传染病精简记忆+卫生法规要点(未打)

第一篇：传染病精简记忆+卫生法规要点(未打)

传染病,不是重点,顶多15分,没什么知识就掌握几个点就行,一共八个病4个病毒4个革兰氏阴性细菌, 肝炎重点是乙肝大小三阳,和急性慢性,重型於胆型肝炎的临表。出血热分为5期发热,低血压休克,少尿,多尿,恢复期,重点热退病重.HIV更简单4期急性感染期,无症状期,爱滋病前期,爱滋病期.SARS是重点早期进展期恢复期。伤寒伤寒的病理解剖特征是全身单核一巨噬细胞系统增生性反应，回肠下段的集合淋巴结与孤立淋巴滤泡最具特征.分为4期初期极期(该期的主要并发症有肠出血和肠穿孔。)缓解期,恢复期.喹诺酮类的氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星等抗菌谱广，杀菌作用强，药敏率高，列为首选药。流脑普通型流脑的诊断主要依据流行病学资料（冬春季发病，儿童多见）、临床症状（剧烈头痛、频繁呕吐、皮肤粘膜瘀点）、体征（脑膜刺激征）和实验室检查（白细胞总数和中性粒细胞明显升高）及细菌性脑脊液改变首选青霉素，菌痢普通型：肠道症状重、中毒症状轻，中毒型：肠道症状轻、中毒症状重首选喹诺酮类，霍乱泻吐脱水恢复3期注意补液.首选四环素 1肝炎甲小RNA 病毒 粪-口传播乙DNA病毒丙RNA黄病毒丁RNA 病毒戊RNA杯状病毒

2流行性出血热汉坦汉城病毒RNA消化道、呼吸道传播，母婴传播，接触传播，虫媒传播

3爱滋病RNA病毒HIV-1HIV-2性传播、血液传播和母婴传播 4非典SARS--VOV病毒RNA直接接触患者的呼吸道分泌物（病毒含量高），如近距离飞沫，气溶胶，被污染的手触摸眼、口、鼻等。

5伤寒革兰氏阴性杆菌伤寒沙门杆菌D菌随患者或带菌者的粪便排出，污染水和食物，或经手及苍蝇、蟑螂等间接污染水和食物而传播。水源污染是传播本病的重要途径，常酿成流行。

6流脑 革兰氏阴性双球菌通过呼吸道传播 7菌痢 革兰氏阴性杆菌(志贺福氏鲍氏宋内)粪-口传播

8霍乱 革兰氏阴性弧菌(古典生物爱尔托)经水传播

1肝炎甲小RNA 病毒乙DNA病毒丙RNA黄病毒丁RNA 病毒戊RNA杯状病毒

2流行性出血热汉坦汉城病毒RNA

3爱滋病RNA病毒HIV-1HIV-2 4非典SARS--VOV病毒RNA

5伤寒革兰氏阴性杆菌伤寒沙门杆菌D

6流脑 革兰氏阴性双球菌 7菌痢 革兰氏阴性杆菌(志贺福氏鲍氏宋内)

8霍乱 革兰氏阴性弧菌(古典生物爱尔托)

卫生法规各章节考试要点

【考点纵览】

1．制定执业医师法的目的及适用执业医师法的适用对象。2．参加执业医师资格考试和执业助理医师资格考试应具备的条件。

3．不予执业医师资格注册有4种情况，特别是 2、3两种情况。

4．医师注册后，有6种情况之一者，将由卫生行政部门注销注册，收回执业医师证书。

5．申请个体行医应具备的条件。医师在执业活动中享有的7条权利。医师在执业活动中应该履行的5条义务。

6．医师在执业活动中要注意，不得：①隐匿、伪造、销毁医学文书及有关资料；②出具与自己执业范围、类别不相符的证明；②拒绝急救处置；④使用未经批准的药品、器械；⑤除正当治疗外，使用麻醉、毒性、精神和放射药品；⑥未经同意进行实验性临床医疗；⑦索取患者财物或牟取其他不正当利益；⑧不服从人民政府卫生行政部门调遣；发现疫情或涉嫌伤害事件不报告。

7．《执业医师法》第37条的内容，违反本法的12种情况和处理。

8．未经批准擅自开办医疗机构行医或非医师行医的处置。

9．医疗机构施行手术、特殊检查或特殊治疗时，应注意的事项。10．医疗事故是指医疗机构及其医务人员在医疗活动中违反医疗卫生管理法律、行政法规、部门规章和诊疗护理规范、常规，过失造成患者人身损害的事故。

