翻译英语

第一篇：翻译英语

With an elevation of more than 2000 meters, Lily bulbs, planted by cooperatives,is found in Er’yin mountains of Guan mountain, which is the provenance belonged to Lan Zhou reserve and in the east of Yong Jing county, Gan Su province.Owing to the unique geography in Guan mountains, the period of Lily growth is five years, therefore, all the products here are characterized by white color luscious taste,and full petals.Lily contains so much nutritional goodness such as amylum, proteide, fattiness, sweets, calcium, phosphorus,iron, colchicin and other alkaloids.Besides, the dietary property and the officinal value of this flower are extremely high.This flower could also bring the positive effects:antipyretic, antidotal, moistening lung, improving looks, relieving cough and reducing sputum, calming the nerve.Lily has been the superb cuisine among commons as well as in the state banquet from the ancient times;known as “the superb in cuisine, the panax in dishes”, Lily is the first for junketing and presenting.

第二篇：英语--翻译

1、男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母拦住了。（attempt）

The boys attempted to leave for camping, but were stopped by their parents.2、学生们对这种新的教学法的反映就是他们变得更自信了。（react to）

The students’ reaction to the new teaching method is that they become more confident.3、没人接电话意味着一家人都外出了。（imply）

The fact that nobody answered the telephone implied the family were out.4、我们必须日夜兼程才能准时到达目的地。（on time）

We must travel day and night to reach the destination on time.5、虽然他被敌人包围着，但是他并不害怕。（as）

Surrounded as he was by the enemy, he was not afraid.6、是否就是他抢劫了银行还有待证明。（remain）

It remained to be proved whether it is he who has robbed the bank.7、你应该找他看牙齿，他被认为是城里最好的牙医。（think of…as）

You ought to see him, for he is thought of as the best dentist in the city.8、从孩子出生起，她的父母就分居了。（be separated from）

The child’s parents have been separated from each other since she was born.9、即使你不成功，我们仍然支持你。（even if/even though）

Even if you lose, we’ll still support you.10、有十个人申请这份兼职工作。（apply）There are ten people who applied for the part time job.11、从这里到学校至少要二十分钟。（at least）It takes at least twenty minutes to get to school from here.12、他的想法跟我的不一致。（conform）His ideas don’t conform to mine.13、当她读这个故事时禁不住哭了。（can’t help）She couldn’t help crying when she was reading the story.14、我们走了就没人欣赏你的这些幽默故事了。（appreciate）Nobody would appreciate your funny stories if we leave.15、这个产品在质量上比那个产品好多了。（superior）This product is superior to that one.16、他父亲的去世让他伤心之极。（overwhelm）He was overwhelmed by his father’s death.

第三篇：英语作文翻译

英语作文翻译

鸟女孩介绍了一个小女孩与鸟类友好相处并成为鸟类专家的故事。

她的名字叫做玛丽,在她很小的时候,她搬到了一个新的居住地,由于孤独,她选择了鸟类成为她的朋友.从那以后,在每天早上,拿着望远镜观察鸟儿便成了她的日常活动。随着时间的流逝，她甚至能熟练地辨别不同类型的鸟。她的母亲，更是为她感到高兴，并给予她努力向这方面发展。但是,学无止境,玛丽每天依旧会看到许多不知名的鸟儿.因此,她学的更加刻苦.并开始为儿童们撰写一本关于鸟类的读物.研究鸟类已经不仅仅是玛丽的一个兴趣,更是成为了她生活的一部分,鸟儿为她展开了一幅缤纷的世界画卷.The Bird Girl is a story about a girl ,whose name was Mary Lou Robertson got along well with the birds and finally became a bird expert.When Mary Lou Robertson was a little girl, her family moved to a new neighborhood.Due to the void after her moving,she chose to be a friend of the birds when the loneness struck her.From the day when she made such decision ,it was her routine that she observed the bird s every morning.As time went by,she could even tell the difference between the different kinds of birds expertly.Her mother was so happy that she decided to support her daughter to carry on deeper study.However,there is no end of Mary’s study for there were still a lot of nameless birds found by her every day,as the consequence of which,she studied harder on the birds and began to write books about the birds for children.The study on the birds was not only one of Mary’s interests,but also part of her life,and the birds,in return, gave her a colorful majestic painting of the world.

