第一篇：MLA格式
Hua Su
Political Science 101, Section009
Professor Dighton M.FiddnerMarch 2010
Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile Crisis
I think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis.It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened.On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba.“One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S.as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”.The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event.In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro.He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba.Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba were
big threat to US.After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba.After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously.Power is the most apparent influence.Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power.And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States.During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplomacy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done(or not to do what it would have done)(Goldstein et al.).United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it.So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961.But it turned out a failure.After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion.And, improvement of its military power is the best way.At that time, the biggest and
strongest communist country was Soviet Union.It possessed nuclear weapons.That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War.They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc.Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida.So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba.Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing.As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition.They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba.But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine.United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism.Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense.It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters.The United States’ action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics.Every entity seeks its self-interests.The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine.And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States.It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster.So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension.“The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification”(GlobalSecurity.org).When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them.There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:
On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicating
the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions of
the Soviet Union.On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a long
rambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations would
be dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United States
assurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba.On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting that
missile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United States
dismantled its missile installations in Turkey(Cold War: Cuban Missile
Crisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public.At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba.So
we can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes.And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals.Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security;and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba.In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won.However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event.And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc.In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world.We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII.So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited
“The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).” Life(1962): 38-41.Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C.Pevehouse.“Power.” International Relations.7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006.57-58.Print.“Cuban Missile Crisis.” GlobalSecurity.org.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis.” Library of Congress.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Vienna Summit.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Web.20 Mar.2010.
第二篇：MLA格式说明
MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material.Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition).Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd edition).The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries;it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site.See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009 resource.Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual.Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.General Guidelines
white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font(e.g.Times New Roman).Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another.The font size should be 12 pt. Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks(unless otherwise instructed by your instructor). Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides. Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin.MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times. Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page.Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis. Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard,before your Works Cited page.Entitle the section Notes(centered, unformatted).Formatting the First Page of Your Paper If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page
Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.your instructor's name, the course, and the date.Again, be sure to use double-spaced text. Double space again and center the title.Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks;write the title in Title Case(standard capitalization), not in all capital letters. Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking”
Double space between the title and the first line of the text. Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number;number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals(1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page.Always follow instructor guidelines.)Here is a sample of the top half of a first page in MLA style: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.Section Headings
Writers sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability.These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.Essays
MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.1.Early Writings 2.The London Years 3.Traveling the Continent 4.Final Years
Books
MLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books.If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,one another grammatically.For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases(and not, for example, full sentences).Otherwise, the formatting is up to you.It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.If you employ multiple levels of headings(some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.Sample Section Headings
The following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference.You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.Numbered:
1.Soil Conservation 1.1 Erosion 1.2 Terracing 2.Water Conservation 3.Energy Conservation
Formatted, unnumbered:
Level 1 Heading: bold, flush left
Level 2 Heading: italics, flush left
Level 3 Heading: centered, bold
Level 4 Heading: centered, italics How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 2008.Web.27 Dec.2008.Individual Resources
Purdue OWL.“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 May 2008.Web.15 Nov.2008.All Sections in MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide:
1.MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide2.MLA 2009 In-Text Citations: The Basics3.MLA 2009 Formatting Quotations4.MLA 2009 Footnotes and Endnotes
5.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Basic Format6.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books7.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals8.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources(Web Publications)9.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources10.MLA 2009 Additional Resources11.MLA 2009 Abbreviations12.MLA 2009 Sample Works Cited Page13.MLA 2009 Sample Papers14.MLA 2009 Tables, Figures, and Examples15.MLA 2009 PowerPoint Presentation16.MLA 2009 Undergraduate Sample Paper
第三篇：参考文献中MLA格式规范
MLA格式简要规范
MLA格式简要规范
1.独著
姓，名.书名.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Bambrough, New York: The New American Library, 1963.2.两至三名作者
姓，名, 名姓, and 名姓.书名.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W.3.四名或以上作者
姓，名,et al..出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.4.机构作者
机构名称.书名.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.American Psychological Association.1994.5.匿名作者
.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.6.同一作者两本以上著作
以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前，第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。
Bloom, Harold.New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.7.编著
一名编者:
姓, 名, ed..出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Frye, Northrop, ed.New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.两名编者:
姓, 名, and 名姓, eds..出版地: 出版社, 出版年.三名以上的编者:
第一编者姓, 名, et al.出版地: 出版社, 出版年.University Press, 1986.8.译著
原作者姓, 名.译者名姓.出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Norton, 1961.9.再版著作
姓，名.版别序号 ed.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman.5th ed.Ft.Worth: Harcourt, 1993.10.论文集中的文章
文章作者姓, 名.“文章标题.”.Ed.论文集编者名姓.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.起始页码.Wellek, Rene.“Romanticism RE-examined.” Ed.Northrop Frye.New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.75-98.Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993.131-42.11.多卷或多册著作，书名后注明第几册或第几卷.姓, 名.书名.卷目 vols.(其他信息).出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Plato.2 vols.Trans.R.G.Bury.Leob Classical Libery.New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons, 1926.12.前言，后记
前言作者姓，名.“Introduction(或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名.By 书目作者名姓.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.前言起始页码.后记作者姓，名.“Afterwords.” 书名.By 书目作者名姓.出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.后记起始页码.Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.“Introduction.”
