says.“But it is helping a lot of Ryans out there are still alive and don’t know where to turn.”

第四单元

The valley known as Sleepy hides from the world in the high hills of New York state.There are many stories told about the quiet valley.But the story that people believe most is about the apparition of a headless horseman.The story says the man died many years ago during the American Revolutionary War and he had his head shot off.He is ever seen hurrying along in the qloom of night , looking for his lost head.Near Sleepy Hollow is a village calldd Tarry Town.The village had a small school teacher was named Ichabod Crane.Ichabod Crane was a good name for him, because he was tall and thin, just like a crane.His shoulders were small ,joined to long arms.His head was small, too, and flat on top.He had big ears ,large glassy green eyes ,and a long nose.Ichabod did not make much money as a teacher.And although he was tall and thin, he ate like a fat man.To help him pay for his food he earned extra money teaching young people to sing.Among the ladies Ichabod taught was one Katrina Van Tassel.She was the only daughter of Arich Dutch farmer.She was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen;plump as a partridge;ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father’s perches.Ichabod had a soft and foolish heart for ladies, and soon found himself interested in Miss Van Tassel.But there were many hurdle blocking the road to Katrina’s heart.One was a strong young man named Brom Van Brunt, a hero to all the young ladies.He was broad-shouldered and double-jointed, with short curly black hair, and a bluff but not unpleasant countenance.He always won the horse races in Tarry Town and earned many prizes.Brom was never seen without a horse.Such was the enemy Ichabod had to defeat for Katrina’s heart.Stronger and wiser men would not have tried.But Ichabod had a plan.He could not fight his enemy in the open.So he did it silently and secretly.He made many visits to Katrina’s farm and made her think he was helping her to sing better.Time passed, and the town people thought Ichabod was winning.Brom’s horse was never seen at Katrina’s house on Sunday nights any more.One day in autumn Ichabod was asked to come to a big party at the Van Tassel home.He dressed in his best clothes.A farmer loaned him an old horse for the long trip to the party.Brom Van Brunt rode to the party on his fastest horse,called Daredevil.All the young ladies smiled happily when they saw him.Ichabod was happy dancing with Katrina ,the lady of his heart, while Brom, sorely smitten with love and jealousy, sat brooding by himself in one corner.When the music stopped, the young people sat together to tell stories about the Revolutionnary War.Soon stories about Sleepy Hollow were told.The most feared story was about the rider looking for his lost head.One farmer told how he raced the headless horseman suddenly stopped.Gone were his clothes and his skin.All that was left was a man with white bones shining in the moonlight.The stories ended and time came to leave the party.Ichabod seemed very happy until he said goodnight to Katrina.Was she ending their romance? He left feeling very sad.Had Katrina been seeing Ichabod just to make Brom Van Brunt jealous so he would marry her? Well, Ichabod began his long ride home.He thought he saw something white move in the tree.But no, it was only the moonlight shining and moving on the tree.Then he heard a noise.His body shook.He kicked his horse faster.The horse ran fast and then suddenly stopped, almost throwing Ichabod forward to the ground.There, in the dark woods on the side of the river where the bushes grew low, stood an ugly thing.Big and black.It did not move, but seemed gathered up in the gloom, like some gigantic monster ready to spring upon the traveler.Ichabod’s hair stood straight up.What was to be done? To turn and fly was nom too late.Summoning up, therefore, a show of courage, he demanded in stammering accents, Who are you ? He received no reply.Ichabod’s old horse began to move forward.The black thing began to move alone the side of Ichabod’s horse in the dark.Ichabod made his horse run faster.The black thing moved with then.Side by side they moved, slowly at first.Ichabod felt his heart sink.For a moment the moon shone down and to Ichabod’s horror,he saw it was a horse.And it had a rider.But the rider’s head was