11．医疗事故分四级，各级的具体内容。12．因抢救急危患者而未能及时书写病历，应在 6小时内据实补记。

13．患者有权复印或复制病历及有关其他医疗文件。

14．在医疗活动中，医务人员应当向患者交代病情、医疗措施和医疗风险；并应避免对患者产生不利后果。

15．需要在发生后12小时内向所在卫生行政部门报告的过失行为有哪些。

16．发生医疗事故争议时，对有关医疗文件的封存时要有医患双方在场。17．对患者死因有异议时，应在48小时内进行尸检，有冻存条件者可延长至7日。

18．在医疗机构死亡的尸体在太平间存放时间一般不得超过2周。19．医疗事故技术鉴定工作由医学会负责组织鉴定。

20．医疗事故鉴定专家库成员应具备的条件。聘请医疗事故技术鉴定专家，不受行政区域限制。鉴定专家应该回避的情况。医疗事故争议当事人在接到医学会通知10日内提交有关资料，提供资料的内容应包括5部分及其主要内容。

21．医疗事故技术鉴定组在接到相关材料后，45日内出具鉴定书。

22．有六种情况不属于医疗事故。

23．医疗事故鉴定费用应该由谁来出，当事人提出医疗事故争议处理的时限。如果对当事人提出的医疗事故争议不予受理，是否要通知申请人？医疗事故是否可以由双方当事人自行协商解决？

24．确定医疗事故赔偿数额时，要考虑哪3项因素？无固定收入的误工费用应如何计算？

25．11种赔偿费用的计算方法。精神损害抚慰金，造成死亡者最长赔偿不超过6年；残疾者最长不超过3年。

26．卫生行政部门工作人员在处理医疗事故过程中，有违反规定者要追究刑事责任。对发生医疗事故有关医务人员除按照前款处罚外，卫生行政部门还可以给予哪些处理？

27．非法行医造成患者人身损害，不属于医疗事故。追究其刑事责任。28．制定《母婴保健法》的目的是：保障母亲和婴儿健康，提高出生人口素质。

29．婚前保健服务包括：①婚前卫生指导；②婚前卫生咨询；③婚前医学检查。婚前医学检查包括：①严重遗传性疾病；②指定传染病；③有关精神病。接受婚前医学检查者，如果对检查结果有异议的处理办法。

30．孕产期保健服务包括：①母婴保健指导；②孕产妇保健；③胎儿保健；④新生儿保健。经产前诊断，应向夫妻双方提出终止妊娠医学意见的情况有：①胎儿患有严重遗传性疾病；②胎儿有严重缺陷；③有严重疾病，继续妊娠可能危及孕妇生命或健康。在出具新生儿出生证明时，有产妇和婴儿死亡以及新生儿有缺陷情况时，应向卫生部门报告。

31．从事医学技术鉴定人员的条件是：①有临床经验；②有医学遗传学知识；③有主治医师以上的专业技术职务。

32．严禁采用技术手段对胎儿进行性别鉴定；从事规定的遗传病诊断、产前诊断、婚前医学检查、施行结扎手术和终止妊娠手术的人员，必须经过县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门考核，并取得合格证书。

第二篇：财经法规记忆要点总结

《财经法规与会计职业道德》复习要点总结

1、一般会计人员的资格：从事会计工作的人员，必须取得会计从业资格证书。

2、会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）的资格：担任会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）的，除取得会计从业资格证书外，还应当具备会计师以上专业技术职务资格或从事会计工作3年以上经历。

3、总会计师：（1）总会计师资格：取得会计师任职资格后，主管会计工作时间不少于3年。

（2）必须设置单位：国有的和国有资产占控股地位或主导地位的大、中型企业必须设置总会计师。

（3）地位：总会计师是单位主管会计工作的负责人，是一种行政职务，凡是设置总会计师的单位，不应当再设置与总会计师职责重叠的行政副职。

（4）任免程序：由单位负责人提名，政府主管部门任命或聘任。（免职程序相同）

4、会计人员的工作岗位应当有计划轮换。

5、出纳员不得兼管稽核、会计档案保管和收入、支出、费用、债权债务账目的登记工作。

6、会计人员回避制度：

（1）国家机关、国有企业、事业单位任用会计人员应当实行回避制 度。

（2）单位负责人的直系亲属不得担任本单位的会计机构负责人（会计主管人员），会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）的直系亲属不得担任本单位的出纳。