13.期刊文章
文章作者姓, 名.“文章标题.” 卷号.期号(出版年代): 起始页码.Maguire, James H.“The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.”(1988): 645-52.Davis, Sherri Heckler.“The Zen Art of Prewriting.” 1(1988): 21-23.14.周刊或双周刊文章
文章作者姓, 名.“文章标题.” 出版日月年: 起始页码.Hoagland, Edward.“Standing Tough in the Desert.” May 1989: 44-45.15.月刊或双月刊文章
文章作者姓, 名.“文章标题.” 出版月年: 起始页码.January 1994: 37-56.16.报纸文章
文章作者姓, 名.“文章标题.” 出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码.Intraub, Anna Jinagwang.“How I learned to Read.” 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page 16.如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为:
“文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年: 页码.“Learn English through Football.”
17.网络著作
作者姓, 名.出版年代.检索日月年 <详细网址>.Emerson, Ralph Waldo.1841.12 February 1997.<,1998-08-16/1998-10-04
第四篇：医用直线加速器MLA配置可行性论证报告
省乙类大型医用设备配置申请
可行性研究报告
设备名称： 医用直线加速器（LA）
申请单位（签章）：中煤矿建总医院
联系人： 张志雄
联系电话： ***
申报时间： 2013年01月16日
第一章 总体情况
一、基本情况
（一）医院名称 中煤矿建总医院
（二）法定地址 **省**市建设北路12号
（三）法人代表 杨嗣安
（四）联系人 张志雄
（五）联系方式 ***
二、医院概况
（一）医院级别： 二级甲等医院
（二）性质 非营利性非政府办
（三）床位数情况 369张
1、编制床位数 369张
2、开放床位数 465张
3、相关科室实际开放床位数 170张
（四）卫生技术人员情况
1、卫生技术人员数（分专业）
主任医师 2人； 副主任医师 27人；
主治医师 84人； 主管护师 68人；
主管技师 3人 ； 主管检验师 8人；
主管药师 12人； 医师 76人；
护师 100人； 技师 5人
2、技术职称梯队情况
副高职称 29 人，中级职称 175 人，初级职称173 人；
（五）业务科室设置情况
临床科室及床位设置情况（见下表）
（六）申请设备相关科室和专业人员情况
副高职称6人，主治医师12人，医师18人
主管护师12人，护师26人，主管技师 2 人，技师 2 人
（七）医院特色专科情况
我院心内科、骨科及微创外科被评为**市市级重点学科，也是我院的特色专科。ICU是**省重点特色专科。
三、上医疗概况
（一）上门急诊量 120459人次
（二）上住院情况
1、住院人次 15233人次
2、手术人次 3221人次
（三）上业务收入 1.2亿元
四、与设备使用相关科室概况
（一）相关科室床位数： 100张；
（二）相关科室技术人员数：78人；
（三）相关科室年门急诊人次：30000人次；
（四）相关科室年住院情况： 3000人次；
第二章 申请设备和资金
（一）申请类别（新增或更新）： 新增
（二）申请设备名称： 医用直线加速器(LA)
（四）品牌及型号： 美国瓦里安（两档高能X线及多档电子线）
（五）资金数额及来源 1400万元左右 全部自筹
第三章 申请依据和理由
一、申请依据
（一）区域卫生规划情况：
1、按照**市委市政府总体规划方案，我院一期病房综合楼建筑规模500张床位，总建筑面积约38480平方米（含地下一层5100平方米），其中医疗用房占85%，其他综合用房占15%，预计2013年10月底前开工建设，2015年底前投入使用。
2、根据**市政府统一规划，目前中煤矿建总医院已成为**北卫生职业学院的附属医院，本着资源共享，优势互补，互惠互利，共同发展的原则，通过通力合作，培养一批高素质的医学科技人才，使我院医疗技术与科研教学水平等登上一个新的台阶，力争重点科室逐步达到三级甲等医院水平，三年内完成市级科研成果2-3项，并争取申报1-2项省级或部级科技创新项目。
（二）与医院发展相关的规划情况：
未来几年，是我国现代化建设向第三步战略目标迈进的重要时期，也是我国医疗体系改革的关键时期，更是我院加快发展，快速提高内涵质量，加速创建现代化医院目标的新机遇期。医院将以新形势超前谋划，精心实施未来几年医院发展的战略，以新的思想，新的突破，实现医院全面，协调可持续发展。
1、指导思想
认真贯彻执行国家卫生工作的方针政策，坚持公益性办医方向，努力为人民群众提供质优价廉的基本医疗服务，牢固树立发展是硬道理的思想，以病人为中心，以发展为主题，以提高医疗技术和医疗质量为核心，以医疗改革和科技创新为发展动力，以履行医院的社会职能为根本出发点，以提高职工生活水平为落脚点，努力把医院建设成为安全、优质、高效、低耗的有较强市场竞争力的三级综合性医院。
2、主要发展目标
⑴ 医院发展总体目标：
以新建综合性病房大楼和**市肿瘤医院兴建为发展契机，以科技创新、人才兴院为发展策略，以现有的创伤外科，心血管内科、ICU、神经内科、微创外科等重点科室和特色科室为基础，逐步形成以项目带学科、以学科带全院的学科发展思路，做大做强核医学专科、糖尿病学专科、康复治疗中心等一批重点优势专科，做到院有重点、科有特色；拟在**市创伤与关节置换研究所的基础上，创办**市椎间盘突出微创治疗研究所；争取为了三到五年内把我院建设成为特色突出，结构合理，功能完善，在本地区具有较强实力，较高信誉度的现代化综合性三级甲等医院。
⑵ 具体目标和指标
① 基本建设指标
a.一期病房综合大楼建筑规模500张床位，总建筑面积为38480平方米，现有老病区改造成目前**市一流的康复养老中心。
b.积极筹建一所放射治疗中心。
c.购置直线加速器、DSA、陀螺仪等一批大型医疗设备。
d.完善医院信息化建设，建成中央数据传输系统，门诊及病房病历电子化，基本实现无纸化病案管理。
② 人力资源指标
医院现有职工总数722人，其中各类专业技术人员占85%以上。计划每年培养和引进一批成熟的高、中级专业技术人才和专业管理人才，至2015年培养和引进学科带头人2030人，引进大学以上本科以上学历技术人才6080名，引进硕士研究生、博士研究生36人。