第四篇：英语文献翻译

文章1: 题目：

集成的人机交互的发展到系统开发生命周期的方法

Abstract：

将人机交互（HCI）的角度来看，系统开发生命周期（SDLC）是必要的信息系统（IS）的成功，反过来，企业的成功。然而，现代的软件开发生命周期模型是基于组织的需求比人类的需要。信息系统的人机交互方面通常被认为是太小（只有屏幕界面），在太晚的发展过程（仅在设计阶段）。因此，往往一个缺口的表达。moreists满足组织的需求和支持和丰富人类用户之间的。这个问题可以通过仔细整合人机交互的发展为软件开发生命周期过程中实现真正的以人为本的开发方法。本文探讨了人机交互系统开发中的作用，证明考虑人机交互贯穿整个软件开发生命周期的重要性，提出了一种方法，以人为中心的发展，并演示了如何应用这种方法来发展以人为中心的信息系统。

Keyword：系统开发生命周期（SDLC）；信息系统；信息系统中人的因素（发布）；人机交互（HCI）；信息系统开发方法；以用户为中心的设计；以人为中心的系统开发

文章2： 题目

对影响敏感的多人–计算机相互作用

要认识到一个人的情感状态是COM的沟通与情绪智力的核心能力。情感intelligenceisafacetofhumanintelligencethathasbeenarguedtobe不可缺少的也许是最重要的成功的跨-个人的社会互动。本文认为，新一代人机交互（HCI）的设计需要包括情商来识别用户的情感状态，为了更加哼……能力的本质morean一样，更多的有效性，并更有效。情感的激发调节所有非言语communicativecues（面部表情，架，和声乐生理反应）。在面对面的互动，人类探测和解释这些互动的信号有很少或没有努力，他们的沟通。然而，一个自动化系统，完成这些任务的设计和开发是比较困难的。本文调查了过去的工作由计算机在解决这些问题，并提供了一系列建议，为开发智能多模态人机交互的用户的非语言情感反馈个性化自动分析仪的第一部分。

Keyword：

情感计算；人机交互（HCI）；情感状态；非言语交际线索的自动分析；多模态人机交互的个性化人机交互。

文章3：

题目：人机交互：跨学科的根和趋势

Abstract：方法，理论，在人机交互（HCI）领域的实践都产生互动的软件，可以用来操作，能有效，安全目标，并满意。人机交互是跨学科和多学科的行为在其根。人机交互的核心概念是可用性，使用加有用缓解。实现了良好的可用性，需要注意两个产品的发展过程中，特别是对用户的交互设计，应服务……莫里作为用户界面的软件组件的要求。本文回顾了一些建模支持人机交互的实践理论，开发生命周期的活动，和很多的实践，构成` `可用性工程”。兴趣在HCI的未来应用领域包括新的交互方式，虚拟环境，万维网，信息可视化，和可穿戴计算。

Keyword：

发展的过程；用户交互；万维网；互动系统；理论与实践；人为因素；应用领域；软件构件；弗吉尼亚理工大学；可用性工程；认知心理学；交互方式；人类±计算机；良好的可用性

文章4：

题目：人机交互的方法训练的交通控制 Abstract：

在瑞典，列车已经在过去的几年中增加和今天的任何时候都高。同时为提高正点率和更好的可预测性要求越来越高。是否有可能提高准时，从而可能利用基础设施资源更优化的控制列车交通提供改进的系统的出现，这将是一个非常有效的方法提高列车。本文研究的一个主要目标，对我morenvestigate如何，从人机交互的角度，系统可以被设计来更好的支持人的能力和能力的一个有效途径火车交通控制。对复杂系统的控制人类早期的研究有助于这方面的工作。本研究的一个重要组成部分，是获取知识的边缘有火车调度执行他们今天的工作和困难的关系。研究了以用户为中心的方法。在密切合作运行的火车交通专业人士探讨和发展的解决和改善情况自项目开始于1996建议的控制新策略，解决这样一个系统的设计已被开发和一定程度的评价。瑞典国家铁路管理局（国家铁路局）正计划建立基于控制的策略和思路从这个研究项目的操作控制系统。

