英文论文标准格式

第一篇：英文论文标准格式

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If you follow the “checklist” your paper will conform to the requirements of the publisher and facilitate a problem-free publication process.Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(0666666), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(060000)and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(0555555).References

[1] Dj.M.Maric, P.F.Meier and S.K.Estreicher: Mater.Sci.Forum Vol.83-87(1992), p.119

[2] M.A.Green: High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells(Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland 1987).[3] Y.Mishing, in: Diffusion Processes in Advanced Technological Materials, edtied by D.Gupta

Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publising, Norwich, NY(2004), in press.[4] G.Henkelman, G.Johannesson and H.Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed Phase

Chemistry, edited by S.D.Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers(2000).[5] R.J.Ong, J.T.Dawley and P.G.Clem: submitted to Journal of Materials Research(2003)

[6] P.G.Clem, M.Rodriguez, J.A.Voigt and C.S.Ashley, U.S.Patent 6,231,666.(2001)

[7]Information on http://

第二篇：英文论文

浅谈高中英语写作中语域知识的习得

总论：新课程标准中＂语域＂的概念在中学阶段英语教学中是个新鲜词汇，第一次提到，并且明确列入评分标准之中。语域知识的习得是学生写作能力发展过程中的一大难点，因此，了解其含义及要求，对于我们教师当前如何有效指导学生的写作就显得尤为重要和迫切。比方说：photograph与photo均可指照片、图片，但photograph是newspaper language，属于正式体，一般常见于报刊杂志，而photo则是随便体，使用较为自由，这主要是语域功能的差异造成的。

关键字：高中英语课程标准、语域、中学写作、新要求

一、语域知识的习得是《英语课程标准》的新要求

普通高中《英语课程标准》（人民教育出版社2003年4月第一版，第55页）所附的写作评价标准中明确提到：对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。可以采用综合性评价，也可以采用分析性评价。通常采用分档次按等级评分制。其中第五档分类高分标准如下：

第五档（新课程标准）

——很好地完成了试题规定的任务；

——按要求写出了内容要点；

——语言结构和词汇选用恰当、丰富；语言错误极少；

——有效采用不同的连接手段，层次清楚；

——格式和语域恰当；——完全达到与目标读者交流的目的。

附：（原标准对比）第五档（很好）：

——完全完成了试题规定的任务。

——覆盖所有内容要点。

——应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。

——语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。

——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。

——完全达到了预期的写作目的。

其中最后两项和原来的高考评分标准有着很大的区别，其要求进一步明确：①强调格式和语域恰当；②强调达到与目标读者交流的目的。而这其中＂语域＂的概念在中学阶段英语教学中是个新鲜词汇，第一次提到，并且明确列入评分标准之中。因此，了解其含义及要求，对于我们教师当前如何有效指导学生的写作就显得尤为重要和迫切。那么，什么是语域呢？

二、语域的涵义

语域（register）：［(linguistics)range of vocabulary, grammar etc used by writers

in professional contexts.］是指根据语言使用的社会情景定义的一种具有某种具

体用途的语言变体，如科技语体、艺术语体、政论语体、公文语体等等。简言之，指在专业领域中作者所使用的词汇，可以理解为与题目相关领域的vocabulary。＂

各语域的词汇具有明确的语域功能＂（王珏,1999）。比方说：photograph与photo

均可指照片、图片，但photograph是newspaperlanguage，属于正式体，一般

常见于报刊杂志，而photo则是随便体，使用较为自由，这主要是语域功能的差

异造成的。一般情况，法律、科技、报道，讲演词，政论文等都比较正式，而小

说中文体、语域最复杂，要视情况而定，不可一概而论。

三、语域的区别

语法正确的句子并不一定是好的句子，这其中牵涉到语域的因素。口头交际

时，当然不要使用正式语体；同样，书面交流时，千万避免随意语体。国内（20

世纪80年代中后期交际教学法）教学改革前指摘学生的英语口语过于书面化；

教学改革后的情况又如何呢？批改学生的作文时，教师都有一种感觉：学生的作

文大多用词简单、结构松散，从语体角度分析，正式程度都较低，呈口语化的倾

向（蔡基刚2001：302）。

但是，目前中学英语写作教学的写作培训时间很少，有限的时间又多放在应

试讲评上，缺乏对语域等全局层次的特征传授。学术英语（English for Academic

Purposes,EAP）研究专家Hyland博士曾指出，学生的绝大多数语篇语域知识是

通过在写作中表达自己的思想获得的(1998: 243)。什么是冷漠体，正式体，商量

体，随便体，亲密体，正式体，半正式体，公共体，半非正式体，非正式体等只

有在语篇环境或讲话者的口吻中才能体会出来。不同的语域语言变体彼此是有区

别的，如果用几个简单的例子来说明一下就会看得很清楚。如＂汤姆病了，今天

没去上学＂，如果说Tom didn't go to school, because he was ill.这就是一句公共语，而如果说Tom was ill,so he didn't go to school.这就是口语体，即非正式语体，如