③ 工作量指标
门急诊人数18万/年人次，出院人数2.2万/年人次，手术例数6000台次/年，诊疗符合率达95%，危重病人抢救成功率大于95%以上，病床使用率达100%，平均住院日小于10天。
（三）与医院配置设备有关的规划
⑴ 申请设备的技术发展前景： 目前有70%以上的肿瘤疾病可以采用放疗进行根除或姑息治疗，目前临床上开展的放疗，主要对头颈部、胸部、腹部、四肢软组织、骨骼、妇科等肿瘤有较好的适应症。近五年来，放疗技术发展迅速，特别是图像引导放疗技术（IGRT）在临床的普遍应用，极大地提高了各种病症的疗效，使放疗在肿瘤治疗中的地位日益重要。
医用直线加速器是一种把高能物理运用到医疗技术上的高新科技产品，是继同位素放射疗法后又一种治疗肿瘤的新方法。医用直线加速器MLA自20世纪70年代产生至今已被广泛应用于肿瘤患者的放射治疗，它利用电离辐射来治疗肿瘤，对于鼻咽癌、扁桃体癌、喉癌以及前列腺癌等疗效较好，且对一些晚期肿瘤患者也可以进行姑息性治疗以达到止痛、止血、消炎等目的，从而减轻患者的痛苦，改善患者的生存质量。
第五篇：英文注释MLA和APA格式
Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。APA格式简介
一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。
MLA和APA格式
参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。
3.2 参考文献著录的格式
参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited，在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册，本节仅提供部分著录实例，供参考。
3.2.1 著录已出版的文章 一位作者写的文章 MLA：
Stewart, Donald C.“What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40(1989): 188-202.APA：
Roediger, H.L.(1990).Implicit memory: A commentary.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.注意：（1）在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（2）在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。（3）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。（4）按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。
两位作者写的文章 MLA： Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H.Potter.“Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27(1986): 310-21.APA：
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D.L.(1990).Priming and human memory systems.Science, 247, 301-305.两位以上的作者写的文章 MLA：
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B.Cohen.“Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(1987): 101-14.APA：
Barringer, H.R., Takeuchi, D.T., & Xenos, P.C.(1990).Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.无论用MLA 还是APA，第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，在MLA规范里以名字开始，继以姓氏，而在APA规范里以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。
如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文 “and others”），如： MLA：
Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al.“Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(1987): 101-14.APA：
Barringer, H.R.et at.(1990).Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review）
MLA：
Kidd, John.“The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev.of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler.New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.APA：
Falk, J.S.(1990).[Review of Narratives from the crib].Language, 66, 558-562.收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book）
MLA： Glover, David.“The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure.Ed.Derek Longhurst.London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.67-83.APA：
Wilson, S.F.(1990).Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research.In S.Rose(Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment(pp.13-42).White Plains, NY: Longman.注意：（1）“Ed.”代表“编”。（2）在MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称，在APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。