Keyword：同一时间；人机交互；交通控制；乌普萨拉大学；人机交互划分；部门；列车控制；有效途径；列车控制；控制复杂；列车调度员 文章5：

题目:在人机交互说话口头语预测

Abstract：本研究的特点自然说话disfluencies典型的人机交互，并给出了其发生的一个预测模型会计。数据在三个实证研究中人们说或者写一个高度互动的模拟系统为他们完成业务交易的收集。研究涉及的学科内的析因设计的输入方式和格式是不同的。口语不流利的人机接口速率在……moreraction被证明是大大低于率通常观察到的类似人类的演讲中。两个独立的因素，增加与规划的要求，是高等disifuency率显著相关：（我）长度的话语；和（2）在演示文稿格式缺乏结构。回归技术证明了线性模型基于简单的发音长度占了在说话disfluencies 77%变异。因此，设计方法，能够指导用户讲话简短的句子要消除说话disfluencies大多数潜在的。在这项研究中，例如，一个结构化的表示格式成功地消除了6O 70%的不流利的讲话。本研究的长期目标是提供强大的语言技术设计经验的指导。Keyword：工程俄勒冈；人机交互；呈现方式；预测说话disfluencies；工艺盒 文章6：

题目：教学交互：第一次的经验

Abstract：人机交互是在哥斯达黎加大学最近的纪律。在本文中，我们提出的第一个学年关于人类-计算机交互的先修课程的经验，本科和硕士课程，设计和教。HCI课程介绍战略包括两个步骤：1）启动一个专门的本科课程在第一学期，和2）启动一个专门的硕士课程中的第二个任期，同时发展。moreaught与本科课程。课程大纲都分享。然而，由于差异的本科生和研究生的学生在本科和硕士课程的差异，评价方法的实施，导致更多的任务和研究生水平较高的紧迫性。在教室里的工作是为每个不同的课程，因为研究生可以建立自己的知识的基础上以前的工作经验和思想的交流与其他学生。在本科和硕士课程，强调的是实践的理论支持。

Keyword

人机交互；人机互动教学

文章7：

题目：人机交互

Abstract：人机交互是通过物理或心理互动确立人与计算机之间的关系的过程。在这里，我们总结了人机交互的基础上，与历史的互动形式与产品设计。后来的人机交互的不同方面进行了应用，如人机交互通过逼真的人脸模型，人脸识别技术的人机交互界面，远程教育和人机交互。USI……moreng人工智能系统，我们可以把所有这些方面，提供了一个先进的人机交互，计算机或机器人能够识别人脸的学习和掌握自己的情绪反应，通过面部模型，连接到不同的世界大学通过远程教育和帮助社会中通过学生福利改进尽可能的。

Keyword：人机交互；人脸模型；人机交互；远程教育；产品设计；智能

文章8：

题目：提供用户模型直接访问接口：一个简单的界面和交互影响的HRI的探索性研究 Abstract：

用户模型的方式来理解和提高计算机接口的可用性。我们在这里提出的ACT-R认知建模语言的一个公开的驾驶模拟一个简单的模拟机器人接口交互模型。该模型通过将位图的解析的新用途未修改的Java接口进行交互。该模型的结构开始描述知识的人为操作的机器人必须具备的。该模型还表明某些方面……更多的任务将为运营商很难。例如，该模型的性能进行定量的预测机器人的速度会如何影响导航的质量，以及相关的人的行为。而模型并不能涵盖所有的人机交互方面，它说明了如何提供用户模型通过位图访问接口可以导致更准确和更广泛的适用模型的用户。