not on his body.It was in front of the rider, resting on the horse.He rained a shower movement to give his companion the slip.But the spectre started full jump with him.Away, them, they dashed though thick and thin;stones flying and sparks flashing at every bound.Up ahead was the old church bridge where the headless horseman stops and returns to his burial place.If only I can get there first, I am safe ,” though Ichabod.Ichabod looked back to see if the headless man had stopped.He saw the man pick up his head and throw it with a powerful force.The head hit Ichabod in the face and knocked him off his horse to the dirt below.They found Ichabod’s horse the next day peacefully eating grass.They could not find Ichabod.They walked all across the valley.They saw the foot marks of Ichabod’s horse as it had raced through the valley.They even found Ichabod’s old hat in the dust near the bridge.But they did not find Ichabod.The only other thing they found was lying near Ichabod’s hat.It was the broken pieces of a round orange pumpkin.The town people talked about Ichabod of many weeks, and finally they came to believe that the headless horseman had carried Ichabod away.Much later an old farmer returned from a visit to New York City.He said he was sure he had seen Ichabod there.He thought Ichabod silently left Sleepy Hollow because he had lost Katrina.As for Katrina, her mother and father gave her a big wedding when she married Brom Van Brunt.Many people who went to the wedding saw that Brom smiled whenever Ichabod’s name was spoken.And they wondered why he laughed out loud when anyone talked about the broken orange pumpkin found lying near Ichabod’s old dusty hat.第五单元 Big bang 1The big bang model of the universe’s birth is the most widely accepted model that has ever been conceived for the scientific origin of everything.no other model can predict as much with as high a degree of accuracy as the big bang model can..A common question that people ask is what happened before the big bang ?the phrase in the beginning is used here to refer to the birth of our universe with the big bang.in the creation of the universe, everything was compressed into an infinitesimally small point in which all physical laws that we know of do not apply.No information from any previous stuff could have remained intact.Therefore, for all intents and purposes, the big bang is considered the beginning of everything, for we can never know if there was anything before it.The big bang model had its beginnings with Edwin Hubble discovery in 1929 that,on large scales ,everything in the universe is moving away from everything else.The only explanation for this was that the universe was expanding in every direction ,and it was taking galaxies along with it.This is known as Hubble Law.The next step towards the Big Bang model was to take this process in reverse—that is ,to go back in time.If the universe is blowing up like a balloon as time progresses ,then what would happen if you were to run the timeline backwards ?What was the universe like in the past? If the universe is currently growing ,then the universe was smaller in the past.There must have been some point in time when the universe was half its current size.Then there must have been a time when it was half that size.If you continue to run time backwards, there must have been a time when the universe was an infinitesimally small point.This is the basic idea behind the Big Bang.All matter and energy existed in an infinitely small point of infinite density a long time ago, and has since been expanding as our universe.One important note here is that the Big Bang was not an explosion in the universe ,but rather it is an explosion of the universe.Therefore, there is no ”center“ of the universe form where the Big Bang started.Main Evidence.The Big Bang is the leading theory that almost all astrophysicists believe explains the origin of the universe.This is because all observations so far made support the Big Bang theory;there are four main lines of evidence that are most often used.the first was discussed above :he expansion of the universe.The universe is expanding now ,so in the past it must have been smaller.If it were smaller in the past ,then there probably was a time when it was infinitesimally small.One could ask why we just don't think that it might be expanding now but it could have been shrinking before and we