7、会计人员的工作交接：

（1）范围：会计人员调动工作、离职或临时离职，必须与接管人员办清交接手续。（2）移交：编制移交清册，琢项移交。

（3）监交：一般会计人员办理交接手续，由会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）监交；会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）办理交接手续，由单位负责人监交，必要时主管单位可以派人会同监交。

（4）移交后的职任：移交人员对移交的会计资料的合法性、真实性承担法律责任。

8、县级以上财政部门有权对各单位的会计工作监督检查。

9、稽核与内部审计的区别：稽核是会计机构内部对会计工作进行自我检查，内部审计是单位的审计机构对本单位会计活动进行监督，不能把两者混为一谈。

10、会计从业资格证书的管理：会计从业资格证书实行注册登记制度。

（1）上岗注册登记：持证人员从事会计工作，应当自从事会计工作之日起90日内，填写注册登记表，并持会计从业资格证书和单位证明办理注册登记手续。

（2）离岗备案：持证人员离开会计工作岗位超过6个月的，应当填写注册登记表，并持会 计从业资格证书，向原注册登记的会计从业资格的管理机构备案。

（3）调转登记：同一管辖范围的，持证人员应当自离开原工作单位之日起90日内，填写调转登记表，持会计从业资格证书和调入单位证明办理调转手续。不同管辖范围的：持证人员应当向原注册登记的会计从业资格的管理机构办理调出手续，并于办理调出手续之日起90日内，持会计从业资格证书和单位证明，向调入单位所在地的会计从业资格的管理机构办理调入手续。（4）变更登记：

11、会计凭证

（1）原始凭证审核：对于不真实、不合法的原始凭证有权不予受理，并向单位负责人报告。对于不完整、不准确的原始凭证予以退回，要求依法更正或补充。

（2）原始凭证更正：原始凭证金额错误，应当由出具单位重开，原始凭证非金额错误可由出具单位重开或出具单位在原始凭证上更正盖章。（3）原始凭证的保管：原始凭证不得外借，经本单位会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）批准，可以复制。

（4）销货退回：发生销货退回的，除填制退货发票外，还必须有退货验收证明；退款时，必须取得对方的收款收据或者汇款银行的任证，不得以退货发票代替收据。

（5）公出借款：职工公出借款凭据，必须附在记账凭证之后。收回借款时，应当另开收据或退还借款收据副本，不得退还原借款收据。

（6）分割单：一张原始凭证所列支出需要由两个以上单位共同负担时，应当由保存该原始凭证的单位开给其他应负担单位原始凭证分割单。

12、会计账簿

（1）现金日记账和银行存款日记账必须订本式，应逐日逐笔连续登记，必须每天结出余额。（2）登记会计账簿要用蓝黑墨水或者碳素墨水书写，不得使用圆珠笔或铅笔书写。

（3）登记会计账簿应按页次顺序连续登记，不得跳行、隔业。如果发生跳行、隔业应当将空行、空页用红笔划销。

（4）终了，有余额的账户直接将余额转入下一，在摘要栏注明“结转下年”，不需另行编制转账记账凭证。

13、财务会计报告

（1）签名盖章制度：财务会计报告应当由单位负责人、主管会计工作负责人、会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）签名并盖章，设置总会计师的单位还须由总会计师签名并盖章。（2）对外报送的期限：月报：月份终了后6天，季报：季度终了后15天，半报告：半终了后60天，报告：终了后四个月。

（3）注册审计要求：财务会计报告须经注册会计师审计的，应当将注册会计师及其会计师事务所出具的审计报篝随同财务会计报告一并对外提供。（如上市公司，外商投资企业等）（4）会计责任：单位负责人对财务会计报告真实性、完整性负责。

14、会计档案（1）不得销毁的会计档案：对于保管期满但未结清的债权债务的原始凭证及涉及其他未了事项的原始凭证，不得销毁，正在项目建设期间的建设单位，其保管期满的会计档案不得销毁。