杂志中的文章 MLA：
Miller, Mark Crispen.“Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept.1981: 29-32.APA：
Gibbs, N.(1989, April 24).How America has run out of time.Time, pp.58-67.注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。
报纸中的文章 MLA：
“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec.1988: 6B.APA：
Freudenheim, M.(1987, December 29).Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath.New York Times, p.D2.百科全书中的文章（An entry in an encyclopedia）MLA: Mohanty, Jitendra M.“Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia.15th ed.1987.APA：
Bergmann, P.G.(1993).Relativity.In The new encyclopedia britannica(Vol.26, pp.501-508).Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.政府文件（A government publication）MLA：
United States.Natl.Council on Disability.Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act.Washington: GPO, 2000.APA：
National Institute of Mental Health.(1990).Clinical training in serious mental illness(DHHS Publication No.ADM 90-1679).Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office.3.2.2 著录已出版的书籍 一位作者写的书籍 MLA：
Graff, Gerald.Professing Literature: An Institutional History.Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.APA：
Rossi, P.H.(1989).Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。
新版书（Book with a new edition）MLA：
Erikson, Erik.Childhood and Society.2nd ed.New York: Norton, 1963.APA：
Kail, R.(1990).Memory development in children(3rd ed.).New York: Freeman.团体作者（Book with a corporate author）写的书籍 MLA：
College Board.College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile.New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.APA：
American Psychiatric Association.(1987).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed., rev.).Washington, DC: Author.无作者书籍（Book with no author）MLA：
Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher.Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.APA：
Standards for educational and psychological tests.(1985).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.编撰的书籍（Edited book）MLA：
Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J.Lumsden, eds.The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing.Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, 1988.APA：
Campbell, J.P., Campbell, R.J., & Associates.(Eds.).(1988).Productivity in organizations.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.翻译的书籍（Translated book）MLA：
Lacan, Jacques.Ecrits: A Selection.Trans.Alan Sheridan.New York: Norton, 1977.APA：
Michotte, A.E.(1963).The perception of causality(T.R.Miles & E.Miles, Trans.).London: Methuen.(Original work published 1946)
注意在两种规范里，翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。
重版书（Republished book）MLA：
Hurston, Zora Neale.Their Eyes Were Watching God.1937.
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