Keyword：图形用户界面；人机交互；图像处理；人机交互；遥操作；用户建模；用户接口的人为因素

文章9：

题目：公共服务的设计标准 Abstract：

本文的重点是对公共服务的设计标准。本文挑战传统的列表的可用性标准的设计和评估的IT系统支持。传统的标准在人机交互领域内被认为是太有限，扩大鉴于通信和业务过程提出。这扩展的视野内，现有的可用性标准被认为是重要的但不是充分的。基于这一要求，标准也支持系统提出了moreation和企业的行动…。该标准是关于发展的实证研究产生的电子服务。这种服务的目的是支持企业之间的沟通和市当公司将获得经营许可。分析在这种情况下，通信的需要已经产生的设计和评价标准，为特定利益互补。标准生成的例子有：用户成为有良好的条件（感知，理解和信息支持），区分信息和表演之间的部分，提供元信息（目的和内容）。

Keyword：可用性；人机交互；电子政务；电子商务；电子政务；电子商务；人机交互（HCI）；可用性

文章10：

题目：人机交互作为一门工程学科：是或不是！？

Abstract：在新兴的跨学科领域的人机交互的主要挑战之一（HCI）是一个研究的线，可以使验证设计知识交互系统的设计，预测能力发展的规范。基于三种不同的元素交互系统的设计方法：（1）人（的），（2）技术人工制品（S），和（3）的情况下使用，不同的学科有不同的研究范式，这……更多新领域：具有强烈的社会经验和实验方法科学，工业设计和交互设计与艺术设计的高度重视，和工程学科具有较强的技术和正式的AP的方法。本项目提出了建议，并结合不同的研究和基于三角网的设计范式的优势的一种可能的方式，我们认为人机交互作为一门工程学科。

Keyword：

人机交互；研究议程的设计范式；三角剖分；

第五篇：英语四级翻译

一、历史文化

四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。

China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world.China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides ,it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords.All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world.But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。

The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long,long course.More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and ZhuangZi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious idea sand qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic.For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all.Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”;the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”;the code of conduct of “Treat othersas you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation: endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management ,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family, the country and the society.汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。

In a sense ,Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Sealscript, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.红楼梦：《红楼梦》问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象《红楼梦》这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读《红楼梦》，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。

Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages.Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none.All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve perse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth.And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background.They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own inpiduality.They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it.In short, the reactions vary.二、传统节日 春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year.Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same;they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days.Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings.Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。

Ching MingFestival(the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting.In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports.According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is adistinctive holiday.元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中，所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。

Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tangyuan”.These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings.The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness.Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns.In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes.Stilt-walking ,drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午节：端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。The Duan WuFestival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patrioticpoet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as are sult of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of QuYuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。

The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month.It is atime for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns.The festival wasendowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady inthe moon.According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it.Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth.Hestole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal.However, his wife ,Chang-E drank it.Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came int obeing.三、传统事物

筷子：中国人使用筷子已经有3 000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的，象征着天；另一端是方的，象征着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。

There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks.Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth.It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth.There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be apart of a girl’s dowry.Kuaizi(chopsticks)is pronounced the same as “kuaizi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”.According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal.As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should putdown the chopsticks.It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四宝：在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（ink slab），就是人们所说的“文房四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不断趋于完善、精美，历代都有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了，但是，在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。

In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and“ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing anir replaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.中国结：中国结（The Chinese Knot）是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现，绳结可以追朔到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼，还用来记录事件，而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（cultural connotation）。由于结在汉语中的发音与“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”，这是中国人永恒的追求，因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结（Pan-chang Knot）来装饰，象征着永恒的爱情。The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than justfastening , wraping, hunting, fishing.Knots were also to record events ,and someknots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronounce d as“jie” in Chinese similar with that of “ji”,which means blessing,goodsalary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everl astingpursuit of Chinese people ,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.Forexample ,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolizeeternal love.八大菜系：中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。

China is atime-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources,and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines havetaken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographicalenvironment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.Themost influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and HuiCuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the“Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by persified cooking skills,with each having its strong points.四、传统艺术