（2）销毁程序：保管期满的会计档案，应由单位档案机构会同会计机构提出销毁意见，编制销毁清册，报单位负责人批准，双方共同派人监销。

（3）保管：会计档案原件不外借，经单位负责人批准可以复制或查阅，但应当办理登记手续。

15、不相容职和的分离，例：销售货物货款由销售部负责回笼，这就违反了内部控制制度有关规定，销售与货款回笼属于不相容职务，应分离牵制，应由财务部门负责。

16、授权审批制度 例：超越权限处理业务等。当某项经济业务的数额超过某部门的批准权限时，只有经过特定授权批准才能处理。

17、对于违反《会计法》一般规定的法律责任。

例：私设会计账簿，随意变更会计处理方法等十项违法行为。（1）构成犯罪，追究刑事责任

（2）尚不构成犯罪的，追究行政责任。由县级以上人民政府财政部门责令限期改正，可以对单位并处三千以上五万元以下的罚款，对责任人员可处二千以上二万元以下的罚款，属于国家工作人员的，还应当由其所在单位或有关单位依法给予行政处分。会计人员情节严重的，由县级以上人民政府财政部门吊销会计从业资格证书。

18、单位负责人授意，指使，强令会计人员造假

（1）单位负责人的责任——授意，指使，强令会计人员造假 构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。尚不构成犯罪的，可以处五千元以上五万元以下的罚款，属于国家工作人员的，还应当由其所在单位或有关单位依法给予降级、撤职、开除的行政处分。

（2）会计人员——伪造、变造会计资料，提供虚假的财务会计报告构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。尚不构成犯罪的，由县级以上财政部门予以通报，可以对单位并处五千元以上十万元以下的罚款，对责任人员可以处于三千元以上五万元以下的罚款，属于国家工作人员的，还应当由其所在单位或有关单位依法给予撤职直至开除的行政处分，对于其中的会计人员，应由县级以上人民政府财政部门吊销会计从业资格证书。

19、行政处罚不服：当事人如不服行政处罚的，可在知道行政处罚决定之日起60日内，向上级行政主管部门提出行政复议申请，若对行政复议结果不满意的，还可以向人民法院起诉。20、单位不得从经营收入中直接支付现金。

21、银行结算账户

（1）基本账户只能一个，用于存款人日常经营活动资金收付，以及存款人的工资、奖金和提取现金。

（2）一般存款账户用于借款转存等，不得提取现金，开立没有数量限制。（3）注册验资临时存款账户验资期间只收不付。

（4）存款人账户开立3个工作日后，方可办理付款人业务。

22、票据

（1）现金支票不得背书转让

（2）支票提示付款期自出票日起10天

（3）支票的金额、收款人名称，可以由出票人授权补记

（4）对于签发空头支票，银行应予以退票，并按票面金额处于5%但不低于1000元的罚款；持票人有权要求出票人赔偿票面金额2%的赔偿金。（5）银行汇票提示付款期自出票日起1个月

（6）银行汇票实际结算金额超过票面金额的，银行不予受理

23、企业应自领取营业执照之日起30日内申报办理税务登记。未按规定办理税务登记的，税务机关应当向纳税人责令限期改正，逾期不改的，可处以2000元以下的罚款，情节严重的，处以2000元以上10000元以下的罚款。

24、享有减免税待遇的纳税人，在减免期间也应当按照规定办理纳税申报。未按规定办理纳税申报的，由税务机关责令限期改正，可处以2000元以下的罚款；情节严重的，处以2000元以上10000元以下的罚款。

25、偷税行为的处理：由税务机关追缴其偷税款，加收滞纳金，并处以不缴或少缴税款的50%以上5倍以下的罚款，构成犯罪的，追究刑事责任。

备注：偷税数额1万元以上的且偷税数额占应纳税额10%以上的，构成偷税罪。

26、代开发票：由税务机关责令限期改正，没收非法所得，可处10000元以下罚款

27、伪造发票内容，导致其他单位少缴税的，由税务机关没收非法所得，可以并处少缴税款一倍以下的罚款。

28、一般纳税人借用他人发票等：由税务机关限期改正，不得领购增值税专用发票。

29、计税依据明显偏低，由税务机关核定就纳税额。

30、纳税人因特殊困难，不能按期申报，可以向税务机关申请延期纳税，但应预缴。

31、纳税人遗失税务登记证件的，应当在15日内书面报告主管税务机关，并登报声明作废

32、对违反会计职业道德行为的处理：单位根据内部制度进行处理。财政部门可以在其会计从业资格证书上进行记载，情节严重的，依法吊销其会计从业资格证书

33、会计人员将单位会计资料复印件提供亲友，违反了（1）诚实守信，（2）廉洁自律的会计职业道德要求，因为诚实守信要求要做老实人，说老实话，办老实事，不搞虚假，要保密守信，不为利益所诱惑。廉洁自律要求树立正确的人生观和价值观，公私分明，不贪不占，遵纪守法，清正廉洁。