果说：Being ill ,Tom didn't go to school或Tom didn't go to school because of illness.都是正式语体(当然这句话的内容用这种句式表达并不合适)。从中我们可以看到

用原因从句的表达方式是比较正常的，用so连接的句子显得不怎么正式，用抽

象名词和分词短语的形式都显得十分正式。

另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有语域方面的区别。如according to

和in accordance with,前者为公共语，而后者为正式用语，It is important 和It is of

importance相比，也是前者为公共语，而后者为正式体。甚至连冠词的用法都可

以表示这种区别，The horse is a useful animal;A horse is a useful animal;Horses are

useful animals。第一种用定冠词加单数名词表示类属的是正式用法，而用不定冠

词加单数名词表示类属的则为公共语，最后一种，复数泛指的类属表示法则为非

正式语体。

所以，我们在学生英语写作之初时，引导他们弄清所写文章的语域情况是十

分重要的，因为这将决定我们在写作时如何选词组句，可谓＂看菜吃饭，量体裁

衣＂。例如：我们在写一篇游记时要用到下面一个句子：＂一小时后，我们终于

登上高达海拔1296公尺的衡山之巅祝融峰。＂可译为：After an hour of climbing,we finally found ourselves at zhurong Peak, the very apex of Mt, Hengshan, towering

1,296m above the sea level.我们可以从after……climbing这种动名词用法看出比

较正式，它不是用短句表示(After we had climbed for an hour)，如用短句则显得更

为常见的公共语体，另外，apex，顶峰，巅峰，与之同义的词还有summit, top

等词，但apex更为典雅，正式程度高于summit，更高于top.再有towering这一分词的使用，也说明其正式性，不是用短句(it towers

1,296m above sea level)。那么，我们在翻译这句时则用了比较正式的语言。但如

果我们是在记录人们交谈中听到下面这样一些简短而连续句子：＂我们爬了一个

钟头，终于到了祝融峰的山顶，它是衡山的最高峰，有1296公尺＂则译为这样

较合适：After we had climbed for an hour，we finally found ourselves at zhurongPeak.This is the very top of Mt, Hengshan and it towers 1,296 meters above sea level.这就是语域决定作用的初步体验。

四、语域使用应遵循的要求

在语言是否达到与目标读者交流的目的的制约下，写作中语域的使用应遵循

以下要求：

（一）合乎规范

事物、现象之间的相似性、相关性和相通性是词语跨域使用产生的基础，事

物和现象之间的这些关系使人们可以通过比喻、借代、引申的手法进行表达。

如：＂bug＂一词译成汉语＂臭虫＂。其电脑术语义指＂系统、设备或程序中的一种错误或故障＂。＂臭虫＂获其殊荣完全是因为搔扰电脑科研人员晚上工作，遭人痛恨而得。这就要求人们在选择词语时，注意使用词语中最具普遍性的意义。

要多模仿原汁原味的精美句型、短文，使用比喻、借代、典故等不能生搬硬套，必须理解其文化背景，适应交际的需要，符合词语规范化的原则，才能避免

chinglish的。

即coherence（being(of ideas, thoughts, speech, reasoning, etc)connected

logically or consistently;easy to understand;clear.）连贯性，一致性。可以理解为

观念、思想、言论、推理等表达准确、合乎逻辑；前后一致；让人易懂。这就要

求写作时明确试题规定的任务，准确贴切地选择词语有效地表达事物的概念和人的思想情感。如不能准确地理解词语的词义就去跨域使用，必将会出现词不达义、张冠李戴的现象，达不到指称事物和目标读者交际的目的。如要表达的是演讲稿、发言稿，则语言必须符合口语习惯，随意体较为受欢迎，如果过多地采用正式体则显得教条、呆板，缺乏应有的生机活力，语言也就没有感染力。如：为了帮助学生认识到因果关系表达的丰富性及其文体差别，减少过分依赖死记硬背常用范式的熟悉度，我们从原因表达用词because等其它因果标记（诸如as，since与for，以及复合介词类（because of/as a result of等）、名词类（cause/reason等）、介词（with/through/by等）、动词类（cause/result in/contribute to等）的语料的掌握上，应该提供给学生足够的语境练习以强化域语知识的掌握。

例如：I am not able to watch TV, because I live in school.（逗号显示非正式的特征）→I cannot watch TV because my dorm has no TV set.用since, for表共享原因可能更好，因为本句重点说明我无法看到电视，进而为以后阐释自己对外界知识了解不多提供立论基础；但作者提供的原因并不直接，他所认为的共享知识-＂学校宿舍没有电视＂并非一定共享。另外，be able to 指'能力'，实际上作者想表达'不可能'-cannot。