京剧：京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜色都有象征意义：红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the mostinfluential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is aharmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for itsexquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty;blue suggests cruelty;black suggests honesty.武术：武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。// 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。

Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation(IWUF)have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.//The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands.Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.狮舞：狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has are corded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore ,performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.四六级考试的作文题目无非就是两类： 第一．和自己发展有关的个人成长成功话题； 第二．和社会现象相关的学校社会热点话题； 而四六级的写作结构很固定： 第一段：引出话题（对于图画描述）第二段：阐释话题 第三段：总结话题

第一类话题需要大家说自己的认识，其实就是喊出一些无用的口号，并且的变了方的把这些口号喊的比较复杂，人在成长成功过程中的品质通常包括了：某种品质对成功很重要: 可能出现的主题词：

顺境与逆境(Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances)勤奋（diligence;painstaking work）谨慎和坚毅（prudence and determination）热情和乐观（, enthusiasm and optimism）

博学和求知（learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge）绝望和坚持（Frustration and perseverance）独立性问(independence)感恩(gratitude)创新(creation and innovation)鼓励(encouragement)自满和谦逊（self-satisfied and modest）合作（cooperation）等：注意替换主题词就可以了.All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon.Furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success.Just as John Adams, the second U.S.president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,“United we stand, divided we fall.”

自信：(confidence)

(可以把独立换成考场上需要你写的主题词，比如，the spirit of impendence等)

社会和学校话题：

对于学校社会话题同样是喊出口号，分析利弊，不可能写出太多实质的话题：

常见的话题：

1． 资源保护(Energy and Resource Saving)环境保护(Environmental protection)低碳环保（low-carbon life）旅游对环境的影响（2． 人口增长(The growth of China’s population)3． 社会保障问题(Social security fund)4． 假冒伪劣产品问题(Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)5． 消费者权益保护问题(The protection of consumers rights and interests)6． 社会诚信的缺失（Honest is the best policy.It pays to be honest.）

It is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, I argue.我认为，不难发现，要是没有诚信在这样一个竞争激烈的现代社会中，从长期来看个人和组织是很难赚到钱，赚到利润的，更不必说获得财富了。

7.知识产权保护问题（Intellectual Property protection.No plagiarizing）8． 微博和微信的强势崛起（The rise of the WeiBo,Wechat）9． 传统文化的传播（traditional Chinese culture）

It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished.Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture.While global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural interchanges, it is multiculturalism that essentially makes the society and its people diverse, colorful, vigorous and open-minded.Nevertheless, certainly, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side.Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.孝敬父母（caring parents）(filial piety)Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our parents can enjoy their life to the uttermost.10． 提高学生的身体素质（physical exercise build a strong body and relieve pressure and keep a pleasant mood）

11． 大学生的就业（sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement）

Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our graduates can enjoy their careers to the uttermost.12． 大学城的建造（the construction of university town）

Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.先谈社会话题：

负面的话题无非要涉及解决的问题，正面话题就是展望未来，现在送大家一些在考研和四六级中正负面话题都能用的表达：

The general public is supposed to enhance their awareness that 大众需要提升对于…的意识是，In view of the complexity of such a topic, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally.考虑到话题的复杂性，我们必须从社会，经济和文化角度来对待这个话题。

In a sense, it is not why sth.exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it.总之，不是讨论为什么在今天的世界会存在这种话题，而在于我们应该怎么去应对他。

文章最后一定能用到的表达：

In view of the importance and the complexity of such a positive/negative phenomenon, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally and maintain it the very force that has driven our society/或 life forward.Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost./或in which student can enjoy their study to the uttermost.特别警惕，四六级还可以出一些应用文作为考察的对象，这里附上一篇欢迎辞； My dear new friends, You are welcomed to join in our English club.I am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club.Established in 2001, our club has celebrated her 10th birthday.In the past ten years, a lot of interesting activities have been designed and organized.Our most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition.In our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy English movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice your oral English with them.I am sure you will enjoy happy moments in our club and make progress in your English learning.