34、单位负责人指使会计人员对财务报告技术处理，违反了（1）诚实守信（2）客观公正（3）坚持准则的会计职业道德要求。因为诚实守信要求要做老实人，说老实话，办老实事，不搞虚假，要保密守信，不为利益所诱惑。客观公正要求端正态度，依法办事，实事求是，不偏不倚，保持应有的独立性。坚持准则要求熟悉准则，遵循准则，坚持准则

35、新任会计机构负责人提出控制成本有效方法，使单位扭亏为盈，体现了会计人员（1）参与管理（2）强化服务，因为参与管理要求会计人员做好本职工作，钻研相关业务，熟悉财经法规和相关制度，熟悉经营活动和业务流程，当好领导的参谋。强化服务要求会计人员具有文明的服务态度，强烈的服务意识和优良的服务质量。

36、某会计感到会计工作太具体，没出息，故工作上应付差事，从不参加继续教育，违反了（1）爱岗敬业（2）提高技能。因为爱岗敬业要求会计人员正确认识会计职业，热爱会计工作，安心工作，任劳任怨，严肃认真，一丝不苟，忠于职守，尽心尽力，尽职尽责。提高技能要求会计人员提高专业技能的自觉性和紧迫感，勤学苦刻苦钻研，不断进取，提高自己的业务水平。

37、坚持好制度，胜于做好事，制度大于天，人情薄如烟。体现了坚持准则，因为坚持准则要求会计人员熟悉准则，遵循准则，坚持准则。

38、官大办得快，官小办得慢，无官拖着办。违反了强化服务的会计职业道德要求，因为强化服务要求会计人员具有文明的服务态度，强烈的服务意识和优良的服务质量。

39、站得住的顶不住，顶得住的站不住。违反了坚持准则的会计职业道德要求。因为坚持准则要求会计人员熟悉准则，遵循准则，坚持准则。

40、常在河边走，哪有不湿鞋。违反了廉洁自律的会计职业道德要求。因为廉洁自律要求树立正确的人生观和价值观，公私分明，不贪不占，遵纪守法，清正廉洁。

第三篇：财经法规记忆要点总结

1.纳税人因特殊困难而不能按期缴纳税款的，经省级以上税务

局批准，可以延期缴纳税款，但最长不超过(3个月)。

2.甲企业2004年10月5日，购买乙企业原材料，尚欠货款40

万元未归还。2005年1月，甲企业将一幢办公楼作为抵押向银

行贷款50万元，到期未归还。2005年7月至12月又欠缴税款30

万元。如果2006年1月，该企业仅有的这幢办公楼被变卖得款

100万元，按税款优先原则，应(.先支付银行贷款50万元，再

支付欠缴税额30万元，剩余20万元归还乙企业货款。)。

3.纳税人遗失税务登记证件的，应当在多少天内书面报告主管

税务机关，并登报声明作废。(15天)。单位在开具发票时，应在发票联和抵扣联加盖单位(发票专

用章或财务专用章)

5.从事生产、经营的纳税人应当自领取税务登记证件之日起（15）日内，将其财务会计制度或财务会计处理办法报送主管税

务机关备案。

6.税务登记的具体办法由(.国家税务总局)制定。

.个人所得税的纳税人办理税务登记的办法由(.国务院)另行规

定。纳税人被工商行政管理机关吊销营业执照或者被其他机关予

以撤销登记的，应当自营业执照被吊销或者被撤销登记之日起

多少日内，向原税务登记机关申报办理注销税务登记。(15日)税务机关按照一地一证的原则，核发《外管证》，《外管证

》的有效期限一般为(30天)。发票监制章由(.省级税务机关)制作。

10.领购发票的单位和个人应当凭(发票领购簿)核准的种类、数量及购票方式，向主管税务机关领购发票。《税务机关代开增值税专用发票管理办法》(试行)规定，税务机关为增值税纳税人代开的专用发票应统一使用几联专用