just don't know about it.The answer is that there is simply no known mechanism that could accomplish this transition on a universal scale.The second line of evidence is the cosmic(CMB)which was discovered in 1965 by(APARWFBL).they were working with a microwave receiver used to communicate with telstar satellite, but were getting noise from every dissection they pointed the receiver.it was coming from all over the sky at what seemed to be exactly the same frequency this was first evidence for the CMB and they later shared a NPFTD The CMB is an echo left over from when the universe was approximately 300.000 years old as predicted by the big bang model as something becomes hot the actual heat comes from particles movements the faster they move the more energetic they are and so the more heat we see the are and so hot before it was 300.000 years old that atoms could not form.because of this photos particles of light could not move around for they kept reacting with electrons the negatively charged part of atoms

Therefore during this period the universe was effectively opaque once the universe had reached 300.000 year old atoms could form and electrons were now bound to a nucleus once this happened photons could move about freely this first light is the CMB and its existence is a very strong indication that the big bang occurred

The third major pillar of the big bang theory lies in the abundance of the different elements of the universe the theory predicts that certain amounts of hydrogen helium and other elements should be made observations have shown almost exactly the amounts that are predicted

The fourth piece is that the big bang theory is the only one that comprehensively lays down a framework for the eventual evolution of the universe as we observe iy today.第六单元

Good morning, fellow Americans.Welcome to the One-Day War.CNN will be your eyes and ears for today, bringing you live coverage of a momentous day in our history.As part of bicentennial com-memoration of the Civil War we are proud to participate in Professor Brainard's project, the One-Dey War.I'm sure there isn't an American out there who hasn't heard of the project.It has been the most talked-about subject in our country for many months.Now the great day, April 9, 2065, is here, and we are all part of it.The weather is perfect and visbility is excellent.There isn't a cloud overhead;the sky is blue and clear.From our place here on the grandstand, we have a perfect vantage point.while we are waiting, we've arranged an exclusive interview with Professor Brainard, father of One-Day War.”Professor, I know how busy you are supervising this enormous undertaking, and we appreci-ate your giving us an interview.To begin with, could you give us some background information about the project?“

”I am very pleased to speak with you.At this point, the project is rolling along according to schedule, and I am here to advise on any problems that may arise.You asked for some background infomation.Well, as you may know, I'm considered an expert on the Civil War, like any other war, was how expensive and inefficient it was.Using our modern-day technology, we are able to reconstruct one battle that is the equivalent of all the battles fought during the entire war!“

”The major expenses in any war involve the movement of troops and machinery, medical equipment and perssonnel, and burial expenses.Doing all this during wartime is difficult, expensive, and inefficient.Given our cultural and scientific development during these past tow hundred years, there was no reason why we couldn't produce the same effect at a fraction of the cost.The most brilliant part of the plan is the most obvious-why not bury the soldiers right on the battlefield and eliminate a lot of cost and trouble? The battlefield becomes the cemetery!Once we settled on this idea, the other details fell into place.“An assenbly line procedure was adopted.The computer chose the soldiers and we hired digging any war crews,masons,gardeners,and florists.We saved a tremendous amount of money by not needing any war machinery except for one revolver per soldier.Naturally,there was no need for medical teams and supplies.The families of the soldiers knew well well in advance,so they could plan accordngly and put their personal affairs in order.”

“Did you encounter any difficulties with the plan?”

“A little,at first.Some members of the Congress thought the plan was 'inhumane'.I explained to them that the net result was the same as waging the war for four years at a greater expense and inconvenience to the general population.Moreover,there would be no involvement with civilians whatsoever--no attacks,no burning of houses,no families killed by marauding soldiers.They agreed unanimously that my plan was safer,more efficient,and more humane than the Civil War.”

“We did encounter a strong objection from the Western Union lobby in Washington.They would be losing revenue from the telegrams usually sent to the families of the soldiers.We worked out an agreement allowing the company to manufacture the small American flags that will be given to each family.”

“And now,Professor Brainard,after months of planning,your project is about to become a reality.Thank you,Professor.I know I speak for the entire nation when I salute you as a remarkable man and a true patriot.”