（三）避免滥用

即cohesion（tendency to stick together.）凝聚力。凝聚力，可以理解为围绕一个中心展开讨论，思路清晰，支持有力，不写与题目无关的东西。为追求新奇、标新立异或故作高深，有人不顾是否达到与目标读者交流的目的，把词语跨域使用作为一种新颖、超常的言语方式大加运用，必将适得其反。中国学生易受发展性因素和汉语负迁移的影响，过分依赖于汉语运用的感觉且表现出明显的口语化现象，偏离了原汁原味英语语篇运用的常规。因此，作为学生在英语学习过程中，要多分析语言现象，注意词汇句型的语域功能，多积累，多感知，多体会，方能为写出好文章打下坚实的基础。

总之，只有充分理解语域的内涵及其功能特点，才能把握好高中英语课程标准对中学写作的新要求，才能写出内容充实、要点全面、语言丰富、文字优美、行文连贯、过渡自然、表达地道、语域恰当的好文章，才能完全达到与目标读者交流的目的，也才能很好地完成试题规定的任务，取得理想的高分。

参考书目：

1.普通高中《英语课程标准》（人民教育出版社2003年4月第一版）

2.2003年高考英语试卷及答案(天津卷)扫描版评分标准（人民网）

3.《英语翻译课程学习方法》凡夫著

4.《对于雅思考试写作评分标准的解析》赖劲松著

第三篇：英文求职信标准

对于很多求职者来说，他们都不知道英文求职信怎么写。以下提供一篇英文求职信标准模板，仅供参考。

April 13,2000

p.O.Box 36

Tsinghua University

Beijing,China 100084

Dear Sir/Madam:

Your advertisement for a Network Maintenance Engineer in the April 10 Student Daily interested me bacause the position that you described sounds exactly like the kind of job I am seeking.According to the advertisement ,your position requires top university,Bachelor or above in Computer Science or equivalent field and proficient in Windows NT4.0 and LINUX System.I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements.I will be graduating from Graduate School of Tsinghua University this year with a M.S.degree.My studies have included courses in computer control and management and I designed a control simulation system developed with Microsoft Visual InterDev and SQL Server.During my education, I have grasped the principals of my major and skills of practice.Not only have I passed CET-6, but more important I can communicate with others freely in English.My ability to write and speak English is out of question.I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information you require, please contact me.I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you for a personal interview.With many thanks,Wang Lin

第四篇：英文求职信标准

英文求职信标准模板

P.O.Box 36

Tsinghua University

Beijing,China 100084

Dear Sir/Madam:

Your advertisement for a Network Maintenance Engineer in the April 10 Student Daily interested me bacause the position that you described sounds exactly like the kind of job I am seeking.According to the advertisement ,your position requires top

university,Bachelor or above in Computer Science or equivalent field and proficient in Windows NT4.0 and LINUX System.I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements.I will be graduating from

Graduate School of Tsinghua University this year with a M.S.degree.My studies have included courses in computer control and management and I designed a control simulation system developed with Microsoft Visual InterDev and SQL Server.During my education, I have grasped the principals of my major and skills of practice.Not only have I passed CET-6, but more

important I can communicate with others freely in English.My ability to write and speak English is out of question.I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information you require, please contact me.I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you for a personal interview.With many thanks,Wang Lin

第五篇：英文求职信标准

对于很多求职者来说，他们都不知道英文求职信怎么写。以下提供一篇英文求职信标准模板，仅供参考。

April13,2000

p.O.Box36

TsinghuaUniversity

Beijing,China100084

DearSir/Madam:

YouradvertisementforaNetworkMaintenanceEngineerintheApril10StudentDailyinterestedmebacausethepositionthatyoudescribedsoundsexactlylikethekindofjobIamseeking.Accordingtotheadvertisement,yourpositionrequirestopuniversity,BachelororaboveinComputerScienceorequivalentfieldandproficientinWindowsNT4.0andLINUXSystem.IfeelthatIamcompetenttomeettherequirements.IwillbegraduatingfromGraduateSchoolofTsinghuaUniversitythisyearwithaM.S.degree.MystudieshaveincludedcoursesincomputercontrolandmanagementandIdesignedacontrolsimulationsystemdevelopedwithMicrosoftVisualInterDevandSQLServer.Duringmyeducation,Ihavegraspedtheprincipalsofmymajorandskillsofpractice.NotonlyhaveIpassedCET-6,butmoreimportantIcancommunicatewithothersfreelyinEnglish.MyabilitytowriteandspeakEnglishisoutofquestion.Iwouldappreciateyourtimeinreviewingmyenclosedresumeandifthereisanyadditionalinformationyourequire,pleasecontactme.Iwouldwelcomeanopportunitytomeetwithyouforapersonalinterview.Withmanythanks,WangLin

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