发票。(D)A.三联B.四联C.五联D.六联 申请领购增值税专用发票的单位和个人，提供除了提供经

办人身份证明、税务登记证件或者其他有关证明，以及财务印

章或者发票专用章的印模外，还应当提供加盖有“增值税一般

纳税人”确认专章的(.税务登记证(副本))。

.13 根据《税收征收管理法》规定，因税务机关的责任，致使

纳税人、扣缴义务人未缴或少缴税款的，税务机关在多少年内

可以要求纳税人、扣缴义务人补缴税款，但是(三年，不得加

收滞纳金)。

.14 根据《税收征收管理法》规定，纳税人自结算缴纳税款之

日起多少年内发现多缴纳税款的，可以向税务机关要求退还多

缴纳的税款。(B)A.两年B.三年C.五年D.十年 对外省、自治区、直辖市来本辖区从事临时经营活动，申

请领购发票的单位和个人，可以要求其交纳不超过(.10000元)的发票保证金并限期缴销发票。.税务机关应当自收到申请延期缴纳税款报告之日起多少日

内作出批准或者不予批准的决定。(20日)

17.对临时到外县(市)经营的纳税人，税务机关核发《外出经

营活动税收管理证明》，该证明的有效期一般为30日，最长不

得超过(180天)。A.45日B.60日C.90日D.180日 实行定期定额征收方式的个体工商户，需要停业的，应当

在停业前办理停业登记，纳税人的停业期限不得超过(.一年)。

19境外企业在中国境内承包建筑工程，应在(项目完工，离开

中国之前15日)内申报办理注销税务登记。《税收征收管理法实施细则》规定，享受减免税优惠的纳

税人，减免税条件发生变化后，应当自发生变化之日起(15日)

内向税务机关报告。《税务登记管理办法》规定，纳税人被列入非正常户超过

(3个月)的，税务机关可以宣布其税务登记证件失效。

第四篇：2014年职称英语卫生类C级-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精简打印版

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure

Is Found

The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times, the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs.Two million people die of of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months.People have toa combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.But many people stop they feel better.Doing that canto an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients.It would also mean infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.They the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it mightabout twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that thesewould take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to makethey continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells（plants）when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tells（insects）_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal（affect）_ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example,（because of）_ the number of hours of fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks.German scientists found that some kind

of internal clock seems to order birds to begin Birds flying become restless when it is time for the trip，flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _（.seems）_ to control the timing of some of our（awaken）_，when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying _（how）_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._（It）_ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocksunderstanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

in reality, of course, it was naive to that everyone would let of such a potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still havevials.the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,no obvious gain.Now American researchers havean animal model of the human disease, opening thefor tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason tothe virus—just inthe disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_ with the mistrust of the US and Russia?Keep the virusinternational auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’tthe idea is wrong.If the virus useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of

Cancers

Diet is second only to tobacco as a leadingof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr.Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity.a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidednobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcoholabout six percent.Obesity raises the of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact iswhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UKother elements of diet linked to cancer are unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide someEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic

Violence（2013已考）

Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to lookdomestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it,” Dr.Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health.“They often don't tellwe don't ask.We want to get the message out to men whoexperience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical , such as threats that made them for their safety, controlling behavior(for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims ofviolence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh assuffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of

Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems those who had not, especially older men, thefound.

第五篇：2014年职称英语卫生类C级-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精简打印版（本站推荐）

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure

Is Found

The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times, the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their Two million people dieit.The disease haswith the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months.People have to a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.But many people stop they feel better.Doing that canto an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients.It would also meaninfectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.Theythe model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that thesewould take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to makethey continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tellscocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal（affect）_ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example,（because of）_ the number of hours of daylight.In the short _（days）__ of winter, its fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological

clocks.German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin Birds flying become restless when it is time for the trip，flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain（awaken）_，when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocksunderstanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

reality, of course, it was naive to that everyone would let of such a potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still havevials.the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,no obvious gain.Now American researchers havean animal model of the human disease, opening thefor tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason tothe virus—just inthe disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_ with the mistrust of the US and Russia?Keep the virusinternational auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’tthe idea is wrong.If the virus useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of

Cancers

Diet is second only to tobacco as a leadingof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr.Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity.a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidednobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcoholabout six percent.Obesity raises the of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact iswhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UKother elements of diet linked to cancer are unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide someEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic

Violence（2013已考）

Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to lookdomestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it,” Dr.Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health.“They often don't tellwe don't ask.We want to get the message out to men whoexperience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical , such as threats that made them for their safety, controlling behavior(for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims ofviolence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh assuffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of

Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems those who had not, especially older men, thefound.