It's 8:30,and we are almost ready for the project to get under way.Before us on this immense battlefield ,stretched out for miles ,are the two opposing armies.The soldiers stand at attention in neat rows--an army of blue facing an army of gray.They stand very still like marble statues.On our left ,we can see the digging machines and their crews waiting silently.Behind them are the masons and gardeners.On our right we can see the florists.Here in the grandstand are all the dignitaries :the President ,Vice President, Speaker of the House ,Senate majority leader ,members of the Cabinet, the Supreme Court Justices, and representatives of the Armed Forces.We all rise for our National Anthem.The President approaches the podium.When he gives the signal, the band will play taps ,and on the last note of taps, watch the soldiers.With military precision ,each man withdraws his pistol ,and places it to his temple, and in unison 204000 shots ring out.The noise is deafening like a huge explosion.Gun smoke fills the air.The sky is now gray as if a storm has suddenly belown in.The field is very quiet.The rows of gray and blue fallen bodies are now irregular.I guess it's hard to plan a perfect fall even with intensive training and devotion to one's country.The soldiers have done their part.Now it's time for the rest of the team to go to work.The grandstand viewers file out of their seats and into the hand as the last officials leave the digging machines and their crews move onto the field they work from left to right digging each trench burying each body and leveling the ground the stone masons follow they place a stone at each soldier grave every stone has already been engraved with the soldier name and date of birth and death the crew work efficiently row after row the landscapers follow the masons they place strips of sod over the

newly dug earth now the florists unload their trucks and put fresh floral bouquets on each grave

We are watching the final phase of the one day war the digging crews have left the field the masons have gone the florists are leaving and the buses of widows and orphans are arriving all the families of the soldiers will be here at the same time they have all been transported here at the government expense they file into the field the ushers and hostesses dressed in tuxedos and long gowns direct each family to its particular gravesite.Each family replaying When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again.We all stand at attention as a gentle breeze blows over the field.It is truly amazing what American ingenuity can accomplish.This morning what was an ordinary field has been transformed into a military cemetery.It has been a beautiful day!I've been honored to help bring this momentous project into your homes.Yes ,it's been a perfect day.Goodnight ,Americans.Sleep well.

第五篇：大学英语课文翻译

Unit 3近年来，随着互联网技术的迅猛发展，互联网经济已成为一个热门话题。以蓬勃发展的电子商务为代表的互联网经济已成为经济发展的重要引擎。我国政府高度重视发展互联网经济，提出了“互联网+”的概念，以推动互联网与医疗、交通、教育、金融、公共服务等领域的结合。这将为互联网经济的发展提供极大的发展潜力和更广阔的发展空间。随着“互联网+”战略的深入实施，互联网必将与更多传统行业进一步融合，助力打造“中国经济升级版”。

In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet economy has become a hot issue.As represented by the promising E-commerce, the Internet economy has become a strong driving force for the economic development.Our government attaches great importance to developing the Internet economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integrate the Internet with other industries, such as health care, transportation, education, finance, and public service.This will create great potential and broad prospects for the development of the Internet economy.With the implementation of the “Internet Plus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integrated with more traditional industries and help build “the upgraded version of the Chinese economy”.Unit 4 苏州园林是中国古典园林最杰出的代表，大部分为私家所有。苏州园林始于春秋、兴于宋元，盛于明清。清末苏州已有各色园林170余处，为其赢得了“园林之城”的称号。现保存完好的园林有60多处，对外开放的有十余处。其中沧浪亭、狮子林、拙政园和留园分别代表着宋、元、明、清四个朝代的艺术风格，被称为“苏州四大明园”。苏州园林宅园合一，可赏，可游，可居，其建筑规制反映了中国古代江南民间的生活方式和礼仪习俗。苏州园林不仅是历史文化的产物，同时也是中国传统思想文化的载体。1997年，苏州园林被联合国教科文组织列入“世界遗产名录”。

Suzhou gardens are the most outstanding representatives of classical Chinese gardens.Most of them were privately-owned.The gardens first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.By the late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as many as over 170 gardens of diverse styles, winning it the name “The city of Gardens”.Now over 60 gardens are kept in good condition, of which more than 10 are open to the public.The Surging Wave Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator’s Garden and the Lingering garden are called the four most famous gardens in Suzhou, representing the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.Suzhou gardens are assemblies of residences and gardens, which makes them suitable places for living, visiting and appreciating.The architectural principles of the gardens are a demonstration of the lifestyles and social customs of the ancient Chinese people in the south of the lower Yangtze River.Suzhou gardens are not only a product of Chinese history and culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture.In 1997, Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.Unit 5 中华文明曾对世界文明产生过重大影响。近年来，随着我国经济的发展和国际地位的提升，历史悠久的中国文化正引起世界新的关注。越来越多的中国元素为当今世界时尚、文学、影视作品等提供了创作灵感，成为热门题材。这一现象表明，世界需要中国文化。在这种背景下，我国决定实施文化“走出去”的战略，以加强中国与世界其他各国的文化交流。经过数年的努力，这项工程已经取得了很大成绩。文化“走出去”大力推动了我国文化产业的发展，正成为提升我国国家形象和综合实力的有效途径。

Chinese civilization once had a significant influence on world civilization.With the development of our country’s economy and the rise of her international status in recent years, Chinese culture, which has a long history, is once again attracting global attention.More and more Chinese cultural elements provide inspiration for and become popular subjects of fashions, literature and movies around the world.This shows that the world needs Chinese culture.It was in this context that China decided to implement the “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhance her cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.After several years’ efforts, great achievements have been made in this respect.“Culture Exporting” has greatly promoted the development of our cultural industries.It is becoming an effective approach through which China enhances her national image and comprehensive strength.Unit 6 博鳌亚洲论坛（Boao Forum for Asia）是一个非政府、非营利性的国际组织。它是由25个亚洲国家和澳大利亚发起的，于2001年正式成立，总部位于中国的海南省博鳌镇。博鳌亚洲论坛以平等、互惠、合作和共赢为主旨，致力于推动亚洲各国之间的经济交流、协调与合作，并增强亚洲与世界其他地区的对话和联系。它为有关国家的政府、企业及专家学者提供了一个共商亚洲以及全球事务的高层平台。通过区域经济的进一步合作，博鳌亚洲论坛将推进亚洲国家实现发展目标，为建设一个更加繁荣、稳定、和平的新亚洲作出重要贡献。Boao Forum for Asia(BFA)is a non-governmental, non-profit international organization.Initiated by 25 Asian countries and Australia, it was officially founded in 2001.The organization is headquartered in Boao Town in China’s Hainan Province.With equality, mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win as its objectives, BFA is devoted to promoting economic exchanges, coordination and cooperation between Asian countries as well as enhancing dialogs and ties between Asia and other parts of the world.The forum provides a high-level platform where governments, businesses and scholars form relevant countries discuss Asian and global affairs.Through further regional economic cooperation, BFA will facilitate the realization of Asian countries’ goals and contribute to a new Asia that boasts greater prosperity, stability and peace.Unit 7 城乡一体化是我国现代化和城市化发展的一个新阶段，是要通过对城乡发展实行统筹规划，并通过体制改革和政策调整，破除城乡二元经济结构，实现城乡在政策上平等，在产业发展模式上互补，让农村居民享受到与城镇居民同样的文明和福利。城乡一体化是一项重大而深刻的社会变革。它使整个城乡经济能够全面、协调、可持续地发展。只有大力推进城乡一体化，妥善处理城乡关系，加强城乡合作，缩小城乡差距，才能确保到2020年我国实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。

Urban-rural integration is a new stage of China's modernization and urbanization process.It aims to break the urban and rural dual economic structure through making integrated plans for urban and rural development, and through system reform and policy adjustment, so that the urban and rural areas will finally achieve equal policies and realize complementary developing patterns, enabling the rural residents to enjoy the same level of civilization and equal benefits with the urban residents.Urban-rural integration is a significant and profound social reform which enables comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of the entire urban-rural economy.Only by enhancing urban-rural integration, and by properly managing urban-rural relationships, increasing urban-rural collaboration, and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, can we guarantee that our country realize the blueprint goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020.